Spiral Galaxy HI Models, Rotation Curves and Kinematic Classifications

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Spiral Galaxy HI Models, Rotation Curves and Kinematic Classifications Spiral galaxy HI models, rotation curves and kinematic classifications Theresa B. V. Wiegert A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Canada 2010 Copyright (c) 2010 by Theresa B. V. Wiegert Abstract Although galaxy interactions cause dramatic changes, galaxies also continue to form stars and evolve when they are isolated. The dark matter (DM) halo may influence this evolu- tion since it generates the rotational behaviour of galactic disks which could affect local conditions in the gas. Therefore we study neutral hydrogen kinematics of non-interacting, nearby spiral galaxies, characterising their rotation curves (RC) which probe the DM halo; delineating kinematic classes of galaxies; and investigating relations between these classes and galaxy properties such as disk size and star formation rate (SFR). To generate the RCs, we use GalAPAGOS (by J. Fiege). My role was to test and help drive the development of this software, which employs a powerful genetic algorithm, con- straining 23 parameters while using the full 3D data cube as input. The RC is here simply described by a tanh-based function which adequately traces the global RC behaviour. Ex- tensive testing on artificial galaxies show that the kinematic properties of galaxies with inclination > 40 ◦, including edge-on galaxies, are found reliably. Using a hierarchical clustering algorithm on parametrised RCs from 79 galaxies culled from literature generates a preliminary scheme consisting of five classes. These are based on three parameters: maximum rotational velocity, turnover radius and outer slope of the RC. To assess the relationship between DM content and the kinematic classes, we generate mass models for 10 galaxies from the THINGS and WHISP surveys, and J. Irwin’s sample. In most cases mass models using GalAPAGOS RCs were similar to those using traditional “tilted-ring” method RCs. The kinematic classes are mainly distinguished by their rotational velocity. We con- firm correlations between increasing velocity and B-magnitude, optical disk size, and find ii earlier type galaxies among the strong rotators. SFR also increases with maximum rota- tional velocity. Given our limited subsample, we cannot discern a trend of velocity with DM halo properties such as Mhalo/Mbaryon. Using this strategy on upcoming large databases should reveal relationships between the DM halo and our kinematic classification scheme. If NGC 2841, NGC 3521 and NGC 5055 are understood to have declining RC after further investigation, this cannot be explained by the usual morphology scenarios. Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Jayanne English, for her ideas, help, patience, and consequently all that she has taught me during these years. I am also very grateful to Dr. Jason Fiege, the creator of GalAPAGOS, who has acted as an unofficial co-supervisor. Dr. Samar Safi-Harb provided access to her powerful computer cluster, without which it would have been nearly impossible to finish the multitude of GalAPAGOS runs. Huge thanks to Dr. Rob Swaters who taught me mass modelling, and for answering questions and giving valuable advice. Thanks to Dr. Judith Irwin for providing data for this thesis, being excellent support during JCMT observations, and for words of en- couragement. Thanks to Dr. Brian Yanny for helping with the SDSS photometry and to Dr. Chris Fluke for helping with s2plot scripts. Thanks to all members of our small but cosy astronomy society at the University of Manitoba that I have not mentioned yet: Jennifer, Heather, Harsha, Adam, Ian... And a special thanks to Maiko for awesome computer support. Huge thanks to Susan Beshta for all her hard work making it all happen! Elizabeth – thank you for reading a number of my chapters. Sofia, Eva, Alyssa, and all the wonderful friends I have not mentioned - you know who you are, and I hope you realise how much I appreciate your help throughout these years. Ett stort tack to my wonderful family who have been so near despite the great distance, and always given me support: Monica (who read the entire thesis in search of typos), Lars, Benjamin, Daniel, och Joachim. My experience in Winnipeg provided me with the greatest ‘gift’ of all: my husband David, thanks for always being there for me. I would like to acknowledge the Department of Physics & Astronomy and the Faculty of Science at the University of Manitoba for financial support. iv Thanks to the WHISP team for providing data from the WHISP survey, van der Hulst, J. M., van Albada, T. S., & Sancisi, R. 2001, ASPC series, Vol. 240. This work made use of THINGS, ‘The HI Nearby Galaxies Survey’, Walter et al. 2008, AJ, 136, 2563 This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We acknowledge the usage of the HyperLeda database (http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr). This research has made use of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Funding for the SDSS and SDSS-II has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating In- stitutions, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, the Max Planck Society, and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The SDSS is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions. The SDSS Web Site is http://www.sdss.org/. This research made use of Montage, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Earth Science Technology Office, Computational Technnologies Project, under Cooperative Agreement Number NCC5-626 between NASA and the California Insti- tute of Technology. The code is maintained by the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive. Three-dimensional visualisation was conducted with the S2PLOT programming library (D.G.Barnes, C.J.Fluke, P.D.Bourke & O.T.Parry, 2006, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 23(2), 82-93). For Pi Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements iii Table of contents ix List of Figures x List of Tables xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Galaxy structure and neutral hydrogen content . ...... 4 1.2 Rotationcurvesanddarkmatter . 6 1.2.1 Measuringtherotationcurve . 10 1.3 Massmodels................................... 10 1.3.1 Mass-to-luminosityratio . 11 1.3.2 Darkmatterhaloinmassmodels . 13 1.4 Galaxyclassification .............................. 15 1.5 Goals....................................... 17 1.6 Results...................................... 19 1.7 Thesisoutline.................................. 19 CONTENTS vii 2 Data: observations and processing 21 2.1 Introduction................................... 21 2.2 HIData ..................................... 23 2.2.1 Background on neutral hydrogen observations . 23 2.2.2 Selectioncriteria ............................ 28 2.2.3 THINGSdata.............................. 29 2.2.4 WHISP ................................. 31 2.2.5 HIPASS ................................. 33 2.2.6 OtherHIdata.............................. 33 2.3 Ancillarydata.................................. 34 2.3.1 Nearinfraredi-bandSDSSdata . 34 2.3.2 NGLS12CO(J=3-2) .......................... 36 3 Methods: mass models 39 3.1 Introduction................................... 39 3.2 The HI rotation curve using velocity fields and tilted ring method . 43 3.2.1 Motivation for using the Gaussian fitting method . 43 3.2.2 Deriving the velocity field . 44 3.2.3 Rotation curve derivation . 45 3.3 Gascontribution ................................ 48 3.4 Contribution of stellar matter using luminosity profiles . ......... 52 3.4.1 Derivingtheluminosityprofile. 53 3.4.2 Stellar matter rotation curves . 58 3.5 Massmodels................................... 58 3.6 Summary .................................... 60 CONTENTS viii 4 Methods and analysis: HI modelling 61 4.1 Background ................................... 61 4.1.1 Whymodelgalaxies? .......................... 61 4.1.2 Methods................................. 62 4.2 GalAPAGOS .................................. 64 4.2.1 Structureandfunction . 67 4.2.2 Theparametricmodels. 68 4.2.3 Theoutput ............................... 78 4.3 Beamconvolution................................ 78 4.4 TestingGalAPAGOS .............................. 79 4.4.1 Artificialgalaxies ............................ 79 4.5 Results...................................... 81 4.5.1 Artificial data: The GalAPAGOS “menagerie” . 81 4.5.2 GalAPAGOS testedonactualdata. 95 4.6 Conclusions ...................................101 5 Results: rotation curves and mass models 103 5.1 Introduction...................................103 5.2 Evaluation of GalAPAGOS applied to observations . 104 5.2.1 Rotation curves - GalAPAGOS vs tilted rings . 111 5.2.2 Discussion and summary of assessing GalAPAGOS models . 126 5.3 Massmodels...................................130 5.3.1 Stellar mass-to-luminosity ratios . 131 5.3.2 Mass model fits: total M/L ratios and halo parameters . 132 5.3.3 Themassmodels ............................137 5.3.4 Implications of different rotation curves . 159 CONTENTS ix 5.3.5 Halomassesandmassratios. 161 5.4 Summaryoftheresults.............................162 6 Analysis: development of a classification scheme 168 6.1 Introduction...................................168 6.2 Mathematical approach:
Recommended publications
  • SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Soderberg Et Al., Nature Manuscript 2008-02-01442
    doi: 10.1038/nature06997 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMA1TION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Soderberg et al., Nature Manuscript 2008-02-01442 1 Spectral analysis of Swift/XRT data We use the xspec v11.3.2 X-ray spectral fitting package to fit both a power law and a blackbody model to the XRT outburst data. In both models we allow for excess neutral hydrogen absorption (NH ) above the Galactic value along the line of sight to NGC 2770, 20 −2 2 NH,Gal = 1.7 × 10 cm . The best-fit power law model (χ = 7.5 for 17 degrees of −1.3±0.3 freedom; probability, P = 0.98) has a photon index, Γ = 2.3 ± 0.3 (or, Fν ∝ ν ) and +1.8 × 21 −2 ± NH = 6.9−1.5 10 cm . The best-fit blackbody model is described by kT = 0.71 0.08 +1.0 × 21 −2 keV and NH = 1.3−0.9 10 cm . However, this model provides a much poorer fit to the data (χ2 = 26.0 for 17 degrees of freedom; probability, P = 0.074). We therefore adopt the power law model as the best description of the data. The resulting count rate to flux conversion is 1 counts s−1 = 5 × 10−11 erg cm−2 s−1. The outburst undergoes a significant hard-to-soft spectral evolution as indicated by the ratio of counts in the 0.3 − 2 keV band and 2−10 keV band. The hardness ratio decreases from 1.35±0.15 during the peak of the flare to 0.25 ± 0.10 about 400 s later.
    [Show full text]
  • May, 2021 President: Andrew Edelen 618-457-3331 Secretary
    MAY 2021 IO Io May, 2021 PO Box 591 Lowell, OR 97452 www.eugeneastro.org [1] M51 - The Whirlpool Galaxy and NGC 5195 Companion Mark Wetzel President: Andrew Edelen 618-457-3331 Secretary: Randy Beiderwell 541-342-4686 Board Members: Oggie Golub, Randy Beiderwell, Ken Martin, Jerry Oltion 1 MAY 2021 IO May Meeting - Thursday, May 20 7pm PLEASE NOTE THAT ALL MEETINGS ARE CURRENTLY VIRTUAL To Be Announced April Meeting We had a special double meeting this month with two short programs by Alan Gillespie and Bernie Bopp. Alan Gillespie gave a talk, "My Lunacy," about several alternative techniques that he has been using to process lunar images. After that, Bernie Bopp spoke on "Solar Nucleosynthesis, or How Does the Sun Work, Anyway?” https://youtu.be/oFqIQDeZdYs Lunar Eclipse The only Total Lunar Eclipse of 2021 will occur during the morning twilight on Wednesday May 26. Totality will only last about 18 minutes as the moon barely cruises through the edge of the Earths Umbra. This means that one limb of the Moon will be noticeably brighter than the opposite edge. Furthermore the eclipse will be happening as the sky is getting brighter from the morning dawn. However the Moon will be interestingly positioned 6 degrees West of Antares. So somebody somewhere is going to get a nice picture! Here are some times and positions: Wednesday May 26,2021 Azimuth altitude 2:45 Partial Eclipse Begins 204 20 3:23 Astronomical Twilight Begins 213 17 4:10 Totality Begins 222 12 4:16 Nautical Twilight Begins 224 11 4:19 Mid-Totality 224 11 4:28 Totality Ends 226 10 5:01 Civil Twilight Begins 232 5 5:35 Sunrise 238 1 5:45 Moonset 239 0 5:53 Partial Eclipse Ends Alan Gillespie 2 MAY 2021 IO [2] Heart Nebula Ronald Perez Do you have something for the newsletter? If you have an article, photo, meeting notes, stories, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Observing Galaxies in Lynx 01 October 2015 22:25
    Observing galaxies in Lynx 01 October 2015 22:25 Context As you look towards Lynx you are looking above the galactic plane above the Perseus spiral arm of our galaxy which itself is about 7,000 light years away. The constellation contains a number of brighter galaxies 30 - 50 million light years away and is also relatively rich in galaxies which spread out in to the distance out to over 300 million light years away. The constellation is well placed from early winter to early summer. Relatively bright galaxies This section covers the galaxies that were visible with direct vision in my 16 inch or smaller scopes. This list will therefore grow over time as I have not yet viewed all the galaxies in good conditions at maximum altitude in my 16 inch scope! NGC 2683 This is a very edge on bright galaxy which I can see in my 100mm binoculars. It is a galaxy which does not seem to be part of a group. NGC 2549 By constellation Page 1 A smaller fainter version of NGC 2683. It was still easy to see with direct vision in my 10 inch reflector. NGC 2537 Near a group of three stars in a row. Quite large looking but with a low surface brightness in my 10 inch scope. NGC 2273 By constellation Page 2 Nice circular galaxy in my 14 inch scope. I could only see the bright core in the above image. NGC 2832 This was a lovely looking galaxy in my 14 inch Dark star scope. As you can see this galaxy is the central galaxy of a group.
    [Show full text]
  • NGC-2683 (The UFO Galaxy) Edge-On Galaxy in Lynx Introduction the Purpose of the Observer’S Challenge Is to Encourage the Pursuit of Visual Observing
    MONTHLY OBSERVER’S CHALLENGE Las Vegas Astronomical Society Compiled by: Roger Ivester, Boiling Springs, North Carolina & Fred Rayworth, Las Vegas, Nevada With special assistance from: Rob Lambert, Las Vegas, Nevada MARCH 2015 NGC-2683 (The UFO Galaxy) Edge-On Galaxy In Lynx Introduction The purpose of the Observer’s Challenge is to encourage the pursuit of visual observing. It’s open to everyone that’s interested, and if you’re able to contribute notes, and/or drawings, we’ll be happy to include them in our monthly summary. We also accept digital imaging. Visual astronomy depends on what’s seen through the eyepiece. Not only does it satisfy an innate curiosity, but it allows the visual observer to discover the beauty and the wonderment of the night sky. Before photography, all observations depended on what the astronomer saw in the eyepiece, and how they recorded their observations. This was done through notes and drawings, and that’s the tradition we’re stressing in the Observers Challenge. We’re not excluding those with an interest in astrophotography, either. Your images and notes are just as welcome. The hope is that you’ll read through these reports and become inspired to take more time at the eyepiece, study each object, and look for those subtle details that you might never have noticed before. NGC-2683 Almost Edge-On Galaxy In Lynx NGC-2683 is also called “The UFO Galaxy.” It was discovered by William Herschel on February 5, 1788. He gave it the designation H-200-1. It lies about 16 to 25 million light-years away and is almost edge-on from our point of view, giving it that narrow, but fat almost streak- like appearance.
    [Show full text]
  • THE 1000 BRIGHTEST HIPASS GALAXIES: H I PROPERTIES B
    The Astronomical Journal, 128:16–46, 2004 July A # 2004. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. THE 1000 BRIGHTEST HIPASS GALAXIES: H i PROPERTIES B. S. Koribalski,1 L. Staveley-Smith,1 V. A. Kilborn,1, 2 S. D. Ryder,3 R. C. Kraan-Korteweg,4 E. V. Ryan-Weber,1, 5 R. D. Ekers,1 H. Jerjen,6 P. A. Henning,7 M. E. Putman,8 M. A. Zwaan,5, 9 W. J. G. de Blok,1,10 M. R. Calabretta,1 M. J. Disney,10 R. F. Minchin,10 R. Bhathal,11 P. J. Boyce,10 M. J. Drinkwater,12 K. C. Freeman,6 B. K. Gibson,2 A. J. Green,13 R. F. Haynes,1 S. Juraszek,13 M. J. Kesteven,1 P. M. Knezek,14 S. Mader,1 M. Marquarding,1 M. Meyer,5 J. R. Mould,15 T. Oosterloo,16 J. O’Brien,1,6 R. M. Price,7 E. M. Sadler,13 A. Schro¨der,17 I. M. Stewart,17 F. Stootman,11 M. Waugh,1, 5 B. E. Warren,1, 6 R. L. Webster,5 and A. E. Wright1 Received 2002 October 30; accepted 2004 April 7 ABSTRACT We present the HIPASS Bright Galaxy Catalog (BGC), which contains the 1000 H i brightest galaxies in the southern sky as obtained from the H i Parkes All-Sky Survey (HIPASS). The selection of the brightest sources is basedontheirHi peak flux density (Speak k116 mJy) as measured from the spatially integrated HIPASS spectrum. 7 ; 10 The derived H i masses range from 10 to 4 10 M .
    [Show full text]
  • (Dark) Matter! Luminous Matter Is Concentrated at the Center
    Cosmology Two Mysteries and then How we got here Dark Matter Orbital velocity law Derivable from Kepler's 3rd law and Newton's Law of gravity r v2 M = r G M : mass lying within stellar orbit r r: radius from the Galactic center v: orbital velocity From Sun's r and v: there are about 100 billion solar masses inside the Sun's orbit! 4 Rotation curve of the Milky Way: Speed of stars and clouds of gas (from Doppler shift) vs distance from center Galaxy: rotation curve flattens out with distance Indicates much more mass in the Galaxy than observed as stars and gas! Mass not concentrated at center5 From the rotation curve, inferred distribution of dark matter: The Milky Way is surrounded by an enormous halo of non-luminous (dark) matter! Luminous matter is concentrated at the center 6 We can make measurements for other galaxies Weighing spiral galaxies C Compare shifts of spectral lines (in atomic H gas clouds) as a function of distance from the center 7 Rotation curves for various spiral galaxies First measured in 1960's by Vera Rubin They all flatten out with increasing radius, implying that all spiral galaxies have vast haloes of dark matter – luminous matter 1/6th of mass 8 This mass is the DARK MATTER: It's some substance that interacts gravitationally (equivalent to saying that it has mass)... It neither emits nor absorbs light in any form (equivalent to saying that it does not interact electromagnetically) Dark matter might conceivably have 'weak' (radioactive force) interactions 9 Gaggles of Galaxies • Galaxy groups > The Local group
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Arp - AM # Order
    Southern Arp - AM # Order A B C D E F G H I J 1 AM # Constellation Object Name RA DEC Mag. Size Uranom. Uranom. Millenium 2 1st Ed. 2nd Ed. 3 AM 0003-414 Phoenix ESO 293-G034 00h06m19.9s -41d30m00s 13.7 3.2 x 1.0 386 177 430 Vol I 4 AM 0006-340 Sculptor NGC 10 00h08m34.5s -33d51m30s 13.3 2.4 x 1.2 350 159 410 Vol I 5 AM 0007-251 Sculptor NGC 24 00h09m56.5s -24d57m47s 12.4 5.8 x 1.3 305 141 366 Vol I 6 AM 0011-232 Cetus NGC 45 00h14m04.0s -23d10m55s 11.6 8.5 x 5.9 305 141 366 Vol I 7 AM 0027-333 Sculptor NGC 134 00h30m22.0s -33d14m39s 11.4 8.5 x 2.0 351 159 409 Vol I 8 AM 0029-643 Tucana ESO 079- G003 00h32m02.2s -64d15m12s 12.6 2.7 x 0.4 440 204 409 Vol I 9 AM 0031-280B Sculptor NGC 150 00h34m15.5s -27d48m13s 12 3.9 x 1.9 306 141 387 Vol I 10 AM 0031-320 Sculptor NGC 148 00h34m15.5s -31d47m10s 13.3 2 x 0.8 351 159 387 Vol I 11 AM 0033-253 Sculptor IC 1558 00h35m47.1s -25d22m28s 12.6 3.4 x 2.5 306 141 365 Vol I 12 AM 0041-502 Phoenix NGC 238 00h43m25.7s -50d10m58s 13.1 1.9 x 1.6 417 177 449 Vol I 13 AM 0045-314 Sculptor NGC 254 00h47m27.6s -31d25m18s 12.6 2.5 x 1.5 351 176 386 Vol I 14 AM 0050-312 Sculptor NGC 289 00h52m42.3s -31d12m21s 11.7 5.1 x 3.6 351 176 386 Vol I 15 AM 0052-375 Sculptor NGC 300 00h54m53.5s -37d41m04s 9 22 x 16 351 176 408 Vol I 16 AM 0106-803 Hydrus ESO 013- G012 01h07m02.2s -80d18m28s 13.6 2.8 x 0.9 460 214 509 Vol I 17 AM 0105-471 Phoenix IC 1625 01h07m42.6s -46d54m27s 12.9 1.7 x 1.2 387 191 448 Vol I 18 AM 0108-302 Sculptor NGC 418 01h10m35.6s -30d13m17s 13.1 2 x 1.7 352 176 385 Vol I 19 AM 0110-583 Hydrus NGC
    [Show full text]
  • Spiral Galaxy HI Models, Rotation Curves and Kinematic Classifications
    Spiral galaxy HI models, rotation curves and kinematic classifications Theresa B. V. Wiegert A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Canada 2010 Copyright (c) 2010 by Theresa B. V. Wiegert Abstract Although galaxy interactions cause dramatic changes, galaxies also continue to form stars and evolve when they are isolated. The dark matter (DM) halo may influence this evolu- tion since it generates the rotational behaviour of galactic disks which could affect local conditions in the gas. Therefore we study neutral hydrogen kinematics of non-interacting, nearby spiral galaxies, characterising their rotation curves (RC) which probe the DM halo; delineating kinematic classes of galaxies; and investigating relations between these classes and galaxy properties such as disk size and star formation rate (SFR). To generate the RCs, we use GalAPAGOS (by J. Fiege). My role was to test and help drive the development of this software, which employs a powerful genetic algorithm, con- straining 23 parameters while using the full 3D data cube as input. The RC is here simply described by a tanh-based function which adequately traces the global RC behaviour. Ex- tensive testing on artificial galaxies show that the kinematic properties of galaxies with inclination > 40 ◦, including edge-on galaxies, are found reliably. Using a hierarchical clustering algorithm on parametrised RCs from 79 galaxies culled from literature generates a preliminary scheme consisting of five classes. These are based on three parameters: maximum rotational velocity, turnover radius and outer slope of the RC.
    [Show full text]
  • April Constellations of the Month
    April Constellations of the Month Leo Small Scope Objects: Name R.A. Decl. Details M65! A large, bright Sa/Sb spiral galaxy. 7.8 x 1.6 arc minutes, magnitude 10.2. Very 11hr 18.9m +13° 05’ (NGC 3623) high surface brighness showing good detail in medium sized ‘scopes. M66! Another bright Sb galaxy, only 21 arc minutes from M65. Slightly brighter at mag. 11hr 20.2m +12° 59’ (NGC 3627) 9.7, measuring 8.0 x 2.5 arc minutes. M95 An easy SBb barred spiral, 4 x 3 arc minutes in size. Magnitude 10.5, with 10hr 44.0m +11° 42’ a bright central core. The bar and outer ring of material will require larger (NGC 3351) aperature and dark skies. M96 Another bright Sb spiral, about 42 arc minutes east of M95, but larger and 10hr 46.8m +11° 49’ (NGC 3368) brighter. 6 x 4 arc minutes, magnitude 10.1. Located about 48 arc minutes NNE of M96. This small elliptical galaxy measures M105 only 2 x 2.1 arc minutes, but at mag. 10.3 has very high surface brightness. 10hr 47.8m +12° 35’ (NGC 3379) Look for NGC 3384! (110NGC) and NGC 3389 (mag 11.0 and 12.2) which form a small triangle with M105. NGC 3384! 10hr 48.3m +12° 38’ See comment for M105. The brightest galaxy in Leo, this Sb/Sc spiral galaxy shines at mag. 9.5. Look for NGC 2903!! 09hr 32.2m +21° 30’ a hazy patch 11 x 4.7 arc minutes in size 1.5° south of l Leonis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Skyscraper 2009 04.Indd
    A Better Galaxy Guide: Early Spring M67: One of the most ancient open clusters known and Craig Cortis is a great novelty in this regard. Located 1.7° due W of mag NGC 2419: 3.25° SE of mag 6.2 66 Aurigae. Hard to find 4.3 Alpha Cancri. and see; at E end of short row of two mag 7.5 stars. Highly NGC 2775: Located 3.7° ENE of mag 3.1 Zeta Hydrae. significant and worth the effort —may be approximately (Look for “Head of Hydra” first.) 300,000 light years distant and qualify as an extragalactic NGC 2903: Easily found at 1.5° due S of mag 4.3 Lambda cluster. Named the Intergalactic Wanderer. Leonis. NGC 2683: Marks NW “crook” of coathanger-type triangle M95: One of three bright galaxies forming a compact with easy double star mag 4.2 Iota Cancri (which is SSW by triangle, along with M96 and M105. All three can be seen 4.8°) and mag 3.1 Alpha Lyncis (at 6° to the ENE). together in a low power, wide field view. M105 is at the NE tip of triangle, midway between stars 52 and 53 Leonis, mag Object Type R.A. Dec. Mag. Size 5.5 and 5.3 respectively —M95 is at W tip. Lynx NGC 3521: Located 0.5° due E of mag 6.0 62 Leonis. M65: One of a pair of bright galaxies that can be seen in NGC 2419 GC 07h 38.1m +38° 53’ 10.3 4.2’ a wide field view along with M66, which lies just E.
    [Show full text]
  • GNU Astronomy Utilities
    GNU Astronomy Utilities Astronomical data manipulation and analysis programs and libraries for version 0.15.58-2b10e, 23 September 2021 Mohammad Akhlaghi Gnuastro (source code, book and web page) authors (sorted by number of commits): Mohammad Akhlaghi ([email protected], 1812) Pedram Ashofteh Ardakani ([email protected], 54) Raul Infante-Sainz ([email protected], 34) Mos`eGiordano ([email protected], 29) Vladimir Markelov ([email protected], 18) Sachin Kumar Singh ([email protected], 13) Zahra Sharbaf ([email protected], 12) Nat´aliD. Anzanello ([email protected], 8) Boud Roukema ([email protected], 7) Carlos Morales-Socorro ([email protected], 3) Th´er`eseGodefroy ([email protected], 3) Joseph Putko ([email protected], 2) Samane Raji ([email protected], 2) Alexey Dokuchaev ([email protected], 1) Andreas Stieger ([email protected], 1) Fran¸coisOchsenbein ([email protected], 1) Kartik Ohri ([email protected], 1) Leindert Boogaard ([email protected], 1) Lucas MacQuarrie ([email protected], 1) Madhav Bansal ([email protected], 1) Miguel de Val-Borro ([email protected], 1) Sepideh Eskandarlou ([email protected], 1) This book documents version 0.15.58-2b10e of the GNU Astronomy Utilities (Gnuastro). Gnuastro provides various programs and libraries for astronomical data manipulation and analysis. Copyright c 2015-2021, Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotation Curves of High-Resolution LSB and SPARC Galaxies with Fuzzy and Multistate (Ultralight Boson) Scalar field Dark Matter
    MNRAS 475, 1447–1468 (2018) doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3208 Advance Access publication 2017 December 12 Rotation curves of high-resolution LSB and SPARC galaxies with fuzzy and multistate (ultralight boson) scalar field dark matter T. Bernal,1‹† L. M. Fernandez-Hern´ andez,´ 1 T. Matos2‡ andM.A.Rodr´ıguez-Meza1‡ 1Departamento de F´ısica, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, AP 18-1027, Ciudad de Mexico´ 11801, Mexico 2Departamento de F´ısica, Centro de Investigacion´ y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, AP 14-740, Ciudad de Mexico´ 07000, Mexico Accepted 2017 December 8. Received 2017 December 8; in original form 2017 January 4 ABSTRACT Cold dark matter (CDM) has shown to be an excellent candidate for the dark matter (DM) of the Universe at large scales; however, it presents some challenges at the galactic level. The scalar field dark matter (SFDM), also called fuzzy, wave, Bose–Einstein condensate, or ultralight axion DM, is identical to CDM at cosmological scales but different at the galactic ones. SFDM forms core haloes, it has a natural cut-off in its matter power spectrum, and it predicts well-formed galaxies at high redshifts. In this work we reproduce the rotation curves of high- resolution low surface brightness (LSB) and SPARC galaxies with two SFDM profiles: (1) the soliton+NFW profile in the fuzzy DM (FDM) model, arising empirically from cosmological simulations of real, non-interacting scalar field (SF) at zero temperature, and (2) the multistate SFDM (mSFDM) profile, an exact solution to the Einstein–Klein–Gordon equations for a real, self-interacting SF, with finite temperature into the SF potential, introducing several quantum states as a realistic model for an SFDM halo.
    [Show full text]