New Light on Richard Steele

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

New Light on Richard Steele NEW LIGHT ON RICHARD STEELE J. D. ALSOP RICHARD STEELE (1672-1729) (fig. i) has been studied so extensively that new factual information on the essayist and playwright is generally a consequence of accidental discovery. The following evidence was unearthed in the course of unrelated research amongst the archival records of Augustan and Georgian Britain. JOHN STEELE In 1714 John Lacy, a pseudonymous critic of Steele, produced an account of his parentage and his early life. The Ecclesiastical and Political History of Whigland of Late Years, used both to slight Steele's lineage and to attack his alleged indifference to his mother's later poverty. This reads in part: [Richard Steele, senior, was] an Honest Farmer, a man of Honour and Integrity... The worthy good Man lived rich in poverty, and respected by all his superior Neighbours, till his Body was gathered to the Grave... He left behind him his poor dear Wife, two Sons, and a Daughter... to weather it thro' the World as well as they were able. This worthy Farmer had a sister, that was perfer'd to the place of Waiting-Woman to an honourable Lady ... She every now and then supply'd the Widow, and the Children she took intirely into her Possession, sent her two Nephews to School, and saw her Niece well educated under her own Eye.^ Two sons; two nephews.' All modern accounts of Steele indicate that he was an only son, accompanied in his childhood simply by an elder sister Katherine. George Aitken, who delved deepest into Steele's biography, said of this publication merely, ' It will be seen that Steele is credited with a brother, of whom we hear nothing elsewhere'.'^ All the contextual evidence provided by Lacy here rings true. The aunt was clearly Katherine Mildmay, married to Henry Gascoigne and employed as a gentlewoman in the household of the Countess of Arran, wife to the subsequent second Duke of Ormonde.^ There is no credible reason for the critic to have invented a fictitious sibling. Could Richard Steele have had a hitherto undetected brother.^ The English Army register of letters of attorney and administrations for deceased officers, 1702-13, includes the following entry: Letters of Administration after the Death of John Steel late Ensigne in the Earle of Aruns Troop granted to Richard Steele Esquire 8th September 1704.^ Letters of administration for a person who died intestate were normally awarded to the next of kin and, although this junior officer is mentioned nowhere in any modern study 23 of Steele, the reference to the Earl of Arran would appear to be conclusive evidence of a firm connection. Charles Butler, Earl of Arran (1671-1758), was the grandson of James Butler, first Duke of Ormonde (1610-88), and brother and heir male to James Butler, second Duke of Ormonde (1665-1745). Richard Steele's foster father, Henry Gascoigne, had been private secretary to the first Duke, and the Steele family benefitted extensively from Butler patronage. Steele himself entered the army, in 1692, in the Duke of Ormonde's Second Troop of the Life Guards.^ However, appearances are in this instance deceptive. Two errors are associated with this entry in the register. The first, of omission, is the failure to identify the probate jurisdiction in which Richard Steele took out the letters of administration, a routine feature of other entries. The second is John Steele's connection to the 'Earle of Aruns Troop'. Brigadier-General Charles, Earl of Arran, was Colonel of the Sixth Horse from 1697 to 1702 and subsequently Colonel of the Third Troop of the Horse Guards, 1703-15.^ As horse regiments, neither of these commands included the rank of ensign, and Steele's name does not appear in the (fragmentary) regimental lists. ^ One John Steele, however, did enter Brigadier-General Thomas Earle's Regiment of Foot on i September 1694 as ensign to Captain Charles Wills. Nothing is known of his army career, apart from the renewal of his commission upon Queen Anne's accession; he was out of the Regiment by 1706, if not earlier.^ How to proceed to solve the puzzle? The army register was rechecked, but the handwriting is clear and unequivocal. The letters of administration might have been taken out in any one of numerous probate courts, but the death of an officer intestate during wartime suggests the likelihood of overseas service, and the most common probate jurisdiction for testators and intestates deceased abroad was the Prerogative Court of Canterbury. Under the date of 8 September 1704 the register of the Prerogative Court records the grant of administration to Richard Steele, esquire, for the estate of John Steele, 'nuper vexillareii in Legione honorabilij Thomiae Earle Armiger'.^ Obviously, the apparently straightforward entry in the army register had become badly corrupted, whereby an abbreviation of'Thomiae' become rendered as 'the' and the abbreviation 'Arm' became 'Arun'. The date of death remains unestabhshed. Thomas Earle's regiment was dispatched to the West Indies in 1702. After a lengthy, dilapidating stay at Barbados, the regiment took part in the disappointing engagement at Guadaloupe in 1703. Mortality was high, and Richard Steele's earlier associate. Governor Christopher Codrington, commented upon the heavy toll taken amongst the expedition troops by 'poxes, fluxes and feavers'.^** The Prerogative Court identified Richard as brother and closest relative of the deceased John Steele. Was this THE Richard Steele, esquire, the man who in September 1704 was a captain at Landguard Fort and a newly-successful playwright? This question cannot be answered conclusively. The exhaustive biographical researches of George Fig. I. Sir Richard Steele, by Sir Godfrey Kneller, engraved by J. Houbraken; Thomas Birch, Heads of Illustrious Persons... (London, 1756), facing p. 205. C.6.e.8 25 Aitken unearthed only one other Richard Steele of the period who held the status of esquire, and this individual did not have a brother John.^^ It appears that Richard Steele may well have had a previously unidentified brother. Very little family correspondence survives for the early portion of Steele's life, and contemporaries noted Steele's reticence and ambiguity on his family and Irish background.^^ Children who died without heirs of their body were not always included in family pedigrees, but, in any case, our knowledge of the children of Richard Steele, senior, and Elinor Symes - Richard and Katherine - comes not from a pedigree but instead from the parish registers for the parish of residence during the marriage, St Bride's, Dublin.^^ Katherine, born in March 1671, ten months after the marriage licence was issued, was clearly the eldest, and Richard came second, being baptized on 12 March 1672. However, the marriage continued until 1676 or early 1677, nothing more is known concerning the couple's fertility, and biographers suggest that the family spent at least some time after 1672 in County Tipperary, where Richard, senior, was subsheriff.^* Any child born in this period would have been exactly the right age to have entered the army as an ensign in 1694. Moreover, the name John had been the one selected for Elinor Symes's first child from her previous marriage, a child who died within months of his birth in 1664.^^ Although circumstantial, the evidence clearly supports the statement made in 1714 that Richard Steele was one of two brothers, both of whom, we can now determine, began their careers in military service. Finally, although it was perhaps only a coincidence that John Steele's service, and possible death, in Barbados would soon be followed, in 1705, by Richard Steele's own marriage into one of that colony's families, in our present state of knowledge for Steele's early career no leads should be dismissed out of hand. ROWLAND TRYON Rowland Tryon has remained an obscure figure for scholarship on Richard Steele ever since George Aitken first identified the 'Mr. Tryon' of Steele's correspondence.^^ Tryon, a London merchant and agent for Barbados merchants, apparently entered Steele's life early in 1708, shortly before he was formally appointed principal trustee for the sale of Steele's Barbados estate. In this capacity, Tryon acted primarily on behalf of the tenant and purchaser, George Walker.^^ Joseph Addison's Chancery suit of October 1708 against Steele, Walker, and the trustees singled out Tryon as the leading obstacle to the repayment of the £1,000 lent to Steele on the security of the estate. ^^ Tryon's contentious response of 7 December 1708 may have produced so many difficulties for Addison that eventually he abandoned the suit.^^ Steele's biographers had already formed a negative opinion of Tryon prior to the discovery of the 1708 Chancery case, derived from the frequent protestations in Steele's correspondence of 1708-9 and 1714 that Tryon was incorrectly withholding funds due from the sale of the property.^** Following the discovery, Tryon became depicted as 'a shrewd and rather shady agent'.^^ Nonetheless, both Rowland Tryon and his brother William were associated with Steele in the testimonial of January 1709 on behalf of Alexander Skene, the 26 Secretary of Barbados dismissed on charges of extortion and bribery, and in the same year they were on the same side as Steele in the controversies over the governorships of Milford Crow at Barbados and Daniel Parke at the Leeward Islands.^^ Moreover, Rowland Tryon subsequently was a subscriber to the first edition of the Tatler. Perhaps there is more to the relationship than Steele's self-interested statements in his correspondence suggest. Some additional evidence for Tryon is provided by his last will and testament. Written on 30 May 1720 and probated in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury on 8 July following, this brief document decreed that Rowland Tryon of Kent, esquire, bequeathed all property and personal estate to his brother William Tryon, of London, merchant, as executor and residual beneficiary.^^ William Longueville, Robert Weston, John Smith and Robert Dickinson witnessed the will.
Recommended publications
  • The Blackmore Country (1906)
    I II i II I THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES IN THE SAME SERIES PRICE 6/- EACH THE SCOTT COUNTRY THE BURNS COUNTRY BY W. S. CROCKETT BY C. S. DOOGALL Minister of Twccdsmuir THE THE THACKERAY COUNTRY CANTERBURY PILGRIMAGES BY LEWIS MELVILLE BY II. SNOWDEN WARD THE INQOLDSBY COUNTRY THE HARDY COUNTRY BY CHAS. G. HAKI'ER BY CHAS. G. HARPER PUBLISHED BY ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON Zbc pWQVimnQC Series CO THE BLACKMORE COUNTRY s^- Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/blackmorecountryOOsneliala ON THE LYN, BELOW BRENDON. THE BLACKMORE COUNTRY BY F. J. SNELL AUTHOR OF 'A BOOK OF exmoob"; " kably associations of archbishop temple," etc. EDITOR of " UEMORIALS OF OLD DEVONSHIRE " WITH FIFTY FULL -PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY C. W. BARNES WARD LONDON ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK 1906 " So holy and so perfect is my love, That I shall think it a most plenteous crop To glean the broken ears after the man That the main harvest reaps." —Sir Phiup SroNEY. CORRIGENDA Page 22, line 20, for " immorality " read " morality." „ 128, „ 2 1, /or "John" r^a^/" Jan." „ 131, „ 21, /<7r "check" r?a^ "cheque." ; PROLOGUE The " Blackmore Country " is an expression requiring some amount of definition, as it clearly will not do to make it embrace the whole of the territory which he annexed, from time to time, in his various works of fiction, nor even every part of Devon in which he has laid the scenes of a romance.
    [Show full text]
  • HLB 20-3+4 Johnson BOOK.Indb
    Johnson on Blackmore, Pope, Shakespeare—and Johnson The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Engell, James. 2011. Johnson on Blackmore, Pope, Shakespeare— and Johnson. In Johnson After Three Centuries: New Light on Texts and Contexts, ed. Thomas A. Horrocks and Howard D. Weinbrot, special issue, Harvard Library Bulletin 20(3-4): 51-61. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8492407 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Johnson on Blackmore, Pope, Shakespeare—and Johnson James Engell Readers . are to impute to me whatever pleasure or weariness they may #nd in the perusal of Blackmore, Watts, Pomfret, and Yalden." his essay treats Johnson primarily through Sir Richard Blackmore, a novel path, and since many readers may not be acquainted with Blackmore’s work, Tnor is there a compelling reason why anyone should be, I apologize at the outset. Yet, this path to Johnson provides understanding of his cherished personal values and of his deeply held principles of criticism. It reveals a central con$ict holding in tension Johnson’s personal life with his professional career. I should like to present a piece of Johnson’s writing that has, for %%! years, remained overlooked. On the surface, reasons appear for that. He wrote in "&'( about an author whose reputation had for decades been dark.
    [Show full text]
  • Harper Dissertation 20129.Pdf
    Copyright by David Andrew Harper 2012 The Dissertation Committee for David Andrew Harper Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Curb’d Enthusiasms: Critical Interventions in the Reception of Paradise Lost, 1667-1732 Committee: John Rumrich, Supervisor Lance Bertelsen Douglas Bruster Jack Lynch Leah Marcus Curb’d Enthusiasms: Critical Interventions in the Reception of Paradise Lost, 1667-1732 by David Andrew Harper, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2012 Curb’d Enthusiasms: Critical Interventions in the Reception of Paradise Lost, 1667-1732 David Andrew Harper, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2012 Supervisor: John Rumrich Although recent critics have attempted to push the canonization of Paradise Lost ever further into the past, the early reception of Milton’s great poem should be treated as a process rather than as an event inaugurated by the pronouncement of a poet laureate or lord. Inevitably linked to Milton’s Restoration reputation as spokesman for the Protectorate and regicides, Paradise Lost’s reception in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is marked by a series of approaches and retreats, repressions and recoveries. This dissertation examines the critical interventions made by P.H. (traditionally identified as Patrick Hume), John Dennis, Joseph Addison, and Richard Bentley into the reception history of a poem burdened by political and religious baggage. It seeks to illuminate the manner in which these earliest commentators sought to separate Milton’s politics from his poem, rendering the poem “safe” by removing it from contemporary political discourse.
    [Show full text]
  • Knight of Industry”: Some Notes on the History in Two Dead Metaphors
    ATLANTIS Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies 37.1 (June 2015): 121-138 issn 0210-6124 “Living by Wit” and “Knight of Industry”: Some Notes on the History in Two Dead Metaphors Jonathan P. A. Sell Universidad de Alcalá [email protected] This paper argues that the history of two dead metaphors, one (“living by wit”) a still current cliché, the other (“knight of industry”) a now obsolete sobriquet, is pregnant with the larger social history of the changing relative fortunes of wit and industry. In particular, it suggests that wit’s demise was due, among other factors, to a scientific suspicion of metaphor, a bourgeois, protestant distrust of cavalier wit, and an aristocratic disdain for the industrious ingenuity which drove the workshops and factories of middle-class manufacturers and engineers. Through their use of the cliché and the sobriquet respectively, two such different novels as Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719) and Charles Dickens’ Little Dorrit (1857) illuminate two moments in that history. The paper concludes that, once fossilized in literary texts, even the deadest of dead metaphors can bring aspects of history, and themselves, back to life. Keywords: wit; metaphor; industry; Robinson Crusoe; Little Dorrit . “Living by Wit” y “Knight of Industry”: apuntes acerca de la historia contenida en dos metáforas muertas Este trabajo propone que la historia de dos metáforas muertas, una (“living by wit”) un cliché aún vigente, la otra (“knight of industry”) un apodo ya obsoleto, está cargada de aspectos relacionados con la historia social de los conceptos wit e industry, de variable fortuna.
    [Show full text]
  • Elizabeth Singer Rowe
    Elizabeth Singer Rowe: Dissent, Influence, and Writing Religion, 1690-1740 Jessica Haldeman Clement PhD University of York English and Related Literature September 2017 Abstract This thesis addresses the religious poetry of Elizabeth Singer Rowe, arguing that her Dissenting identity provides an important foundation on which to which to critically consider her works. Although Rowe enjoyed a successful career, with the majority of her writing seeing multiple editions throughout her lifetime and following her death, her posthumous reputation persists as an overly pious and reclusive religious poet. Moving past these stereotypes, my thesis explores Rowe’s engagement with poetry as a means to convey various aspects of Dissent and her wider religious community. This thesis also contributes to the wider understanding of Dissenting creative writing and influence in the years following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, using Rowe’s work as a platform to demonstrate complexities and cultural shifts within the work of her contemporaries. My argument challenges the notion that Rowe’s religious poetry was a mere exercise in piety or a display of religious sentimentalism, demonstrating powerful evolutions in contemporary discussions of philosophy, religious tolerance, and the relationship between the church and state. A popular figure that appealed to a heterodox reading public, Rowe addresses many aspects of Dissent throughout her work. Combining close readings of Rowe’s poetry and religious writings with the popular works of her contemporaries, this study explores latitudinarian shifts and discussions of depravity within her religious poetry, the impact of the Clarendon Code and subsequent toleration on her conceptualisation of suffering and imprisonment, as well as her use of ecumenical language throughout her writings.
    [Show full text]
  • Smallpox Inoculation in Britain, 1721-1830
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 1990 Pox Britannica: Smallpox Inoculation in Britain, 1721-1830 Deborah Christian Brunton University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the European History Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Virus Diseases Commons Recommended Citation Brunton, Deborah Christian, "Pox Britannica: Smallpox Inoculation in Britain, 1721-1830" (1990). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 999. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/999 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/999 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pox Britannica: Smallpox Inoculation in Britain, 1721-1830 Abstract Inoculation has an important place in the history of medicine: not only was it the first form of preventive medicine but its history spans the so-called eighteenth century 'medical revolution'. A study of the myriad of pamphlets, books and articles on the controversial practice casts new light on these fundamental changes in the medical profession and medical practice. Whereas historians have associated the abandonment of old humoural theories and individualised therapy in favour of standardised techniques with the emergence of new institutions in the second half of the century, inoculation suggests that changes began as early as the 1720s. Though inoculation was initially accompanied by a highly individualised preparation of diet and drugs, more routinised sequences of therapy appeared the 1740s and by the late 1760s all inoculated patients followed exactly the same preparative regimen. This in turn made possible the institutionalised provision of inoculation, first through the system of poor relief, later by dispensaries and charitable societies.
    [Show full text]
  • Poetic Configurations of Melancholy by Early Eighteenth-Century Women Poets
    “In soft Complaints no longer Ease I find”: Poetic Configurations of Melancholy by Early Eighteenth-Century Women Poets. DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Philosophischen Fakultät II der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin und erfolgreich verteidigt am 31.10.2013 von Sabine Blackmore Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekanin der Philosophischen Fakultät II: Prof. Dr. Helga Schwalm Gutachterinnen: 1. Prof. Dr. Helga Schwalm 2. Prof. Dr. Verena Lobsien Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Research Proposition, Argument, and Aim ................................................................................3 Melancholy and Gender ...............................................................................................................6 Women and Melancholy before 1680 .......................................................................................10 Terminology and Methodology ................................................................................................15 Chapter Outline ...........................................................................................................................20 1. Hot Blood and Nervous Minds: The Construction of Female Melancholies in Medical Discourses of the Seventeenth and early Eighteenth Centuries ................. 22 Introduction .................................................................................................................................22
    [Show full text]
  • Community and Readership Among the Eighteenth Century Philadelphia Middling Sort George Boudreau Indiana University
    "Highly Valuable & Extensively Useful": Community and Readership Among the Eighteenth Century Philadelphia Middling Sort George Boudreau Indiana University Courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania William Birch, Library andSurgeons Hall, Fifth-street.Engraving, from The City of Philadelphia. I1hiLdelphia, 1800. Late in 1789, Benjamin Franklin carried out one of his last public acts in composing a few words to describe the founding of the Library Company of Philadelphia. The directors of the Library Company planned to carve Franklin's words on a stone tablet on the front of their luxurious new library hall, across Fifth Street from the Pennsylvania State House yard. When completed, the library building would face the home of another of Franklin's creations, the American Philosophical Society. Both structures were luxurious by any standards in the new state and nation. Both drew in the interests and actions of some of the preeminent gentlemen (and ladies) of the early Republic. The words Franklin chose to adorn this new building were therefore important, and pregnant with meaning: "Highly Valuable & Extensively Useful" 303 Be it remembered, In honor of the Philadelphia Youth, Then chiefly Artificers That in MDCCXXI They cheerfully Instituted the Philadelphia Library; which, tho' small at first, Is become highly valuable & extensively useful' Franklin's carefully-chosen words signified his entire career and ideology as an educational activist and reformer, and likewise they reflected the cultural milieu in which he had carried out those activities. Certainly, the Library Company of 1789 was an institution dominated by the rich "upper sort" of early national Philadelphia. Like the American Philosophical Society and other educational civic organizations Franklin had helped found, the library had become a place of gentility and refinement, a far cry from its first meetings in a room adjacent a tavern.
    [Show full text]
  • Pope's Versification
    APPENDIX Pope's Versification Probably no factor has contributed so much to the ups and downs of Pope's reputation as his versification. Considered as little short of miraculous in his own day, it became the butt of Romantic scorn: Keats thought the end-stopped heroic couplet puerile ('They sway'd about upon a rocking horse,/And thought it Pegasus') and viewed its construction as a matter of mere carpentry ('ye taught a school/Of dolts to smooth, inlay, and clip, and fit/fill, like the certain wands of Jacob's wit/Their verses tallied. Easy was the task:/A thousand handicraftsmen wore the mask/Of Poesy'). Respect fot Pope's formidable skills has reasserted itself, particu­ larly among specialists, but the first-time reader of Pope may well find himself back on Keats's rocking horse when he attempts to read the verse aloud. He may also be inclined to second the accusation of 'carpentry', when he sees from the footnotes of the Twickenham edition how many of Pope's lines are constructed out of parts of others. This appendix attempts to put these objections in perspective. (a) MONOTONY The 'rocking-horse' sensation of the heroic couplet begins in the eye of the modern reader, which is strongly drawn to the final rhyme. Pope's rhythms are actually subtle and carefully graded within the line according to the subject; as when he describes the torpid readers in the Dunciad, who: Thro' the long, heavy, painful page drawl on; Soft creeping, words on words, the sense compose, At ev'ry line they stretch, they yawn, they doze ..
    [Show full text]
  • Neo-Classical Satire: the Conservative
    NEO-CLASSICAL SATIRE: THE CONSERVATIVE DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for trie Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State Uni versIty By HAROLD JOEL HARRIS, A.B., M .A. The Ohio State University 1951+ Approved by: Adviser Table of Contents Chapter Fa/re Foreword ..... lii I The Socio-Hconoinlc Framework ............ 1 II The Uses of the Past ...................... 89 III The Limitations of Reason ................ lp.l|. IV Utopia ana Anti-Utopia ................... 185 V Summary FI 9 U' I b 1 i o p; r a o h y ............................ 2 y 2 ii A 4S1.45 FOREWORD The basic premise of this dessertation, as reflected in its title Neo-Class!cal Satire: The Conservative .'fuse, is tnat where one very important literary mode is concerns an entire age presents an almost solidly conservative iron But another premise which gives meaning to my steady is that conservatism wears many different faces. The conser­ vatism of Samuel Butler is quite different from that of Ned Ward and Tom Brown, and their conservatism is, in turn, at a far remove from that of John Arbuthnot, John Ja Alexander Pope, and Jonathan Swift. The conservatism, of the last named satiric quartet interests me parti cularl designated "dynamic conservativism, 11 for reasons which will appear later, it is the focal point of the disserta- ti on . But before the differences in conservative thought can take on any meaning, the framework within which they develop must be examined. Such a framework is ai hand in the list of key characteristics of 'Western conservatism drawn up by one of its representative Twentieth Century American spokesmen.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Marshall Dissertation.Pdf
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of English THE PRACTICE OF SATIRE IN ENGLAND, 1650-1770 A Dissertation in English by Ashley Marshall Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2009 The dissertation of Ashley Marshall was reviewed and approved* by the following: Robert D. Hume Evan Pugh Professor of English Literature Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee John T. Harwood Associate Professor of Information Sciences and Technology and English Laura Lunger Knoppers Professor of English J. Philip Jenkins Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Humanities Thomas Lockwood Professor of English, University of Washington Special Member Howard D. Weinbrot Ricardo Quintana Professor of English and William Freeman Vilas Research Professor in the College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin Special Member Robin Schulze Professor of English Head of the Department of English *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation attempts to answer a central question: how was satire conceived and understood by writers and readers from 1650 to 1770? Much has been written about eighteenth-century satire, but scholars have focused almost exclusively on a very small number of canonical works (e.g., Absalom and Achitophel, Gulliver’s Travels, The Dunciad). They have also looked for continuity over time or have jumped casually from 1681 to 1704 to 1743 with little attention to the importance of chronology. This study is based on reading some 3,000 works, in all genres and all years, from one-page squibs to novels. Chapter 1 offers a quantitative and conceptual analysis of the canon as presented in the books of twelve major predecessors.
    [Show full text]
  • King Alfred in Eighteenth Century Literature
    THE RICE INSTITUTE KING ALFRED IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LITERATURE — by Ruth Bybee Henderson A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Houston, Texas April 1950 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. ........... .....1 I Alfred. An Spick Poem 4 Purpose and sourcej resume of Books;I through 21; Alfred’s visit to Rome; the founding of Oxford; the Wessex succession; Gunter and the Peace of Weanore. II Alfred: a Masque. 1740 14 Background of the play; the argument; descriptions of Athelney; time element; the shepherd and shepherdess, Devon, Eltruda, the hermit, and Alfred discussed; the battle of Cynuit. III Alfred: a Masque. 1751 25 Background material; revision by Lfallet; Alfred and Guthrum at Qynuit; Ivar’s history; Alfred’s position in this play; the Eltruda motif. IV Alfred, the Great, Deliverer of His Country. ........ .35 Background; resume of the action; Edmund’s early death; the Edward and Egwina story; Elfleda’s reputation; Eddington and its subsequent action. V Alfred . .42 y ^ Failure of the play; resume, Eollo as the Viking adventurer; Hinguar’s part in the Danish wars; Ethelswida and Alfred. VI The Patriot Sing . 50 Theatrical conditions; purpose of the play; Chippenham; Elvida’o seduction; Haldane and Guthrum; Ethelred; Alfred’s military strategy; spiritual machinery; locations of Egbert’s Stone and Eddington. VII 8Alfred le Grand". ..................... .63 Background of the story; summary; AJ.fr©d, Ethelwitha, and Albanac; author’s purpose* VIII Alfred. An Historical Tragedy. .68 Background information; relation to the French s synopsis; comparison with D’Arnaud; discussion o last three acts.
    [Show full text]