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A Situational Analysis of Community-Based Oyster Farming in Palito, Isla Chira, Costa Rica

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A Situational Analysis of Community-Based Oyster Farming in Palito, Isla Chira, Costa Rica Polo MDP Field Practicum Final Report 1 A situational analysis of community-based oyster farming in Palito, Isla Chira, Costa Rica Gabriela Polo A Field Practicum Final Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Sustainable Development Practice Degree University of Florida Gainesville, FL April 2016 Committee members: Susan Paulson, PhD (Chair) Thomas Ankersen, JD (Member) Polo MDP Field Practicum Final Report 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 3 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ............................................................................................... 4 ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 6 CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 7 Geographical & socio-economic background ............................................................................. 7 Aquaculture in Costa Rica & key institutions ............................................................................. 8 Oyster farming in Costa Rica and Palito, Chira .......................................................................... 8 The process of oyster farming ..................................................................................................... 9 CONTEXTUAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................... 12 FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION ................................................................................................... 15 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 17 Producer organizations’ classification & structure ................................................................... 17 Producer organizations’ challenges and opportunities ............................................................. 17 Producer organizations management & governance ................................................................. 18 Supporting producer organizations ........................................................................................... 19 METHODS AND ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 20 Situational Analysis .................................................................................................................. 20 Participant observation .............................................................................................................. 20 Structured interviews ................................................................................................................ 22 Semi-structured interviews ....................................................................................................... 23 Participatory production mapping ............................................................................................. 24 Difficulties and limitations ....................................................................................................... 24 Situational Analysis .................................................................................................................. 25 Current state of production ....................................................................................................... 29 Group management and governance ......................................................................................... 31 Commercialization .................................................................................................................... 33 Gender considerations ............................................................................................................... 34 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 36 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 38 APPENDIX 1 ................................................................................................................................ 41 APPENDIX 2 ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Polo MDP Field Practicum Final Report 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • My sincerest gratitude to the following people and institutions, for their guidance and support • My committee chair Dr. Susan Paulson and member Professor Thomas Ankersen, JD • Dr. Glenn Galloway, MDP Director; Andy Noss, MDP coordinator; and MDP core and affiliate faculty • Tropical Conservation and Development program • Center for Latin American Studies • UF Law Conservation Clinic and law team • Franklin Paniagua, in country supervisor • Palito’s oyster farmers and ASOPECUPACHI • Jimenez-Badilla family • My family and friends. I would not be where I am today without you. Thank you for the phone calls, prayers, and words of encouragement. Polo MDP Field Practicum Final Report 4 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Map of Chira island and key places in the Gulf of Nicoya Figure 2: A view of Guanacaste’s coast from Palito, Chira Figure 3: Construction of a long-line Figure 4: A lantern Figure 5: Oyster seeds Figure 6: Oyster cleaning Figure 7: Small cloth bag with grown oysters Figure 8: Oyster harvesting Figure 9: Contextual/conceptual framework Figure 10: Framework for action Figure 11: Marine Area for Responsible Fishing of Palito Figure 12: Members of the oyster group sit around a table where they clean oysters Table 1: Monthly costs for Palito’s producers Figure 13: Thematic clusters for group dynamics Figure 14: Thematic clusters for governance Figure 15: Thematic clusters for ‘management’ Figure 16: Producer’s concerns regarding group dynamics Polo MDP Field Practicum Final Report 5 ACRONYMS • AMPR – Área Marina de Pesca Responsible (Marine Area for Responsible Fishing) • ASOPECUPACHI – Asociación de Pescadores Cuerderos de Palito, Isla Chira (Line fishermen association of Palito, Chira Island) • IMAS – Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social (Mixed Institute for Social Help). • INA – Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje (National Institute of Learning) • INCOPESCA – Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura (Costa Rican Institute for Fishing and Aquaculture) • MAG – Ministerio de Agricultura (Ministry of Agriculture) • MINAE – Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (Ministry of Environment and Energy) • SENASA – Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (National Service of Animal Health) • SETENA – Secretaría Nacional del Ambiente (National Secretariat of the Environment) • UCR – Universidad de Costa Rica (University of Costa Rica) • UNA - Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (National University of Costa Rica) Polo MDP Field Practicum Final Report 6 INTRODUCTION Palito, a small rural community in Costa Rica’s Chira island, is home to one of the nation’s emerging oyster farms. Oyster farming is providing new livelihood opportunities for people negatively affected by the gulf of Nicoya’s degraded and overexploited state. While Palito’s farmers have successfully mastered production techniques, they face various challenges that must be overcome in order for them to operate effectively. Palito’s producers requested my support addressing some of their major governance and management challenges. Thanks to this invitation, my field practicum responded to a direct need. My practicum was two-fold. For the first four weeks I participated in University of Florida Law Conservation Clinic’s program in San José, Costa Rica, where I worked with law students to analyze the nation’s regulatory and institutional frameworks for aquaculture and oyster farming. I traveled to Chira upon the completion of the Clinic’s program and stayed an extra six weeks to work alongside Palito’s oyster farmers. My time in the field complemented my policy analysis, giving me valuable insights that allowed me to understand different dimensions of oyster farmers’ reality. I used various methods to gather data to identify and narrow down the farmers’ specific needs. I carried out participatory methods like interviews and production mapping, and also engaged in exhaustive participant observation. I used the data gathered and the results of my analysis to develop a situational analysis and needs assessment to distribute to the farmers and collaborating institutions before my departure. I also met the group’s immediate needs by facilitating meetings, helping them create a grant proposal for the Costa Rican National Institute for Women, and creating a promotional brochure for their farm. This reports summarizes my practicum experience. It starts with an overview of the geographic, socioeconomic, and institutional context in which oyster farming in Palito is taking place, and continues with a presentation of the contextual/conceptual and action frameworks that guided my work. A detailed description of the methods used along with a synthesis of key results follow. The report ends with recommendations on how to improve Palito’s farm’s governance and management systems and how to promote the success and long-term sustainability of their endeavor. Polo MDP Field Practicum Final Report 7 CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND Geographical
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