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Linnaeus, 1758) in Captivity UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA EVALUATION OF GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILES BLUE SWIMMING CRAB, Portunus pelagicus (LINNAEUS, 1758) IN CAPTIVITY S. M. SHOYAIB KOHINOOR FP 2020 22 EVALUATION OF GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILES BLUE SWIMMING CRAB, Portunus pelagicus (LINNAEUS, 1758) IN CAPTIVITY UPM By S. M. SHOYAIB KOHINOOR COPYRIGHT © Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2019 1 COPYRIGHT All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs, and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM COPYRIGHT © 2 DEDICATION To my lovely parents and my beloved wife, Mafuza Yesmin who always kept praying for me day and night to achieve my goal To my family members: S.M. Minhazul Abidin Nousin Atiya Snigdha Mohd. Mamunur Rashid S.M.Moumita Akter and UPM To all my friends who supported me all these years COPYRIGHT © 3 Abstract of thesis was presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy EVALUATION OF GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILES BLUE SWIMMING CRAB, Portunus pelagicus (LINNAEUS, 1758) IN CAPTIVITY By S. M. SHOYAIB KOHINOOR November 2019 UPM Chairman : Professor Aziz bin Arshad, PhD Faculty : Agriculture Growth and survival of Portunus pelagicus juveniles in captivity were investigated with different bottom substrates, culture environments, feeding and stocking density treatments in captivity. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and survival of crab juveniles cultured in tanks using three bottom substrates viz. sand, soil and combination of sand and soil. The highest survival of the juveniles at 65.33% was achieved (P < 0.05) using sandy substrates followed by soil (29.33%), sand + soil (28.00%) and control (21.33%). The second experiment was then carried out to evaluate the water quality parameters, growth and body protein composition of P. pelagicus juveniles in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) in comparison to the conventional culture system (CAS). Results showed that water quality parameters were overall better in RAS with a significantly (P < 0.05) lower level of ammonia-N (0.04 ± 0.10 mg/L) and nitrite-N (0.02 ± 0.07 mg/L) as compared to CAS. The carapace width (46.56 ± 7.05 mm) and protein content (10.26 ± 0.3%) in juvenile crabs were also significantly higher in RAS compared with crab juvenilesCOPYRIGHT cultured in CAS (carapace width: 35.95 ± 5.17 mm and protein content: 9.36 ± 0.28%). ©The third experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different types of the fresh feeds on the growth of P. pelagicus in RAS system. The food source tested were scad fish, squid (Loligo sp.) and Acetes shrimps. The crabs fed with squid showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher carapace width (68.02 ± 3.51 mm) than those fed the scad fish (53.69 ± 3.32 mm) and Acetes shrimps (51.19 ± 3.76 mm). i The fourth experiment investigated the growth of P. pelagicus juveniles when fed using commercial shrimp pellet, fresh squid and mixed feed (ratio of shrimp pellet with squid) under three treatments in RAS. The highest carapace width (57.23 ± 3.12 mm) was observed when used mixed feeds for crab juveniles. The different feeding frequencies were then examined to evaluate the growth and survival of juvenile crabs using mixed feeds. The feeding frequency results showed that feeding three times per day exhibited the highest value of carapace width (65.23 ± 1.61 mm) and survival (50.03 ± 0.02%) of P. pelagicus juveniles compared with others. The final experiment was run to see the effect of different stocking densities of P. pelagicus in captivity. The four different stocking densities tested were 16, 20, 24 and 28 individuals / m2. The highest percentage of survival (58.33 ± 0.02%) was observed at 16 individuals / m2 whereas, the lowest was found at 28 individuals / m2 (33.36 ± 2.62%). UPM This research elucidates that the provision of sand substrates can increase the survival of P. pelagicus juvenile in the captive condition. RAS system is highly recommended as it provides optimum water quality parameters with better growth. The practice of mixed feeds, feeding frequency of three times per day and 16 individuals / m2 stocking density is recommended for juvenile culture of blue swimming crab. COPYRIGHT © ii Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah PENILAIAN PEMBESARAN DAN KEMANDIRIAN HIDUP JUVENIL KETAM RENJUNG Portunus pelagicus (LINNAEUS, 1758) DALAM KURUNGAN Oleh S. M. SHOYAIB KOHINOOR November 2019 UPM Pengerusi : Profesor Aziz bin Arshad, PhD Fakulti : Pertanian Pembesaran dan kemandirian hidup dalam kurungan pemeliharaan bagi ketam renjung, Portunus pelagicus juvenil telah diujikaji dalam aspek kepelbagaian substrat dasar, keadaan kultur, pemakanan dan ketumpatan peliharaan. Eksperimen pertama dijalankan untuk menilai pembesaran dan kemandirian ketam juvenil yang diternak dalam menggunakan bahan substrat yang berbeza iaitu pasir, tanah dan gabungan pasir dan tanah. Kemandirian hidup tertinggi pada 65.33% adalah didapati dengan ketara (P <0.05) dengan substrat pasir diikuti oleh tanah (29.33%) kemudian campuran pasir dan tanah (28.00%) dan 21.33% pada kawalan. Eksperimen kedua kemudiannya dilakukan bagi menentukan sistem kultur yang optima di antara sistem konvensional dibandingkan dengan RAS dengan menilai data parameter kualiti air, tumbesaran dan komposisi protein badan juvenil P. pelagicus. Kualiti air secara keseluruhan adalah baik pada RAS dengan perbezaan yang ketara (P <0.05) pada kepekatan rendah ammonia- N (0.04 ± 0.10) dan nitrit-N (0.02 ± 0.07) berbanding dengan CAS. Lebar karapasCOPYRIGHT (46.56 ± 7.05 mm) dan kandungan protein (10.26 ± 0.3%) dalam ketam juvenil adalah lebih tinggi dalam RAS berbanding dengan ketam dikultur dalam CAS (lebar karapas: 35.95 ± 5.17 mm dan kandungan protein: 9.36 ± 0.28%). © Eksperimen ketiga seterusnya telah dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan pelbagai jenis makanan segar pada pembesaran P. pelagicus juvenil dalam sistem RAS. Sumber makanan segar adalah ikan selar kuning, sotong Loligo, dan udang Acetes. Ketam juvenil yang diberi makan sotong Loligo iii menunjukkan perbezaan bererti (P <0.05) pada lebar karapas yang tinggi (68.02 ± 3.51 mm) daripada juvenil lain yang diberi makan ikan selar kuning (53.69 ± 3.32 mm) dan udang Acetes (51.19 ± 3.76 mm). Eksperimen keempat kemudiannya membandingkan pertumbuhan juvenil P. pelagicus menggunakan pelet udang komersil , sotong segar dan gabunfan makanan (nisbah pelet udang dengan sotong ) dalam sistem RAS. Lebar karapas tertinggi (57.23 ± 3.12 mm) diperhatikan pada eksperimen menggunakan campuran makanan (pelet udang dan sotong) untuk juvenil ketam. Eksperimen kekerapan pemberian makanan dilakukan untuk menilai tumbesaran dan kemandirian hidup juvenil ketam dengan menggunakan makanan campuran. Kekerapan pemberian makanan pada tahap tiga kali sehari memperlihatkan nilai lebar karapas (65.23 ± 1.61 mm) dan kemandirian (50.03 ± 0.02%) daripada kumpulan yang lain. UPM Eksperimen terakhir dijalankan untuk melihat kesan kepadatan kultur yang berbeza P. pelagicus dalam kurungan. Empat treatmen yang diuji adalah 16, 20 , 24 dan 28 individu / m2. Peratusan tertinggi kemandirian (58.33 ± 0.02%) didapati pada kepadatan kultur 16 individu / m2, manakala peratus terendah pada kepadatan 28 individu / m2 (33.36 ± 2.62%). Penyelidikan ini mengunjurkan yang substrat dasar kultur berpasir adalah yang paling sesuai untuk kultur juvenil P. pelagicus. Sistem RAS disyorkan sebagai sistem ternakan kerana ia menunjukkan parameter kualiti air yang optimum dengan tumbesaran dan kemandirian yang baik. Amalan campuran makanan, kekerapan pemberian makanan sebanyak tiga kali sehari dan ketumpatan pemeliharaan 16 individu / m2 adalah digalakkan bagi mendapatkan tumbesaran yang optimum dan peratus kemandirian hidup yang tinggi. COPYRIGHT © iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I am most grateful to Allah S.W.T for giving me the strength and courage to complete the writing of this research thesis within the period given. I am eternally grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Aziz Bin Arshad for his advice and guidance throughout the period of the thesis. I am very much indebted to him for his unwavering support, guidance and valuable advice in completing this thesis. Without his counsel, this thesis would not be able to achieve its objective. May God repay his deeds with liberal blessings. I would like to thank my thesis committee members for their advice, Prof. Dr. Mohd Salleh Kamarudin and Associate Prof. Dr. S.M. Nurul Amin who provided quality comments and friendly supervision, without which this work would not have come to completion. A special thanks to Dr. Aminur Rahman ex-research fellow with IBS UPM and all technical staff of UPMAquaculture Department for their assistance and cooperation which led to the smooth running of this experiment. Not to forget to the staff of the International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), UPM, Port Dickson, Malaysia for their full cooperation and providing
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