Quantum Machine Learning: Data Science Boosted by Physics

Tech Industry Gold, 11th March, 2021

#DataSymposium2020 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4 If You Wanted to Count to 264…

64-bit counter @2B increments per second Classical Computer 0 … 400 years 18446744073709551616

Quantum Computer All 264 values 1844674407370955161618446744073709551616 1844674407370955161618446744073709551616 at once

Quantum Computers are optimised to solve problems with an exponential number of permutations.

Atomic UP ∣0⟩ Qubits Qubit Two-level quantum mechanical version DOWN ∣1⟩ of a classical data bit

Photonic Ionic Qubits Qubits BOTH α∣0⟩ + β∣1⟩ 0.8∣0⟩ + 0.6∣1⟩

* Intrinsic angular momentum Quantum state “Vector 0” or Quantum state “Vector 1” or “Ket 0” “Ket 1” (~Like a classic 0 bit) α (~Like a classic 1 bit) ∣0⟩ β ∣1⟩

1 ∣ψ⟩ = α∣0⟩ + β∣1⟩ 0

0 Quantum state general formula 1 Vector 0 Vector 1 The state of a classical bit is a number, the state of a qubit is a vector Qubit Summary

Qubits have a state

A state is an abstract mathematical object

A classical bit’s state is a number 0 or 1

A qubit’s state is a 2-dimensional vector

1 0 This 2-dimensional vector space is called state space. or 0 1

The Bloch Sphere is used to show the state in a 3D space

A qubit state could utilise an electron, a photon, an atom or some other exotic material

86 10 Classical Bits 42 Atoms 286 Qubits Penicillin Molecule

To simulate the exponentially large parameter space of electron configurations would require more state than atoms in the Universe 1086

A Quantum Computer would require 286 Qubits

H Y

Hadamard Gate sets the qubit Y-gate rotates around the Y-axis. into a superposition state of a It is similar to the X-gate but 50/50 chance that it will end up different in phase. as |0> or |1>.

T X

T gate rotates a qubit ∏/4 around Pauli-X Gate is a NOT operation. the z-axis. It will turn a spin-up state to a spin-down and visa versa.

https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/docs/circ-comp/q-gates#q-gates

SDWAN Controllers

Post-quantum secure PQ secure SDWAN fabric (TLS/DTLS) IKE/IPsec

Cisco Umbrella Cloud PQ secure PQ secure cEdge IKE/IPsec vEdge IKE/IPsec LI

12 Blockchain: Quantum Secure

https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608041/first- quantum-secured-blockchain-technology-tested- in- https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.09258.pdf moscow/?fbclid=IwAR0JBKXGA4IEKX6HUn4FXd

QZXC9JvoI9X-SFKqNu-ekwo8ZVauylXs3HyhM 13 FAQ

1. When can we start using quantum computers? Right now 2. When can we expect any tangible advantage? 1.5-3 years 3. Can we just call a Python API?

4. Who cares??? Governments, Financial Sectors and sad geeks 5. Wanna be a Quantum M/B-illionaire? ✓ Scalable QKD – Low Hanging Fruit ✓ Quantum Error Correction (QEC) – Awesomeness!

14 Applications: Financial Sector

• Quantum Computing has attracted massive attention: ➢Goldman Sachs (actively building QC Research Team) ➢Morgan Stanley (engaged with Cisco in testing QKD) ➢JP Morgan, Barclay’s Bank, Bank of Finland

▪ Applications: ➢Financial Forecasting with QC, eg. qffc.org (https://qtdynamics.com/) ➢Supply and Demand ➢Security ➢Risk Analysis

15 Some Free OpenSourced Resources

• IBM Q Experience: https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/ • Google Cirq: https://github.com/quantumlib/Cirq • Rigetti: https://github.com/rigetti • D-Wave Quleap: https://cloud.dwavesys.com/leap/login/

18 Quantum Machine Learning

© 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential #DataSymposium2020 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27 But why on earth would we do this? Machine Learning: (Growing) Pains

• Good Data!

• Need Better Hardware (Power consumption, speed,…)

Picture from: Deep Learning, I. Goodfellow, et al.

20: GoogLeNet: Winning architecture on ImageNet 2014 30 Quantum Machine Learning

• Grover based algorithms: • To measure min/max/mean distance or other metrics between data points. • Exam: Clustering, K-NN, etc. • Quadratically faster.

• Quantum basic linear algebra subroutines : • Exponentially faster. (?)

• Adiabatic Quantum Computing (Quantum Annealing): • For optimization. • Speed up – depends on application

34 QML Example: Squared Distance Classifier Example: Squared Distance Classifier

Mantra of Quantum World:

NORMALIZE IT!

Fingerhuth M, Babej T, Wittek P (2018) Open source software in quantum computing. PLOS ONE 13(12): e0208561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208561 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0208561 Some Resources

Great Theoretical insights 01st Book Ever 02nd Book Ever

Theory & Hands-On Quantum Machine Learning: A Hands-on Approach Santanu Ganguly, Apress (Springer-Nature) estimated release: March- April 2021

1. Traveling Salesman 2. Food Bank Application during Pandemic

Slides and Code shared with you

• Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the origin city?

The Cities: 48 US capitals ( list and distances in data file)

Example path: Path = (A->B) + (B->C) + (C->D) + (D->E) + (E->F) + (F->G) + (G->A) QUANTUM PROCESS OVERVIEW INPUT DATA GENERATE RESULTS • LIST OF HOMEBOUND CONSTRAINT DEFINITION • MINIMIZE COST AND USER ADDRESSES MILEAGE • APPLY CONSTRAINTS • GENERATE SET OF • PREPARE QUBO ROUTES FOR EACH VOLUNTEER WITH LEAST ENERGY

SOLVE USING PRE-PROCESSING DWAVE

• CALCULATE INTER • USE LEAP HYBRID SOLVER HOUSE DISTANCES FOR QUANTUM SOLUTION

• CREATE DISTANCE • USE QBSOLV FOR MATRIX CLASSICAL SOLUTION Cisco’s fields of interest • Distributed/modular quantum computing architectures • Hybrid-classical quantum architectures • Quantum transducers • Quantum memory • Quantum network end-to-end transport integrity & improved reliability • Operation models for quantum networks • Quantum networks management & operations • Optimized protocols for quantum communications • Quantum algorithms © 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Questions • Who are the key R&D partners within the Quantum Communications Hub (or beyond) that would be interested in collaborating on the above?

• Which technologies are mature (or expected to mature) to make it to real-life implementations within the next few years?

• What are thoughts behind addressing quantum communication and associated challenges? • Regarding quantum communication and computing, are there work being done to address QEC (quantum error correction)?

• Are there any thoughts on work to address memory in quantum communication systems?