SOFT POWER in TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY UNDER the AKP GOVERNMENTS: 2002-2009 a Master‟S Thesis by UTKU ALİ RIZA ALPAYDIN Departm
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SOFT POWER IN TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY UNDER THE AKP GOVERNMENTS: 2002-2009 A Master‟s Thesis by UTKU ALİ RIZA ALPAYDIN Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara July 2010 To my family and To my princess SOFT POWER IN TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY UNDER THE AKP GOVERNMENTS: 2002-2009 The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by UTKU ALİ RIZA ALPAYDIN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA July 2010 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Prof. H. Tarık Oğuzlu Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Prof. Özgür Özdamar Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Prof. İlker Aytürk Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT SOFT POWER IN TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY UNDER THE AKP GOVERNMENTS: 2002-2009 Alpaydın, Utku Ali Rıza M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assistant Prof. H. Tarık Oğuzlu July 2010 The concept of soft power has turned out to be one of the agenda-setting terms in the field of international relations upon its inception in the early 1990s. Despite its widespread usage, the inherent nature of the concept could not been grasped to a great extent. The increasing references to soft power in many of the analyses about Turkish foreign policy during the ruling Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP, (Justice and Development Party, JDP) era has created a need to present the notion of soft power as a proper theoretical concept and to discuss the foreign policy of the Turkish state conducted by the AKP governments in the light of such a theoretical background. Therefore, this thesis intends to present a refined theory of soft power embracing all the relevant points of the existing literature on soft power theory in order to make it utilizable for all cases and to implement this proposed theory to the case of Turkish foreign policy in a comparative manner by examining pre-AKP period and the period during the AKP has been in rule. Out of these explanations, the research question of this thesis emerges as such: “To what extent has soft power increased its influence in Turkish foreign policy under the AKP governments?” The main argument of the thesis can be put forward in the following manner: “The soft power of Turkish state has increased during the AKP term, although there has been some degree of soft power culture in the history of Turkish Republic.” Keywords: Soft power, Justice and Development Party (JDP), Turkish foreign policy, power currencies, benignity, brilliance, beauty iii ÖZET AKP HÜKÜMETLERİ DÖNEMİ TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI‟NDA YUMUŞAK GÜÇ: 2002-2009 Alpaydın, Utku Ali Rıza Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yard. Doç. Dr. H. Tarık Oğuzlu Temmuz 2010 Yumuşak güç kavramı 1990‟ların başında ortaya çıkışından itibaren uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde gündem belirleyen terimlerden bir tanesi haline gelmiştir. Yaygın olarak kullanılmasına karşın, kavramın özü halen büyük ölçüde anlaşılabilmiş değildir. İktidardaki Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi döneminde uygulanan Türk dış politikası üzerine yapılan araştırmaların birçoğunda yumuşak güç kavramına artan bir şekilde atıfta bulunulması yumuşak güç kavramının uygun bir kuramsal terim olarak sunulması ve AKP hükümetleri tarafından uygulanan dış politikanın bu şekilde ortaya konan kavramsal bir arka plan ışığında tartışılması gereğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu sebeple, bu tez yumuşak güç kuramını tüm vakalar üzerine uygulanabilir hale getirmek için mevcut yumuşak güç kuramı literatüründeki tüm ilgili noktaları kapsayan düzeltilmiş bir yumuşak güç kuramı sunma ve bu önerilen kuramı Türk dış politikası vakasına AKP öncesi dönemi AKP‟nin iktidarda olduğu dönem ile karşılaştırmalı olarak uygulama amacını gütmektedir. Bu açıklamalar doğrultusunda bu tezin araştırma sorusu şu şekilde ortaya çıkmaktadır: “Yumuşak gücün etkisi AKP hükümetleri yönetimindeki Türk dış politikasında ne derecede artmıştır?” Bu tezin temel argümanı ise aşağıdaki şekilde ileri sürülebilir: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihinde bir nebze yumuşak güç kültürü olmasına rağmen, Türk devletinin yumuşak gücü AKP hükümetleri döneminde artmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yumuşak güç, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP), Türk dış politikası, güç birimleri, iyi huyluluk, mükemmellik, güzellik iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Asst. Prof. H. Tarık Oğuzlu for his invaluable support and assistance throughout my research. He has been a source of an irreplaceable academic assistance and intellectual support for my thesis. Without his guidance, this thesis could not be completed. I am also grateful to Asst. Prof. Özgür Özdamar and Asst. Prof. İlker Aytürk for allocating their valuable time to read and review my thesis and for their encouraging comments during the defense of my thesis. Special thanks to my mother, father and sister for making me feel loved, cared and supported in every moment of my life. I would like to thank my fiancée for her endless support and patience. Without her, I would get lost within the mess that I made while I was studying. Their unconditional support has been a precious asset for me during the preparation of the thesis. Last but not least, I would like to convey my thanks to TUBITAK for supporting my academic research through providing scholarship opportunity. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii ÖZET..................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 : THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ...................................................... 8 2.1 Soft Power ..................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Origins of Soft Power ............................................................................. 8 2.1.2 Other Conceptions of Soft Power ..........................................................14 2.1.3 Critiques of Nye‟s Conception of Soft Power ........................................23 2.2 Similar Concepts ..........................................................................................24 2.2.1 Civilian Power ......................................................................................25 2.2.2 Normative Power ..................................................................................27 2.3 A Refined Theory of Soft Power ...................................................................29 CHAPTER 3 : SOFT POWER IN TRADITIONAL TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY: 1923-2002 .............................................................................................35 3.1 Main Determinants of the Traditional Turkish Foreign Policy .......................35 3.1.1 The Legacy of the Ottoman Empire .......................................................36 3.1.2 Geographical Realities ..........................................................................40 3.1.3 The Legacy of Kemalism ......................................................................44 3.2 Principles of Traditional Turkish Foreign Policy ...........................................47 3.2.1 Maintenance of the Status Quo ..............................................................47 3.2.2 Western Orientation ..............................................................................50 vi 3.2.3 Peaceful Settlement of Disputes/Commitment to International Law.......52 3.3 Soft Power in Traditional Turkish Foreign Policy: 1923-2002 ......................55 3.3.1 Benignity ..............................................................................................55 3.3.1.1 Multilateralism ..............................................................................56 3.3.1.1.1 Security-related Multilateral Efforts .......................................57 3.3.1.1.2 Other Multilateral Dealings ....................................................64 3.3.1.2 Peaceful Foreign Policy and Peace Promotion ...............................66 3.3.1.3 Economic and Humanitarian Assistance ........................................70 3.3.2 Brilliance ..............................................................................................73 3.3.2.1 Economic Development