Linnaeus, 1758) in Captivity

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

EVALUATION OF GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILES BLUE SWIMMING CRAB, Portunus pelagicus (LINNAEUS, 1758) IN CAPTIVITY

S. M. SHOYAIB KOHINOOR

FP 2020 22 EVALUATION OF GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILES BLUE SWIMMING CRAB, Portunus pelagicus (LINNAEUS, 1758) IN CAPTIVITY UPM

S. M. SHOYAIB KOHINOOR

November 2019

1 COPYRIGHT

All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs, and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia.

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2 DEDICATION

To my lovely parents and my beloved wife, Mafuza Yesmin who always kept praying for me day and night to achieve my goal

To my family members:

S.M. Minhazul Abidin Nousin Atiya Snigdha Mohd. Mamunur Rashid S.M.Moumita Akter

and UPM

To all my friends who supported me all these years

3 Abstract of thesis was presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

EVALUATION OF GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILES BLUE SWIMMING CRAB, Portunus pelagicus (LINNAEUS, 1758) IN CAPTIVITY

S. M. SHOYAIB KOHINOOR

November 2019

UPM Chairman : Professor Aziz bin Arshad, PhD Faculty : Agriculture

Growth and survival of Portunus pelagicus juveniles in captivity were investigated with different bottom substrates, culture environments, feeding and stocking density treatments in captivity. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and survival of crab juveniles cultured in tanks using three bottom substrates viz. sand, soil and combination of sand and soil. The highest survival of the juveniles at 65.33% was achieved (P < 0.05) using sandy substrates followed by soil (29.33%), sand + soil (28.00%) and control (21.33%).

The second experiment was then carried out to evaluate the water quality parameters, growth and body protein composition of P. pelagicus juveniles in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) in comparison to the conventional culture system (CAS). Results showed that water quality parameters were overall better in RAS with a significantly (P < 0.05) lower level of ammonia-N (0.04 ± 0.10 mg/L) and nitrite-N (0.02 ± 0.07 mg/L) as compared to CAS. The carapace width (46.56 ± 7.05 mm) and protein content (10.26 ± 0.3%) in juvenile crabs were also significantly higher in RAS compared with crab juvenilesCOPYRIGHT cultured in CAS (carapace width: 35.95 ± 5.17 mm and protein content: 9.36 ± 0.28%).

©The third experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different types of the fresh feeds on the growth of P. pelagicus in RAS system. The food source tested were scad fish, squid (Loligo sp.) and Acetes shrimps. The crabs fed with squid showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher carapace width (68.02 ± 3.51 mm) than those fed the scad fish (53.69 ± 3.32 mm) and Acetes shrimps (51.19 ± 3.76 mm).

i The fourth experiment investigated the growth of P. pelagicus juveniles when fed using commercial shrimp pellet, fresh squid and mixed feed (ratio of shrimp pellet with squid) under three treatments in RAS. The highest carapace width (57.23 ± 3.12 mm) was observed when used mixed feeds for crab juveniles. The different feeding frequencies were then examined to evaluate the growth and survival of juvenile crabs using mixed feeds. The feeding frequency results showed that feeding three times per day exhibited the highest value of carapace width (65.23 ± 1.61 mm) and survival (50.03 ± 0.02%) of P. pelagicus juveniles compared with others.

The final experiment was run to see the effect of different stocking densities of P. pelagicus in captivity. The four different stocking densities tested were 16, 20, 24 and 28 individuals / m2. The highest percentage of survival (58.33 ± 0.02%) was observed at 16 individuals / m2 whereas, the lowest was found at 28 individuals / m2 (33.36 ± 2.62%). UPM

This research elucidates that the provision of sand substrates can increase the survival of P. pelagicus juvenile in the captive condition. RAS system is highly recommended as it provides optimum water quality parameters with better growth. The practice of mixed feeds, feeding frequency of three times per day and 16 individuals / m2 stocking density is recommended for juvenile culture of blue swimming crab.

ii Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah

PENILAIAN PEMBESARAN DAN KEMANDIRIAN HIDUP JUVENIL KETAM RENJUNG Portunus pelagicus (LINNAEUS, 1758) DALAM KURUNGAN

Oleh

S. M. SHOYAIB KOHINOOR

November 2019 UPM

Pengerusi : Profesor Aziz bin Arshad, PhD Fakulti : Pertanian

Pembesaran dan kemandirian hidup dalam kurungan pemeliharaan bagi ketam renjung, Portunus pelagicus juvenil telah diujikaji dalam aspek kepelbagaian substrat dasar, keadaan kultur, pemakanan dan ketumpatan peliharaan. Eksperimen pertama dijalankan untuk menilai pembesaran dan kemandirian ketam juvenil yang diternak dalam menggunakan bahan substrat yang berbeza iaitu pasir, tanah dan gabungan pasir dan tanah. Kemandirian hidup tertinggi pada 65.33% adalah didapati dengan ketara (P <0.05) dengan substrat pasir diikuti oleh tanah (29.33%) kemudian campuran pasir dan tanah (28.00%) dan 21.33% pada kawalan.

Eksperimen kedua kemudiannya dilakukan bagi menentukan sistem kultur yang optima di antara sistem konvensional dibandingkan dengan RAS dengan menilai data parameter kualiti air, tumbesaran dan komposisi protein badan juvenil P. pelagicus. Kualiti air secara keseluruhan adalah baik pada RAS dengan perbezaan yang ketara (P <0.05) pada kepekatan rendah ammonia- N (0.04 ± 0.10) dan nitrit-N (0.02 ± 0.07) berbanding dengan CAS. Lebar karapasCOPYRIGHT (46.56 ± 7.05 mm) dan kandungan protein (10.26 ± 0.3%) dalam ketam juvenil adalah lebih tinggi dalam RAS berbanding dengan ketam dikultur dalam CAS (lebar karapas: 35.95 ± 5.17 mm dan kandungan protein: 9.36 ± 0.28%). ©

Eksperimen ketiga seterusnya telah dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan pelbagai jenis makanan segar pada pembesaran P. pelagicus juvenil dalam sistem RAS. Sumber makanan segar adalah ikan selar kuning, sotong Loligo, dan udang Acetes. Ketam juvenil yang diberi makan sotong Loligo

iii menunjukkan perbezaan bererti (P <0.05) pada lebar karapas yang tinggi (68.02 ± 3.51 mm) daripada juvenil lain yang diberi makan ikan selar kuning (53.69 ± 3.32 mm) dan udang Acetes (51.19 ± 3.76 mm).

Eksperimen keempat kemudiannya membandingkan pertumbuhan juvenil P. pelagicus menggunakan pelet udang komersil , sotong segar dan gabunfan makanan (nisbah pelet udang dengan sotong ) dalam sistem RAS. Lebar karapas tertinggi (57.23 ± 3.12 mm) diperhatikan pada eksperimen menggunakan campuran makanan (pelet udang dan sotong) untuk juvenil ketam. Eksperimen kekerapan pemberian makanan dilakukan untuk menilai tumbesaran dan kemandirian hidup juvenil ketam dengan menggunakan makanan campuran. Kekerapan pemberian makanan pada tahap tiga kali sehari memperlihatkan nilai lebar karapas (65.23 ± 1.61 mm) dan kemandirian (50.03 ± 0.02%) daripada kumpulan yang lain.

UPM Eksperimen terakhir dijalankan untuk melihat kesan kepadatan kultur yang berbeza P. pelagicus dalam kurungan. Empat treatmen yang diuji adalah 16, 20 , 24 dan 28 individu / m2. Peratusan tertinggi kemandirian (58.33 ± 0.02%) didapati pada kepadatan kultur 16 individu / m2, manakala peratus terendah pada kepadatan 28 individu / m2 (33.36 ± 2.62%).

Penyelidikan ini mengunjurkan yang substrat dasar kultur berpasir adalah yang paling sesuai untuk kultur juvenil P. pelagicus. Sistem RAS disyorkan sebagai sistem ternakan kerana ia menunjukkan parameter kualiti air yang optimum dengan tumbesaran dan kemandirian yang baik. Amalan campuran makanan, kekerapan pemberian makanan sebanyak tiga kali sehari dan ketumpatan pemeliharaan 16 individu / m2 adalah digalakkan bagi mendapatkan tumbesaran yang optimum dan peratus kemandirian hidup yang tinggi.

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I am most grateful to Allah S.W.T for giving me the strength and courage to complete the writing of this research thesis within the period given. I am eternally grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Aziz Bin Arshad for his advice and guidance throughout the period of the thesis. I am very much indebted to him for his unwavering support, guidance and valuable advice in completing this thesis. Without his counsel, this thesis would not be able to achieve its objective. May God repay his deeds with liberal blessings.

I would like to thank my thesis committee members for their advice, Prof. Dr. Mohd Salleh Kamarudin and Associate Prof. Dr. S.M. Nurul Amin who provided quality comments and friendly supervision, without which this work would not have come to completion. A special thanks to Dr. Aminur Rahman ex-research fellow with IBS UPM and all technical staff of UPM Aquaculture Department for their assistance and cooperation which led to the smooth running of this experiment. Not to forget to the staff of the International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), UPM, Port Dickson, Malaysia for their full cooperation and providing me adequate assistance especially during the entire implementation of my experiments..

Last but not least, many thanks to my family and friends for sharing useful information to help with this project. I would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused throughout this postgraduate study period. Thank you.

v UPM

COPYRIGHT © This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia has been accepted as fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The members of Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Aziz bin Arshad, PhD Professor Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)

Mohd Salleh Kamarudin, PhD Professor Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) UPM

S. M. Nurul Amin, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

ZALILAH MOHD SHARIFF, PhD Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date:

vii Declaration by graduate student

I hereby confirm that:  this thesis is my original work;  quotations, illustrations and citations have been duly referenced;  this thesis has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any other degree at any other institutions;  intellectual property from the and copyright of thesis are fully-owned by Universiti Putra Malaysia, as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research ) Rules 2012;  written permission must be obtained from supervisor and the office of Deputy Vice-Chancellor( Research and Innovation) before thesis is published ( in the form of written, printed or in electronic form) including books, journals, modules, reports, lecture notes, learning modules or any other materials as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia ( Research ) Rules 2012; UPM  there is no plagiarism or data falsification/fabrication in the thesis, and scholarly integrity is upheld as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012. The thesis has undergone plagiarism detection software.

Signature: Date:

Name and Matric No: S. M. Shoyaib Kohinoor, GS46369

viii Declaration by Members of Supervisory Committee

This is to confirm that:  the research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under our supervision;  supervision responsibilities as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia ( graduate Studies) Rules 2003 ( Revision 2012- 2013) are adhered to

Signature: Name of Chairman of Supervisory Committee: Professor Dr. Aziz bin Arshad UPM

Signature: Name of Member of Supervisory Committee: Professor Dr. Mohd Salleh Kamarudin

Signature: Name of Member of Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Dr. S. M. Nurul Amin

ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

ABSTRACT i ABSTRAK iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v APPROVAL vi DECLARATION viii LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF FIGURES xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Statement of the problems 3 1.3 Objectives of the study UPM3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Taxonomy of blue swimming crab 4 2.2 Habitat distribution 4 2.3 Sex ratio 5 2.4 Size at first maturity 7 2.5 Spawning season 7 2.6 Fecundity 7 2.7 Food and feeding habits 8 2.8 Bio-chemical composition 8 2.9 Breeding and larval development 9 2.10 Larvae culture 11 2.11 Juvenile rearing 11 2.12 Role of refuge in juvenile rearing 11 2.13 Feeding of juvenile 12 2.14 Stocking density of juvenile 12 2.15 Grow-out culture 13 2.16 Nutritional requirements 14 2.16.1 Protein and organic acid requirements for juvenile crabs 15 2.16.2 Lipid requirements for juvenile crabs 15 COPYRIGHT2.16.3 Vitamin requirement 16

3 GENERAL METHODOLOGY 17 3.1 Methods 17 © 3.1.1 Experimental site 17 3.1.2 Broodstock collection 17 3.1.3 Larval rearing and feeding 18 3.1.4 Tank set up 18 3.1.5 Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) 18 3.1.6 Substrate acclimatization: 19

x 3.1.7 Seawater treatment 19 3.1.8 Source of experimental crabs 20 3.1.9 Water quality parameters 20 3.1.10 Data collection 20 3.2 Proximate analysis 22 3.2.1 Determination of moisture 22 3.2.2 Determination of crude protein 22 3.2.3 Determination of crude lipid 22 3.2.4 Determination of crude fiber 23 3.2.5 Determination of Ash 23 3.2.6 Determination of carbohydrate 24 3.3 Statistical analysis 24

4 EFFECTS OF BOTTOM SUBSTRATE ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF EARLY JUVENILES OF BLUE SWIMMING CRAB, PORTUNUS PELAGICUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) IN CAPTIVITY UPM25 4.1 Introduction 25 4.2 Materials and Methods 26 4.2.1 Seawater for broodstock, larvae and crablet culture 26 4.2.2 Brood stock maintenance and hatching 26 4.2.3 Experimental design and substrates 26 4.2.4 Data collection 27 4.3 Results 27 4.4 Discussion 28 4.5 Conclusion 29

5 VARIATION OF GROWTH AND SURVIAL OF JUVENILE CRAB, PORTUNUS PELAGICUS IN RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEM (RAS) AND A CONVENTIONAL AQUACULTURE SYSTEM (CAS) 30 5.1 Introduction 30 5.2 Materials and Methods 31 5.2.1 Tank set up 31 5.2.2 Water quality and sampling 31 5.2.3 Feeding 31 5.2.4 Experimental design 31 5.2.5 Statistical analysis 32 COPYRIGHT5.3 Results 32 5.4 Discussion 35 5.5 Conclusion 36

©6 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FEEDS ON GROWTH AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF PORTUNUS PELAGICUS JUVENILES IN RAS 37 6.1 Introduction 37 6.2 Materials and Methods 38

xi 6.2.1 Experiment I: Influence of selected fresh feeds on growth and proximate composition of Portunus pelagicus juveniles 38 6.2.1.1 Stocking 38 6.2.1.2 Experimental feeds and proximate analysis 38 6.2.1.3 Feeding 39 6.2.2 Experiment II: Effects of shrimp pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile crab, Portunus pelagicus 39 6.2.2.1 Stocking size 39 6.2.2.2 Feeding and proximate analysis 39 6.2.2.3 Mixed feed sample preparation for proximate analysis 39 6.2.2.4 Hepatopancreas sample collection and storage 40 6.2.2.5 Histological examination UPM40 6.3 Results 41 6.3.1 Experiment I: Influence of selected fresh feeds on growth and proximate composition of Portunus pelagicus juveniles 41 6.3.2 Experiment II: Effects of shrimp pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile crab, Portunus pelagicus 46 6.4 Discussion 53 6.5 Conclusion 56

7 INFLUENCES OF FEEDING FREQUENCY ON SURVIVAL, GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION OF PORTUNUS PELAGICUS JUVENILES 57 7.1 Introduction 57 7.2 Materials and Methods 58 7.2.1 Experimental design and tank set- up 58 7.2.2 Stocking 58 7.2.3 Feeding 58 7.2.4 Proximate analysis of mixed diets 58 7.2.5 Hepatopancreas sample collection and histological examination 59 7.3 Results 59 COPYRIGHT7.4 Discussion 66 7.5 Conclusion 67

8 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT STOCKING DENSITIES ON © SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF PORTUNUS PELAGICUS JUVENILES IN RAS 68 8.1 Introduction 68 8.2 Materials and Methods 68 8.2.1 Experimental design and tank set- up 68 8.2.2 Stocking 69

xii 8.2.3 Feeding 69 8.3 Results 69 8.4 Discussion 74 8.5 Conclusion 75

9 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 76 9.1 Summary and conclusion 76 9.2 Recommendations 78

REFERENCES 79 BIODATA OF STUDENT 100 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 101

UPM

xiii LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 Sex ratio, size at maturity and spawning season of P. pelagicus in different geographical region 6

2.2 Fecundity of P. pelagicus from different studies 7

2.3 The major stomach contents of P. pelagicus reported from various geographical locations 8

2.4 Morphological characteristics of P. pelagicus larvae during the development stages (adopted from Arshad et al. (2006) 10 2.5 Published feeding information during the grow out cultureUPM of swimming crabs 14

2.6 Requirements of protein for culture of commercial crabs 15

2.7 The recommended lipid requirements for culture of commercial crabs 16

3.1 Feeding scheme used for rearing P. pelagicus larvae until C1 18

4.1 Growth performances of early juveniles of P. pelagicus reared in captivity for 22 days using different substrates 28

5.1 Water quality parameters on weekly basis from RAS and CAS systems over a period of 30 days 32

5.2 Growth performance, feed utilization and survival of blue swimming crab P. pelagicus juveniles 33

5.3 Proximal composition (mean ± SD) in crab juveniles cultured in RAS and CAS 34

6.1 Proximate composition of different diets given to blue COPYRIGHTswimming (Portunus pelagicus) crab juveniles (% on dry and fed basis) 42

6.2 Mean (±SD) carapace length, specific growth rate, feeding © rate and survival of P. pelagicus juveniles fed with different fresh diets for 30 days 42

6.3 Whole - body composition (% on wet and dry basis) of P. pelagicus crab juveniles fed with three selected diets 45

xiv 6.4 Water quality data taken on weekly basis for culturing blue swimming (Portunus pelagicus) crab juveniles fed with selected feed for 30 days 46

6.5 Proximate composition of different diets fed to Portunus pelagicus juveniles (% on fed basis) 47

6.6 Growth performance and survival of P. pelagicus juvenile fed with various diets for 30 days 48

6.7 Whole body composition of P. pelagicus crab juvenile fed with three selected diets 50

6.8 Height of whole tubule, tubule lumen and B-cells of the hepatopancreas of P. pelagicus crab juveniles are provided for comparison between diets 51 6.9 Water quality parameters were recorded on weekly basisUPM while blue swimming crab juvenile (Portunus pelagicus) cultured in RAS with different diets for 30 days 52

7.1 Growth and feed utilization of P. pelagicus juveniles reared for 30 days using different feeding frequencies 60

7.2 Whole - body composition of P. pelagicus juveniles before and after experiment 63

7.3 Mean (±SD) values of water quality parameters on weekly basis in RAS containing P. pelagicus juvenile for a rearing period of 30 days 65

8.1 Mean (±SD) values of water quality parameters on weekly basis in RAS containing P. pelagicus juvenile for 30 days 70

8.2 Growth performance and survival of P. pelagicus juveniles reared for 30 days using different stocking densities 70

8.3 Whole- body composition of P. pelagicus juveniles before and after experiment 73 COPYRIGHT

xv LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

2.1 The global distribution of swimming crab, P. pelagicus 5

2.2 Flowchart of the life cycle of Portunus pelagicus 9

3.1 Egg development (a) Bright- orange colour: Eggs first deposit in sac; (b) Yellow colour: Cleavage-blastula and gastrula stage; (c) Brown colour: Eyespot pigmentation stage; (d) Dark-grey colour: Heart beating stage before hatching 17

3.2 Recirculating aquaculture system, RAS comprised of (A) biological filter: bio-balls, sand, coral-chips and coal; (B) physical filter: foam UPM19 4.1 Survival (%) of early juveniles of Portunus pelagicus reared in captivity for 22 days using different substrates 27

5.1 Increment of carapace width of Portunus pelagicus juveniles fed with selected diets for 30 days 33

5.2 Increment of body weight of Portunus pelagicus juveniles fed with selected diets for 30 days 34

6.1 Increment of carapace width of Portunus pelagicus juveniles fed with selected diets for 30 days 43

6.2 Increment of body weight of Portunus pelagicus juveniles fed with selected diets for 30 days 44

6.3 Increment of carapace width of Portunus pelagicus juveniles fed with different diets over the culture period of 30 days 49

6.4 Increment of total body weight of Portunus pelagicus juveniles fed with different diets over the culture period of 30 days 50 6.5 COPYRIGHT Transverse H&E-stained sections of hepatopancreas tissue from blue swimming crab. (A) Shrimp feed showing loss of star-shape lumina (L), damaged brush border (BB) and presence of large B-cells (B). Hepatopancreas of squid feed © (B) and mixed feed (C) showing complete structure of different cells; Hepatopancreas exhibited normal star-shaped lumina (L) and intact brush border (BB). The cell types: B cell (B), F-cell (F) and R-cell (R) were clearly visible in squid feed and mixed feed groups (magnification X 40) 52

xvi 7.1 Increment of carapace width of P. pelagicus juveniles fed at different feeding frequencies over 30 days 61

7.2 Increment of body weight of Portunus pelagicus juveniles fed at different feeding frequencies over 30 days 62

7.3 Transverse H&E-stained sections of hepatopancreas tissue from blue swimming crab. (A) fed once daily (B) fed twice daily (C) fed three times daily (D) fed four times daily. The four cell types: R-cell (R), B cell (B), F-cell (F) and connective tissue (CT) were clearly visible with no significant effect based on feeding frequency (magnification X 40) 64

8.1 Mean carapace width (mm) increment of Portunus pelagicus juveniles at different stocking densities over 30 days experiment 71 8.2 Mean body weight (g) increment of Portunus pelagicusUPM juvenile at different stocking densities during the 30 days experiment 72

xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ANOVA Analysis of variance BW Body weight CAS Conventional aquaculture system CL Carapace length cm Centimeter CRD Completely randomize design CW Carapace width DHA Docosahexaenoic acid DO Dissolved oxygen UPM EAA Essential amino acids EDTA Ethylene-Diamine-Tetra-Acetic EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid FCR Feed conversion ratio FE (%) Feed efficiency g Gram h Hour ha-1 Hectare

H2SO4 Sulfuric acid ind Individual kg Kilogram L Liter LR (%) Lipid retention m COPYRIGHTMeter mg/L Milligram per liter ©ml Milliliter mm Millimeter NaOH Sodium hydroxide

xviii pcs Pieces PER Protein efficiency ratio ppm Part per millions ppt Part per thousands PR (%) Protein retention PVC Polyvinyl chloride RAS Recirculating Aquaculture System SD Standard division SGR Specific growth rate Sp. Species T Treatment UPM UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia USA United States of America 0C Degree celsius % Percentage < Less than > More than

xix CHAPTER 1

1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758), a commercially important crab in Malaysia (Azra and Ikhwanuddin, 2015), that belongs to the family Portunidae and is found in the western Indian Ocean and the Eastern Pacific (FAO, 2009). The common name of this species is flower crab (Carpenter and Niem, 1998), sand crab (Soundarapandian et al., 2013) blue swimmer or blue manna crab (Kangas, 2000) and in Malaysia is locally known as ‘ketam bunga’ or ‘ketam renjung’ (Taufik et al., 2014). Generally, they are found inshore in sandy and muddy habitats, algal beds, as well as among sea grass beds (Zainal, 2013; Asphama et al., 2015). UPM Primarily, P. pelagicus is an omnivorous crab (Ikhwanuddin et al., 2014) and also considered to be an opportunistic predator (Kunsook et al., 2014), feeding on different types of benthic fauna and flora within its habitat (Wu and Shin, 1998). Swimming crab is a good source of essential amino acids (EAA) that are of great importance to overall human health (Artar and Olgunoglu, 2018). The sources of lipid of P. pelagicus are also a vital nutrient for human health because the lipid contain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that help to prevent cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, inflammatory ailments and autoimmune disorders (Baboli et al., 2016). The claw and breast meat of swimming crab is very omega riched edible portions of the crab’s body which indicate that P. pelagicus is a healthy food for human (Baboli et al., 2016). Portunus pelagicus is an important source of local income and job opportunities for many coastal villagers who depend on this crab's fishery (Kunsook et al., 2014; Zairion et al., 2015). As delicious seafood, it is caught for direct consumption in domestic market and some of the Malaysian catches are brought over to Singapore since the price is better across the causeway. At present, wild capture is the main source of fishing operation to meet the market demand for this swimming crab. Gill netting and crab trap known locally as ‘bintol’ are adopted to catch the blue swimmer in Malaysia. Landing statistics are known to be less accurate as catches from small crab trap operators are not accounted for. Statistic of year 2017 showed 85% Self Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) of crabs for Malaysia (Department of Statistics Malaysia,COPYRIGHT 2017), imports mainly in the form of processed crab meat. Besides capture landings, though formal aquaculture practice in the country, the interests towards the aquaculture of P. pelagicus have been growing steadily because of favourable characteristics such as short larval duration (Arshad et ©al., 2006), high tolerance to ammonia-N ( 3.62 mg/L) (Ramano and Zeng, 2007) and nitrite-N ( 2.53 mg/L ) (Liao et al., 2011) , ability to survive against changes of physico-chemical variables (Abol-Munaf et al., 2016) and fast growth rate (Josileen and Menon, 2005). It can be cultured as polyculture species (Juwana, 1998; Suerte, 2015) or individually put in cells within a recirculating system (Ramano and Zeng, 2006).

1 The last few decades, many countries are slowly becoming involved in the culture of portunid crab with few reports emerged from Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, India and Malaysia (Josileen and Menon, 2005; Romano and Zeng, 2006 and 2010), this is despite the initial interest actually started during the mid-1990s for the aquaculture production of this group of swimming crab (Ramano and Zeng, 2008). Although culturing methods of P. pelagicus through captive breeding and larval development hand rearing have been developed, the major weakness to the mass commercial farming scale includes excessive cannibalism at all stages of development (Romano and Zeng, 2017). Several methods have been examined in different crab species to overcome the problem on cannibalism such as provision of adequate food, sufficient shelters, scheduled size grading, trimming of dactylus, pollex and removal of chelipeds (Suerte, 2015). Among all methods, to prevent cannibalism in P. pelagicus rearing would be to put an individual in a culture cell of its own (Ebert et al., 1975; Van Olst et al., 1975)’ However, this option is highly labor intensive and viewed impractical during the nursery culture (Roslan et al., 2016). Another thing is to use different bottom substratesUPM that may be effective in reducing cannibalism as an alternative strategy. For instance, combinations of sea grass and sand were reported to be more fruitful in improving survival rate among P. pelagicus juveniles than others individually reared using sea grass, netting or without substrate (Ravi and Manisseri, 2012).

Growth of crabs is influenced by many things including water quality, feed rate and frequency, stocking density and appropriate cultivation strategies (Ariyati et al., 2018). However, several research have been conducted on feeding and diet to improve the growth of swimming crab, P. pelagicus such as feed acceptability (Tina and Darumas, 2014), live feeds for crab fattening (Soundarapandian and Raja, 2008), dietary protein level of P. pelagicus juveniles (Serang et al., 2007), crab fattened with different diets (Chaiyawat et al., 2009), feeding effect on crab growth (Chaiyawat et al., 2008), different feed effects on crablets (Ariyati et al., 2018). In crab farming, the feeding frequency is an important factor to be considered as it can influence growth and survival; also control feed waste and water quality. These benefits can be achieved by dividing the daily ration (Oniam et al., 2015 and 2016). The stocking density is also considered one of the most important factors that affect the survival and growth of P. pelagicus reported by Ariyati et al. (2018). Usually, feeding the crab at a lower density gives the highest growth and survival as such a condition offers less predation in term of cannibalism and ample space for COPYRIGHTet al., mobility (Ariyati 2018).

2 1.2 Statement of the problems

Portunus pelagicus is being exploited since long before from natural water in many countries (Kangas, 2000; Dineshbabu et al., 2008; Ehsan et al., 2010; Afzaal et al., 2016; Hamid et al., 2016a; Kembaren et al., 2018). As this trend continues, there is a huge decline in production and smaller crab size being landed and the future of P. pelagicus from natural source is at risk which will significantly affect both the quantity and quality of production and in turn a negative effects on the people who see it as source of livelihood or income generation activity (Lestang et al., 2011; Harris et al., 2014; Mehanna et al., 2013; Johnston et al., 2014). To minimize the pressure on the catch from the open sea, a controlled culture is considered as a desirable way to enhance the production and sustainability of blue crab in the future (Tiensongrasamee, 2004; Asphama et al., 2015). However, P. pelagicus aquaculture has never been established till today and even critical, knowledge on post hatchery crablets is still inconclusive despite the adequate information on its larval development and rearing. To bring P. pelagicus as aquacultureUPM species, the nursery rearing after hatchery production is equally critical. A good nursery protocol on the early juveniles rearing would enhance higher survival in the later proper crab culture system. Hence, the feeding regime and juveniles culture requirements need to be established in line with other important aspects of blue swimming crab aquaculture. So far there is still very limited information available on the growth and survival of P. pelagicus juvenile in captive condition. Therefore, the present research has been undertaken to evaluate the various aspects on nursery culture requirement, growth process and survival of P. pelagicus in RAS system.

1.3 Objectives of the study

With all earlier statements given to substantiate on further needs to expand research on crab juvenile nursery rearing, the following objectives are enlisted;

1. To investigate the growth and survival of P. pelagicus juveniles in captivity with the provision of different types of tank bottom substrates 2. To determine the growth rate and survival of P. pelagicus juveniles in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) compare to conventional culture system (CAS). 3.COPYRIGHTTo elucidate the growth and proximate composition of P. pelagicus juveniles based on different types of feeds. 4. To examine the effects of different feeding frequencies of selected feed and stocking densities towards the growth performance and © survival of P. pelagicus juveniles.

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UPM

99 11 BIODATA OF STUDENT

S.M. Shoyaib Kohinoor was born on 2 February 1984 at Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. He obtained his Secondary School Certificate and Higher Secondary Certificate (12 level) during 1998 and 2001 respectively from the Education Board of Dhaka. In 2006, he graduated in Marine Science from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. He obtained his M. Sc in Marine Science with research in 2007 from the same institute. During his M. Sc study, he completed a thesis entitled “Growth Performance of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in earthen pond with notes on the macro benthic communities”.

Research experiences

He has completed a PhD research entitled “Evaluation of growth and survival of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus (linnaeus, 1758) juveniles in captivity” in UPM the laboratory of International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, UPM, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia during April 2016 to July 2018.

By this time, he has published a total of 3 scientific papers in the peer reviewed journals and 2 proceedings papers from his PhD research.

Award received

Scholarships: Special Graduate Research Allowance (S-GRA) and International Graduate Research Fellowship (IGRF) for PhD study from the Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Training and Workshop

Participated a training workshop on “Thesis and Scientific Paper Writing Using KSI Technique” held at the School of Graduate Studies, UPM, Malaysia from 28th – 29th August 2017 organized by Putra Sarjana

ParticipatedCOPYRIGHT an International Conference on “Aquaculture in Indonesia 2018” from 26 -27 October 2018 organized by ICAI, Indonesia.

100 12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Journal papers

S. M. S. Kohinoor, A. Arshad, S.M.N. Amin, Mohd. S. Kamarudin, M. A. Sulaiman, 2018. Variation of growth and proximate composition in Portunus pelagicus juveniles fed with selected feeds in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Journal of Environmental Biology 39:871- 876.

S. M. S. Kohinoor, A. Arshad, S.M.N. Amin, M. Aminur Rahman, Mohd. S. Kamarudin, and J. A. Al Khayat, 2018. Effects of bottom substratum on survival and growth of early juveniles of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) in captivity. Journal of Environmental Biology 39:913-916. UPM S. M. S. Kohinoor, A. Arshad, S.M.N. Amin, Mohd. S. Kamarudin, M. A. Sulaiman, 2019. Evaluation of Water Quality Parameters, Growth and Proximate Composition of Juvenile Crab, Portunus pelagicus Cultured in RAS and Non RAS System. Sains Malaysiana 48: 2143–2149.

Paper presented at conference

S. M. S. Kohinoor, A. Arshad, S.M.Nurul Amin, M. Salleh Kamarudin and M. Aliyu Sulaiman, 2018. Effects of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) on juvenile blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus. Accepted for oral presentation in “International Conference on Aquaculture in Indonesia 2018”held on 25-27 October 2018, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

S. M. S. Kohinoor, A. Arshad, S.M.Nurul Amin and M.S. Kamarudin 2018. Effects of sand and soil substratum on the survival and growth of early juvenile, of Portunus pelagicus in captivity Accepted for oral presentation in “International Conference on Aquaculture in Indonesia 2018”held on 25-27 October 2018, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

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