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International Cyber Society - Governing the Internet Nils G International Cyber Society - Governing the Internet Nils G. Indahl To cite this version: Nils G. Indahl. International Cyber Society - Governing the Internet. 2009. hprints-00396381 HAL Id: hprints-00396381 https://hal-hprints.archives-ouvertes.fr/hprints-00396381 Preprint submitted on 17 Jun 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Master’s thesis Nils G. Indahl International cyber society Governing the Internet Academic advisor: Noel Parker Submitted: 28/11/08 Summary The thesis analyses the Internet, a political space that transcends state borders. The Internet is not chaos, but has emerged as an efficient system of governance with clear standards, norms and values. At the same time, it is a system without a centralised state authority. The three classical paradigms of realism, rationalism and revolutionism are applied in analysing the Internet as an evolving case. The following two research questions are explored: 1. Which of the three classical approaches best explains the development of the Internet? 2. Is the emergence of the Internet enhancing the power of the individual at the expense of the state? Using the three classical paradigms, pluralist theories of democracy, and Austrian coordination theory, the agenda is to find out whether the Internet has shifted the balance of power between the individual and the state. Has the Internet as a political space, in other words, given the individual opportunities to bypass state power? Has it enhanced the ability of the citizen to coordinate and act? Finally, the thesis addresses the possible reactions of the state to this apparent challenge to state sovereignty in the image of the individual, the state, and the international society of states. The Internet emerged as a spontaneous order between 1973 and 2003 as the result of contributions by various members of the international scientific community. The first phase in the evolution of the Internet is aimed at the world society, mankind, in what is mainly a revolutionist normative approach. A rationalist approach can be detected in the attempt by the Internet pioneers to transfer control of the Root file to the International Telecommunications Union - a part of the UN system - in 1997. As the economic and political importance of the Internet increases, a decidedly realist approach becomes evident. Should a national or world government destroy the efficient and free working of the Internet, the netizen may make use of his inaliable right to establish new information spaces outside state control. The technical standards – as well as norms and values – that have emerged as the Internet over the last 35 years, makes it possible for mankind to establish as a digital commonwealth what Kant called the ius cosmopoliticum. 2 Table of content INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................4 THE THREE APPROACHES .....................................................................................................................7 PROBLEM DEFINITION ............................................................................................................................9 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................9 APPROACHES TO SOCIAL STUDIES........................................................................................................10 THE INTERNET AS A POLITICAL SPACE..........................................................................................11 HUMAN ACTION AND THE COORDINATION PROCESS.........................................................................13 THE EMERGENCE OF THE INTERNET..............................................................................................14 THE TECHNICAL LAYER .........................................................................................................................15 THE ECONOMIC LAYER ..........................................................................................................................16 THE POLICY LAYER.................................................................................................................................16 THE INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE...................................................................................................18 THE DREAM MACHINE............................................................................................................................18 ARPA ........................................................................................................................................................18 INTERCONNECTIVITY .............................................................................................................................20 THE DNS (DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM).....................................................................................................21 THE INTERNET SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE – AND THE REVOLT ...........................................23 SYNTHETIC AND PRAGMATIC INSTITUTIONS ......................................................................................24 THE INTERNET SOCIETY.........................................................................................................................26 THE WORLD WIDE WEB ..........................................................................................................................28 THE STATE OF NATURE AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT .............................................................30 LAW AND THE CREATION OF SOCIETY.................................................................................................32 RATIONAL AND SOCIAL INTERNET FOUNDERS...................................................................................33 THE STATE OF NATURE IN THE THREE PARADIGMS ...........................................................................34 THE INTERNET IN A STATE OF INTERNATIONAL ANARCHY ..............................................................35 TRYING TO ESTABLISH A SOCIAL CONTRACT .....................................................................................37 US GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION........................................................................................................39 ICANN ......................................................................................................................................................41 FAILING TO EMERGE FROM THE STATE OF NATURE................................................................46 MULTI-STAKEHOLDER DEMANDS.........................................................................................................46 REALISTS..................................................................................................................................................48 RATIONALISTS.........................................................................................................................................53 REVOLUTIONISTS....................................................................................................................................56 TECHNOLOGIES OF FREEDOM IN ALL THREE PARADIGMS ...................................................58 INDIVIDUAL ACCESS TO INFORMATION...............................................................................................59 SPLINTERNETS.........................................................................................................................................61 NON-STATE SYSTEMS OF COORDINATION ....................................................................................64 INDIVIDUAL SOVEREIGNTY ...................................................................................................................64 STATE SOVEREIGNTY .............................................................................................................................65 LEVIATHAN VERSUS THE INDIVIDUAL.................................................................................................66 SOCIAL SYSTEMS AS INFORMATION SYSTEMS....................................................................................67 3 AN ANALOGY TO THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM.......................................................................................67 THE PRICE MECHANISM - THE WORLD’S MOST ADVANCED INFORMATION SYSTEM ....................68 INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ............................................................69 WORLD POWER........................................................................................................................................70 THE ICELANDIC COMMONWEALTH ......................................................................................................71 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................73
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