Análise Morfo-Histológica E Fitoquímica De Verbena Litoralis Kunth

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Análise Morfo-Histológica E Fitoquímica De Verbena Litoralis Kunth Acta Farm. Bonaerense 24 (2): 209-14 (2005) Trabajos originales Recibido el 14 de febrero de 2003 Recibida nueva versión: 7 de diciembre de 2004 Aceptado el 27 de enero de 2005 Análise Morfo-Histológica e Fitoquímica de Verbena litoralis Kunth Tiago Juliano Tasso de SOUZA*; Melânia Palermo MANFRON; Gilberto Dolejal ZANETTI; Solange Cristina da Silva Martins HOELZEL & Vera Pereira PAGLIARIN Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Prédio 26. Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. CEP: 97105-900. RESUMO. Foram determinados o perfil fitoquímico e parâmetros morfo-anatômicos de Verbena litoralis Kunth, planta reconhecida popularmente como medicinal, objetivando sua diagnose como insumo far- macêutico. O mesofilo bifacial, a disposição do esclerênquima, os tricomas glandulares e tectores, assim como a ausência de drusas e cristais de oxalato de cálcio são características significativas no controle botâ- nico de qualidade desta espécie para a indústria farmacêutica. Como resultado da análise fitoquímica des- taca-se a presença de flavonóides, cumarinas, saponinas, taninos e cardioativos. SUMARY. “Histomorphological and Phytochemical Analysis of Verbena litoralis Kunth”. Phytochemical profile and morpho-anatomical parameters were determined for Verbena litoralis Kunth, plant popularly recognized as medicinal, aiming its diagnosis as a pharmaceutical drug. Isofacial mesophyl, arrangement of sclerenchyma, glandular and non-glandular trichomes, as well as absence of calcium oxalate crystals and druses are significative characteristics to this species botanic quality control for pharmaceutical industries. From phytochemical analysis it can be remarked the presence of flavonoids, cumarins, tannins and cardiotonic compounds. INTRODUÇÃO preferentemente nas regiões tropicais e tempe- As análises fitoquímica e botânica de drogas radas da América. Verbena litoralis Kunth, é co- vegetais são procedimentos que colaboram para nhecida comumente como gervãozinho-do-cam- otimizar a segurança terapêutica e, conseqüen- po ou erva-de-pai-caetano. Esta planta vegeta temente, a melhor utilização de medicamentos. na região andina do Chile ao Peru, Guianas, Ve- Estes procedimentos firmaram a fundamentação nezuela, Argentina 3 e regiões Sudeste e Sul do científica como o diferencial entre preparações Brasil, além disso, pode ser encontrada even- utilizadas em medicina popular e fitoterápicos 1. tualmente na Austrália e África. Verbena litoralis Um dos passos iniciais para o controle de quali- caracteriza-se por seu caule quadrangular, fo- dade de uma droga vegetal é a definição de ca- lhas ovadas, ovado-lanceoladas, lanceoladas, es- racterísticas farmacobotânicas com a descrição patuladas ou lineares, de base afiliada, com pe- macro e microscópica da parte da planta utiliza- cíolo curto, e também por suas inflorescências da como medicinal, e dos grupos de substâncias que são caracteristicamente longas e muito pou- químicas, para a identidade de marcadores em co densas quando comparadas com as espécies matéria-prima vegetal, preparados fitoterápicos com as quais poderia ser eventualmente confun- intermediários e produtos fitoterápicos. dida (Verbena bonariensis L. e V. brasiliensis A família Verbenaceae compreende aproxi- Vell.) 4. madamente 100 gêneros de distribuição tropical Essa espécie é uma erva popularmente utili- e subtropical 2, e dentre eles o gênero Verbena, zada no Sul do Brasil como desintoxicante do com aproximadamente 250 espécies distribuídas organismo, em diarréias e desordens gastrintesti- PALAVRAS CHAVE: Descrição macroscópica, Descrição microscópica, Farmacobotânica, Fitoquímica, Plantas medicinais, Verbena litoralis Kunth. KEY WORDS: Macroscopic description, Microscopic description, Medicinal plants, Pharmacobotanic, Verbena litoralis Kunth. * Autor a quem dirigir a correspondência: E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 0326-2383 209 SOUZA T.J.T. de, MANFRON M.P., ZANETTI G.D., HOELZEL S.C. da S.M. & PAGLIARIN V.P. nais, e também por suas propriedades antifebris. Secções de 4 µm foram repassadas para lâ- Além disso, recentemente têm sido publicados mina, corados com azul de toluidina 0,1% 19,20, e trabalhos sobre a atividade antimicrobiana, an- montadas em bálsamo sintético. As lâminas per- tioxidante e ainda sobre a atividade ativadora manentes foram depositadas no laminário do do fator de crescimento neural apresentada por Laboratório de Farmacognosia do Departamento compostos encontrados nessa planta 5-8. de Farmácia Industrial da Universidade Federal O presente trabalho objetiva caracterizar ma- de Santa Maria. cro e microscopicamente o caule e as folhas, in- A determinação de características organolép- vestigar a composição química qualitativa e ob- ticas e macroscópicas das fraturas, bem como a ter um perfil cromatográfico em CCD, visando granulometria e a caracterização microscópica contribuir para a padronização e o controle de da droga em pó foram realizadas por tamisação qualidade de Verbena litoralis como insumo far- e em lâminas semipermanentes, utilizando-se macêutico. como corante azul de metileno 0,1% 21, 22. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS Análise química qualitativa Obtenção do material vegetal e perfil cromatográfico Partes aéreas de Verbena litoralis foram cole- A análise química qualitativa foi realizada em tadas no campus da Universidade Federal de extratos aquoso e etanólico 70%, obtidos a frio, Santa Maria, em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, e extratos etéreo, etanólico e aquoso obtidos a Brasil, no mês de dezembro de 2001, com regis- quente 23, 24. tro no Herbário da Universidade Federal de San- O perfil cromatográfico do extrato metanóli- ta Maria, SMDB 9085. co a 20% foi obtido em CCD sobre cromatofol- A análise anatômica foi realizada com amos- has de gel de sílica G 60 F254 utilizando diversas tras de 2 x 2 mm do caule e das folhas, manti- fases móveis e reagentes cromogênicos 25. das em álcool etílico 70 °GL, tanto para fixação como para conservação do material que perma- RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO neceu sob refrigeração. Caracterização Macroscópica Para a análise fitoquímica qualitativa e a pa- As características macroscópicas da espécie dronização de um perfil cromatográfico o mate- em questão não fogem do padrão da família Ver- rial foi desidratado em estufa de ar circulante e benaceae, pois nesta família botânica encontram- pulverizado em moinho de facas com tamis 0,86 se, em geral, folhas opostas verticiladas, simples, µm (obtendo-se 100 g de pó). Esse material foi inteiras, serradas ou partidas, sem estípulas, e os armazenado em frasco âmbar para posterior ob- caules costumam ser quadrangulares 26. tenção dos extratos. As folhas de Verbena litoralis exibem filota- xia oposta-cruzada, são sésseis e não apresen- Determinação de características tam estípulas. O limbo é simples, de forma ova- macro e microscópicas da, lanceolada, espatulada ou linear, ápice agu- A caracterização macroscópica foi efetuada do, base atenuada e margem lisa com o terço através de observações a olho nu e com auxílio superior serrado. Atingem 1,5-7,0 cm de compri- de estereomicroscópio (aumento de 10 x) 9. Pa- mento e 0,2-2,0 cm de largura, sendo maiores e ra o estudo da venação o material vegetal foi mais ovadas nos ramos inferiores e tornando-se diafanizado e corado com safranina 0,1%, em ál- menores e mais afiladas nos ramos superiores cool etílico 50%, desidratado e montado em bál- (2,0 x 0,4 cm), onde também são menos serra- samo sintético 10-12. das. Possuem consistência membranácea, são Na caracterização microscópica foram anali- discolores e apresentam textura áspera na face sadas a região apical de lâminas de folhas adul- abaxial. A venação é do tipo eucamptódroma, tas e a região mediana de ramos 13-15. O estudo com aréola quadrangular, vênulas simples e últi- da epiderme foliar, nas faces abaxial e adaxial, ma marginal ovalada. foi realizado em lâminas semipermanentes, com O caule é herbáceo, tetragonal e apresenta cortes à mão livre de material fresco, corados ramificações dísticas desde a base. Atinge 60- com azul de metileno 0,1% 16. 120 cm de altura e 1-7 mm de diâmetro. Apre- Para a análise do corte transversal o material senta cor verde-luzidia, é liso e rico em peque- conservado foi desidratado em série etílica as- nas pontuações esbranquiçadas. cendente, nas graduações 80°, 90° e 96° GL, por uma hora em cada solução, e incluído em blo- Caracterização Microscópica cos de hidroxietilmetacrilato 17, 18. A anatomia de Verbena litoralis segue as ca- 210 acta farmacéutica bonaerense - vol. 24 n° 2 - año 2005 racterísticas gerais da família Verbenaceae. A mais espessa na região mediano-superior, estô- folha apresenta tricomas, estômatos nas duas fa- matos do tipo mesocítico e tricomas glandulares ces epidérmicas e mesofilo heterogêneo, mas (Figs. 3, 4 e 5). O mesofilo é heterogêneo bifa- não apresenta hipoderme como é relatado para cial. O parênquima paliçádico apresenta-se Vitex e Avicennia entre outros gêneros da famí- composto por 3-5 extratos e o parênquima es- lia. Contudo, o sistema vascular não está acom- ponjoso possui 2 extratos de células achatadas, panhado por esclerênquima, como está relatado seguido de mais 2 camadas inferiores de células para o gênero Verbena. O caule é tetragonal, os com parede periclinal menor que a anticlinal feixes vasculares não são acompanhados de es- (Fig. 4). clerênquima e o córtex não é colenquimatoso 14. O sistema vascular é composto por feixes do tipo colateral fechado, protegido por bainha pa- Análise microscópica da folha
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