The 24Th Annual ANZSOC Criminology Conference Crime and the Regions: from the Local to Regional, National and International

ANZSOC CONFERENCE The 24th Annual ANZSOC Criminology Conference Crime and the regions: from the local to regional, national and international

28-30 September 2011 Geelong, Victoria

Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B Convenors Welcome

We have great pleasure in welcoming you to the 24th Australian and New Zealand Society of Criminology Conference being convened by Deakin University and is the first time Deakin University has hosted the conference. The conference is being held at Four Points by Sheratons, just down the road from the Waterfront campus of Deakin University and situated on the revitalized Geelong Waterfront precinct.

Surrounded by waterfront walking tracks, cafes and restaurants and on the edge of the city we hope you have the chance to explore the surroundings. Visit the award winning ‘Geelong youth activities area’ multi-purpose space (turn left from the hotel and travel along to waterfront just past the pier and you will see it). It is a wonderful example of creating places for young people that are accessible, engaging and inclusive rather than hidden away.

The title for the conference is “Crime and the regions: from the local to regional, national and international” reflecting major issues affecting rural and regional Australia, the transformations occurring in major Australian and international capital cities, issues affecting the surrounding regions, the importance of these issues globally and how global developments shape and are shaped by local issues.

We would like to thank Deakin University for their support, and in particular Terri-Ann Varga and Sarah Buckler and the postgraduate students assisting with the conference as well as the support of the ANZSOC national committee members.

We trust you will have a wonderful time through a mix of intellectual stimulation, catching up with old colleagues, making new friends and enjoying the best of the city by the bay. And who knows, you might also be part of a city entering into Australian Rules Football grand final week with its’ team preparing to challenge again to be Premiers the day after the conference finishes.

Associate Professor Darren Palmer & Senior Lecturer Ian Warren

Criminology Deakin University Conference Convenors 2011

Contents

Sponsors ...... 1

Welcome ...... 2

Background ...... 3

Key themes underneath the conference are:...... 3

Conference Convenors ...... 3

Important information for Delegates ...... 4

Program ...... 9

Abstracts ...... 16

Delegate List ...... 51

Notes...... 54

Sponsors

The convenors of the 24th Annual ANZSOC Conference would like to thank all of our sponsors.

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Tuesday 27th September

5th ANZSOC Postgraduate / ECR Conference (Four Points Sheraton, Geelong)

Registration - 8.30 – 9.00 am Conference 9.00 am – 5.30 pm ANZSOC - Postgraduate / ECR Conference Dinner – the Wharf Shed Restaurant 7.30-9.00 pm

th 6.00 pm- 7.30 pm - 24 ANZSOC Conference Welcome and Wine Reception

Wednesday 28th September

9.00 – 9.20 Conference Opening - Professor Jane den Hollander Vice-Chancellor Deakin University

9.20 – 10.20 Keynote: (Peninsula) Professor Laureen Snider (Queens University, Kingston, Ontario) Criminalizing the Algorithm? Stock Market Crime in the 21st Century

10.20 - 10.45 Morning Tea

10.45 – 12.30 Night Time Economy (Peninsula) Women, Justice and Survival (Ceres) Indigenous offending and imprisonment (Bellarine) Chair: Darren Palmer Chair: Kate Warner Chair: James Oleson

Josh Sweeney and Jason Payne – Alcohol, Assault and Shane Muldoon, S. Caroline Taylor and Caroline Norma – A Descriptive Anna Stewart, April Chrzanowski, Carleen Disorderly Conduct on Friday and Saturday Nights: Findings Analysis of Sexual Assault Complaints to Victoria Police, 2004-2008 Thompson, Troy Allard – Trajectories of Offending: from the DUMA Program Pathways of Indigenous Offenders Bree Carlton and Marie Segrave – Women’s Post-Release Survival: Andrew Groves – A Question of Perception: Preliminary Results Connecting Imprisonment with Pains Past and Present Peter Norden – Indigenous Imprisonment Rates: from the Examination of the Relationship between Young Indicative of Entrenched Locational Disadvantage People, Risk and Methamphetamine Use in the Adelaide Night Myvanwy Hudson – ‘Violence is Not the Worst Thing for the Victim. The more than Serious Criminality? time Economy Worst Thing is to be Told Nothing Happened’. Women Survivors of Louise Porter – Indigenous Deaths in Police Custody Intra-Familial Child Sexual Assault and Criminal Justice Responses and Custody-related Operations Jeremy Pritchard et al – Measuring Illicit Substance Use in the General Population of Queensland through Wastewater Mariastella Pulvirenti and Gail Mason – Building Resilience to Domestic Elizabeth Grant – From Nagle to Now: Analysis Violence for Former Refugees: Is Community the Answer? Developments in Australian Prison Architecture

Bianca Fileborn – Unwanted Sexual Attention in Licensed Venues: Emerging Themes

12.30 – 1.20 Lunch

1.20 – 3.00 Drugs (Peninsula) Fraud (Ceres) CCTV and Technology in Crime Prevention and Justice Chair: Richard Evans Chair: Stuart Ross Administration (Bellarine) Chair: Marie Segrave Julian Buchanan – Drug Policy Driven by Punitive Populism: Russell Smith – Exploring Fraud Against the Commonwealth Unethical, Unworkable and Counter-productive? Lisa Armstrong-Rowe – Geelong – Its not all about Cameras Evan Smith – New and Emerging Risks for Money Jann Karp – How do Drivers within the Australian Interstate Laundering and its Predicate Crimes Kate Hancock – Women’s Perceptions of Safety in an Inner Trucking Industry Distribute and Maintain Illegal Drug Use? City Setting: The Role of CCTV in the Creation of Risk Reduced Angela Higginson - Fraudulent Women: Participation and Environments Pota Forrest-Lawrence - Drugs, media and policy: The Punishment methamphetamine problem Emma Rowden - Courting the virtual? Duncan Chappell – Blemishes on the ‘Dreamtime’: An Remote Participation and the Distributed Court Caitlin Hughes and Alison Ritter – Reducing the Harm from Drug Exploration of the Problem of Frauds and Fakes in the Trafficking Thresholds Australian Aboriginal Art Market

3.00 – 3.20 Afternoon Tea

3.20 - 4.20 Keynote (Peninsula) – Dr Adam Tomison (Australian Institute of Criminology) – Crimes against International Students in Australia, 2005-2009

4.20 – 5.40 Programs (Peninsula) Global Justice (Ceres) Violence (Bellarine) Chair: Lisa Armstrong-Rowe Chair: Ian Warren Chair: Tatiana Carvalho

Laura Wilson and Anita Correnza – Evaluation of the Victorian Nerida Chazal – Social Control, Global Governance and the Alexandra Lysova – Gender Equality and the Mutuality of Dedicated Women’s Case Management Pilot Program for Female Development of the International Criminal Court Dating Violence by University Students in 32 National Settings Offenders Ethan Burger – Developments in Russia’s Anti-Corruption Karl Roberts – Honour Based Violence Characteristics and Tony Waters – Victim of Crime Support Services in Australia: Efforts: Legal and Political Implications and the Concept of Explanations: An Aetiological Theory Challenges in Rural and Metropolitan Areas ‘Monitoring’ Democracy as a Vehicle for Political System Change James Oleson – ‘The Corruption of the Best is the Worst of Isabelle Bartkowiak-Theron – Law Enforcement and Civil Society: All’: Self-reported Violent Offending among Subjects with Refugees Participating to the Learning and Administration of Aman Muhammad Ullah, Cathy Urquhart and Tiru Genius Level IQ Scores Rules and Regulations in Regional Australia Arthanari – Using Thematic Analysis Approach to Investigate Perceptions of Corruption

11 Thursday 29th September

9.00 – 10.40 The New Governance (Peninsula) Justice Processes (Ceres) Youth (Bellarine) Chair: Peter Homel Chair: David Tait Chair: Michael Kennedy

Darren Palmer and Ian Warren – Re-territorialising Governing Asher Flynn – ‘We’ve Changed our Minds’: What do you do Alice Minson and Samantha McNally – Out of Control or with a Failed Plea Bargain? Misunderstood? A Statistical Snapshot on Juvenile Anna Eriksson, Bernadette Saunders, Gayle Lansdell and Victimisation Meredith Brown – Criminalising Poverty: The Impact of Sarah Wilson and Terry Bartholomew – Deconstructing the Infringements on Victoria’s Disadvantaged Populations Psychological Underpinnings of Legal Criteria for Criminal Lisa Rosevear – What Does Structural Ageing Mean for Responsibility Australian Apprehension Trends? Thomas Crofts – Prohibited Behaviour Orders and Anti-social Behaviour Orders: Lessons Not Learned Julia Davis and Kate Warner – Perceptions of the Female Tara McGee, William Bor and Jake Najman – The Young Adult Victim: Three Case Studies from the Tasmanian Jury Study Outcomes for Abstainers from Childhood and Adolescent Murray Lee – Risky Business: Crime Risk Assessments in NSW Antisocial Behaviour Elizabeth Grant, Emma Rowden and Mira Taitz – Evaluating the Cultural Responsiveness of the Design of an Aboriginal Court Complex for Aboriginal Users: Post Occupancy Evaluation of the Port Augusta Court Complex

10.40 – 11.10 Morning Tea 11.10 – 12.30 Prevention and Moral Panic (Peninsula) Police Corruption and Accountability Transnational crime and security (Bellarine) Organisations & Justice Chair: Rick Sarre (Ceres) Chair: Asher Flynn Chair: Russell Smith (Limeburners) Chair: David Baker Peter Homel – The Problem with Prevention: Richard Evans – The First Whistleblower: Georgia Lysaght – Security-Development Implications for Why Prevention is Still the Last and not the Police Corruption, Scandal, Reform and Transnational Crime in Conflict-Affected Environments: An Melissa Hickman Barlow – In Pursuit First Response to the Problem of Crime Resistance in Depression-era Sydney Examination of Peace Operation Responses of Sustainable Justice in the United States Rick Brown – When Intervention is a Load of Antje Deckert – Attributing Organisational Victoria Herrington, Hamish Shearer, Kellie Smyth, Tom Rubbish: Evaluating the Impact of Independence of Police Complaints Rogers, Warwick Jones, Phil Shepherd – Training Police Georgina Lee and David Ballek – Community Clean-up Operations in the UK Authorities through Research? Leaders in the Solomon Islands: The Leadership Conducting Research with Victoria Development Program Police. Our Research Agenda, John Buttle and James Rodgers – Panic About Clive Harfield – Beyond Control: Regulation Processes and Procedures Crime in New Zealand’s Rural Paradise of Covert Investigations in NSW Chad Whelan – Organisational Networks and Organisational Culture: A Closer Look at Culture in the Field of Security Lunch 12.30 – 1.20 ANZSOC Annual General Meeting

12 1.20 – 2.10 Environment (Peninsula) Privacy (Ceres) Trafficking and Ethnicity (Bellarine) Methods (Limeburners) Chair: Reece Walters Chair: Murray Lee Chair: Anna Ericson Chair: Anna Stewart

Rob White – Environmental Activism Tony Krone – Privacy without Samantha Gray-Barry – The Role of Marriage in Human Chet Britt – Using Quantile Regression Methods and Resistance to State-Corporate Borders Trafficking-Related Exploitation of Migrant Women? to Analyse Experimental and Quasi-Experimental crime Data Ian Warren and Darren Palmer – Rebecca Wickes, John Hipp, Renee Zahnow and Lorraine David Baker – Nascent Policing Privacy as a Criminological Construct Mazerolle – Seeing Diversity or Disorder? Examining the Meredith Rossner and Laura Boseley – Are Responses to Camps for Climate Action Relationship between Implicit Bias and Neighbourhood Confidence in Justice Surveys Measuring Problems? Confidence in Justice or Confidence in Surveys?

2.10 – 3.10 Keynote (Peninsula): Professor Reece Walters (Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane) – Crime is in the Air: Pollution and Environmental Justice

3.10-3.30 Afternoon Tea

3.30 – 5.10 Policing (Peninsula) Violence (Ceres) Sentencing Policy (Bellarine) Chair: Vicki Herrington Chair: Danielle Tyson Chair: Janice Goldstraw-White

David Baker and Alistair Harkness – Hiring and Firing Chief Tatiana Carvalho and Terry Bartholomew- The World-View of David Tait – Measuring the ‘Deferred Blowout’: The Impact of Commissioners: The Overland Fiasco in Historical and Serious Violent Offender: Explicating the Relationship Suspended Sentences on the NSW Prison Population Political Context between Risk and Needs Kate Fitz-Gibbon – Minimum Sentences in England and New South Steve James – Law Enforcement and Public Health Jesse Cale – Revisiting Classification of Sexual Offenders of Wales: A Warning to Victoria Women: An Overview of 50 Years of Taxonomic Development David Bull, Christine Jennett, Mir Raibul Islam and and Future Directions Penny Jorna, Andy Chan and Lorana Bartels – Sentencing Money Rosemary Woolston – Factors Motivating Police Recruits to Launderers in Australia Join the NSW Police Bernie East – The Long and the Short of It: Differences in Serial Murder Narratives Between Australia and the United Caroline Spiranovic, Kate Warner, Geraldine Mackenzie, David Michael Kennedy – The Colonisation of Policing. Trust me! States Indermaur and Lynne Roberts - What are the drivers of confidence I’m a Positivist in sentencing?: Results from a nationally representative survey of Li Eriksson and Paul Mazerolle -Intergenerational Australians Transmission of Violence

Conference Dinner - 7.00 pm – 11.30 pm Lillias Room, The Pier Guest speaker, Mr Bill Tupman, University of Exeter ’10 or More Myths of Cybercrime’ ANZSOC Awards Presentation

13 Friday 30th September

9.00 – 10.45 Panel - Crime Media Culture (Peninsula) Panel – Reintegration (Ceres) Panel – Challenges, Possibilities and Future Panel – Directions: A National Assessment of The Border Crossings Research Greg Martin and Rebecca Scott Bray – Public Terry Bartholomew, Frances Pearson, Matea Australia’s Children’s Courts (Bellarine) Observatory: Borders, Crime and Justice Order Policing and Media Activism in the Doric, Catherine Andrews, Delene Brookstein – (Limeburners) Search for Justice: The Case of Ian Tomlinson Rehabilitating the Notion of Reintegration: Jane Bolitho, Allan Borowski, Rosemary Theoretical and Conceptual Issues Sheehan, Elizabeth Fernandez, Patricia Hanson, Sharon Pickering - Border Policing: Gender, Yvonne Jewkes – The Performative Role of Myvanwy Hudson, Michael Clare, Brenda Clare, Security and Human Rights Punishment: Prison Hell and Public Pleasure Catherine Andrews and Terry Bartholomew – Joe Clare, Caroline Spiranovic, Rob White, Max The Space Between the Ex-prisoner and the Travers Marie Segrave - Fluid Security Derek Dalton – Oradour-sur-Glane: A Crime Community: Who Takes the Step towards Scene Frozen in Time Reintegration? Leanne Weber - The Australian Deportation Project and Deaths at the Global Frontier Carolyn Strange – Taxi! Hailing Islamophobia Jenny Fleming and Isabelle Bartkowiak-Théron to Fight Honour Killing in America – Integration and Collaboration: Enhancing the Paddy Rawlinson – The Trafficking of Roma Provision of Services for Offenders Living with a Children Tammy Ayres and Yvonne Jewkes – The Mental Illness Haunting Spectacle of Crystal Meth: A Media Created Mythology? Georgina Heydon, Brownwyn Naylor, Marilyn Pittard and Moira Patterson – Risk and Responsibility in Employing Ex-offenders

10.45-11.15 Morning Tea

11.15 – 12.30 Rights and Prisons (Peninsula) Drugs, mental health and crime (Ceres) Restorative Justice (Bellarine) Chair: Lorana Bartels Chair: Julian Buchannan Chair: Terry Bartholomew

Hilde Tubex – Australian Prison Populations: A Microcosm of Hayley Boxall and Josh Sweeney – Mental Health, Anna Eriksson – Restorative Justice in the Welfare State Global Trends? Frequency of Drug Use and Offending: The Prevalence and Implications of Co-morbid Diagnoses amongst a Police Jane Bolitho, Jenny Bargen, Jasmine Bruce, Janet Chan – Richard Harding – Australian Courts Go through the Prison Gates Detainee Population Restorative Justice and Serious Crime: An Archival Study – At Last Giulietta Valuri, Vera Morgan, Frank Morgan, Anna Ferrante and Assen Jablensky – Mental Illness and Offending: Effect and Type of Offence, Diagnosic and Age

on the Temporal Relationship between First Arrest and First Mental Health Contact

12.30 – 1.20 Lunch

1.20 – 3.00 Public and Private (Peninsula) Violence (Ceres) Financial Crime (Bellarine) New Regulatory Problems (Limeburners) Chair: Clive Harfield Chair: Rebecca Scott Bray Chair: Laureen Snider Chair: Rick Brown

Tim Prenzler and Rick Sarre – Public-Private Danielle Tyson and Thea Brown- An Fiona Haines and Caron Beaton Wells - Lorana Bartels – Safe Haven Laws, Baby Crime Prevention Partnerships: Australian Abominable Crime: Filicide in the Context of Criminalising Cartels: the challenge of using Hatches and Anonymous Births: Good Policy Case Studies Parental Separation and Divorce competition to control the crimes of the or Failed Promise? powerful Elli Wellings and Raul Foglia – Crossing the Debbie Kirkwood – The Killing of Children by Kylie Doyle – The Unpredictable Subject of Divide: New Technologies of Surveillance Parents in the Context of Separation Penny Jorna – Consumer Fraud, New and Road Traffic Regulation from Police to the Service Sector Changing Practices Emily Schindeler – The Problematic of Nicole Bluett-Boyd and Sharnee Moore – Is Charmaine Hayes-Jonkers – Identified Workplace Violence Stuart Ross and Russell Smith – The Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence a Training Deficits Concerning Private Security Victimology of Advance Fee Fraud: Results of a New Legal Frontier? Personnel (Bouncers) in the Night-Time Survey of AFF Victims Economy Pete Parcells – The Economics of Wine Janice Goldstraw-White - Coping strategies of Crime II Jennifer Turnley - Victoria Police response to incarcerated white-collar crime offenders. Adult Sexual Assault through Education and Training

3.00 – 3.30 Conference Close

American Society of Criminology Ice Cream Social

3.30 – 9.30 pm – ANZSOC Committee of Management Planning Meeting (Conference Boardroom / Eastern Beach)

is unique in that the cameras operate as part of a Abstracts partnership between Police and Local Government with research support from Deakin University. In mid Alphabetical order by presenters 2005 the City employed camera monitors to view the

footage at key times and in 2007 the City launched Muhammad Aman Ullah (University of Auckland the NightWatch Radio Program so that key personal Business School), Cathy Urquhart (Manchester on the street would have hand held radios that gave Metropolitan University) and Tiru Arthanari them access to the camera operator and to Police on (University of Auckland Business School) foot patrol and in vehicles. This was about providing

connections between the people on the street, the Using a Thematic Analysis Approach to police and camera network. Investigate Perceptions of Corruption

The City has been clear throughout the development Corruption is an extensively studied but still a of this program that cameras alone will not address contested phenomenon (Andvig et al. 2000, all safety concerns and that they must be seen as Kaufmann et al. 1999a). Corruption is ubiquitous and part of an overall package. The premise is that has serious affects in developing countries. Over the without people who are engaged in the process and past few decades, many studies of corruption have can contribute to discussions the technology is just been carried out. These studies have mainly expensive hardware. What makes places safe is not focussed on specific characteristics such as: technology but is people. economic issues, legal issues, social propositions, impact on national development, and in relation to David Baker (Monash University Gippsland) economic policy. Corruption takes place in societies where there is significant discretion for public Understanding the Intersections and Relations officials, limited accountability and little transparency between Local, National and Global Issues in governmental operations; in such societies and cultures, civil society institutions and an independent The policing of protest is complex, uncertain and private sector are often weak or undeveloped (Ullah problematic. The new phenomena of Camps for et al. 2010, Khan 2006). It has been observed that Climate Action both in the United Kingdom and the developing countries normally have much higher recent occurrences in Australia have evoked diverse corruption than developed countries because the police responses and tactics. The policing of these government typically occupies a strategic position in camps, conglomerations of affinity groups of eclectic processes of early capitalism. While this is true for all and disparate nature, challenges police capability developing countries, the incidence of corruption and both to accommodate such protests and to maintain its effects are different because state capacities, security, control and order. This paper explores and policies and social and political contexts vary widely contrasts two recent UK climate camps at Kingsnorth (Khan 2005). Our conceptualisation of corruption is (2008) and Blackheath (2009). The British case that it is a social phenomenon, which involves public studies reveal how both internal and external dealing in general; manifested as a social system of inquiries have acted as catalysts for police attitudinal corruption that affects all other systems in one way or change for handling climate camp protests. Also, the another. This research aims to explore how our paper contrasts the policing of the September 2009 understanding of corruption can be extended by protest against the Hazelwood coal-fuelled power using qualitative data analysis. The data for the station in the Latrobe Valley (Victoria) which presents analysis come from several qualitative interviews a microcosm of the dilemmas faced by both police conducted in (Islamabad) Pakistan. and protesters in negotiating effective and peaceful

protest. This paper argues that police-protester Lisa Armstrong-Rowe (City of Greater Geelong) dialogue and negotiation, although limited by

traditional suspicions, polarised organizational Geelong – It’s Not All About Cameras structures and diverse mindsets, are vital for the

successful facilitation of peaceful protest, especially The City of Greater Geelong has a proactive in relation to on-going climate change dissent. approach to the use of surveillance technology in managing issues related to the late night precinct in

Central Geelong.

In 2004 the City started with 6 CCTV cameras and now has a total of 26 cameras. The model in Geelong

David Baker and Alistair Harkness (Monash provide information on our current research University Gippsland) processes, procedures and programs. It will assist researchers in navigating through the application and Hiring and Firing Chief Commissioners: the approval processes of the Victoria Police Research Overland Fiasco in Historical and Political Coordinating Committee (RCC) and Victoria Police Context Human Research Ethics Committee (VPHREC).

The ‘forced’ resignation of the Chief Commissioner Dr Lorana Bartels (University of Canberra) Simon Overland in June 2011 heralded a new and disturbing low in the politicization of the Office of Safe Haven Laws, Baby Hatches and Anonymous Chief Commissioner in Victoria. That Office, by Births: Good Policy or Failed Promise? statute, is meant to be independent of government interference and pressure. Neonaticide is the murder of an infant within the first 24 hours of birth, while infanticide is the killing of a Although Victorian police leaders have been largely child by its mother within the first 12 months of birth. untainted by corruption (unlike some of their northern There were at least four dead newborns’ bodies states’ counterparts), Chief Commissioners found in public places in Australia in 2008-9. In historically have been of mixed character with some December 2010, Keli Lane was convicted of the 1996 unfortunately have exhibited incompetence and murder of her newborn baby, Tegan, whose body has ineptitude. No Chief Commissioner has been sacked never been found. In the wake of the high-profile in Victoria’s 158 years history. The closest precedent case, calls were made for the introduction of ‘safe to the Overland ‘resignation’ was that of General Sir haven laws’, which are available across the United Thomas Blamey a traditional, militaristic and anti- States and decriminalise leaving, unharmed infants union police leader who was forced to resign for lying with statutorily designated private agencies. Other to the 1936 Macindoe Royal Commission. options include ‘baby hatches’, where babies can be safely left and cared for by the authorities, which are Why was Mr Overland generally acknowledged as an currently in use in Canada, Germany, Italy and honest ‘cop’ of integrity and diligence ‘forced’ to Japan, and laws whereby women are able to give resign? This paper argues that part of the answer lies birth in a hospital and then anonymously give the in the increasing politicisation of the Office of Chief baby up for adoption, as occurs in France. This paper Commissioner and an accompanying predominance presents a review of the international experience with of ideological New Right populism. The paper these measures and considers the arguments for and recommends front-end reform: the appointment of a against adopting such approaches in Australia. police leader needs to be de-politicized by no longer being a purely ministerial appointment: other models Dr. Isabelle Bartkowiak-Théron (Tasmanian (bipartisan, independent board or some overseas Institute of Law Enforcement Studies) methods) demand consideration. Law Enforcement and Civil Society: Refugees Dr David Ballek and Dr Georgina Lee (Victoria Participating to the Learning and Administration Police) of Rules and Regulations in Regional Australia

Conducting Research with Victoria Police: Our The relationships between refugees and frontline Research Agenda, Processes and Procedures police officers have been documented as stretched and difficult the world over. However, this is not quite Victoria Police has enjoyed a long association as the case everywhere: occasionally, one would find an research subject, instigator and partner with area where relationships are positive and where criminologists and many other academic disciplines. police, government agencies, associations and new We are proud of our large and diverse research arriving refugees work hand in hand to facilitate the activities that include participation in some 24 settlement of new entrants and their understanding of Australian Research Council linkage Grants and over the Australian society, particularly in relation to law 600 individual research projects conducted by and order. A research project run by the Tasmanian external students and academics. This presentation Institute of Law Enforcement Studies documents and is to both promote our recently completed Research analyses the previously unknown tools that have Agenda, which outlines the topics of particular been used to bridge this gap in a regional area of interest to Victoria Police in the coming years, and Australia. This presentation outlines the results of a

research based in Albury-Wodonga, where refugees harming, and difficulty controlling emotions - all are and support groups play an active role with law ways of managing the fear, shame, anger and enforcement agencies to enable constructive feelings of complicity sexual abuse generates. On the relationships between both parties, and where a new other, these adaptations, and their subsequent dimension of community engagement allows for the incarnations into the "future", such as high risk smoother administration of rules and regulations. Tax behaviours, cognitive and memory disruption, regulators, continuing education organisations, child alterations in personality, and substance abuse are protection agencies, refugee support groups, police central not only to women's social marginalisation, and family services, to mention a few, play an integral disadvantage and offending, but are very real barriers part in this new model that enhances community to the capacity to engage in correctional rehabilitation cohesion and plays its part in the prevention of crime and post release desistance. and anti-social behaviour. In this paper, we focus on the characteristics of Jenny Bargen, Jane Bolitho, Jasmine Bruce and complex trauma as a result of sexual victimisation to Janet Chan (UNSW) examine the nature of the barriers women experience in engaging in programs. We then map out how these Restorative Justice and Serious Crime: An characteristics, and their "second life" as complex Archival Study needs propels women into the complex systems of state care, mental health, housing, child protection, One of the appealing features of restorative justice drug and alcohol treatment - both before and after processes is that they can potentially deal with the prison. What can a sexual "trauma and recovery" emotional impact of crime, particularly for victims of model offer in terms of creating trauma-responsive crime. Considerable debate surrounds the question systems for women transitioning into prison and of whether or not restorative justice processes are transitioning out of prison? We focus on these two appropriate for serious crimes such as murder, moments as they represent great uncertainty and manslaughter, sexual assault and armed robbery. unpredictability for women, thus amplifying the Advocates argue that these types of cases lend impacts of trauma. themselves to restorative justice processes, given the more serious harm, and the trauma associated with Hayley Boxall and Josh Sweeney (Australian more serious crime. However, research on the use of Institute of Criminology) RJ for more serious crime is rare. This paper presents preliminary findings from an archival study Mental Health, Frequency of Drug Use and of restorative justice and serious crime. In it, we Offending: The Prevalence and Implications of examine a series of case studies that draw from case Co-morbid Diagnoses amongst a Police Detainee files and interviews with facilitators, to highlight some Population of the benefits and challenges for achieving restorative justice at the post-sentencing stage. Evidence suggests that offenders with a co-morbid Methodological challenges in archival analysis will diagnosis of a substance misuse disorder and a also be discussed. mental illness are overrepresented within offender populations. However, the majority of research has Nicole Bluett-Boyd and Sharnee Moore focused on prison populations, limiting our (Australian Institute of Family Studies) understanding of the prevalence of co-occurring mental illness and frequent drug use among Is Technology-facilitated Sexual Violence a New offenders coming into contact with the police and Legal Frontier? courts. Further, most research into the prevalence of mental illness among offenders has relied upon self- Women in the correctional system have high rates reported diagnoses as the primary indicator, which sexual victimization across the life course. Typically, has limited reliability. prison is not the only institutional setting they have experienced. In the traumatology fields there is As part of the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia growing recognition that chronic and poly program, the AIC recently collected and analysed victimisation, particularly sexual victimisation, result data from a questionnaire that specifically addressed on the one hand in incredible feats of adaptation in the mental health of police detainees using the order to survive the "present" of victimisation. Corrections Mental Health Screen (CMHS). This Disrupted patterns of attachment, dissociation, self- presentation will outline the findings from an analysis

of responses to the CMHS, self-reported drug use Dr Rick Brown (Australian Institute of and alleged offending behaviour among a sample of Criminology) Australian police detainees. This research provides valuable insight into the nature and prevalence of co- When Intervention is a Load of Rubbish: occurring mental illness and frequent drug use Evaluating the Impact of Community Clean-up among a previously under-researched offender Operations in the UK population and also sought to better understand whether alleged offenders with a co-occurring mental Community clean-up operations have become a illness and substance misuse disorder have a standard activity for many community safety different offending and socio-economic profile to partnerships in the UK. These commonly involve other offender groups. The implications of this local authorities targeting particular neighbourhoods research for criminal justice agencies will also be for litter clearance, graffiti removal and general discussed. tidying up of the area. These operations should help to improve the quality of life for residents from both a Chester L. Britt (School of Criminology and signal crimes perspective (Innes and Fielding, 2002) Criminal Justice, North-eastern University, and a broken windows perspective (Kelling and Boston, Massachusetts, USA) Wilson, 1982).

Using Quantile Regression Methods to Analyse This paper explores the findings from pre / post Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Data environmental visual audits of ten locations in which clean-up operations were undertaken. The results Typical analyses of experimental and quasi- showed that only five of the ten clean-up operations experimental data rely on statistical models, such as were successful in improving the environment. The t-tests, ANOVA, and OLS regression that compare paper explores the reasons for the failure of these differences in group means, while assuming a relatively straightforward interventions and identifies Normal distribution of cases with constant variance in ways in which clean-up operations could be each treatment or control group. Experimental data in improved. criminology and criminal justice rarely meet these assumptions. Researchers who attempt to deal with Dr Julian Buchanan (Victoria University of the lack of normality and non-constant variance of Wellington, Institute of Criminology) cases across groups usually rely on a simple transformation of the outcome variable (e.g., a Drug Policy Driven by Punitive Populism: logarithm). Unfortunately, this transformation may not Unethical, Unworkable and Counter-productive? make the various distributions Normal or reduce the difference in variances enough to make them This paper will critically review UK drug law and comparable. Quantile regression models represent policy under New Labour juxtaposed by an an alternative analytical strategy that allows for examination of the nature and extent of illicit drug use comparisons at different percentiles in the distribution among young people. The paper will highlight how of the outcome variable, which may be theoretically UK drug policies have been shaped not by rational or empirically important. For example, in a study of evidence-based thinking from experts in the field, but recidivism looking at arrests, does the treatment have by a punitive populism designed to criminalize and the same effect on number of arrests in the lowest control vast numbers of young people who choose to quartile (25th percentile) as it does at the median or at use the ‘wrong’ drugs. the 90th percentile? This chapter illustrates the application and interpretation of quantile regression The extent of experimental and recreational illicit drug models to experimental and quasi-experimental data use amongst the under25s is such that it could be with two examples: self-reported delinquency and bail considered a normalised activity. However, using the decision-making in a U.S. city. wrong drugs – ones that the state have deemed ‘controlled’ substances - has perversely made the production, distribution, sale and consumption of these drugs uncontrollable and indeed dangerous; while the ever-pervasive strategies introduced to control the use of illicit drugs have eroded human rights and undermined civil liberties.

Finally, the paper will explore to what extent UK drug “managed,” “peoples’,” “presidential,” “representative” policy is unethical, unworkable and counter- in front of the term democracy to ensure precision? productive. It will conclude by outlining some Perhaps the concept of “accountability” is the sin qua alternative drug law and policy options learning from non to consider whether a state in indeed countries like Portugal and Switzerland. ‘democratic’ or that its politics are largely ‘democratic’ in character. Perhaps the central question is ‘to what David Bull (Charles Sturt University – Bathurst), do state officials who purport to govern for the benefit Christine Jennett (University of New South of the inhabitants of the territory they govern meeting Wales), Mir Rabiul Islam (Charles Sturt their basic human needs (e.g. education, health, University) and Rosemary Woolston (Charles housing, etc.) and to some degree ensure that the Sturt University) country’s law are enforced in a fair manner. Query how to characterize what type of a state Russia is Factors Motivating Police Recruits to Join the today. NSW Police In spring 2009, Dmitrii Medvedev assumed the Generally, if police officers’ career aspirations and Russian presidency; he made combating corruption key motivating forces are supported on-the-job, high his top priority. Yet in July 2010, speaking before a productivity and integrity is generated (Howard, gathering of federal and regional legislators in the D’Onofrio, & Boles, 2004). These motivational forces Kremlin, Russian President Dmitrii Medvedev could be perceived differently by serving officers and acknowledged that his anti-corruption campaign had fresh police recruits at the tertiary level. The study not yielded “significant results.” The consequence of surveyed police recruits at CSU in the Associate this failure is that a large segment of the Russian Degree in Policing Practice and Bachelor of Justice population has not enjoyed significant material Studies (Policing) over 2009 and 2010. benefits flowing from the country’s enormous wealth Questionnaires (246) were completed by students in natural resources. The failure of the majority of the from the two courses, some prior to and some after people to share in the country’s reaches is to a great completing a police field placement. Utilizing a extent a product of corruption and mismanagement. structured survey, the study primarily investigated the recruits’ perceptions of their motivational factors for It is not an accident that President Medvedev chose entering a policing career. Community welfare, combating corruption as the central objective for his enforcing law and order, respect and recognition from term of office, Russia’s future depends on its ability to the society, excitement in the job, media influence, establish the rule of law in the country and attract remuneration and job security were all reported as foreign investment. He certainly underestimated the perceived motivating factors. The relative importance obstacles he would encounter to make progress in of these factors varied a lot among students, this area. Since those who constitute the most particularly in terms of their choice of courses (Police prominent barriers to further legal and political College or full university degree). Gender difference progress in the country, Mr. Medvedev is faced with a in the perceived motivating factors and career dilemma, he must either accept being a marginal aspirations are also investigated and the implications individual or he must find allies who share the vision of these findings for a more gender inclusive outlook he has expressed at various times during his term. If for the police force in general are discussed. conditions in Russia worsen, President Medvedev will need to demonstrate that he and not Russian Ethan S. Burger and Rosalia Gitau (Centre for President Vladimir Putin has the vision and rigor to Transnational Crime Prevention, Faculty of Law, modernize Russia – although many observers University of Wollongong) contend otherwise, this may not be a decision that will ultimately be Mr. Putin’s to make, even if he might Developments in Russia’s Anti-Corruption: think it is. The concept of “monitoring democracy” Efforts: Legal and Political Implications and the might prove critical in a country lacking a free press. Concept of “Monitoring” Democracy as a Vehicle Unless the Russian state is reformed, the country for Political System Change itself may not exist in 20 years due to demographic problems, a huge brain drain, a non-diversified Many governments seek to characterize themselves economy, and the role of corrupt officials and as “democracies” irrespective of their actual nature. organized crime in the country. This situation generates can present an analytical quandary. Is it necessary to place adjectives such as

John Buttle and James Rodgers (Auckland Dr Bree Carlton and Dr Marie Segrave (Monash University of Technology) University)

Panic About Crime in New Zealand’s Rural Women’s Post-Release Survival: Connecting Paradise Imprisonment with Pains Past and Present

Apparently, New Zealand’s image as a peaceful This paper will present findings from a collaborative, paradise has been shattered by incidents of tourists qualitative research project focused on gender and becoming victims of serious crimes and disorder. post-release survival. The ‘Surviving Outside’ This has been perceived as a threat to New research project investigated the issue of women’s Zealand’s tourism economy. Media representations unnatural post-prison deaths in Victoria, Australia of serious crimes against domestic and international through the lens of women’s accounts of survival and tourists are examined. It was found that New death after exit from prison. A central theme Zealand’s embodiment of the rural paradise remained emerging from this research is the seldom addressed mostly intact with international tourists and that the or acknowledged relationship between trauma and moral panics about violence and disorder where the multiple harms and disadvantages that women more pertinent to the domestic tourism market. This experience both in the prison system and on the is problematic because the domestic tourism market outside. In seeking to explicate the centrality of is more lucrative than its international counterpart. trauma to women’s experiences inside and outside of Furthermore, the actual risk of becoming a victim of the system, we draw upon the accounts of the serious crimes is accentuated while ignoring the women we have spoken to in the course of this more prevalent risk from volume crimes. research. A key theme that emerges from such accounts is the prevalence of trauma, near-death Jesse Cale (Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice, experiences, and harms experienced by women who and Governance, Griffith University) have survived. Such accounts run counter to assumptions within existing post-release research Revisiting Classification of Sexual Offenders of that imprisonment comprises a discrete traumatic Women: An Overview of 50 Years of Taxonomic episode within women’s lives or that there is a Development and Future Directions distinction between women who are strong enough to survive and those who die. Distinct typologies of sexual offenders of women have been established over the years primarily by Tatiana Carvalho and Dr. Terry Bartholomew psychologists to explain their substantial (Deakin University) heterogeneity across multiple domains. To date, typologies have typically distinguished these The World-view of Serious Violent Offenders: offenders based on differences in victim and offence Explicating the Relationship between Risk and characteristics, the motivation for the offence, and, Needs. the level of risk of re-offending posed by the offender. These distinct typologies have often emerged parallel Extant knowledge about violent offending is informed to policies changing the way these offenders are by numerous risk paradigms. In the forensic dealt with in the criminal justice system. Importantly, psychological literature, two perspectives dominate. they have all been characterized by different degrees The Risk-Need-Responsivity model (RNR) frames of theoretical and methodological sophistication, and, risk as a cluster of psychological and psychosocial critical strengths and limitations. Taxonomic deficits and abundances. Under this model a development pertaining to adult sexual aggressors of predetermined range of risk factors are prioritised women since the mid 20th century is reviewed in the and aggregated to provide an estimate re-offending current paper, in addition to recent criminological likelihood. These aggregate scores are also used to studies that have explored the utility of a inform the level and intensity of treatment and developmental framework for classification purposes. supervision. An alternative conceptualisation of risk is The criminal careers of developmental types are found under the developmental/ life-course discussed, and the merits of the developmental perspective. Under this perspective a confluence of approach for classifying sexual aggressors of women internal and external risk factors, as well as the are explored in the context of theory, methodology, absence of protective factors, results in chronic policy and practice, and future research directions offending for a small proportion of individuals. are discussed. However, the emphasis of both perspectives is on

propensity, while the experiences and perceptions of Nerida Chazal (Flinders University) offenders are neglected. As such these perspectives provide an incomplete understanding of violent The Capacity of Different Criminological Theories offenders. The study presented here is the to Account for the Aocial Transformations quantitative component of a PhD project. The aim Occurring Today Across and Between these was to investigate whether the factors that contribute Dimensions to violence differ between high risk (clinical definition) and chronic offenders. Among 257 incarcerated Increasingly, the paradigm of international crime and violent offenders results indicated that the factors that justice is being used to understand and regulate make high risk and chronic offenders ‘risky’ are international society. The establishment of the different, and these are detailed in this paper. permanent International Criminal Court in 2002 is a Therefore, clinical and chronicity-based definitions of reflection of this trend; however, to date there has risk can lead to different conclusions about violent been limited criminological engagement with the ICC. offenders. To probe the nature of these differences in This paper addresses this gap by adopting a critical greater detail, a qualitative study is currently being criminological framework in order to trace the conducted. The aim of that study is to explore the development of the International Criminal Court. It is world-view of these offender sub-types. This type of argued that the ICC has been developed in a late analysis will increase our understanding of the way modern, globalised society in which the risk/security beliefs about the self, the world and violence shape nexus has facilitated the prominent use of crime and experience, and in so doing can move knowledge of justice discourses with the goal of shaping world violent offenders beyond propensity models of risk order and facilitating global governance. Although the and need. Court’s stated aims of prevention and deterrence align with the risk/security paradigm and its focus on Duncan Chappell (Institute of Criminology, social control and governance, in reality the Court Faculty of Law, University of Sydney has limited ability to succeed in these goals due to its socio-political constraints. This situation has caused Blemishes on the ‘Dreamtime’: An Exploration of a schism between the aims and aspirations of the the Problem of Frauds and Fakes in the Court and its current functioning in international Australian Aboriginal Art Market society. Examining this schism can help to provide insight into the role of the Court and its position in a This paper explores the problem of frauds and fakes world where crime and justice is becoming an in the contemporary Australian Aboriginal art market. increasingly prominent currency. For Aboriginal people art plays in particular an important spiritual role in portraying the beliefs and Dr Thomas Crofts (School of Law, University of traditions of the ‘dreamtime’- events of the ancient Sydney) era of creation from which have sprung continuing ceremonies and motifs now perpetuated in modern Prohibited Behaviour Orders and Anti-Social paintings and other art forms. Art has also become a Behaviour Orders: Lessons not Learned major source of income for many Aboriginal communities and individuals. Thus when the integrity In late 2010 the Liberal-National Government of of that art is challenged by allegations of fraud and Western Australia (WA) introduced Prohibited fakery it is vital to explore the veracity of these claims Behaviour Orders (PBOs) based on a version of the and the responses made to them. In the paper UK’s Anti-Social Behaviour Order (ASBO) model in particular attention is devoted to those responses order to combat the alleged rapidly falling standards made through both the criminal and civil systems of of behaviour and the increasing feeling of insecurity justice in Australia. The conclusion is reached that at in the community. These orders represent a pre- present the Australian legal system, and its principal crime shift and a blurring of the line between civil and actors, such as police and prosecutors, are poorly criminal law by backing up a civil order with a criminal equipped to deal with problematic works in the penalty. Unperturbed by criticism of the ASBO model Indigenous art market- a situation that is probably not in the UK it was felt that PBOs are necessary and will unique to Australia and which will take considerable be effective in WA because the UK legislation has time and far more imaginative and assertive solutions been studied, lessons have been learned and the to remedy. best features of the UK model have been taken to form the basis of the PBO model. This paper will examine the UK model and the adaptations made to

this model in WA. It will be argued that lessons have conducted by independent police complaints not been learned and insufficient changes have been authorities may have the same effect and can made to avert the negative experiences associated contribute to organisational independence. with ASBOs being repeated in WA. Kylie Doyle (Flinders University) Associate Professor Julia Davis (University of South Australia) and Professor Kate Warner The Unpredictable Subject of Road Traffic (University of Tasmania) Regulation

Perceptions of the Female Victim: Three Case Governments draw on a combination of bio-power Studies from the Tasmanian Jury Study and disciplinary power in order to regulate the behaviour of road traffic users. In order to exert such The Tasmanian Jury Study conducted 50 interviews power, Governments rely on technologies like road with jurors from criminal trials in Tasmania. This safety advertisements in an attempt to ‘responsibilise’ paper focuses on three cases of sexual misconduct citizens to manage themselves. The two subjects where jurors had difficulty in coming to a unanimous central to this technology are the ethical subject and verdict. It explores the jury members’ perceptions of the failed subject and road safety advertisements the female victims in the light of recent research attempt to regulate their behaviour in different ways. undertaken by social psychologists on the effects of In this paper I will argue that the subject of road traffic gender and victim stereotypes and explains why regulation is not an ethical subject, or a failed subject some jurors were able to overcome their initial but rather a driving subject who is equally capable at reluctance to convict and how others remained any given moment of becoming-criminal or committed to a verdict of not guilty. becoming-law abiding. This paper will provide a Deleuzian reading of selected traffic regulation Antje Deckert (AUT University, School of Social advertisements in the television media in order to Sciences) show that the driving subject is an unpredictable multiplicity. This concept of an unpredictable subject Attributing Organisational Independence of builds on existing fear of crime theory in order Police Complaints Authorities through Research? to enhance our understanding of the multiple and nuanced functioning of the 'other' in crime Controversial incidents like the beating of Rodney control. This exploration of the unpredictable subject King by Los Angeles Police have led to the worldwide forms the basis of my ongoing doctoral research acceptance of the concept of police accountability where I raise some significant questions relating to and to the development of a wide array of internal, the exercise of this power on a multiplicitious subject. societal and governmental control mechanisms. In many jurisdictions, police complaints authorities have Bernie East (Deakin University) been established providing civilian oversight over police (mis)conduct. Since, police complaints The Long and the Short of It; Differences in Serial authorities and their functional efficiency have been Murder Narratives between Australia and the examined through the eyes of complainants. United States Assessing satisfaction with complaints systems and perceived bias, studies have mostly focussed on Informed by a post-modern criminological organisational freedom, which has been identified as perspective, this paper explores the nuanced nature essential to resolve complaints against the police in a of serial murder investigations. Utilising a cross- fair manner. However, some level of association cultural, case study focus the emphasis will be on between police and police complaints authority has highlighting which voices are rendered audible and been acknowledged as both inevitable and which are silenced in the narratives that emerge indispensable. Hence, other factors that may attribute around such investigations. Data from both Australia organisational independence in a more complex and the United States suggest that the local sense must be considered. Independent research narratives tend to be more expansive than the conducted by national and international non- American in terms of apportioning blame. The Truro governmental agencies has, in the past, put and Snowtown murders will be supplemented by the governments under pressure to take appropriate Claremont serial murder investigation to help action influencing governmental policies and illustrate this domestically, while the ‘Son of Sam’ and legislation. This paper examines whether research

Randy Kraft cases will elucidate the American Failure to pay an infringement fine may result in a context. variety of sanctions, including imprisonment, which may have long lasting detrimental effects on those Dr Anna Eriksson (Monash University) who cannot afford to pay. This paper will outline an ongoing research project for which the key objective Restorative Justice in the Welfare State is to provide a more effective and socially just response by working towards law reform that This paper discusses conferencing and other prevents those at social disadvantage coming into restorative justice approaches in Scandinavia. It contact with the criminal justice system over unpaid argues that the social-democratic welfare state that fines, and prevents unnecessary resources being characterises these countries encompasses a spent on resolving the issue. The project is based on particular value base, which is reflected in their a unique partnership between academics, community criminal justice systems, and in their approach to legal centres and working groups who have restorative justice. As an extension of such a value experience in the area of unpaid infringements. base, crime in Scandinavia is largely viewed as having its roots in inequality, lack of education, Li Eriksson and Paul Mazerolle (Griffith unemployment, and social exclusion. Importantly, University) responses to crime tend to focus on these larger social and structural causes – as opposed to Intergenerational Transmission of Violence individual deficiencies - and ‘alternatives to punishment’ such as restorative justice are Research suggests an association between exposure significantly less controversial than in many other to violence in childhood and intimate partner violence jurisdictions. The argument, perhaps somewhat perpetration in adulthood. This paper uses data from controversial, is that there is less need for an the Omaha Intimate Partner Violence Project (IPVP) alternative to a punitive criminal justice system when to examine the effect of childhood abuse and that system is not punitive in the first place. I will observing parental violence on future partner argue that this ‘bigger picture approach’ is one we violence perpetration. The data allows for testing need to adopt if we want to understand the use of influences of mother- versus father-initiated violence. restorative justice in different environments, an In addition, this paper further examines the mediating understanding that is crucial if we want to engage in effect of attitudes that condone the use of partner comparison along such elusive variables as violence. The data was collected in 1999 in Omaha ‘effectiveness’ and ask questions as to ‘what works’. and the sample consists of 327 male arrestees. Empirical and theoretical implications are discussed. Dr Anna Eriksson, Dr Bernadette Saunders, Associate Professor Gaye Lansdell and Ms Dr Richard Evans (Deakin University) Meredith Brown (Monash University) The First Whistleblower: Police Corruption, Criminalising Poverty: The Impact of Scandal, Reform and Resistance in Depression- Infringements on Victoria’s Disadvantaged era Sydney Populations In 1936, allegations of police corruption relating to The infringement notice system is used extensively in illegal bookmaking in Sydney gave rise to a Royal Australia to address the effect of minor law breaking Commission. This inquiry was the first public with minimum recourse to the machinery of the exposure of systemic police corruption in 20th formal criminal justice system. However, while many century Australia. It led to the dismissal of 16 police people view this system as an expedient approach to and shook public confidence in the New South Wales these issues, it also has the potential to perpetuate Police Force. and entrench disadvantage for marginalised members of the community who are often Crucial to this exposure of corruption were the disproportionately caught up in the system. This is actions of one police officer, Constable Mendelssohn especially relevant in regard to public order offences Miller. Miller supported a man who had been framed which are now often dealt with by way of infringement on bookmaking charges, and later gave evidence notice, effectively criminalising poverty and against his colleagues at the Royal Commission. In homelessness. the wake of the Commission, the New South Wales Police Force set about destroying Miller – a chilling

sequence of events which caused another scandal level of judicial discretion available on an individual and another inquiry. This paper explores the story of case-by-case basis. Based on in-depth interviews the first significant whistleblower in the history of the conducted with legal stakeholders across both New South Wales police, and its implications for criminal jurisdictions, this paper presents the contemporary police reform. perceived strengths and weaknesses of restrictive sentencing legislation, as discussed by members of Bianca Fileborn (University of Melbourne) the relevant judiciaries and legal counsel. In evaluating the use of these sentencing restrictions in Unwanted Sexual Attention in Licensed Venues: England and New South Wales, the paper provides a Emerging Themes relevant analysis, and subsequent warning, for future jurisdictions that seek to adopt like policies, most Unwanted sexual attention presents as a significant relevant of which is the current Victorian government. issue in the lives of many young adults. ‘Unwanted sexual attention’ is inclusive of a broad range of Dr Asher Flynn (La Trobe University) experiences, from non-physical and/or non-violent unwanted sexual advances through to sexual assault “We’ve Changed our Minds”: What Do You Do and rape. Further, recent research has highlighted with a Failed Plea Bargain? the need to explore the role of situational contexts and social norms in facilitating the occurrence of On 24 June 2011, after seven years, several court unwanted sexual attention. However, to date there is hearings and a constitutional challenge, the Supreme a dearth of situational research on unwanted sexual Court of Canada ruled that Crown prosecutors can attention, particularly research that focuses renege on the negotiated plea deals they make with specifically on young adults. Considering that offenders. This decision was made in light of an licensed venues are utilised in the social activities of Alberta case in which the Crown revoked the many young adults they should be considered a key favourable plea deal they had made with an offender, site for exploring young adults’ experiences and whereby despite driving while three times the legal understandings of unwanted sexual attention. This .08 BAL, severely injuring one person, and killing two paper will explore emerging findings and themes from people, the Crown agreed to a deal in which the my doctoral research on unwanted sexual attention in offender would plead guilty to one act of careless licensed venues in Victoria. It will consider the use of driving, thus receiving an $1,800 fine. ‘unwanted sexual attention’ as a conceptual framework, and the connections between, and In Victoria (Australia) in early June 2011, a similar potential implications of, unwanted sexual attention, problem surrounding a failed plea bargain emerged in place and social context. This discussion will draw on DPP v Yang. In this case, Crown prosecutors findings from the first phase of this study, which appealed the inadequacy of Yang’s sentence, on the consisted of online surveys conducted with young basis that he failed to give evidence in accordance adults aged 18-30. with the undertaking he made in his plea deal. As a result, Yang’s sentence increased from 6.5 years Kate Fitz-Gibbon (Monash University) imprisonment (minimum of four), to 8.5 years (minimum of six). Shifting back to Canada, on 21 Minimum Sentences in England and New South June 2011 in Toronto, prosecutors faced a similarly Wales: A Warning to Victoria problematic situation, after their key witness, who received a plea deal in exchange for his testimony, In May 2011, under the direction of the Victorian changed his story to completely vindicate the alleged Government, the Victorian Sentencing Advisory offender while on the stand. Council commenced two projects examining the potential implementation of baseline sentences and Using these cases as a framework for analysis, this statutory minimum sentences of imprisonment for paper explores some of the key legal and serious offences. These projects provide a timely criminological implications arising from failed plea platform for the examination of the effects of similar bargains, and considers the human rights, due sentencing legislation in England and New South process and public interest concerns that emerge in Wales. The use of minimum starting points and the wake of the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision standard non-parole periods in these jurisdictions has to allow prosecutorial reneging of plea deals. led to a model of sentencing that increases the average length of sentences whilst decreasing the

Pota Forrest-Lawrence (The University of Sydney) Elizabeth Grant (Wilto Yerlo, The University of Adelaide) Drugs, media and policy: The methamphetamine problem From Nagle to Now: Developments in Australian Prison Architecture Drug use is a complex problem that impacts on the community, economy and the individual. It is a major It is over 30 years since the release of the findings of contributor to Australian deaths, and violent crime. In the Nagle Royal Commission. The findings 2004/05 alone the social cost of drug abuse was constituted a watershed in Australian penal history estimated at $8.2 billion. The heroin shortage in early and signified the beginning of a period of significant 2001 and the perceived shift towards the increase reform in Australian prisons. Flowing on from the use of methamphetamines have impacted on the Nagle Royal Commission, a number of Australian perception that illicit drug use in Australia is on the prison systems became the subject of official increase. Legislators are now focusing on psycho- inquiries into allegations of systemic abuse of stimulants such as amphetamines and prisoners and the conditions of confinement. As a methamphetamines; the manufacture, distribution result the governments of Victoria, New South Wales, and importation of the drug into Australia is high on Queensland, South Australia and the Northern the policy agenda. Changes to the Drug Misuse and Territory embarked upon comprehensive building Trafficking Act 1985 are just one example of programs to replace older prisons and to implement enhanced punitive approaches towards the modern programs in prison management. Other possession of precursors, used in the manufacture of states and territories followed suit at later times. certain illicit drugs. There has been a paucity of research into the In this paper I will interrogate particular NSW and development of prison design in Australia. This paper Federal Government policy and legislative initiatives will discuss the various architectural innovations pertaining to methamphetamines over the last which were introduced post Nagle which transformed decade. In particular I will discuss various illicit drug Australian prison environments. The early post Nagle policies such as 'The National Precursor Strategy’, innovations tended to be uncritical emulations of the 'Project Stop', and the 'National Leadership Forum on latest overseas concepts, and this paper will discuss Ice'. I will argue that the media rhetoric on the introduction of unit management, secure methamphetamines has lead to an over-emphasis of perimeter barriers, campus planning and podular the 'issue' and placed pressure on policy makers on design to Australian prisons. Innovations outside the both a state and federal level to introduce measures ‘one size fits all’ approach were later developed by to curtail and/or eliminate the 'meth problem'. prison designers for the Australian context. Innovations include safe cell technologies, ‘women Dr Janice Goldstraw-White (GWAssociates) specific’ approaches, the use of cottage style accommodation, developments in the design of Coping Strategies of Incarcerated White-collar gatehouses and specific facilities for Aboriginal Crime Offenders prisoners by various correctional jurisdictions. The paper notes that while there have been some Prison is an alien environment to the majority of the remarkable advances in Australian prison population, not least of all to white-collar crime architecture in the last thirty years there remain major offenders. Drawing upon data collected over a five- challenges for the production of prison environments year period with convicted fraudsters, this paper will which do the least harm to those who are securely detail the different coping strategies adopted by them housed within them. when incarcerated for their crimes. Starting by examining the concerns faced by this particular group of offenders while in prison, I will continue this analysis by comparing these issues with those raised by other offender groups. Finally, having identified these concerns, I will explore how white-collar crime offenders go about their daily routines in prison and attempt to cope with the stresses of their alien environment.

Elizabeth Grant (The University of Adelaide), Samantha Gray-Barry (Australian Institute of Emma Rowden (Justice Environment Group Criminology) University of Western Sydney) and Mira Taitz (Justice Research Group University of Western The Role of Marriage in Human Trafficking-related Sydney) Exploitation of Migrant Women?

Evaluating the Cultural Responsiveness of the Trafficking in persons is a crime that affects men, Design of an Aboriginal Court Complex for women and children in every region of the world, Aboriginal Users: Post Occupancy Evaluation of including Australia. It can be a form of transnational the Port Augusta Court Complex organised crime and is often referred to as a modern day form of slavery. It is a serious breach of human The design of Port Augusta Courts Complex is rights. unique. The design aimed to meet the environmental needs of Aboriginal people in the court system and to Research has tended to focus on trafficking for support the process of Aboriginal Courts. The design sexual exploitation. Recently there has been a shift process drew on extensive consultation with the local towards trafficking in other contexts, such as for community resulting in a court complex inclusive of labour or domestic service. However, the role of Aboriginal signs and symbols, way finding and marriage in human trafficking is an under- legibility mechanisms, strong relationships between acknowledged and under-researched topic despite the internal and external environments and the case of R v Kovacs demonstrating that marriage considerations to meet the socio-spatial needs of has been used to facilitate human trafficking to Aboriginal users. The design intended to support Australia. culturally sensitive court processes such as the Aboriginal Court while fulfilling the requirements of Drawing on preliminary findings of primary research the Anglo-Australian Western judicial system. It is conducted by the Australian Institute of Criminology, unknown how successful the court complex was at this paper will examine how different marriage fulfilling these requirements. arrangements can be used for the trafficking in women. This includes the use of sham/fraudulent Post-occupancy evaluation is the term for a broad marriages and spousal visas to facilitate people range of activities aimed at understanding how trafficking, as well as the types of marriage buildings perform once they are completed and how arrangements that may increase risks or protections satisfied building users are with the environment that to trafficking such as arranged marriages, has been created. This paper discusses the results international marriage brokering and “mail-order” and issues involved in conducting a post-occupancy brides. The paper will discuss what it is about various evaluation of the cultural responsiveness of Port marriage arrangements that increase vulnerability to Augusta Courts Complex to Aboriginal users’ needs. being trafficked, and the protective mechanisms that It analyses various spaces including a flexible may mitigate the risks. courtroom space in the complex, designed to cater for Aboriginal Court. Observations of the latter reveal Andrew Groves (Flinders University) a divergence between the architect’s intent and the users’ intentions, demonstrating a shift in agency A Question of Perception: Preliminary Results from the designers to the end users. The case study from the Examination of the Relationship raises various questions. What does this case study between Young People, Risk and tell us about the importance of court environments in Methamphetamine Use in the Adelaide Night- the justice system? Do innovative court Time Economy environments such as these act as passive vessels for the perpetuation of colonial cycles of Despite claims of moderate success from incarceration, or do they afford a better and more governments’ anti-drug campaigns, the prevalence of therapeutic experience of the justice system for all? youth methamphetamine use within the community represents a persistent concern. Given the proliferation of leisure experiences that commonly encourage illicit drug use, this paper highlights the importance of a more articulate acknowledgment and understanding of the experience of young people and their use of illicit drugs within the night-time economy.

This discussion is based on findings from an contoured by the need for government to empirical research project that explored the simultaneously nurture the conditions for a productive perceptions of risk of a cohort of young people in economy whilst reassuring the citizenry of their safety relation to the use of methamphetamines in Adelaide and security. In the face of ambiguity and political risk nightclubs. The research involved the collection of criminalisation, if it is successful, may well tend data from multiple sources namely: a questionnaire towards the most expedient legal formulation where conducted with 545 young Adelaide clubbers; semi- competing interests are appeased. Such expediency, structured interviews conducted with 24 participants however, can result in incoherent, ineffective or even identified through the questionnaire; and knowledge counterproductive law. We suggest that these three and insights gained from 160 hours of ethnographic interrelated challenges of ambiguity, political risk and observation within Adelaide nightclubs and night-time expediency are likely to arise in any attempt to economy. The results from this research highlight criminalise harms of the powerful. However, the way that evidence-based drug policies based on young in which they are played out will differ depending on people’s perceptions of the risks associated with drug the content of the harm and the context for its use in the night-time economy are needed in order to criminalisation - in this instance, the collusive reduce crime, lead to better health, and promote practices of business and in the context of the economic and social development. capitalist democracy of Australia.

Fiona Haines and Caron Beaton Wells (University Dr Kate Hancock (Edith Cowan University) of Melbourne) Women’s Perceptions of Safety in an Inner City Criminalising Cartels: the challenge of using Setting: the Role of CCTV in the Creation of Risk competition to control the crimes of the powerful Reduced Environments

Criminalising the harms of the powerful has Open-street Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) has considerable appeal for those who desire a more become established as a major component of tractable, ethical and sustainable business sector. situational crime prevention and to the development Yet, the establishment of criminal offences applicable of risk free environments (Wilson & Sutton, 2003). In to society’s corporate elite faces perennial 1991, Perth, Western Australia became the first challenges. This paper analyses these challenges major capital city in Australia to install CCTV. Since through an analysis of the recent reform initiatives that time, CCTV cameras have spread at a marked criminalising ‘hard core’ cartel conduct in Australia. rate. This offence is intriguing since it criminalises certain relations between businesses, relations that once This presentation examines community awareness of were not only legal, but normal. Through analysis of CCTV, and perceptions of purpose, effectiveness and interviews with key stakeholders we explore the safety in a sample of 295 women. A mixed methods ambiguity associated with criminalising cartel approach was adopted and participants completed a conduct. This ambiguity encompasses economic, questionnaire while visiting a popular entertainment legal and moral dimensions where clear lines precinct in Perth. A series of Manova’s showed that between degrees of harm and harm and benefit; women were most fearful of personal crimes and between legality and illegality and illegality and were supportive of CCTV in public spaces. The criminality; and between morality and immorality and findings show that CCTV is perceived to be useful for immorality and criminality are difficult, if not public surveillance and to gather evidence, but not for impossible to draw. Such ambiguity provides ample crime prevention or to assist women should an room for those with access to the ear of government incident occur. Rather, a number of other to prosecute the case against criminalisation for fear environmental and policy strategies were suggested of governments losing investment or precipitating an as the greatest contributors to women’s sense of economic crisis of some sort. Yet, such ambiguity safety; police presence (particularly female officers), cannot be taken at face value, but must be security guards, lighting, and transport. The findings understood in light of the societal influences that give are discussed with reference to the fear of crime and rise to such ambiguity. These influences are well crime prevention literature. understood through the criminological literature, through the work of Vilhelm Aubert and Kit Carson amongst others. In turn, their work can usefully be expanded through the prism of political risk, risk

Professor Richard Harding Charmaine Hayes-Jonkers (James Cook University, Cairns) Prisoner Litigation: At last an Australian Court Reviews a Prison Regime Identified Training Deficits Concerning Private Security Personnel (Bouncers) in the Night-Time There is no tradition in Australia of judicial Economy. intervention into the day-to-day manner in which prison regimes are managed. Judges have been Private security personnel are the guardians of reluctant to go behind the prison gates with regard to patrons in the night-time economy (NTE), however human rights issues. This contrasts with the USA licensed venue security put their bodies on the line at approach, where court-ordered changes to work. A study in Cairns reviewed Australian and management practices have been a crucial aspect of international literature to identify research concerning the protection of prisoners' human rights. More issues for private security personnel specific to the recently, judicial intervention has become an integral NTE and within a community-based crime prevention aspect of the European prison system, even reaching framework. This was then compared to results from into the UK since its adoption of the European a local study. This study found a strong relationship Convention on Human Rights and the passage of its in research and operational gaps in Australia and the main provisions into legislation. United Kingdom, identifying issues such as duty of care by venue owners/manager, emergency medical A case decided in the Supreme Court of Tasmania in procedures and protocols, and standard incident April 2011 has resulted in the judicial arm mandating procedures for private security personnel. This was changes of regime practice in the Tamar Unit (special confirmed during qualitative research in the local handling) at Risdon Prison. Questions of enforcement Cairns industry and during quantitative data showing of the order were finessed. The author of this paper the proportion of incidents security responded to gave an expert opinion as to how international compared with other front-line agencies in the Cairns standards that have not been reflected directly in NTE. The study also identified the urgent need for domestic legislation can nevertheless drive and basic training in human behaviour and training in how inform the notion of duty of care. The Tasmania case alcohol and drugs affect the human brain and body. should serve as a precedent to encourage and This paper reports the results of pilot research and support prisoner litigation in comparable the role of this research in engaging the local security circumstances in all Australian jurisdictions. industry in community-based crime prevention partnerships and reflects upon a recent finding that This paper will explain the case and explore its likely there is a long term local trend for private security to impact upon the Australian prison system, including undertake roles previously provided by police. methods of enforcement. Victoria Herrington, Hamish Shearer, Kellie Clive Harfield (Faculty of Law, University of Smyth, Tom Rogers, Warwick Jones and Phil Wollongong) Shepherd (Australian Institute of Police Management) Beyond Control: Regulation of Covert Investigation in New South Wales Training Police Leaders in the Solomon Islands: The Leadership Development Program This paper examines the regulatory framework for the conducting of controlled operations and other The Regional Mission to the Solomon Islands techniques of covert investigation used by law (RAMSI) was established in 2003 following a period enforcement in New South Wales. Comparison will of internal conflict. RAMSI was intended as an be made with similar legislation in England and integrated multinational state building initiative, with Wales. Suggested principles for the governance, the purpose of delivering a program of aid to build regulation and management of covert investigation capacity in a range of areas, including economic will be considered along with the implications of governance, government, and the law and justice different framework philosophies in the arena of system (den Heyer, 2010). Supporting the Royal transnational criminal investigation. Solomon Islands Police Force (RSIPF) to independently carry out its mandated functions was regarded as critical this end, and involved the need to address a progressive decline in the skills, integrity

and effectiveness of police in the lead up to 2003 positions of high occupational prestige. Yet fraud (den Heyer, 2010; Goldsmith and Dinnen, 2007). constitutes a significant proportion of female crime, Effective police leadership has been fundamental to and is a crime where female participation rates are such capacity building, and has been supported by over 20%. This paper examines the gendered nature the RSIPF Leadership Development Program. This of serious and complex frauds committed against program was initiated as a pilot in 2004, and following Australian Commonwealth government agencies, by refinement in 2010, has been extended until 2013. It examining 7 years of Australian Federal Police case is delivered by the Australian Institute of Police files. Using a cluster analysis, this study assesses Management on behalf of the Australian Federal who is investigated for serious fraud against Police. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the government agencies and provides a typology with ongoing process and impact evaluation of this which to explore how gender influences the types of program, drawing on measures of both individual and fraud committed. Further, the relative impact of organisational change. Specifically the paper will offender, offence and investigative characteristics on report emerging findings from the qualitative aspects the conviction likelihood of a case and the extent to of the evaluation. which gender impacts on conviction is addressed using multilevel regression modelling. Melissa Hickman Barlow (Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and Fayetteville State Peter Homel (Australian Institute of University) Criminology/Griffith University)

In Pursuit of Sustainable Justice in the United The Problem with Prevention: Why Prevention is States Still the Last and Not the First Response to the Problem of Crime The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences has made great strides in the last two years with respect to our Australian crime rates are at historic lows for most profile in Washington D.C. As part of the Criminology crime types. At the same time, evidence for the and Criminal Justice Policy Coalition (CCJPC), along effectiveness of a wide variety of crime prevention with the American Society of Criminology, ACJS is initiatives is at an all time high and growing. working to educate policy makers about the Furthermore, Australians as a whole are wealthier importance of evidence-based practice in criminal than at any time in their history. Theories of justice. In a context of deep budget cuts at every prevention, regardless of whether they are from the level of government, a central theme of the work of physical or social sciences, suggest that such the CCJPC is the importance of investing in crime conditions present a perfect opportunity for an even and justice research in order to develop cost-effective greater prevention effort to secure a safe and justice policy solutions. The work of the CCJPC fits prosperous future as our knowledge about and ability well with the theme that I have established for my to anticipate what is likely to cause problems and ACJS presidency, sustainable justice, a concept that how to prevent them is also greater now than ever has its roots in a critique of the massive increases in before. So while we can look around and see U.S. incarceration rates of the past four decades and examples of major, albeit contested, pushes to in emerging developments around the concept of reduce and prevent the consequences of climate justice reinvestment. The paper presented here change, improve public health (including the impact reports on the work of the CCJPC and explores the of an ageing population), and efforts to improve concept of sustainable justice in relation to education and other long term life outcomes developments in justice policy and practice in the (including the prevention of inequality and social United States. exclusion), a coherent national and local effort to prevent crime and its consequences for individuals Angela Higginson (Institute for Social Science and the community remains missing in action. This Research, University of Queensland) paper takes a critical look at why this is the case and why 19th and 20th century approaches are still Fraudulent Women: Participation and considered appropriate for dealing with a $36 billion Punishment national crime problem in the face of our knowledge about the potential of 21st century prevention Fraud is commonly represented within the solutions. criminological literature as a white-collar crime perpetrated by middle-aged middle-class men in

Myvanwy Hudson (School of Social Science and as jurisdictions have been asked to adopt threshold International Studies, University of New South quantities specified in a Model Criminal Code (MCC) Wales, Sydney) for serious drug offences.

“Violence is not the Worst thing for the Victim. This paper outlines a new approach to evaluating the The Worst thing is to be Told Nothing Happened.” design of drug trafficking thresholds. It puts forward Women Survivors of Intra-familial Child Sexual six evidence-informed metrics and evaluates whether Assault and Criminal Justice Responses. the proposed MCC trafficable threshold quantities would enable the ACT judiciary to: determine the For over thirty years, feminist legal theorists and relative seriousness of a drug trafficking offence grassroots feminist groups have been campaigning across traders in different drugs; and minimise the for sexual assault and child sexual assault law likelihood that users get charged/sentenced as reforms. Although these reforms cannot be traffickers for possession for personal use alone. discounted, certain victims of gendered violence still encounter substantial barriers in seeking recourse This paper demonstrates that, if adopted, the from the criminal justice system. In particular, an proposed MCC threshold quantities would not afford under-researched group of women, adult survivors of proportionate sanction. Instead, it would create risks intra-familial child sexual assault, have experienced that serious traffickers would receive excessively such difficulties. Given the failure of legal reforms to lenient sanction and increase the likelihood that users substantially affect a patriarchal legal culture, this would be sanctioned as traffickers. The paper paper explores women survivors’ response to concludes by outlining possibilities for building fair potential criminal justice reforms. This paper draws and proportionate sanctioning of serious drug on doctoral research findings from qualitative offenders. interviews with female survivors of intra-familial child sexual assault in Australia, including Indigenous Steve James (School of Social and political women, CALD women and women in remote/rural Sciences, University of Melbourne) areas. Utilising Braithwaite and Pettit’s normative republican theory of criminal justice, Jonathon Doak’s Law Enforcement and Public Health Victim’s Rights and Human Rights critique, and contemporary feminist theory, this paper highlights Because of their safety mandate and their 24/7 the diversity of criminal justice and social policy presence, the public police everyday encounter and responses required by female survivors. This are expected to deal with community members includes exploring the potential of restorative justice, suffering with mental illness, acquired brain injury, specialist courts, victim’s compensation and drug and alcohol misuse, blood-borne and other procedural reform. Specific jurisdictional initiatives, infectious disease, family violence and so forth. including the Mulligan Inquiry in South Australia, the These are public health issues, which are turned into WRAPAROUND program in the ACT, and the NSW criminal justice issues by the decisions that police Sexual Assault pro-bono representation initiative will make. There are times when the criminalisation of an also be examined. encounter is inevitable; there are many other times when alternatives are appropriate, and where police Dr Caitlin Hughes and Associate Professor Alison use their knowledge and their partnerships with other Ritter (Drug Policy Modelling Program, National agencies to tackle the problems behind the encounter Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, The rather than just the encounter itself. The public police University of New South Wales) are in effect public health generalists; it is the police officer who determines whether a public encounter is Reducing the Harm from Drug Trafficking classified (diagnosed) as a public health issue or a Thresholds criminal justice issue. The importance of getting that classification right and acting appropriately on it is In Australia one of the key measures for obvious. Yet there is little or no public recognition distinguishing drug users from traffickers and for that the police occupy this role and their preparation determining the seriousness of drug trafficking for it is nowhere near as extensive as is their offences is the quantity of drug involved. Yet, to date preparation to use force. This paper explores the there has been surprisingly little use of research to relationship between policing and public health. inform decisions on how threshold quantities should be set. The ability to answer this question is critical

Penny Jorna (Australian Institute of Criminology) amounts laundered, in order to determine how they influence the final outcome. In addition, the paper Consumer Fraud, New and Changing Practices analyses money laundering typologies, offender demographics, offences charged and the jurisdiction Fraud is a broad term used to describe diverse in which offenders were sentenced. crimes that have a central theme of obtaining a benefit through deception or dishonesty (Budd & Jann Karp (Independent Researcher) Anderson 2011). The purposes of this paper are to highlight the extent of consumer fraud in Australia, How do Drivers within the Australian Interstate the amount of money lost by respondents and the Trucking Industry Distribute and Maintain Illegal types of fraudulent activity most prevalent, based on Drug Use? results of the 2011 Australasian Consumer Fraud Taskforce (ACFT) online survey. Prior research This presentation will address the Federal, Regional shows, consumer fraud can affect members of the and Local Implications of illegal drug activity. general public of all ages, locations and income Conversations with Truckies: Looking through Glass types. Australians, like people throughout the world, was a four-year research project (2008-2011) that are victims of fraud on a daily basis, with fraudulent has relied on the stories of many drivers. My intention activity becoming more sophisticated and is to broaden the knowledge of the general widespread. The respondents in the ACFT survey community about drivers working lives. The research showed that while the percentage of reported frauds conducted in the field (with myself as a passenger in incidents increased (39% of participants reported the trucks) reveals how a mobile population of drivers incidents of fraud to the authorities, up from 36% in does intersect with local, regional, states and national 2010), however the percentage of fraud incidents people. The industry raises highly political issues with reported to the police decreased (from 13% in the the economic infrastructure being linked to 2010 survey to 10% in 2011). This paper will examine international identities. This work builds from the why there has been an increase in fraud incidents drivers’ stories of identity, drug addiction, illegal reported to authorities other than the police, and the networks and the effects that these have on the wider implications that this change in reporting may drivers themselves and the significant others in their have on future anti-fraud efforts and enforcement. lives. This presentation will reveal the complexities of the work place and the issues surrounding personal Ms Penny Jorna, Mr Andy Chan and Dr Lorana decisions that lead to criminal activity. These Bartels (Australian Institute of Criminology) decisions also lead to affecting the lives of the communities through which the drivers pass Sentencing Money Launderers in Australia particularly in the area of sexual liaisons and the distribution of illicit drugs and goods. Twenty-four The sentencing of convicted money launderers can men were interviewed (confidentially) at length. This often be a complicated process fraught with presentation will review an Australian mobile work inconsistencies, due to the different interpretations of site engaged in the movement of illegal drugs the law across jurisdictions and the small number of through established networks. offenders sentenced for money laundering in Australia. This paper presents data collated and Dr Michael Kennedy (University of Western analysed in order to determine the different variations Sydney) of sentencing patterns found during the sentencing process. It analyses the sentencing remarks and The Colonisation of Policing. Trust me! I am a court documents of 96 offenders, who were convicted Positivist or whose sentence appeals were finalised between January 2000 and December 2010, as well as The New York ‘Compstat’ model of policing from the outcomes for 172 offenders included in the early 1990s is a positivist, data led policing model Commonwealth Sentencing database, whose that compliments neo-liberal values. It is a policing sentences were finalised between January 2003 and model that measures competency in terms of December 2010. Due to the emerging significance of productivity. As a consequence of various corruption money laundering offences, it is of particular inquiries this highly politicised ‘business’ model of importance to analyse some of the issues relating to policing is embraced by most policing institutions in an offender’s predicate crimes, mitigating and place of the social contract model. aggravating factors, prior recidivism, appeals and

‘Market discipline’ is applied to public service differences between fathers and mothers who kill provisions in the name of obtaining better ‘value for their children in this context. money’. A good deal of this neo-liberal thinking about the police service echoes criticisms of public service The paper outlines what we currently know about provision generally but the argument is that because separation filicides drawing on recent cases police are the monopoly suppliers of a service they examples and previous research. It considers have no pecuniary incentives towards economically possibilities for prevention and future research efficient behaviour. directions.

In New South Wales, Victoria and other parts of the Assoc Prof Tony Krone (University of Canberra) world, achieving a ‘successful’ outcome for a senior policeman’s performance contract attracts a Privacy Without Borders substantial cash bonus officer’s annual salary. This bonus, of course, is achieved by exploitation—a This paper examines the concept of privacy in the factor that reinforces the division of labour that context of rapid change in information and already exists between the political arm of the state, communications technology. Issues to be considered the commissioned officers and their rank and file include the impact of social networking, the ubiquity counterparts. In a neo-liberal political environment of embedded geo-location functions, the aggregation this additional supervision and aggressive and retention of user data and the trend towards competition that is produced by demands for cloud computing. The paper explores existing increased productivity is a standard workplace responses and the implications for the future. expectation and is only acceptable if it is accompanied with a business plan and the results Murray Lee (University of Sydney, Sydney can be quantified. Institute of Criminology)

This neo-liberal ‘reform’ strategy is much the same in Risky Business: Crime Risk Assessments in NSW Victoria and New South Wales as in Los Angeles, New York and the United Kingdom. What has also The control of crime has increasingly incorporated been revealed with regards to this model of policing ‘pre-crime’ (Zedner 2009) processes and is the duress placed on all police to demonstrate their technologies imagined in the context of a competency by increasing increase their productivity. ‘preventative turn’ (Hughes 2007). The assessment This has led to the serious manipulation and and minimization of crime risk has permeated falsification of data that questions all aspects of through practices and procedures that extend well contemporary policing and the notion that a policing beyond traditional criminal justice systems. However, business plan can be accurately engineered based the promise of risk paradigms and the practical on the reliability of quantified data. application of risk mechanisms are ‘uncertain’ and can be aligned to ‘diverse political and moral Dr Debbie Kirkwood (Domestic Violence agendas’ (O’Malley 2010:38). Following O’Malley’s Resource Centre, Victoria) approach, and utilising a framework of ‘questions of security’ developed by Mariana Valverde (2011), we The Killing of Children by Parents in the Context analysed the crime risk assessment reports in New of Separation South Wales in NSW development applications order to identify some of these ‘agendas’. Under the NSW Recently in Australia, there have been a number of Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 79c high profile cases in which parents have killed their (EPA) such crime risk reports are required for many children. There has been limited insight provided by large-scale commercial and residential developments the media, police and academia into the motivations and redevelopments. We identify both neo-liberal and for these crimes, resulting in a prevailing sense that risk logics that drive the crime risk assessment they are inexplicable. process but conclude such a process could also be consistent with other logics of government. We also This paper comes out of work undertaken by the identify significant shortcomings in the NSW Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria guidelines which result in ad-hoc assessments which (DVRCV) to explore this issue. DVRCV has released little resemble the spirit of the NSW EPA guidelines. a discussion paper which highlights the significance of parental separation in filicides and explores gender

Dr Georgia Lysaght (Centre for Transnational making, political participation, and decision-making Crime Prevention, University of Wollongong) and power over economic resources. Preliminary analyses show that the gender empowerment index Security-Development Implications for affects the dynamics of violence in abusive dating Transnational Crime in Conflict-Affected relationships. The findings regarding the mutuality of Environments: An Examination of Peace violence in dating relationships suggest changes in Operation Responses prevention and offender treatment programs are needed. The 2011 World Development Report states that 1.5 billion people live in environments “affected by Tara Renae McGee (Griffith University), William fragility, conflict, or large-scale, organised criminal Bor and Jake M. Najman violence”. The problem of transnational Crime (TC) in conflict-affected environments represents a key The Young Adult Outcomes for Abstainers from dimension of the relationship between security and Childhood and Adolescent Antisocial Behaviour development. Increasingly, multilateral peace operations have been tasked with addressing TC, Moffitt’s developmental theory (2006) proposes a however, the ‘security only’ approach employed thus number of typologies of offending; one of those is the far has not improved prospects for peace or stability. Abstainers. She argues that those who abstain from While the notion of the security / development nexus antisocial behaviour have: pathological is gaining traction in academic debates, the precise characteristics that exclude them from peer networks; impact of TC in conflict-affected environments structural barriers that prevent them from learning remains somewhat unclear and lacks critical about delinquency; or no experience of the maturity examination. This paper will consider the multi- gap. To date there has been limited examination of faceted nature of TC in these environments and this typology (but see Piquero, Brezina and Turner recognises that while TC may undermine security in (2005)). In this paper we test Moffitt’s model by some aspects it may at the same promote types of examining the Abstainers using data from the Mater- development (and vice versa). It will refer to cases of University Study of Pregnancy—an Australian volatile conflict-affected environments where prospective longitudinal study of mothers and their personal and state insecurity remain high, children from birth to age 21. The Abstainers are development has been stifled, and TC is pivotal to compared to other typological groupings within the goals of sustained peace and stability. Moffitt’s theory. We find little support for the proposal that those who abstain from delinquency have Alexandra Lysova (Trudeau Scholar, Centre for pathological characteristics that exclude them from Criminology and Sociolegal Studies, University of peer networks. However we do find support for the Toronto, Canada) proposal that Abstainers have structural barriers that prevent access to antisocial peers and that they do GenderEqualityandtheMutualityofDating not experience a maturity gap. We also report on life ViolencebyUniversityStudentsin32National successes of Abstainers as young adults, across the Settings domains of education, employment and relationships.

Alice Minson and Samantha McNally (Australian This paper analyses data on the mutuality of dating Bureau of Statistics) violence for students in 32 national settings and aims to tests the theory that social and economic equality Out of Control or Misunderstood? A Statistical between men and women will tend to result in a Snapshot on Juvenile Victimisation and decrease in dating violence against women and at Offending. the same time an increase in the mutuality of dating violence. Data come from the International Dating Youth involvement in crime is a perennial issue for Violence Study, which collected data from a the media, government and criminologists. The 2010 convenience sample of 17,404 students in 32 parliamentary report Avoid the Harm - Stay Calm countries. Multivariate models using countries as the explored the difficulties in identifying the realities of unit of analysis are estimated to test this hypothesis. youth violence in Australia amongst popular media The key independent variable is the gender reporting of increasing youth deviance. Bringing empowerment index, which measures gender together various data sources to create a cohesive inequality in three basic dimensions of picture of youth involvement in crime and justice has empowerment: economic participation and decision-

been identified as a key challenge in addressing this the victim not the VicPol case file and that analysis is topic. undertaken from a victim viewpoint.

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) conducts Peter Norden, AO (Vice Chancellor’s Fellow, several statistical collections that provide information Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne) relating to the victimisation and offending patterns of young people. The ABS has prepared an article on Indigenous Imprisonment Rates: Indicative of youth crime to contribute to an improved evidence Entrenched Locational Disadvantage More than base for informed decision-making regarding policy Serious Criminality? development and research in this area. The overrepresentation of the Australian indigenous The article aims to answer three key questions: community within our prison system is well acknowledged, both within Australia and overseas. 1. Are youth overrepresented as victims or offenders in comparison to the adult In endeavouring to address this issue, the causes population? and the correlates of this rate of imprisonment must 2. Is youth victimisation and youth offending first be identified and understood. decreasing or increasing over time?; and 3. What are the characteristics of youth victims Based on recent national research mapping and offenders? disadvantaged in every community throughout Australia, conducted by Professor Tony Vinson of This presentation will give an overview of statistical Sydney University, this paper will present a collections used in the analysis and the results from quantitative analysis of the correlates that exist for the article will be discussed. every community in Australia between rates of criminal conviction and imprisonment with other key Dr Shane Muldoon, Professor S. Caroline Taylor and critical variables, including factors related to and Caroline Norma (Edith Cowan University) health, education, income, community safety and community engagement. A Descriptive Analysis of Sexual Assault Complaints to Victoria Police, 2004-2008 High imprisonment rates are indicative of entrenched long-term disadvantage and will not be altered until This presentation draws data from a large ARC the cycle of disadvantage is tackled, in both linkage grant with Victoria Police examining sexual indigenous and non-indigenous communities. assaults reported by adults for the period 2004-2008. Having undertaken an in-depth analysis of a sample James C. Oleson (University of Auckland, of 90 Victoria Police files, which provided the data for Department of Sociology) this analysis, the paper examines the sexual assault contexts of complaints in terms of characteristics of “The Corruption of the Best is the Worst of All”: offenders and victims, their relationships, witnesses, Self-Reported Violent Offending among Subjects offence locations, evidentiary basis of complaints and with Genius-Level IQ Scores historical versus recent reports of offences. These characteristics are analysed and linked to the A robust body of research suggests that offenders trajectory of finalised policing outcomes for the have IQ scores averaging approximately eight points victims. This includes an examination of patterns below the population average of 100. But little is relating to public open space sexual assault, the known about the criminal behaviour of people with difference between acquaintance and stranger above-average IQ scores, and virtually nothing is assaults, and relationships between the accused and known about the criminal behaviour of adults with the victim such as those of friendship, family and genius-level (132+) IQ scores. The current research commercial interactions. Locations of assaults are examines the self-reported offending of 465 subjects examined in terms of public transport, domestic with genius-level IQ scores across eight different dwellings, and other types of locations. There is an violent crimes: (1) robbery, (2) carrying a concealed analysis of witness corroboration at three different weapon, (3) making a serious threat, (4) serious levels, victim word only evidence, and historical assault, (5) homicide, (6) constructing a bomb, (7) versus recent sexual assault complaints. It is kidnapping, and (8) attempting suicide. Rates of important to note that the unit of analysis (‘case’) is prevalence and incidence are reported for these

offences, and are compared against the rates of a Dr Louise Porter (Griffith University) control group of 756 individuals with average IQ scores. Some implications of the study are Indigenous Deaths in Police Custody and discussed, and it is contextualized as part of a larger Custody-related Operations project on self-reported offending among geniuses. This project explores indigenous deaths in police Dr Darren Palmer and Dr Ian Warren (Deakin custody in Australia. Coroner’s reports of 98 cases of University) deceased persons of indigenous origin, occurring in police custody or during police custody-related Re-territorializing Governing operations from 1992-2008, have been content analysed to identify common individual, situational In recent years governments of various persuasions and environmental variables. Of the deaths, 38% (left, right, centrist) and at different levels (local to occurred due to vehicle related incidents (the majority state/territory to federal) have introduced a range of of which occurred due to attempts to evade zonal governing techniques. Much of the literature apprehension); 18% occurred as a result of suicide, rightly focuses on border crossings where significant typically either as the police were trying to detain the developments have occurred, including greater use individual, or while the individual was in custody, and of surveillance technologies to both watch for and most often by hanging. The remaining deaths seek to prevent the unlawful movement of people or occurred due to natural causes (16%), accident (9%), goods across jurisdictional borders, or to demand police (8%) or another person (1%). Subsets of increased information about legitimate cross-border incidents, and the resulting Coroners’ activities. In this paper we want to explore zonal recommendations, are explored with the aim of techniques deployed inside sovereign borders. This identifying changes in police procedures, equipment involves a very broad range of techniques and myriad and training that will reduce the likelihood of custody concerns as local governments and mid-tier state and deaths. The findings are contextualised with territory governments seek to control the movement reference to the Royal Commission into Aboriginal of people in and out of designated zones through Deaths in Custody (1991) in Australia as well as enhancing the capacity to monitor and exclude National and International research on deaths in people. Increasingly, surveillance technologies are custody and deaths related to police contact. deployed to monitor the exclusion of people within these ‘designated zones’. These new resources for Tim Prenzler (Griffith University) and Rick Sarre governing are increasingly invested in surveillance (University of South Australia) technologies, human resources (police) and the necessary supporting resources (powers and Public-Private Crime Prevention Partnerships: ‘efficient’ procedures), which in turn limit the capacity Australian Case Studies for more progressive regulatory measures to capture the political and popular imagination. Partnerships between the public and private sectors – including police and private security – are promoted Pete Parcells (Whitman College) as providing a synergetic effect in crime prevention. This paper considers both the potential benefits and The Economics of Wine Crime II risks of these partnerships, and reports on diverse Australian examples, including in the areas of city A previous paper on “The Economics of Wine Crime” centre CCTV, sports venue security, ATM security, looked at past and current work on criminal activity in and welfare fraud. Despite the fact that police and the world’s wine industry including the falsification of private security operate on quite different principles of bottle contents, adulterated products, and modern private and public interests, there appears to be methods of criminal activity detection. This paper scope for enhanced relationships that provide wide updates and extends this work and includes a look at benefits to diverse stakeholders. With this in mind, some social and economic interconnections of the paper develops a set of guiding principles for blurred legal issues associated with the world wine ensuring accountability and optimal outcomes in industry. An example of one such issue is the crime prevention partnerships. deliberate “systematic” mislabelling of wine alcohol strength to improve sales.

Jeremy Prichard (University of Tasmania), Foon achieving change. This paper challenges the Yin Lai (University of Queensland), Raimondo assumption that communities are, or can be, a site of Bruno (University of Tasmania), Christoph Ort safety for everyone by highlighting some of the (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and dangers for individual women of relying upon the Technology), Coral Gartner (University of community to build their resilience against violence. Queensland), Steve Carter (Queensland Health Drawing upon the results of an empirical research Forensic Scientific Services), Paul Kirkbride project involving qualitative interviews with service (Australian Federal Police), Wayne Hall providers in Victoria and South Australia, it examines (University of Queensland), Geoff Eaglesham the highly-charged claim that there is a tendency (University of Queensland), Phong Thai within some refugee communities to ‘white wash’ (University of Queensland), Anna Salinas (Bond domestic violence in order to minimise external University) and Jochen F. Mueller (University of hostility. This has major implications for designing Queensland) programs to support refugee women, dealing with inter-personal violence and for the use of the concept Measuring Illicit Substance Use in the General of resilience in relation to communities as well as Population of Queensland through Wastewater violence. It considers the extent to which the notion of Analysis collective resilience offers a more helpful and nuanced framework. Internationally, a wide variety of illicit substances have been identified from samples of public Dr Karl Roberts (Centre for Policing Intelligence wastewater. The findings have been used to estimate and Counter Terrorism, Macquarie University) the prevalence of illicit substance use in the general community. An interdisciplinary team applied this Honour Based Violence Characteristics and science to the Queensland setting. Samples were Explanations: An Aetiological Theory taken over two 12-day periods in late 2009 and 2010 from public sewers. The results suggest that in 2009 Honour based violence (HBV) is a crime committed the most commonly used substances were cannabis, to protect or defend the honour of a family and / or a cocaine and methamphetamine, with a comparatively community. It is frequently triggered when a code of lower use of ecstasy. In contrast, in 2010 the use of honour is believed, by the perpetrator(s), to have cocaine was lower than cannabis, methamphetamine been broken by the victim, bringing perceived shame and ecstasy. The yearly variation in the prevalence of or dishonour upon the perpetrator(s) and their social substance use may relate to the availability and group. Issues such as a victim’s dress, choice of prices of the drugs on the market. The cocaine use friends, relationships with members of the opposite estimated 2009 was greater than estimations sex and career choice, among others, have been obtained from survey data gathered in other studies, shown to be associated with HBV. It is the purpose of implying under-identification of cocaine use in this paper to review what is currently known about surveys. Future work is underway to tackle HBV, to present a new socio-psychological model of methodological challenges for more accurate the aetiology of HBV and to report some research estimation. findings that test predictions derived from the model and that shed further light upon HBV. Specifically the Mariastella Pulvirenti (Flinders School of Public model attempts to specify those conditions that make Health, Flinders University) and Gail Mason HBV more likely by exploring the socio-psychological (Sydney Law School, University of Sydney) contexts in which HBV is occurs, in particular the implicit social and cultural belief systems that serve to Building Resilience to Domestic Violence for justify such violence. It is hoped that the model Former Refugees: Is Community the Answer? presented will be useful to practitioners and researchers within the field of HBV in identifying Understanding and responding to domestic violence those at greatest risk and in designing preventative in former-refugee communities requires a holistic community engagement strategies. approach that recognises the impact of pre-arrival experiences, the current political environment and the cultural expectations of individual communities. One of the primary messages from the literature on domestic violence and refugee communities is that the involvement of the community itself is essential to

Dr Lisa Rosevear (Australian Institute of Elizabeth Schindeler (Griffith University) Criminology) The Problematic of Workplace Violence What does Structural Ageing mean for Australian Apprehension Trends? Workplace violence in all its forms exists in a complex regulatory environment. National and state When a population ages structurally, the proportion of statutory provisions, protections and awards are people in younger age groups decreases while the complemented by an assortment of informal and proportion in older age groups increases. The onset formal guidelines, mediation processes, civil and of this demographic phenomenon could be expected criminal procedures as the basis for corrective action. to impact on crime trends in two ways. First, However reporting and remediation are fraught with fluctuations in age-specific crime rates may be seen perceived and practical barriers, relying principally as birth cohorts of various size pass through the upon the capacity of the victim to initiate action. young crime-prone ages. Second, overall levels of Despite the substantial cost to organisations and crime may fall in line with decreases in the proportion individuals, it remains a largely silent problem out of of people across the general population who are in the public eye, except for the occasional high profile the peak offending age groups. Taking into account litigation cases. To date a significant proportion of the combination of demographic trends and age- literature has focused on the psychology of both crime trends in Australia, it is reasonable to expect victim and perpetrator, the culture of organisations that structural ageing has shaped both age-specific and practical governance. Underpinned by an and total crime levels in Australia to some extent. The empirical analysis of a sample of those cases which purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a have culminated in legal action under the various series of quantitative analyses (cohort, regulatory and legal frameworks, this paper opens up standardisation and decomposition analyses) that a opportunity to address a gap in research as to who, indicate the degree to which past and future how and under what regimes action has been taken Australian crime levels are being shaped by structural and provides a framework for considering the ageing, how these trends relate to more general implications for justice, the law and ultimately understandings of age-crime trends, and potential enhancing the capacity to more effectively respond to policy implications. such behaviours.

Meredith Rossner (University of Western Sydney) Dr Stuart Ross (School of Social & Political and Laura Boseley (University of New South Sciences, University of Melbourne) and Dr. Wales) Russell Smith (Australian Institute of Criminology) Are Confidence in Justice Surveys Measuring Confidence in Justice or Confidence in Surveys? The Victimology of Advance Fee Fraud: Results of a survey of AFF Victims This paper reports on a recent Australian Research Council Discovery Project on Juror Confidence in In order to prevent AFF (and consumer fraud more Justice. This study explores the relationship between generally) it is important to understand why people deliberative democracy, jury service, and confidence become victims and what environmental, individual or in the justice system. The main methodology will be factors predispose them to establish and maintain a mock jury experiment testing the effect of varying relationships with fraudsters. However, standard democracy in jury deliberations. However, an models used in victimology may not be applicable to unanticipated outcome of the pre-testing stage AFF victimization. Exposure to AFF risk is extremely questions the validity of traditional measurements of widely distributed and victims’ decisions to respond to confidence in justice and democratic tendencies. We solicitation are critical in determining whether a draw from literature on the sociology of knowledge to person is drawn into a fraudulent relationship and problematize current standards of data collection and suffers loss. AFF victimization may involve an conclude by suggesting that data collection, like most extended relationship with the offender that develops social endeavours, is itself a ritual that needs to be over time and the nature and duration of this studied and critically reflected upon. relationship is a key determinant of the extent of financial losses and other suffering experienced by victims.

As with any form of crime, understanding the nature from being a neutral insertion, video links as they of victimization requires that we study the currently operate fundamentally change the experiences of victims. Victimization research experience of court proceedings and the role of the strategies embody the values and constructs derived courthouse, and may have implications for from Routine Activities or Lifestyle Exposure theories. perceptions of procedural fairness. This can be For example, conventional victim surveys assume identified as occurring at each level of experiencing that victims are aware of their victim status and that court: from that of the individual, of the group the goal of research is to identify individual and involved in court proceedings, as well as the wider environmental factors that are related to victimization. community. However, AFF victimization doesn’t fit these theories and methods and we need research strategies that In this paper I ask “how might remote court are more responsive to the way that AFF participation be achieved in a 'just' manner”? Rather victimization works. than fetishizing certain aspects of the discrete court in the form of the courtroom located within a The aim of this research was to better understand courthouse, this paper proposes a view of ‘doing why individuals expose themselves to risk of AFF, justice’ as the product of a network. I predict those and having done so, why they continue in a qualities that are perceived to be ‘lost’ by current relationship that ultimately results in substantial loss remote participation practices, may be re-established and distress. We examine these issues using data by alterations to the configuration of the technology, from a survey of 1,400 Victorians who had the human processes and the environmental transferred funds to a known centre of AFF activity. conditions of the distributed court. Of the 202 survey respondents, 120 were identified as victims of some form of AFF. These data are in Evan Smith (Australian Institute of Criminology) turn used to identify survey and analysis methods that are appropriate for researching AFF New and Emerging Risks for Money Laundering victimization. and its Predicate Crimes

Emma Rowden (Faculty of Architecture, Building Money laundering is the process by which criminals, and Planning, University of Melbourne) particularly those involved in organised crime, deal with illicitly generated funds to enable them to benefit Courting the virtual? Remote Participation and materially from their crimes and to avoid detection by the Distributed Court the authorities. In Australia, as well as around the world, drug trafficking and fraud are the crimes most The taking of evidence via video-mediated likely to generate potentially laundered funds, but communications has become commonplace in many other forms of organised crime, such as cyber crime, countries, with adoption for other court-related intellectual property crime and people smuggling, are business occurring at an increasing rate. In some also areas of concern. This paper looks at some of Australian courts, trials are now being held where the the current and emerging risk areas for money jury will not see a live witness. Seen by some as an laundering and its predicate crimes (primarily fraud) important first step towards the advent of so-called globally and in Australia. Globally, the crime risks “virtual courts”, the widespread use of audio-visual include those arising from the GFC, the possible technologies in courts in their present form raises effects of climate change and conflict zones around important questions about the ways in which the world, especially in Africa and the Middle East. In communication technologies extend the boundaries Australia, consideration will be given to some of the of the court over multiple sites and alter the socio-economic and political developments that performance of justice in significant, and at times heighten the risk of money laundering and the problematic, ways. commission of associated predicate crimes, including risks arising from the construction of the National Site visits and interviews with stakeholders in Victoria Broadband Network, climate change policy and and Western Australia indicate a certain lack of border security issues. This paper’s purpose is to awareness that many legal actors have regarding the highlight how various political, economic and criminal active and dynamic role that audio-visual developments may potentially affect the nature and technologies, in conjunction with the built extent of money laundering. environments of the court and the remote space, have in constructing the court event. I argue that far

Caroline Spiranovic (Bond University), Kate Findings indicated that by age 26, 91% of Indigenous Warner (University of Tasmania), Geraldine males and 46% of Indigenous females in Queensland Mackenzie (Bond University), David Indermaur have offended and had contact with the criminal and Lynne Roberts (Curtin University) justice system, compared with 45% of non- Indigenous males and 13% of non-Indigenous What are the Drivers of Confidence in females. The Semi-Parametric Group-based Method Sentencing?: Results from a Nationally identified five offending trajectories, including two Representative Survey of Australians chronic offending groups. The chronic offender groups accounted for only 4.8% of offenders and A critical issue in the area of criminology and public 38.8% of all offences. Examination of these groups opinion research is public confidence in sentencing. identified that 18.8% of Indigenous males and 9.8% Public support and co-operation in terms of reporting of Indigenous females compared with 4.7% non- crimes and participating in court processes as a Indigenous males 4.8% of non-Indigenous females complainant, witness, juror and so on, is essential in were classified as chronic offenders. These findings order to ensure the effective operation of the criminal have implications for addressing Indigenous over- justice system. Clearly then, it is important to not only representation in the criminal justice system. gauge the levels of confidence in sentencing but also examine the drivers of confidence. The present paper Josh Sweeney and Jason Payne (Australian will report on findings from a major nationally Institute of Criminology) representative survey of 6,005 Australians. This is the largest and most comprehensive Australian Alcohol, Assault and Disorderly Conduct on survey to date that specifically examines attitudes Friday and Saturday nights: Findings from the regarding crime and justice as well as broader but DUMA Program related attitudinal, cognitive and socio-demographic variables. From this comprehensive data-set, Concern regarding the misuse of alcohol and its predictors of confidence in sentencing were relationship to violence and disorderly conduct analysed. The results from this survey are relevant to continues to grow, with policing initiatives such as not only academic scholars in the field but also policy Operation Unite acting as a regular reminder of the makers, politicians and legal authorities alike as they harms associated with alcohol related offending on help to clarify drivers of confidence and offer direction Friday and Saturday nights. Such initiatives are not in terms of strategies and approaches that may be without considerable support, with for example, used to improve the public’s level of confidence in national statistics showing that 4.5 percent of the sentencing. population each year report being a victim of alcohol- related assault. In an effort to broaden our Professor Anna Stewart, April Chrzanowski, Dr understanding of alcohol misuse and its connection Carleen Thompson and Dr Troy Allard (Griffith with violent and disorderly conduct, the Australian University) Institute of Criminology through its Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program recently Trajectories of Offending: Pathways of introduced a number of new alcohol specific Indigenous Offenders questions into its core survey. These new questions include detailed information about the type and The 83/84 Queensland Longitudinal Database quantity of alcohol consumed, as well as the location contains information about 54,713 individuals who of last drink and the extent to which police detainees were born in 1983 or 1984 and had contact with the consider alcohol as having played an important part Queensland criminal justice system for offending in their offending. This paper summarises key when aged 10 to 26 years old. These data were findings of two reports recently released by the AIC, examined to address two questions; with a focus on assault and disorderly conduct offenders arrested between the hours of 6pm and x What is the life course level of over- 6am on Friday and Saturday nights, the peak periods representation of Indigenous Australians in of alcohol related incidents. the criminal justice system? x What are the offending trajectories of Indigenous Australians?

David Tait (Justice Research Group, University of Scandinavian countries remain the poster child in this Western Sydney) field managing to keep their prison populations consistently low (Finland 59, Sweden 78). In this Measuring the ‘Deferred Blowout’: The Impact of contribution, we will explore if the Australian penal Suspended Sentences on the NSW Prison situation reflects a microcosm of what is happening Population more globally, and to what extent broader criminological models explaining differences in the Does the availability of suspended sentences lead to imprisonment rates between countries, are valid for more or fewer people in prison? On the one hand Australia. some people who would otherwise have been sentenced to an immediate prison term have these Jennifer Turnley (Policing Just Outcomes Project, sentences suspended. If these people do not re- Edith Cowan University), Professor S. Caroline offend within the relevant period, they avoid prison. Taylor (Policing Just Outcomes Project) and On the other hand people whose offences do not Professor David Bradley (Policing Just Outcomes warrant a prison sentence may be given a suspended Project) sentence that is later activated. The paradox, known as the ‘deferred blowout’, can result when the initial Victoria Police response to Adult Sexual Assault term that is suspended is longer than that for a through Education and Training similar offender whose term was not suspended -- and when this inflated term is then activated on A paucity of academic literature examines police breach. According to a report by the Bureau of Crime education and training in adult sexual assault, with no Statistics and Research most of the take-up by NSW literature focussing on the topic in Australia to date. magistrates of suspended sentences resulted from a A study being conducted by Jennifer Turnley, reduction in use of intermediate sanctions, not a Masters Student of Edith Cowan University, employs decline in use of immediate imprisonment. So the a mixed method design, triangulating qualitative and likelihood of suspended sentence options producing quantitative methods to provide a thorough and a net increase in the prison population is therefore a comprehensive description and analysis of current real possibility. Using two different methods, this education and training provided to police paper estimates the impact of suspended sentences investigators of adult sexual assault in Victoria. on the prison population. Professor David Bradley’s (2001) Integrated Police Hilde Tubex (Future Fellow, University of Western Education Model of Evaluation was designed Australia) specifically for the purpose of evaluating police education and training, and has been adapted to Australian Prison Populations: A Microcosm of allow for perspectives from a range of key Global Trends? stakeholders, including sexual assault investigators, course designers and instructors, and supervisors of The latest release of the Australian Bureau of staff investigating sexual assault. Discussion relates Statistics data reveals an encouraging 4% decrease to Design Evaluation, Student/Participant Reaction, in the imprisonment rate since last year’s Resource Deployment Evaluation, Curriculum measurement (rates are per 100,000 adult Delivery, Job Performance and Organisational population). But even more interestingly are the Outcomes of a four week sexual assault investigator significant differences between the imprisonment training course currently provided to Victoria Police. rates in Australian states and territories. The Northern Territory ends up with an imprisonment rate A work in progress paper will be presented to of 719, Western Australia with 262, New South Wales ANZSOC, highlighting the significance of education with 179, while this is only 104 in Victoria. A similar for police in sexual violence. The paper is intended phenomenon can be observed more globally. The to provoke and generate discussion and ideas to imprisonment rates in the US are at a lonely high for assist police in future development of training in quiet some time now (756/100,000 total population). sexual offences. Imprisonment rates are also substantial in other Anglo-Saxon countries such as England and Wales (152), and New Zealand (199). In comparison, imprisonment rates in continental Europe are rather moderate and stable (around 100), while the

Dr Danielle Tyson and Professor Thea Brown before a mental health contact, 35% were aged 15- (Monash University) 19 at their first arrest and 28% were aged 19-23 at their first mental health contact. The first offence was An Abominable Crime: Filicide in the Context of break/enter/theft for 34% of these individuals, drink Parental Separation and Divorce driving for 20% and good order for 18%. When offenders with schizophrenia were compared with Filicide (the killing of a child or children by a parent) those with other mental illnesses, a higher proportion has been described as an abominable crime, yet ‘the of schizophrenia offenders had offended prior to their underlying motives behind incidents of filicide are first mental health services contact. The study difficult to explain’ (Mouzos and Rushforth 2003). highlights the important gate-keeping role that police Recent high profile cases suggest that both the play in the initial detection of people with mental media and the wider community continue to struggle illness and their referral to health services. to comprehend what could possibly motivate a parent to kill their child or children with many of these cases Ian Warren and Darren Palmer (Deakin University) reported in the media as inexplicable tragedies. Furthermore, there is very little empirical research Privacy as a Criminological Construct documenting the causes, nature and extent of these tragic cases, the nature of events leading up to these Several widely reported incidents in 2011 have raised incidents or ways of preventing it. The existing questions about the convergence of privacy with research in this area has been patchy and various criminological issues relating to harm, risk uncoordinated, producing findings that are and potentially actionable conduct. However, privacy contradictory, create confusion and leave us with as a right under contemporary Australian law mirrors insufficient understanding to illuminate intervention or its confused status as a Western legal construct more preventive action. This paper aims to draw together generally. Its vagueness as a concept makes it the current research available internationally, to ask particularly difficult to activate as a viable antidote to what the limitations with the existing research are and new and problematic methods of criminal how might future research be designed differently so investigation, interpersonal surveillance, internet use, that it can build a more systematic knowledge base to or mobile digital tracking. As with many forms of enable a more comprehensive understanding of this cyber crime, privacy breaches can remain social problem and most especially better identify anonymous and are often difficult to detect until the points of prevention or early intervention. harm has become a public commodity.

Giulietta Valuri, Vera Morgan, Frank Morgan, Even if a privacy breach has been identified, the Anna Ferrante and Assen Jablensky (University question of locating an appropriate remedy or person of Western Australia) to activate or enforce it is so far removed from the 000 register that its legal and cultural weight is Mental Illness and Offending: Effect of Type of virtually meaningless. Although most people would Offence, Diagnosis and Age on the Temporal be quick to acknowledge they have a right to privacy, Relationship between First Arrest and First few are likely to be able to articulate its meaning. Mental Health Contact With this backdrop, this paper develops a criminological approach to the issue of privacy that This is a population-based study of offending and seeks to meld social, legal, moral and technological mental illness using record-linked data from the WA developments which conventional due process and Offenders Database and WA Mental Health risk-based thinking is currently ill equipped to Information System. It examines the effect of type of manage. offence, diagnosis and age on the temporal relationship between an individual’s first arrest and first mental health contact.

Analysis showed 39% of mentally ill offenders had had at least one arrest before their first mental health contact. For these individuals, risk of a first mental health contact after their first offence was highest within the first year of arrest and, within the first year, more likely within the first week. Of those arrested

Tony Waters (Chief Executive, Victim Support referrals and to coordinate support, these projects Service (www.victimsa.org) and Member of are ground-breaking in their efforts to create Executive and Public Officer, Victim Support sustainable, collaborative partnerships between Australia) police and the service sector. However, they have raised major questions around data ownership and Victim of Crime Support Services in Australia: definition (e.g. is the data generated law enforcement Challenges in Rural and Metropolitan Areas data or health and welfare data, and what are the implications?) and have signalled the arrival of a The presentation will explore the current situation in fascinating new technique of surveillance – Australia in terms of Victims of Crime Support monitoring people who are coming to police attention Services. Particular reference will be focused on the due to health and welfare issues, to ensure they services provided in South Australia in Australia. The engage, and remain engaged, in specialist services challenges of providing these services consistently to minimise their future contact with the criminal across metropolitan, outreach and rural centres in justice system. Unlike traditional diversion models South Australia will be explored. Issues include – that come into place after an arrest or charge, this model recognises the pivotal role police occupy as - Client Accessibility ‘gatekeepers’ between the interface of the criminal - Services for Indigenous Clients justice and community service sectors. - Compensation for Victims - Use of Victim Impact Statements Chad Whelan (Deakin University) - Crime Prevention Strategies - Use of Technology Organisational Networks and Organisational - Staff Professional Development Culture: A Closer Look at Culture in the Field of Security The paper will also explore recent changes to the Victims of Crimes Act (2001) in South Australia and This paper is based on a detailed qualitative study of the impact they may have on pursuing individual organisational networks in the field of counter- advocacy for victims within the criminal justice terrorism. Networks as sets of autonomous system in South Australia. organisations that work together to achieve individual Victim Support Service (VSS) is a state-wide, and shared goals are increasing in number and in community based not-for-profit organisation in South importance in many areas of public administration Australia established in 1979. Qualified staff and and management. I put forward a methodological trained volunteers provide a comprehensive range of framework involving five levels of analysis— services for adults and older adolescents who have structural, cultural, policy, technological and experienced crime. This includes individual crime relational—that account for the dynamics of networks victims, their families, friends and the wider and the conditions promoting their effectiveness. The community. Services include crime prevention paper focuses on the ways in which we can activities, victim support services and victims’ rights understand culture in organisational networks and the advocacy. effects of organisational cultures and sub-cultures for networks. It has a number of implications for the Elli Wellings (Victoria Police) and Raul Foglia criminological literature in general and the security (Southern Health) networks literature in particular. First, I argue that security networks can have their own cultures rather Crossing the Divide: New Techniques of than simply be characterised as having diverse Surveillance from Police and the Service Sector organisational cultures and sub-cultures. Second, I argue that organisational cultures are not as strong Victoria Police is currently piloting two intersecting and clearly defined in the field of security than what projects in which people coming into contact with many analysts suggest. Third, I argue that police are referred into the service sector for organisational sub-cultures are a better way of specialised social, health or welfare support. This understanding culture and that these sub-cultures may be for one-off issues such as grief counselling can exist within and between organisations. The following suicide, or victim support for an assault, or paper concludes with some further proposals for for more complex issues such as drug misuse, understanding and analysing culture in the context of mental health, disability, homelessness and family security networks. violence. Using web-based platforms to facilitate

Rob White (School of Sociology and Social Work, demographic composition of their residential area. University of Tasmania, Australia) Further, our results show that residents’ implicit bias is strongly associated with perceptions of both Environmental Activism and Resistance to State- violence and disorder even after controlling for the Corporate Crime individual and community characteristics that might shape such perceptions. This paper explores the tactics and strategies employed by environmental activists to resist and Ms Laura Ann Wilson and Ms Anita Correnza respond to instances of state-corporate activity (Corrections Victoria) associated with environmental harm. There is frequently a close nexus between the state and Evaluation of the Victorian Dedicated Women’s corporations when it comes to environmentally Case Management Pilot Program for Female harmful practices and elements of denial and Offenders facilitation on the part of the state are vital to the pursuance of such activities. Resistance to such Corrections Victoria implemented a Dedicated harms takes a number of different forms, ranging Women’s Case Management (DWCM) Pilot Program from civil disobedience to appeal for international in six of its Community Correctional Services (CCS) support and condemnation via the media. locations on 1 July 2009. Under the Pilot, CCS case Conversely, state responses to environmental managers receive specialist training to work with activism may include litigation, criminalisation, control moderate to high-risk women in a holistic and gender over information, and use of counter-terrorism responsive way, to help the women to complete their powers. The paper considers the symbolic (e.g., orders. media stunts), conceptual (e.g., appeal to eco- citizenship notions) and methodological (e.g., use of The evaluation of the DWCM Pilot was conducted internet) ways in which environmental activists between December 2010 and May 2011 by the CV attempt to subvert formal state power and official Research and Evaluation Branch, and assessed the representations of legitimacy and legality. first twenty months of the pilot’s operation. The evaluation considered offender, staff and stakeholder Dr. Rebecca Wickes (Institute for Social Science perceptions of the purpose and success of the pilot, Research/School of Social Science, The as well as quantitative data on the pilot’s operations University of Queensland) Associate Professor and outcomes. This paper will provide a background John Hipp, Ms Renee Zahnow and Professor to the DWCM Pilot, and present the findings of the Lorraine Mazerolle (University of Queensland) evaluation in relation to effective policy and practice. The findings will include the effectiveness and Seeing Diversity or Disorder? Examining the strengths of the pilot, and future directions of the Relationship between Implicit Bias and DWCM Pilot. Neighbourhood Problems Sarah Wilson and Dr Terry Bartholomew (Deakin Research suggests that the incidence of explicit University) racial and ethnic discrimination has declined significantly. Yet minorities continue to experience Deconstructing the Psychological Underpinnings disadvantage in employment opportunities, quality of of Legal Criteria for Criminal Responsibility health care and access to housing, indicating that subtle forms of implicit bias continue to exist. In Doli Incapax is a common law presumption that criminology, scholars find that implicit bias might also protects juvenile offenders between the ages of 10 influence the way in which people ‘see’ and and 13. The presumption holds that, before young understand community problems with higher reported accused can be deemed legally responsible, the disorder in places with greater concentrations of prosecution must establish that the young person minorities. The present study examines the most knew what they were doing was seriously wrong and salient predictors of implicit bias and the impact of not just naughty. The doli incapax defence is typically implicit bias on perceived disorder in 300 encountered when a young offender is accused of a communities in two Australian cities. Drawing on a serious violent crime. The ensuing legal debates, and survey of 10,000 residents combined with census the preceding behaviour, often lead to discussion and police incident data, we find that an individual’s about whether contemporary young people are more implicit bias is influenced by the ethnic and ‘sophisticated’ or ‘mature’ than those of previous

generations, and therefore whether the doli incapax Max Travers and Rob White (University of presumption should be removed / adjusted so that Tasmania) young offenders would be held fully accountable for their criminal behaviour. The Children's Court in Tasmania: Challenges, Possibilities and Future Directions In an effort to move such debates from the political and more to an evidence base, the authors have Drawing on interviews with magistrates and other sought to identify the competencies that the doli practitioners working in the Youth Justice Division of incapax presumption engages. With these the Magistrates Court of Tasmania, this paper psychological constructs in mind, the authors have considers practical and policy issues in child designed an instrument to assess these legally protection and how this state responds to youth relevant abilities, and undertaken a large scale cross offending. In the last year, the Court has established sectional study investigating developmental trends in a system in which dedicated magistrates hear the moral reasoning and decision making abilities of children’s cases for the first time. This reform young people aged 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16. This paper process has generated discussion about the extent of will outline criminological trends in relation to the overlap between those in need of care and legal processing of young offenders, and also detail protection, and those who deserve punishment, and preliminary results from the above detailed study. might eventually lead to a change of emphasis in the way the Court applies and interprets the 1997 Youth Panel - Challenges, Possibilities & Future Justice Act. This paper seeks to relate these Directions: A National Assessment of Australia’s debates within a community of practitioners in Children’s Courts - Jane Bolitho, Allan Borowski, Tasmania to wider arguments about how juvenile Rosemary Sheehan, Elizabeth Fernandez, Patricia justice and child protection should develop Hanson, Myvanwy Hudson, Michael Clare, Brenda internationally. Clare, Joe Clare, Caroline Spiranovic, Rob White, Max Travers Panel - Crime, Media, Culture

The Children's Court is a major institution for holding The papers in this session are presented under the children and young people accountable for criminal banner of the journal, Crime, Media, Culture, which is behaviour and parents accountable for the well-being a peer reviewed, international journal providing a of their children. Between 2009 and 2011 a major vehicle for scholars working at the intersections of national study of Australia's Children's Courts, funded criminological and cultural inquiry. The journal by an ARC Discovery grant, was undertaken with a promotes a broad cross-disciplinary understanding of view to assessing the current 'status' of the Children's the relationship between crime, criminal justice, Court and its contemporary challenges and also media and culture. It explores a range of media forms identifying directions for reform. This study is unique (including traditional media, new and alternative not only because of its national focus but also media, and surveillance technologies) and has a because it is the first national study to canvas the special focus on cultural criminology and its concerns views of judges and magistrates who preside over with image, representation, meaning and style. While Australia's Children's Courts. The roundtable will CMC embraces submissions across a range of present some of the major the findings of this study research perspectives and methodological as they relate to the Criminal Division of the court orientations, CMC encourages especially work that from the perspective of the magistrates and other key develops cultural, critical, and qualitative stakeholders (such as lawyers, service providers and understandings of the crime, media, and culture youth justice workers). The presentations will be nexus. made by some of the research teams who were party to this study and will represent Victoria, New South Dr Greg Martin and Dr Rebecca Scott Bray Wales, Western Australia and Tasmania. The (University of Sydney) roundtable will seek to draw out similarities and differences between the various jurisdictions in Public Order Policing and Media Activism in the Australia and in relation to overseas developments. Search for Justice: The Case of Ian Tomlinson

During the G20 demonstrations in London on 1 April 2009, Ian Tomlinson was struck by a police baton and pushed to the ground. He died shortly after. The

initial autopsy found death by ‘natural causes’. ‘preserved’ and what remains for the visitor to see However, that was disputed after the public release and experience some 67 years after the town was of mobile phone video footage showing a police annihilated. officer striking and pushing Tomlinson to the ground. This footage changed the course of events in the Professor Yvonne Jewkes (University of case: further post mortem examinations confirmed Leicester) blunt force trauma to Tomlinson’s body; Independent Police Complaints Commission investigations were The Performative Role of Punishment: Prison Hell established; and a coronial inquest opened that was and Public Pleasure presided over by public order policing expert Judge Peter Thornton QC. On 3 May 2011, a coronial jury Using examples from the UK and Australian prison delivered a verdict of ‘unlawful killing’, finding police systems, the paper explores the extent to which actions against Tomlinson ‘excessive and cultural narratives manipulate public morality and unreasonable’. Using the case of Ian Tomlinson, this policy regarding prisoners. In literature, art and paper shows how means of informal justice, such as cinematography prisons have always been citizen journalism and counterveillance practices, can associated with the concept of Hell and vice versa. contribute to formal justice processes. In particular, The paper focuses on how these culturally embedded the focus is on the capacity of the coronial jurisdiction images have permeated the public sphere so that to deliver open and transparent justice in public order ‘hellish’ prisons are widely regarded as the most policing and deaths involving state agents. Ultimately, appropriate place for convicted offenders. the Tomlinson case is an example of how ‘media Consequently, many prison systems throughout the activism’ may expose the hidden dimensions of world are places where inmates suffer varying public order policing and play a part in furthering degrees of harm/violence inflicted without moral formal justice. restraint. Prisons have thus become part of the ritualized ‘performance’ of justice, enacted for an Dr Derek Dalton (Flinders University) audience who take pleasure in offenders’ anguish. Drawing on Bauman’s work on the social production Encountering the crime scene of Oradour-sur- of immorality, Mathiesen’s concept of ‘silent silencing’ Glane and images of Hell from Dante’s Inferno, I argue that images of penal hell-holes mobilize active consent Drawing on the practise and theories of “dark towards excessively punitive practices for a public tourism” (first articulated by Lennon and Foley), this infatuated with incarceration yet ignorant of its paper will present a personal account of encountering effects. the ruins of the town of Oradour-sur-glane near Limoges in France in 2010. Carolyn Strange (Australian National University)

On the 10th June 1944 this town was subjected to an Taxi! Hailing Islamophobia to fight Honour Killing atrocity carried out by the Der Führer Regiment of the in America 2nd Waffen-SS Panzer Division, Das Reich. On that day more than 642 men, women and children were As a keystone strategy of SIOA – Stop the killed when the town was encircled and the Islamicization of America – a 2010 contract with U.S. inhabitants rounded up to be murdered at various taxi companies in Chicago, Boston, New York and locations within the town. Washington, D.C., led to the placement of advertising atop taxi cabs to deliver two messages: that Muslim The town of old Oradour has been preserved as a women brought up in the U.S. are victims of honour- memorial that attracts hundreds of thousands of justified violence; and that endangered women and visitors each year. In 1999 a memorial centre (with a girls can and should avail themselves of resources to permanent exhibition) was opened at the entrance to escape their families. After forty years of second- the town. It augments the town proper by providing a wave feminist activism against family violence and historical insight into what has become known as the efforts to fund shelters for women and children martyr town. escaping abusive relationships this campaign rejects feminism, accusing the ‘left’ and ‘stealth jihadists’ of This paper draws on Criminology’s burgeoning covering up Muslim violence. Instead SIOA interest in crime scenes to ponder what it is like to capitalises on photogenic victims of honour killings to encounter this infamous crime scene that has been construct not only their ‘blamelessness’ but also to

render them the embodiments of American liberty rehabilitative programs for offenders. This raises under threat. Thus racial and religious-based many questions. Not the least of these relates to vilification hinges on gendered representations of efficacy. Systems that adhere to the principles good (young, alluring) women and evil (older, advocated in rehabilitative models such as Risk Need primitive) men, who are not depicted on the taxis. Responsivity still have very high system return They are nowhere, and everywhere. Following the (recidivism) rates. In fact, in most Australian insights of Lila Abu-Lughod I examine how media jurisdictions, people returning to prison for re- campaigns of this nature cultivate moral outrage offending outnumber first time prisoners. Such data through heterosexual titillation, exoticising both raise questions about the scope, nature and efficacy perpetrators and victims, leaving the connections of modern rehabilitative approaches. Some critics of between ‘domestic violence’ (coded Western) and the ethos and / or execution of contemporary models ‘honour killing’ (coded Other) unhailed. of rehabilitation point to the importance of studying the conditions that ex-prisoners face on release. This Tammy Ayres and Professor Yvonne Jewkes broader psycho-social focus on ‘reintegration’ is not (University of Leicester) new. However, recent years have seen a renewed level of interest in this process, as authors propose it The Haunting Spectacle of Crystal Meth: A Media as a missing piece in societal efforts to enhance Created Mythology? desistance. In this new context, a number of key issues arise. The precise meaning of reintegration, its Having become widespread in certain parts of constituent elements, the relationship between Australia and the US, where it is said to be causing reintegration and rehabilitation, and the role of the ‘devastation’ in some towns and cities, crystal state apparatus in fostering reintegration are all areas methamphetamine (a crystalline form of of uncertainty. This paper provides a number of ways amphetamine, a psychostimulant drug, also known of understanding reintegration, and details the as ‘crystal meth’ and ‘ice’) undoubtedly causes challenges and ramifications they raise, on both the significant health problems for those who use it. In social and correctional levels. those countries where it is prevalent, the media have commonly linked its users with poverty, joblessness, Catherine Andrews and Terry Bartholomew high offending rates and mental and physical illness (Deakin University) (such as psychosis, HIV and AIDS). However, despite alarming forecasts that ‘crystal meth is The Space between the Ex-prisoner and the coming to middle England’, often accompanied by Community: Who Takes the First Step towards shocking and confrontational pictures of crystal meth Reintegration? users, the promised ‘ice age’ has hitherto failed to materialise. This paper will examine the language of More than half of the national prison population has drug use in the press and accompanying visual served at least one prior term of imprisonment, representations in order to explain why it is that indicating that current punishment and rehabilitative crystal meth or ‘ice’, despite having all the ingredients responses are inadequate at addressing recidivism. of a contemporary moral panic, became a drug- Some theorists have argued that much recidivism is a crime-scare-that-never-was. consequence of difficulties that ex-prisoners face when seeking to assimilate into their community. The Panel – Reintegration community, as gatekeepers, create barriers and opportunities for reintegration, via both direct Terry Bartholomew (Deakin University), Frances interaction with an (ex-) offender, and support or Pearson (Deakin University), Matea Doric (Deakin opposition to reintegrative policies. Reintegration is University), Catherine Andrews (Deakin therefore an active process between the offender and University) and Delene Brookstein (Deakin their community, and as such is the only sentencing University) objective that actively involves the community.

Rehabilitating the Notion of Reintegration: Support for reintegration depends on the Theoretical and Conceptual Issues community’s ‘readiness’ to actively engage in the reintegration process. Readiness is a reflection of Recent decades have seen a largely uncritical community knowledge, attitudes, and emotions and, adoption of frameworks that provide correctional as such, it can be enhanced. This study explores the systems with guidance about conducting extent to which community members’ attitudes,

specifically their confidence in the criminal justice impact on the employment prospects of individuals system, fear of crime and beliefs about crime with criminal convictions. These checks occur in the causation impact on their readiness to engage in context of a complex legal and regulatory framework, reintegrative activities. Ample research has assessed including human rights, privacy and spent convictions community support for punishment and rehabilitation, laws. Through interviews and surveys with human but the community play no role in these processes. resource managers and others involved in The current research investigates an immediately employment decision-making from various industries relevant aspect of community views; those attitudes we have begun to obtain a clearer picture of the and beliefs that directly impact on their preparedness issues and practices that currently guide the use of to play an active role in offender reintegration. criminal record checks in Australia. This paper presents early findings of the research, including Prof. Jenny Fleming and Dr. Isabelle Bartkowiak- problems arising from the Australian Human Rights Théron (Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Commission’s lack of enforcement powers when Studies) dealing with allegations of discrimination on the basis of criminal record. Integration and Collaboration: Enhancing the Provision of Services for Offenders Living with a Panel - The Border Crossings Research Mental Illness Observatory: Borders, Crime and Justice

The provision of support and judicial services for This session officially launches the Border Crossings offenders living with a mental illness is not a Research Observatory. The Border Crossing panacea, and confirms the need to look at offending Observatory provides high quality, independent through the lenses of criminal justice, health, research on border crossings. It focuses on the housing, family services, education and many other complex process of border crossings and the social agencies. In April 2011, the Tasmanian implications of crime and justice. Its aim is to Institute of Law Enforcement Studies ran a trans- enhance scholarly and public policy debates at local, disciplinary, inter-jurisdictional workshop that looked regional and international levels. Based at Monash at the expansion of services provided to offenders University the Observatory’s analysis comes from an living with a mental illness in Tasmania, Victoria and international community of scholars. The papers in South Australia. The workshop was attended by this session are based on some of the initial projects representatives of the courts, forensic health of the Observatory. services, police organisations, social services and a number of other important stakeholders. These Sharon Pickering (Monash University) participants provided varied perspectives on the progress made to date by the criminal justice system, Border Policing: Gender, Security and Human along with an analysis of what still remains to be Rights achieved. This presentation synthesises the findings of this research project and identifies the numerous This presentation examines women’s decision legal, policy and administrative obstacles that are making in relation to border policing and aims to scattered on the path forward. develop a more comprehensive understanding of unauthorised border crossing and its policing. It Georgina Heydon (RMIT University), Bronwyn considers the changing gender dimensions of Naylor (Monash University), Marilyn Pittard mobility, human rights and the future challenges of (Monash University) and Moira Paterson (Monash extra legal border crossing. It is based on a University) comparative study of Australia, Italy and the US but will focus this presentation on preliminary quantitative Risk and Responsibility in Employing Ex- and qualitative data from the Australian context. offenders Marie Segrave (Monash University) Rehabilitation is arguably best fostered in an environment respectful of human rights, including Fluid Security privacy and by enhancing opportunities for employment to promote offender reintegration. This paper develops an analysis of the recent shifts However the use of pre-employment criminal records in the regulation and securitisation of borders and checking is proliferating, with a consequent negative human mobility. The central focus will be on the

protection of and challenges to human security for heritage are also damaged by air pollutants at great transnational migrants in an age where interregional financial, cultural and environmental expense. and international cooperation is a primary concern but where practices of national and regional security Recent international comparative studies identify that are increasingly pre-emptive and risk-averse. The Brazil, USA, China, Indonesia and Japan are the paper case studies the impact of recent policy shifts world’s worst polluting nations (Bradshaw et al, in relation to workplace and employer regulation. 2010). The impetus for governments to address the dangers of air and other environmental contaminants Leanne Weber (Monash University) is driven by the threats to commercial activities or the influence of property owners who perceive The Australian Deportation Project and Deaths at economical loss to their assets. As Budds (2009:124) the Global Frontier succinctly argues ‘environmental issues that reach the top of urban agendas are often the result of This paper outlines a criminological study of inequalities in power in society, which can mean that contemporary deportation in Australia. The broader environment issues that predominantly affect less research project considers how has the practice of powerful groups are overshadowed or completely deportation changed the use and experience of social neglected’. control and regulation? It also considers deportation as one of the many contexts for deaths at the border Pavan Sukhdev, estimates that the world’s 3000 and examines some of the links between border largest public companies are responsible for $US 2 control and avoidable deaths. trillion in environmental loss and damage from air and other pollutants from commercial activities (Sukhdev, Paddy Rawlinson (Monash University) 2010). Through the lens of green economics, Sukhdev identifies how corporations exploit nature for Trafficking of Roma children short-sighted business opportunities at the expense of biodiversity, human and non-human ecosystems The paper presents initial findings from pilot research and other more long-term fiscal benefits – too often into the trafficking of Roma children from Romania to with government endorsement and without civilian other parts of the European Union (EU), in particular knowledge or oversight. the UK. The study examines, inter alia, the tension between the criminalisation and victimisation of This paper explores the negative effects of air Roma minorities within and across EU internal pollutants within a framework of ‘eco-crime’ and borders, highlighting some of the conflicting environmental justice. It draws on discourses of responses to child trafficking. It argues that these power, harm, violence and chaos to examine original responses help illustrate how borders, cultural as well data on air pollution infringements, and critically as geographical, can be dismantled and explores the shortcomings with existing mechanisms reconstructed when politically expedient to do so, of air pollution control, regulation and enforcement. In leaving the children as 'double victims'. doing so, it identifies how Criminology must continue to push new boundaries and engage with new Keynote Speeches horizons with emerging harmful acts of both local and global concern. Reece Walters (Queensland University of Technology) Laureen Snider (Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada) The air we breathe is often contaminated, polluted and in some instances, toxic. The very atmosphere Criminalizing the Algorithm? Stock Market Crime that is essential for our existence is also responsible in the 21st Century for widespread death and injury. The World Health Organisation estimates that air pollution causes the This paper examines the challenges of detecting, annual premature death of two million people punishing and preventing stock market crime in the worldwide (WHO, 2011). The majority of deaths 21st Century. It focuses particularly on the include respiratory infections, heart disease and lung technological arms race" that has transformed stock cancer – all accelerated by, or the direct result of, air market trading, a race that, I shall argue regulatory pollution. Not only are humans placed at risk, but agencies have basically lost. The paper begins by wildlife, soils, water, agriculture, buildings and natural describing the new terrain of exchange markets,

showing how privatization, technological innovation theoretical implications of this mode of resistance for and dominant market actors have reconfigured the critical criminological and regulatory theoretical business of stock market trading in a way that has literatures. generated enormous profits for a small number of elites. This has more significant consequences - Adam Tomison – Director, Australian Institute of more potential for wreaking social harm - today than Criminology, Canberra ever before: the ascent of financial capitalism, aided and abetted by the downsizing and elimination of Crime prevention in Indigenous communities: universal entitlement programs undertaken by neo- Lessons for the sector liberal states, has made global citizens increasingly dependent on world markets. Like it or not, we are all Like the indigenous peoples of a number of other capitalists now - as demonstrated most dramatically countries, Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait in the 2008 financial crisis when millions lost their Islander peoples currently confront a range of social, jobs, pensions and life chances overnight. Stock emotional and physical infrastructure issues, market trading itself has been transformed, from including a significant over-representation as both geographically based nation-state exchanges with victims and perpetrators of crime. Drawing on shouted bids and pen and paper record-keeping, to experiences gained working in the Northern Territory, privatized ("demutualized") stock exchanges, 24 hour recent Australian Institute of Criminology research electronic trading, High Frequency Trading (HFT) and practices used with other nations facing similar platforms and "Dark Pools". These modes of trading, indigenous community issues, some possible ways which pose significant risk to world capital markets forward for addressing Indigenous victimisation and (as the 2010 "flash crash" illustrated), account for 20- offending will be presented, with an emphasis on 50% of all trades in the US (depending on whose preventative strategies. Key foci will be the estimate you believe), slightly less in the European development of culturally secure community-based Union. The Austral-Asia zone is just beginning this practices, improving knowledge of effective practice experiment: following Japan in January, 2010, both and the lessons for the broader community that can Singapore and Australia made regulatory changes in be learned from crime prevention in Indigenous May, allowing high speed trading platforms and off- communities. exchange trading. Once ASIC (the Australian Securities and Investment Commission, Australia's national regulatory agency), made its move, the Sydney-based ASX (now the Australian Securities Exchange) launched ASX Trade, which promises to "take ASX's latency down to 300 microseconds" - translated, this means trades will be completed faster than the blink of an eye, enabling 100, 000 book order changes per second, 500 million per day. Preventing fraud in trades occurring at this speed, in this volume, with this level of programming sophistication and computer power, is what can only be called, a significant regulatory challenge.

This paper claims that this technological "arms race" evades regulation, defrauds "ordinary" retail investors, and rewards dominant market players, the deep-pocketed organizations best positioned to purchase the fastest, most powerful computers and attract the highly skilled algorithmic gurus required to keep ahead of the competition. It argues that these new modes of trading constitute a highly effective form of technologically-enabled resistance to regulation - an additional regulatory obstacle that complicates the enormous ideological, economic and political barriers regulatory agencies have always faced. The paper concludes by setting out the

Delegates

Delegate Name Email Organisation Muhammad Aman Ullah [email protected] Department of Information Systems and Operations Management, University of Auckland Business School Miss Catherine Andrews [email protected] Deakin University Ms Lisa Armstrong-Rowe [email protected] Geelong City u Ms Tammy Ayres [email protected] University of Leicester Associate Professor David Baker [email protected] Monash University Gippsland Ms Tasha Baker Dr David Ballek [email protected] Senior Research Officer, Victoria Police Ms Jenny Bargen* [email protected] University of New South Wales, Australia Dr Melissa Barlow Mr Drazen Barosevic Dr Lorana Bartels [email protected] Australian Institute of Criminology Dr Terry Bartholomew [email protected] Deakin University Dr Isabelle Bartkowiak-Théron [email protected] Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies

Dr Jane Bolitho [email protected] University of New South Wales, Australia Professor Allan Borowski [email protected] La Trobe University, Australia Ms Laura Boseley [email protected] University of New South Wales Mr Matthew Box Ms Hayley Boxall [email protected] Australian Institute of Criminology Dr Rebecca Scott Bray [email protected] University of Sydney Professor Chester Britt [email protected] School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Miss Delene Brookstein Deakin University Ms Meredith Brown [email protected] Monash University Dr Rick Brown [email protected] Australian Institute of Criminology Dr Julian Buchanan [email protected] Victoria University of Wellington, Institute of Criminology Mr David Bull [email protected] Charles Sturt University - Bathurst Mr Ethan S. Burger [email protected] Centre for Transnational Crime Prevention, Faculty of Law, University of Wollongong Dr John Buttle [email protected] AUT Dr Jesse Cale [email protected] Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice, and Governance, Griffith University Dr Bree Carlton [email protected] Monash University Ms Tatiana Carvalho [email protected] School of Psychology, Deakin University Professor Duncan Chappell* [email protected] Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Sydney Nerida Chazal [email protected] Flinders University April Chrzanowski [email protected] Griffith University Ms Anita Correnza [email protected] Corrections Victoria Dr Thomas Crofts [email protected] School of Law, University of Sydney Dr Derek Dalton [email protected] Flinders University Dr Antje Deckert [email protected] AUT University, School of Social Sciences Matea Doric Deakin University Miss Fiona Dowsley Mrs Kylie Doyle [email protected] Flinders University Bernie East [email protected] Deakin University Dr Anna Eriksson [email protected] Monash University Miss Li Eriksson [email protected] Griffith University Dr Richard Evans [email protected] Deakin University Mrs Clare Farmer [email protected] Deakin University Ms Phoebe Fenton Ms Bianca Fileborn [email protected] University of Melbourne Miss Kate Fitz-Gibbon [email protected] Monash University Dr Asher Flynn [email protected] La Trobe University Mr Raul Foglia [email protected] Southern Health Ms Pota Forrest-Lawrence [email protected] The University of Sydney Dr Karen Gelb Dr Janice Goldstraw-White [email protected] GWAssiociates Elizabeth Grant Wilto Yerlo, The University of Adelaide Ms Samantha Gray-Barry [email protected] Australian Institute of Criminology Mr Andrew Groves [email protected] Flinders University Dr Fiona Haines [email protected] University of Melbourne Dr Kate Hancock [email protected] Edith Cowan University Professor Richard Harding

51 Associate Professor Clive Harfield [email protected] Faculty of Law, University of Wollongong Dr Alistair Harkness [email protected] Monash University Gippsland Ms Charmaine Hayes-Jonkers [email protected] James Cook University, Cairns Dr Victoria Herrington [email protected] Australian Institute of Police Management Dr Georgina Heydon [email protected] RMIT University Dr Melissa Hickman Barlow [email protected] Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and Fayetteville State University

Ms Angela Higginson [email protected] Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland Mr Peter Homel [email protected] Australian Institute of Criminology/Griffith University Ms Myvanwy Hudson [email protected] School of Social Science and International Studies, University of New South Wales, Sydney Dr Caitlin Hughes [email protected] Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Mr Lyndon Jackson Associate Professor Steve James [email protected] School of Social and political Sciences, University of Melbourne Professor Yvonne Jewkes [email protected] University of Leicester Ms Penny Jorna [email protected] Australian Institute of Criminology Ms Joyce Shek Dr Jann Karp [email protected] Independent researcher and scholar Dr Michael Kennedy [email protected] University of Western Sydney Dr Debbie Kirkwood [email protected] Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria Mrs Christina Kirtley Dr Tony Krone [email protected] University of Canberra Ms Georgina Lee [email protected] Dr Murray Lee [email protected] University of Sydney, Sydney Institute of Criminology Mr Chris Linke [email protected] Deakin University Dr Georgia Lysaght [email protected] Centre for Transnational Crime Prevention, University of Wollongong

Mrs Alexandra Lysova [email protected] PhD Student, Trudeau Scholar, Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto, Canada Miss Alice McCahey Professor Jude McCulloch Monash University Ms Cleave McDonald Dr Tara McGee [email protected] Griffith University Ms Carolyn McKay Ms Samantha McNally [email protected] Australian Bureau of Statistics Ms Anita Mackay Professor Geraldine Mackenzie [email protected] Dr Greg Martin [email protected] University of Sydney Associate Professor Gail Mason Sydney Law School, University of Sydney Mr Richard Maugueret Mr Buyisile Mbuli Alice Minson [email protected] Australian Bureau of Statistics Sharnee Moore Australian Institute of Family Studies Professor Frank Morgan [email protected] University of Western Australia Dr Carlyn Muir Dr Shane Muldoon [email protected] Edith Cowan University Professor Jake Najman [email protected] University of Queensland Dr Bronwyn Naylor [email protected] Law Faculty Monash University Peter Norden, AO [email protected] Vice Chancellor’s Fellow, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Ms Caroline Norma [email protected] Edith Cowan University Dr James C. Oleson [email protected] University of Auckland, Department of Sociology Associate Professor Darren [email protected] Deakin University Palmer Dr Pete Parcells [email protected] Whitman College Moira Paterson [email protected] Monash University Jason Payne [email protected] Australian Institute of Criminology Frances Pearson Deakin University Professor Sharon Pickering [email protected] Monash University Marilyn Pittard [email protected] Monash University Dr Louise Porter [email protected] Griffith University Dr Jeremy Prichard [email protected] University of Tasmania, Mariastella Pulvirenti, Flinders School of Public Health, Flinders University Ms Anna Rainbow Paddy Rawlinson [email protected] Monash University Mr Donald Ritchie Dr Karl Roberts [email protected] Centre for Policing Intelligence and Counter Terrorism Macquarie University, Sydney

52 Dr Lisa Rosevear [email protected] Australian Institute of Criminology Dr Stuart Ross [email protected] School of Social & Political Sciences, University of Melbourne Dr Meredith Rossner [email protected] University of Western Sydney Emma Rowden [email protected] PhD Candidate, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning University of Melbourne Ms Antoinette Saliba Professor Rick Sarre [email protected] University of South Australia Dr Bernadette Saunders [email protected] Dr Emily Schindeler [email protected] Griffith University Dr Marie Segrave [email protected] Monash University Ms Dorothy Seidel Hooke Miss Michelle Sibenik Mr Evan Smith [email protected] Australian Institute of Criminology Dr Russell Smith [email protected] Astralian Institute of Criminology Professor Laureen Snider Professor of Sociology Queen's University Kingston, Ontario Canada Dr Caroline Spiranovic [email protected] University of Western Australia, Australia Dr Carolyn Strange [email protected] Australian National University Professor Anna Stewart [email protected] Griffith University Mr Masahiro Suzuki Dr Carleen Thompson [email protected] Griffith University Mr Josh Sweeney [email protected] Australian Institute of Criminology Professor David Tait [email protected] Justice Research Group, University of Western Sydney Mira Taitz Justice Research Group, University of Western Sydney Professor S. Caroline Taylor [email protected] Policing Just Outcomes Project / Principal Supervisor of Jennifer Turnley Dr Carleen Thompson [email protected] Griffith University Dr Adam Tomison Director, Australian Institute of Criminology Dr Max Travers [email protected] University of Tasmania, Australia Dr Hilde Tubex [email protected] Future Fellow UWA Ms Jennifer Turnley [email protected] Policing Just Outcomes Project Edith Cowan University Dr Danielle Tyson [email protected] Monash University – Criminology Mr David Vakalis Ms Giulietta Valuri [email protected] School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia Professor Kate Warner [email protected] Dr Ian Warren [email protected] Deakin University Professor Reece Walters Queensland University of Technology Mr Tony Waters [email protected] Chief Executive, Victim Support Service (www.victimsa.org), Member of Executive and Public Officer, Victim Support Australia (www.victimsupport.org.au) Dr Leanne Weber [email protected] Monash University Ms Elli Wellings [email protected] AND Victoria Police [email protected] Dr Chad Whelan [email protected] Deakin University Professor Rob White [email protected] School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Australia Miss Megan Whitty Dr Rebecca Wickes [email protected] Institute for Social Science Research/School of Social Science The University of Queensland Ms Laura Wilson [email protected] Corrections Victoria Sarah Wilson [email protected] Deakin University Ms Courtney Young Ms Renee Zahnow [email protected]

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