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'c^O * •'fl OOWM I a uM ^ 0 FORMOSA ^ =NCH "*** ^X^ uam ^^ \ ICHINA .- \ VOLUME 18 NO. 6 1995 N. BORNEO PwMiu-'' laianda CAUCS INF ISLANDS ISLANDS \ 1941 -1945 1991 -1995 See Point of View m U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service ««-* Cultural Resources PUBLISHED BY THE VOLUME 18 NO. 6 1995 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contents ISSN 1068-4999 To promote and maintain high standards for preserving and managing cultural Notice resources 1 his will be the last issue of CRM sent to those who have not responded to the Mail DIRECTOR ing List Update which appeared in CRM Vol. 18, No. 2. If you wish to remain on the mail Roger G. Kennedy ing list, please submit the form immediately. ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Katherine H. Stevenson DEPARTMENTS EDITOR Ronald M. Greentierg Point of View 3 PRODUCTION MANAGER Preservation Resources 29 Karlota M. Koester Washington Report 32 National Center 32 ADVISORS Bulletin Board 32 David Andrews Editor. NPS Tribal News 36 loan Bacharach Museum Registrar, NPS FEATURES Randall 1. Biallas Historical Architect, NPS John A. Bums The Riverspark Story 6 Architect, NPS Partnerships Making a Real Place Into a Living Park Harry A. Butowsky Historian, NPS Paul M. Bray Pratt Cassity Executive Director, National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Landmark Decision 9 Muriel Crespi Remembering the Struggle for Equal Education Cultural Anthropologist. NPS Craig \V Davis Cheryl Brown Henderson Archeologist, NPS Mark R. Edwards Director, Historic Preservation Division, Cultural Tourism and the Landmark Trust 12 State Historic Preservation Officer, Georgia Diane Vogt-O'Connor Bruce W Fry Chief of Research Publications National Historic Sites, Parks Canada Disaster Mitigation for the Bertrand Collection Artifacts 15 John Hnedak Architectural Historian, NPS Jeanne M. Harold Roger E. Kelly Archeologist NPS NPS Assists Indian, Alaska Native, 18 Antoinette I. Lee Historian. NPS and Native Hawaiian Communities lohn Poppeliers Ronnie Emery International Liaison Officer for Cultural Resources, NPS Brit /Mian Storey An Air Force Legacy 23 Historian, Bureau of Reclamation Federal Preservation Forum Cynthia A. Liccese CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Stephen A. Morris SUPPLEMENTS Certified Local Governments (CLG) Coordinator NPS Kay D. Weeks Technical Writer-Editor, NPS Historical Research in the National Park Service CONSULTANTS Archeology and the National Register Michael G. Schene Historian, NPS Wm. H. Freeman NCPTT Notes from the Center Design. Imaging, Production-Freeman Publishing Services Cover photos:"The Pacific Theater, 194!-45," from information brochure, War in the Pacific National Historic Park/Guam, NPS; USS Arizona, 1931, courtesy USS Arizona Memorial, NPS; USS Arizona Memorial, photo by James P. Delgado. Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advisors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles, news items, and correspondence to the Editor, CRM (400), U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, P.O. Box 37127,Washington, DC 20013-7127; (202-343-3395. FAX 202-343-5260, Internet: [email protected]). 2 CRM N^ 6—1995 Departments PRESERVATION RESOURCES POINT OFVIEW NATIONAL CENTER STATE NEWS POINT OF who are privileged to work for the help our visitors understand this National Park Service. More than part of American History. VIEW any other site in the national park The National Park Service has system, the USS Arizona Memor a long and honorable tradition in ial illustrates the mission and role managing and operating military Preserving American of the National Park Service to parks, battle sites, battlefield 1941 -1945 History—Past, Present, protect and manage buildings, parks, and national memorials 1991 -1995 structures, sites, districts, and such as the USS Arizona Memor Future objects of national significance. ial. These sites are some of the All parks in the national park sys oldest and most numerous parks Harry A. Butowsky tem adhere to this concept of in the national park system. They From a Memorial Day speech national significance. All parks have an ancient and proud lineage presented May 29, 1995, at the illustrate national history and cul that began on August 19, 1890, USS Arizona Memorial, Honolulu, ture of the United States. This when Congress created the first concept of preservation goes to the national military park, Chicka- Hawaii. very core of our management phi mauga and Chattanooga, under he USS Arizona Memor losophy. However, the preserva the administration of the War ial holds a special place tion and protection of nationally- Department. Other military' parks Tin the hearts and minds significant sites alone is not followed, including several parks of the American people. It was at enough—we in the National Park from World War II. From Guam to this very site that 1,167 United Service are also charged with Boston, the wartime legacy of States sailors and marines fell and another, equally important mis World War II is represented in rest inside their ship. It was here sion. We preserve and protect the many national parks and national that America entered World War national parks and memorials so historic landmarks. Every year, II—an era of unparalleled sacrifice that we can interpret the impor millions of people visit these in American History. tance of these sites to park visi sites—War in the Pacific National The USS Arizona Memorial tors. We are educators and teach Historical Park in Guam, Ameri also holds a special place in the ers. I like to think of the National can Memorial Park on Saipan, USS Cassin Young. Navy photo, 1944. hearts and minds of those of us Park Service as a vast American Boston National Historic Park, university with and the newly established Manza- 367 branch nar National Historic Site in Cali campuses—the fornia. In countless other national national parks, parks such as the Sandy Hook with each park unit of Gateway National Recre illustrating a ation Area in New Jersey and different period Cabrillo National Monument in of history or San Diego, the National Park Ser type of geology, vice protects and interprets World biology, or other War II fortifications, barracks, and science for the even a destroyer—USS Cassin benefit of our Young in Boston. Capt. Young was students—the one of many sailors who fought at American peo Pearl Harbor on December 7, ple. At the USS 1941. Arizona Memor The USS Arizona Memorial is ial we preserve a special place—not necessarily and manage more important than other World this resource to War II national parks, but cer- CRM Nu 6—1995 3 attack on the night of December Americans these events are just 31, 1775. The Continental Con history—as distant as the Ameri gress and subsequently the Con can Civil War or the landing of gress of the United States contin Christopher Columbus in the new ued to authorize memorials to world in 1492. All too often, young many other important Americans children and even adults visit this and foreigners significant in Amer lovely memorial and ask the ques ican history. tion—what happened here? These The death of George Washing visitors have no first- hand knowl ton on December 14, 1799, edge of World War II. The events inspired Representative John Mar of this period in our history may shall to introduce a resolution pro have been incompletely learned in viding for the most famous school or may have not even been national memorial in America, a discussed at all. What is then that marble monument in Washington, Americans learn when they visit DC, to commemorate the life of the USS Arizona Memorial? Washington—the Washington First of all they learn that this Monument. is a place of war. On December 7, Another famous memorial— 1941, American sailors and the Statue of Liberty—was offered marines stood here and fought for to the people of the United States the United States. They pointed by the people of France in 1876. their weapons at other men and Congress and the President killed and were killed. Some died approved the gift and the Statue of here and are entombed here. At tainly more exceptional. This park Liberty was dedicated on October the USS Arizona Memorial visi above everything else is a national 28, 1886. tors see a commemorative site that memorial—a designation that The USS Arizona Memorial honors the men who died at Pearl Congress reserves for parks that was established by the Congress of Harbor. On this site we come are associated with some of the the United States in 1980 for two together as a nation to pay our most important people and events reasons—to recognize the events respects and give our thanks to in our history. of December 7, 1941, the attack these men. The USS Arizona A national memorial designa on Pearl Harbor, and to remember Memorial is a commemorative site Cemetery monu tion predates even the founding of those Americans who died in the that we have set aside to remem ment (above) and the National Park Service and ber and honor these men. military police post service of their country on that (below), Manzanar even the birth of the United States day. Second, they learn about our National Historic in 1776. The first memorials in For many Americans living history and our collective national Site. Photos by our history were authorized by the today the events that occurred memory. The USS Arizona Memo jefferey F. Burton, Continental Congress during the here on the morning of December rial tells us that while the full NPS. Revolutionary War—the very first 7, 1941, are as fresh as yesterday. scope of the loss of life and ships memorial was authorized on Janu- These Americans are from the gen would not be known for several ary 25, 1776, to honor General eration that fought the war and months—this was a turning point Richard Montgomery who was won the peace. These Americans for all Americans alive on that killed during an assault on the know that at this place the United fateful Sunday. After December 7, heights of Quebec during an States of America entered World 1941, Americans were united— War II—the great isolationists and interventionists est cataclysm in alike burned in anger at Japan's the history of the attack. With one blow Japan had world. They know united the American people in the that World War II war against the Axis powers. For was fought across Japan, retribution was to be com the globe and plete. The nation that had fool touched the lives ishly arrayed itself against a coali of countless mil tion of Western powers and had lions. They know believed that the United States that all of us still would fight a limited war was mis live in the shadow taken. The Japanese had mis of the war. judged the American character However, for and sense of fair play. In the more and more words of the famous naval histo- 4 CRM N2 6—1995 rian, Samuel Eliot Morrison, "One Historical can search military history in vain Oince December 1991, for an operation more fatal to the CRM has contained a number Interpretation and aggressor." of articles on topics relating to Historical Responsibility After visiting the Memorial World War II, to commemorate and the visitor center Americans the 50th anniversary of the U.S. Pat O'Brien know that with the immobilizing involvement in the war. Here is of the American fleet at Pearl Har "An orthodox history seems to a list of those articles, by vol 1 bor and its Pacific air power at me o contradiction in terms." ume number (the issue number —F.W. Maitiand Clark AFB in the Philippines the appears in parentheses). same day, the tide of Japanese conquest would wax for six Vol. 14, 1991 Why do historians work in months until crushed at the Battle "Why We Preserve—How We public history? Are public histori of Midway—with the loss of four Preserve: Commemorating the ans' agendas the same as those of of the six Japanese carriers that 50th Anniversary of World War historians in academia? What is had attacked Pearl Harbor. Over II" (thematic issue), James H. public history, and how is it used? the course of the War in the Charleton, editor (8). As historians, we seldom stop Pacific the reach of Japan's Empire to make such inquiries. What is it would wane until those fateful Vol. 15, 1992 that we study and what is it that days in August 1945 when two "Early Warnings: The Mystery of we do? All students of history American airplanes—Enola Gay Radar in Hawaii," by Harry A. know that history is action hap and Bockscar—dropped two Butowsky (8) pening in time. It occurs at the atomic bombs on Japan ending "Commemorating the 50th dynamic and ever-moving flash World War II. Anniversary of World War II— point between past and future. And so the USS Arizona One Year Later" (8) The analysis of historical phenom Memorial continues to live and "Remembering the Day: The 50th ena involves the interpretation of teach and influence Americans as Anniversary Pearl Harbor people's stories and their sur a special place. The USS Arizona Attack Symposiums," by Daniel roundings, their change through Memorial also has a special place A. Martinez (8) time and the consequences of that change. Sometimes it focuses on a for the postwar generation of Vol. 16, 1993 Americans. The USS Arizona story or record of an individual's "Wolf Ridge After Pearl Harbor: actions; sometimes the stories of Memorial is a site to be visited Waiting for the Enemy Who and discussed so that the meaning entire communities are examined. Never Came," by Stephen A. From time immemorial, historians, and lessons of World War II will Haller (7) never be lost. It is a place to philosophers, and chroniclers remember or learn anew this his Vol. 17, 1994 have interpreted humanity's his tory. It is a place where we come "The Roving National Historic tory and acknowledged its power. together to consider the implica Landmark—Jeremiah O'Brian: A Oral historical traditions have tions of the events of December 7, Successful Public-Private remained powerful, from the shan- 1941 and think about our lives Partnership," by Kevin J. Foster nachies of Ireland to the griots of West Africa. Until this century, and future. By visiting the USS (5) historical inquiry generally Arizona Memorial each generation "Lost Heritage: WWII remained the purview of males in once again learns the lessons and Battlegrounds in the Pacific," many world civilizations; men events of that day—events and a by J. Steven Moore (8) controlled its interpretation and common history that bind us "Commemoration and Controversy: communication just as they together as a nation and people Without Warning," by Edwin C. attempted to dominate those and remind us to give thanks to Bearss (9) events that prompted historical the veterans of World War II and "Commemorating 20th Century recordation and analysis. of all American Wars who have Wars," by Mary E. Franza and Historical interpretation in given so much, that all may be Ronald W. Johnson (9) free. western European culture has Vol. 18, 1995 developed over time into an intel Harry Butowsky is a historian in "Commemoration and lectual profession of academic the History Division of the Controversy," by Martin Blatt inquiry. As with other modern pro National Park Service, (4-Point of View) fessions, methodologies and tech Washington, DC. "Can Museums Achieve a Balance niques for interpreting historical Between Memory and evidence developed in the acad History?," by Edward T. emy as the discipline evolved, par- Linenthal (4-Point of View) —continued page 24 CRM Na 6—1995 5 Paul M. Bray The Riverspark Story Partnerships Making a Real Place into a Living Park iverspark is a locally-created and Hudson-Mohawk Industrial Gateway, made stud state-designated urban cultural ies and sponsored lectures and tours to bring to park encompassing seven neigh light the rich 19th-century industrial history of the boring cities, towns, and villages. area. The Gateway recognized that protection of The parRk has been called a "live-in, learn-in the natural and cultural resources of the multi- park" and a "partnership park." Situated at the community area depended upon enlisting the sup confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, port of the local governments. Riverspark's natural and cultural features are In 1977, the mayor of the city of Cohoes associated with the story of industrialization and forged a partnership with three other mayors, one the American worker, including the conflicts town supervisor, and a city manager to establish which spawned the American labor movement in the inter-municipal Hudson-Mohawk Urban the 19th century. It also speaks of the de-indus Cultural Park (HMUCP) Commission and desig trialization of America. As the park notion has nated the overall grouping of communities to be broadened to encompass inhabited special an urban cultural park—a new idea of park. A sev places—including the concept of partnership enth municipality, the town of Colonic was added parks—partnerships have become integral to all later. aspects of park development and management. Former Mayor Canestrari, today a state Riverspark had its origins in the early 1970s, assemblyman, set in motion a process to recog when a local preservation organization, the nize, celebrate, and capitalize on a unique American cultural treasure. He began the institu tionalization of a living or inhabited park and the building of a widening circle of partnerships that continues to grow. Riverspark represents almost two decades of park- and partnership- making. A milestone for Riverspark, the popular name for the Hudson- Mohawk Urban Cultural Park Commission, came in 1982 when the statewide Heritage Area System Harmony was established. Riverspark was the model for the Manufacturing Co. System which today has 15 units. In New York Mill No.3, central block, west face; State, the names heritage area and urban cultural quoins are cast park are used interchangeably. iron. Photo by Jack The New York State Heritage Area System is E. Voucher. a partnership between the state and locally-cre ated state-designated heritage areas. For Riverspark, the partnership brings state recogni tion, technical assistance, linkage with other state- designated heritage areas, and eligibility for both capital projects and program grants. A feature of the System is a mechanism to foster coordination and consistency between a wide range of state programs including transportation, tourism, and education, and the goals and activities of heritage areas like Riverspark. Riverspark is guided by an extensive state approved management plan which includes a nat- 6 CRM N^ 6—1995 ural and cultural working life within the seven communities of resource inven Riverspark. tory, designation The history of Riverspark is in many ways a of a 26-mile her reflection of the agricultural and industrial her itage trail link itage of America and the changing relationships ing most of its between employers and workers. On the west Detail of life-size resources, bronze statue of shore of the Hudson River, the city of Troy was a Harmony's princi theme attrac breeding ground of union activity. The Troy union pal developer, tions like the of iron molders was the largest local in America at Thomas Garner. Watervliet one time and the Trojan laundry workers orga Photo by jack £. Arsenal nized the first female union in the nation. "Troy is Boucher. Museum and the banner city of Americans upon the trade union the Erie Canal sentiment...," declared William Sylvis, National Lock #2 Park, Labor Union President in 1866. interpretive and A short distance to the north on the east recreational ele shore of the Hudson River, the Harmony Mills ments, and a Complex, America's largest complete cotton mill, preservation made the city of Cohoes into a company town. In strategy. Significant historic sites and districts are his book on Troy and Cohoes, Worker City, protected by local preservation ordinances. Two Company Town, historian Daniel Walkowitz points visitor centers have been opened, one each in Troy out that "Harmony Mills paternalism was distin and Cohoes. The original Commission, now a pub guished by its thoroughness, pervading almost lic benefit corporation, is the planning and pro every aspect of working-class life." The company gramming entity while the member communities employed all 4,808 cotton workers in Cohoes in and private entities are responsible for individual 1880, and owned 800 tenements available for mill Riverspark facilities. workers at reduced rents, boarding houses, and a The development and operation of company store. Its managers frequently doubled as Riverspark is an ongoing tale of partnerships. For bank directors and even as mayor of Cohoes. example, the Riverspark Visitor Center in Troy was However, its control over its workers unraveled in the result of a partnership of many property own the decades preceding a major strike in 1880 after ers doing facade restoration projects on Troy's Irish and French Canadian workers had time to main street with the city making streetscape develop associations on the job and in the com improvements. Riverspark was able to package munity that were necessary to sustain an extended this project in a manner that got a 10% matching strike. The story of workers in Riverspark was one grant from the State Heritage Area Program. This of first decline and then rebirth after 1900. grant was for $800,000, the total cost of develop De-industrialization occurred because of ing the Riverspark Visitor Center in Troy. labor problems, the Depression, changing sources Riverspark partners have included the corpo of raw materials and consumer patterns, and rations who help underwrite the cost of Riverspark decline in the water and rail transportation net festivals like the annual Canalfest and non-profit work that once had made Riverspark a strategic museums and preservation organizations for location at the head of navigation on the Hudson which Riverspark has been able to obtain state grants. The afore mentioned Gateway was desig nated to be Riverspark's tour organizer. A shared vision and thoughtful planning connect many diverse partners with Riverspark's intersecting goals of preservation, education, recre ation, and economic develop ment. In recent years, the Commission, in partnership with View of both tur entities like the New York State bine units at AFL-CIO, has undertaken a long- Harmony Manufacturing term effort to commemorate, cele Company Mill No. brate, and encourage the story of 3. Photo by Jack E. Boucher. CRM N^ 6—1995 7 River. The Harmony Mills as a textile mill and housing continues to be used as residences. Sites many of the Troy collar shops ceased operation where workers congregated and formulated strike during the 1930s, and the Burden Iron Works— plans like Druids Hall in Troy are in excellent con which made the horse shoes for the Union Army dition. The Iron Molders International Union met during the Civil War and developed the machinery there beginning in 1865. The Kate Mullaney resi for making spikes for railroad ties—was in dence in Troy was the home of the leader of the receivership in 1934. nation's first women's labor organization. This Yet, other industries and institutions whose house is in a neighborhood that retains the work origins were in the 19th century continued to con ing class character of the 1860s and 1870s. tribute to the economy of the Riverspark commu The Commission undertook a feasibility nities. The Watervliet Arsenal begun in 1813 has study in 1989, Champions of Labor, which identi continuously produced ordinance, cannon, and fied the resources chronicling worker life in weapons for the U.S. Army in every national con Riverspark and recommending National Park flict except for the Revolutionary War. A cast iron Service designation of worker landmarks. It also building at the working Arsenal is used as a called for creation of a Labor Study Center to be museum. Rensselear Polytechnic Institute was located in Riverspark. The New York State AFL- founded in 1824 "for teaching the physical sci CIO then passed a resolution recognizing that ences with their application to the arts of life." The Riverspark was "uniquely rich in the history of first engineering school in the nation continues its organized labor and working-class culture" and long tradition of providing leadership and techni endorsed the recommendation of a Labor Study cal expertise for industries at the local and Center. national level. Another outgrowth of the feasibility study Much of the 19th-century physical fabric of was the enactment of Public Law 102-101 calling Riverspark has survived in a remarkably well-pre for the Department of the Interior to do a labor served condition. The Harmony Mills Complex theme study identifying nationally-significant stands intact with a variety of economic uses tak places in American labor history. This law was ing place in the mill structures and the worker sponsored by Congressman Michael McNulty, the Urban Parks such as Riverspark carry a vast educational potential to interpret and bring before the American people the subject of labor history. Riverspark reminds us that while previous generations of American workers accepted the Industrial Revolution, they did not necessarily accept the harsh condi tions and lack of human dignity brought on by employment in the mills and factories of America. The men and women who worked in the textile mills of Troy and Cohoes, New York were deeply committed to their vision of an industrial America in which technology was harnessed for human needs and the American ideals of democracy and freedom were guaranteed for all to enjoy. Riverspark commemorates not only a chapter in the American labor history but also illustrates the continuing American struggle for human rights. The history of the textile mills of Riverspark, and of the men and women who worked in the mills, is an important story that should generate self-esteem in these communities and pride for the nation. Textile mills were central to the development of the industrial might of the United States. The struggle of the mill workers for union recognition, decent wages, and safe working conditions was reflective of the desire of the American worker for social justice, equality, and economic opportunity. The men and women who came to the mills of Troy and Cohoes, New York were seeking a part of the American dream. They wanted high-paying jobs and the opportunity to work and support their families. The mills gave them this opportunity. In the struggle to unionize they changed the industry and re-defined the American dream. Through the implementation of the Labor History National Historic Landmark Theme Study, Congress intended that concerned groups working with the National Park Service should begin discus sions with leaders from local communities to develop strategies to assist these communities in the preservation and interpretation of their locally-based but nationally-significant labor history resources. It is the intention of the National Park Service to see that this is done in a manner that will acknowledge the national significance of the labor history inherent in these sites and respect other issues involving local pride, and the nature of our federal and state form of government. The resources associated with the textile mills in New York offer an insight as to what is possible. The challenges are great but rewards resulting from the preservation and interpretation of these sites are worth the effort. —Harry A. Butowsky 8 CRM N2 6—1995 former mayor of the village of Green Island and own unique experiences with partnerships can be Riverspark commissioner, and Senator Patrick used in providing a partnership approach for Moynihan. national recognition for the nationally-significant This study has led to National Historic resources in Riverspark. Landmark nominations for the Harmony Mills Riverspark's experience with partnerships Complex and the Kate Mullaney House. The reveals the park as a focal point for an ongoing Commission is considering the creation of three process where everyone with a stake in its interpretive districts: the Harmony Mills areas to resources can benefit by participating and thereby focus on the company town experience; the area advance the common good. This experience shows around the Mullaney House to focus on the story no precise formula for partnership parks other of the only "bona fide female union in the coun than the value of applying a lot of thought, plan try" and the related movement to create a coopera ning, and commitment to the resources that make tive laundry; and South Troy to focus on the iron a special place special. molders. Much of the physical fabric from the 19th century has survived in these areas where people Paul M. Bray participated in the founding of continue to live and work. Riverspark and is Special Advisor to the HMUCP The Commission is looking forward to broad Commission. He is an attorney, writes a monthly col ening its circle of partners to include the National umn for the Albany Times Union on architecture, Park Service in its efforts to preserve and interpret parks, preservation and planning, and teaches a the resources associated with worker history. course on environmental heritage planning at the Models for partnership approaches like the State University at Albany. National Heritage Corridor as well as Riverspark's Cheryl Brown Henderson Landmark Decision Remembering the Struggle for Equal Education In December 1993, the Trust for Public Land transferred Monroe Elementary School in Topeka, Kansas, to the National Park Service for the new Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site. This first unit of the national park system to be named after a famous court case will commemorate the landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision that outlawed racial school segregation in the United States. The Monroe School, which was closed in 1975 as a result of declining enrollment, will be refur bished with plans to reopen the building to the public in 1998 with exhibits that interpret its signifi cance in the struggle for civil rights. In the following article Cheryl Brown Henderson reflects on the history and meaning of the new park — both to the nation and, more personally, to her family, for whom the court case is named. Henderson is president of the Brown Foundation for Educational Equity, Excellence, and Research, established as a living tribute to the attorneys and plaintiffs of the Brown case. The foundation provides scholarships to future teachers, programs on multicultural understanding, and support for research in educational equity. early three quarters of a century Monroe as a first-grader in 1927. My sisters, after it was built, a two-story Linda and Terry, attended Monroe, as did their red-brick school building in children after them. Finally, in 1972, I began my NTopeka, Kansas, has come to own teaching career there, a few years before the symbolize the triumph of the human spirit. The school closed due to declining enrollment. work that brought this site from obscurity into Each member of our family has his or her the consciousness of the American people has own memories of Monroe. Mother remembers been a labor of love for the family of the days begun with a pledge of allegiance and a Reverend Oliver L. Brown and other longtime morning prayer. Linda and Terry recall an atmos Topeka residents. My mother began school at phere in which no less than your best was CRM N" 6—1995 9 expected each day, and their children fondly war, private schools could not accommodate the remember classroom friendships. My own memo rising demand. Even Kansans who supported pub ries are of a time of transition, with parents, stu lic schools for African Americans had little interest dents, and teachers concerned with the impending in shared facilities. In the late 19th century the school closure. Now we all hope that the halls of Kansas legislature passed a law allowing cities of the old school will once again ring with the voices over 15,000 to operate separate public schools for of children, teachers, and other visitors. The African Americans and whites. In response to this National Park Service plans to turn Monroe law, boards of education in cities like Topeka cre Elementary School into a interpretive center for ated a dual system of racially segregated schools. the new Brown v. Board of Education National On July 13, 1868, the Topeka Board of Education Historic Site, to explain how past generations purchased land on Monroe Street to construct one worked to ensure a free and inclusive America. of the four elementary schools for its African American students. The case that became known as Brown v. "We conclude that in the field of public Board of Education of Topeka was one of a long education the doctrine of'Separate but Equal' line of cases that sought equal education as a tool for social equality. For many years segregated has no place. Separate educational facilities are schooling was sanctioned by the 1896 U.S. inherently unequal." Supreme Court decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, which permitted separate-but-equal —Chief Justice Earl Warren for a unanimous United States classrooms for African American children. In 1950, Supreme Court, May 17, 1954 attorneys for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) chose Kansas may seem like an unusual place for a Topeka as one of the places in which to challenge historic site commemorating the civil rights move that decision. The final documents were filed in ment. In fact, the state has a rich history of free behalf of 13 African American families for their 20 dom and justice. Since the early 19th century, its children. As fate would have it, Oliver L. Brown borders have been open to all without regard to headed the list of plaintiffs and my family's name race, creed, or color. Education was also available became forever linked to this case. to all in Kansas. Even prior to statehood, the pre The circumstances for each of the families in vailing belief was that an uneducated person was the case were similar. My father agreed to partici a dangerous person and could not be a productive pate because my oldest sister, Linda, and the other citizen. African American children in our integrated neigh Before the Civil War the few African borhood had to walk through a railroad switching American children in Kansas were educated in pri yard, cross a busy boulevard, and await a rickety vately financed charity schools. But as the state's school bus—sometimes for an hour in all types of African American population increased after the weather—to travel the nearly two miles to Monroe School. This was despite the fact that we lived only four blocks from Sumner Elementary School, which served the neighborhood's white children. Otiver L Brown. During the case, much was made of the fact that Photo courtesy the board of education provided bus service for Brown Family African American children and not for white chil Collection. dren. But that was so much window dressing, since white children almost always lived within walking distance of their neighborhood schools. In August 1951, a three-judge federal panel found against my father and the other plaintiffs. The decision acknowledged that segregation had a detrimental effect on Topeka's African American children, but found that is was not illegal, since school facilities and programs were equal to those of white students. The NAACP appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, where the Kansas case was joined with similar cases from Delaware, the District of Columbia, Virginia, and South Carolina. Because Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 10 CKM N^ 6—1995 rate educational facilities are inherently unequal." The decision effectively denied the legal basis for segregation in Kansas and 20 other states with segregated classrooms and would forever change race relations in this country. Ironically, the decision came too late to affect the children of some of the case's plaintiffs, including my sister Linda. That fall these children would enter junior high school, and since only ele mentary school had been segregated in Kansas, they were already scheduled to begin their first integrated schooling. In 1959 our family left Topeka because our father had accepted a new parish. Two years later, my father died at the age was first on the list, all of the cases eventually Monroe School. of 42. My family returned to our old Topeka neigh Illustration by became associated with its name. borhood, where, in the fall of 1961, I enrolled at Den/se A. Hopkins. It was an important case because it was not the by-then integrated Sumner Elementary School. from a southern state and because it delineated Each day, with the other African American chil the issue so well. It was acknowledged that in dren in our neighborhood, I would walk those most ways Topeka's white and African American short four blocks to the school my sister had not schools were equal. To overturn the lower court's been able to attend a decade before. decision the Supreme Court would have to strike Reactions to the Brown case were mixed down the separate-but-equal doctrine. around the country. In the fall of 1954, Kansas On May 17, 1954, at 12:52 p.m., the public schools quietly ended years of segregated Supreme Court announced its decision that "sepa- education. In the southern states, however, reac tion was more extreme. In 1957, nine African American students attempted to attend Central CRM Thematic Issue High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, and African American History Governor Orval Faubus closed all public schools and the Struggle for Civil Rights in that community for one year. Similarly, in Prince Edward County, Virginia, officials closed 1 he establishment of the Brown v. Board of Education public schools for four years rather than allow National Historic Site provides the National Park Service with a racial integration. In both instances, private unique opportunity to interpret one of the most important consti schools sprang up to serve white students, but tutional questions to come before the Supreme Court in the his because some white families could not afford tory of this nation. The interpretive themes available at this new them, white children, too, felt the sting of discrimi park span the entire reach of American history and much of nation. early European legal and constitutional history as well as the The Brown v. Board of Education National specific history of the African-American community in the years Historic Site will forever symbolize both the harsh after the Civil War. realities of segregation and the promise of equality In honor of African American History Month CRM will embodied in the Fourteenth Amendment of the publish a special thematic issue in February 1996 discussing Constitution. It is a welcome addition to our sys African American history and the struggle for civil rights. This tem of National Historic Landmarks and National issue will bring the latest scholarship in the field of civil rights Historic Sites, less than 5% of which currently history together with the National Park Service and other related relate to the role of African American citizens in institutions to examine common interpretive linkages between U.S. history. The new historic site is a result of a sites associated with civil rights. long effort by local volunteers, the Kansas congres If you have any questions or suggestions for articles con sional delegation, and the Trust for Public Land. It cerning this issue, please contact either of the following guest demonstrates a commitment to a more representa editors: tive national park system in which Americans of all racial and ethnic backgrounds can take pride. Ms. Cheryl Brown Henderson Mr. Rayford Harper, Supt. The Brown Foundation Brown v. Board of Education Reprinted courtesy of the Trust for Public PO Box 4862 NHS Land, land and People magazine. For more infor Topeka, KS 66604 424 South Kansas Avenue mation about the Trust for Public Land, please call 913-235-3939 Suite 332 1-800-714-LAND. Topeka, KS 66603-3441 913-354-4273 CRM N^ 6—1995 11 Diane Vogt-O'Connor Cultural Tourism and the Landmark Trust The door into 7 ravelers now have a cultural alter The beautifully preserved Landmark build St. Michael Street, Oxford, premiere native to the lures of ecotourism. ings include historic forts, castles, cottages, oast Landmark Trust For those interested in renting his houses, mills, mines, follies—including one in the Property in the toric holiday houses in the United shape of a pineapple, pavilions—including one for heart of historic KingdomT, England's Landmark Trust, celebrating cricket, towers, a fox hunting hall, monasteries, Oxford that sleeps its 30th anniversary this year, is an excellent well houses, a pigsty in the shape of a classical only two tenants. Photograph cour choice. The Landmark Trust allows visitors to temple, a Methodist chapel, train stations, gate tesy of Hugh A. contribute to the preservation of vernacular houses, lighthouses, schools, barns, lookouts, O'Connor architecture as they enjoy it. London town house, and shrines, often in remark What is the Landmark Trust? ably beautiful country, town, or city settings. The Exterior of Clytha The Landmark Trust is a non-profit British buildings are all unusual, whether for design, Castle, a Landmark organization which rescues remarkable historic materials, location, or for their associations. Trust 18th century structures in distress or disrepair, renovates them, What's it Like to Stay in a Landmark castellated folly in and rents them out for a single day or weeks at a Property? Gwent, near the scenic Brecon time. The rental funds underwrite additional his Visitors staying in Landmark structures find Becon mountains of toric preservation work—including the salvage of themselves in the heart of England, rather than in Wales. Clytha historic buildings that would otherwise be tourist encampments. Being regional landmarks, boasts gothic destroyed. Currently the Landmark Trust is rescu each historic structure fits naturally into a commu arched windows, ing Gargunnock House, a Georgian country house nity, and comes with interested neighbors and a linen fold paneling, impressive fire in Stirling, Scotland; Crownhill Fort, a vaulted relationship to the regional history. Many of the places, bedrooms structure on 16 acres with parade grounds, ram 200+ structures are on the grounds of country with very high ceil parts and a 300-man garrison; and Church House, houses or castles, including Hampton Court ings in the towers, a Tudor arch-brace roofed parish house dating Palace—part of the current Royal Palaces. and a ho ho and from 1500 in Somerset, as well as several Italian cattle guard on the Two Landmarks visited this June by the grounds. This structures. All these new structures should be author include the Fox Hall, a Palladian hunting Landmark sleeps available for rental later this year. The funds from lodge built in 1730 for the Duke of Richmond in six. Photo courtesy these rentals will support further rescues of endan West Sussex, and a flat in the Oxford Union of Susan Vogt- gered architectural treasures in years to come. Society. Fox Hall is described in the Landmark Brown. How is the Landmark Trust Related to the National Trust? The Landmark Trust has close links to the National Trust (currently celebrating its centenary). The Landmark Trust's current Chairman of Trustees, Martin Drury, is Director-General of the National Trust; while the Landmark's founder, Sir John Smith, was the National Trust's Deputy General. The Landmark Trust also works closely with the National Trust for Scotland, for example shar ing work on the historic folly called The Pineapple in Stirlingshire, as well as with the Royal Incorporation of Architects. 12 CRM Na 6—1995 pavements; and identifying the hidden trompe d'oeil effect on the exterior. The Fox Hall visitor's log book offered tantalizing clues on when and where to find the wildlife and plantlife, as well as how to proceed locating the "secret" aspects of Fox Hall. (Visitors to Fox Hall will find the author's business card in one secret drawer.) Some Landmarks are in extremely exotic and remote locations such as Lundy Island in the Bristol Channel, a three-mile landscape boasting three lighthouses, a castle, a church, a lookout, cottages, sheep, puffins, and sitka deer. Other interesting Landmarks include the Sant'Antonio in Tivoli, Italy (portions of which date from 60 BC); the Villa Saraceno in Vencenza designed by Andrea Palladio in 1559; or a suite at Hampton Court Palace in Surrey. Interior of the 7 St. Trust Handbook as, "undoubtedly Britain's premier Other Landmark buildings have remarkable Michael Street sit bed-sitter." The Oxford flat, decorated in William associations, such as the Casa Guidi in Florence, ting room in the Italy, which was Robert and Elizabeth Browning's Oxford Union Morris papers and fabrics, sits in the heart of Society Building. England's architectural splendors and Oxford's home (opposite the Pitti Palace); the poet Keats's The windows to scholarly treasures. Both properties encouraged house (No. 26 Piazza de Spagna in Rome); the the right overlook a the illusion of belonging to the community, allow poet Sir John Betjeman's flat in London; Luttrell's street of bookshops ing tourists to live according to the rhythms of the Tower, built by Temple Simon Luttrell (a member and cafes; while region. of Parliament, smuggler, and victim of the French the back windows overlook the gar At the 7 St. Michael Street property in Revolution); or St. Winifred's Well in Woolston, den, debating Oxford, Landmark tenants may join the Oxford Shropshire (originally a pre-Christian nature chamber, pub, and Union, a retreat open only to dues-paying faculty shrine, then the shrine to a 7th century Welsh library reading and students. Union membership allows access to princess who became a saint and is associated room of the Oxford with the shrine's healing spring). The Landmark Union—all avail Oxford Union dining halls, an inexpensive pub, able to the and several libraries (including one decorated by Trust also maintains Naulakha, Rudyard Kipling's Landmark tenants. the pre-Raphaelites as students). During the day house near Brattleboro, Vermont. All Landmark Photo courtesy of the Landmarker can glory in the magnificent archi buildings have some English association. Hugh A. O'Connor. tecture of the 38 colleges, shop, and visit the many Most of these beautifully renovated struc gardens, museums, and libraries. In the evening tures may be rented for a weekend or a week or the Oxford Union lectures, concerts, and debates longer year round. Children are welcomed. Inside come into their own. the Landmarks' front doors the visitors find mod In Charleton West Sussex at Fox Hall, the ern bathrooms (with towels and heated towel c. 1730 Palladian fox hunting lodge of the Duke of bars) and fully outfitted kitchens with regionally- Richmond, Landmark tenants were offered pots of homemade marmalade. Locals gave advice Exterior of on restaurants and places to visit Bromfield Priory in from the Roman ruins at Shropshire, dating Fishbourne and Bignor; the prior to l400.This stately homes of Petworth and Landmark has a timber-framed Goodwood House; the Castle at upper story that Arundel; the Brighton Pavilion; was added after to the Chichester Cathedral and the dissolution of theater. Options were so over the monasteries. whelming that it was tempting to The main sitting room has a tim just stay home and watch the bered ceiling and a local foxes, pheasants, rabbits, fabulous hand- deer, and barn owls. carved chimney piece on the A favorite Fox Hall evening Jacobean fireplace. entertainment was searching for Photo courtesy of the "secret drawers"; finding the the author. hidden initials in the cobbled CRM N2 6—1995 13 return to their favorite ones. Since advertising is largely done through word-of-mouth, more recently renovated structures tend to be less heavily booked. One of the special pleasures of a Landmark stay is sitting by the fireplace reading the visitor log book, an archival account of the joys and excitements experienced by previous visitors to your Landmark property. A visitor to the 13th-century Bath Tower in Caernarfon, Wales wrote, "We put the children in the dungeon which they thoroughly enjoyed." Visitors to Clytha Castle, a castellated folly built by William Jones in 1790 wrote, "Our inten tions were to dine out every night, but the atmosphere of the dining room was too much to resist." A Wolveton appropriate dishes, pots, and pans; for example, visitor to The White House, dating in part from the Gatehouse, begun old Chelsea crockery in Cornwall. Central heating 14th century, noted, "We have left one of our party during the reign of in the secret room." A visitor to the 13th-century Henry VIII, in is the norm. The Landmarks have comfortable bed rooms outfitted with wool blankets, sheets, and pil Bath Tower in Caernarfon, Wales, noted, "A Dorset. This medieval atmosphere has been achieved without Landmark sleeps lowcases. the discomforts of the period." Comments such as six and boasts Each Landmark property has a housekeeper, "The vicar called on horseback," and "You do huge bedrooms who prepares for arrival and cleans up after each with fireplaces, a recover from a 20-mile walk," enliven Landmark visit. While television is not included, most spectacular solid logbooks. Visitors to the Pineapple, a two-story oak staircase Landmarks offer bookcases full of books, maps, summerhouse, dating from around 1760 which carved from a sin and puzzles, as well as writing desks for more seri gle tree, and Tudor boasts a remarkable dome in the shape of a ous travelers. Visitors need provide only luggage, pineapple, wrote, "The experience of actually living Renaissance win food, paper products, and soap. dows. Sir Walter in such a building is so much more rewarding than Raleigh was a fre What Do Visitors Say About their Stays in merely visiting," and "There is a hermit's cave quent visitor to Landmark Structures? nearby." Elegiacally, one departing visitor to the Wolveton. Photo Due to their reasonable cost and unusual Pineapple wrote, "Farewell, old fruit." courtesy of Susan nature, Landmarks have developed an enthusiastic Vogt-Brown. audience of frequent renters who visit as many of Visitors depart knowing that they have the 200+ structures as possible, and frequently helped to preserve part of our cultural heritage. How Does One Book a Landmark Property? Prices for stays at Landmark properties vary from as little as 78 pounds for a January Potential interested visitors should write or week at the Old Light Cottage which sleeps one call for a copy of the 15th edition of the to 2,600 pounds for a late-summer week at a Landmark Trust Handbook, a 300+ page illus monastery in Tivoli that sleeps 12. (Note: trated guide to the properties that costs $19.50 During the author's recent visit a pound was and is available from FPI at 28 Birge Street, roughly $ 1.60) Most weekly costs seem to aver Brattleboro, Vermont 05301 or via telephone at age around 300 pounds in the Winter, and 400- 802-254-6868. Potential renters who purchase a 700 pounds a week during the summer—making handbook automatically receive up-to-date these structures which often sleep 4-8 individu prices lists and availability listings. Bookings als a reasonable and historic alternative to should be made by contacting the Landmark hotels or bed and breakfast lodgings. The funds Trust at Shottesbrooke, Maidenhead, Berkshire, obtained from rentals go toward renovating and England SL6 3SW, or by calling 01628 825925. salvaging other endangered historic structures. 14 CRM NS 6—1995 Some Additional Purveyors of Historic catering" holidays, "farmhouse bed and break fasts," and "rural retreats." Holiday Houses: The National Trust: the 100-year-old-his- Landmark Trust: Book by writing to toric preservation organization of the U.K., Shottesbrooke, Maidenhead, Berkshire, England offers 180+ historic cottages. Contact them at 36 SL6 3SW or by calling 01628 825925. The Queen Anne's Gate, London, England SW1H Landmark Trust Handbook is available from FPI 9AS. Call 71-222-9251. In the U.S. dial 011-44 at 28 Birge Street, Brattleboro, Vermont 05301 first when dialing England. or via telephone at 802-254-6868. For Ireland, call the Northern Ireland Call the British Tourist Authority: 551 Tourist Board: 1-800-326-0036 and ask for Fifth Ave., Suite 701, New York, NY 10176; information on the Rural cottage Development 800-GO2-BRIT, and ask for books on "self- and Marketing Company. Each visitor's comments left in the logbooks will Tower cricket pavilion looks lovely. . The options help others to better enjoy that heritage. Most ten are many and tempting. The Landmark Trust ants immediately begin planning for their next Handbook is a catalog of promised pleasures for Landmark stay. Will it be the Cloth Fair in the cultural traveler. London? What about the amazing 1835 Egyptian- style house in Penzance, Cornwall? Appleton Diane Vogt-O'Connor is Senior Archivist, Curatorial Water Tower in Norfolk? Isn't there a Charles Services Division, National Park Service, Rennie Mackintosh house in Scotland and a 15th- Washington, DC. century-parsonage in Oxfordshire? The Prospect Jeanne M. Harold Disaster Mitigation for the Bertrand Collection Artifacts Weights for secur magine being a curator, collections Background ing cups and manager, or conservator entering a dis On April Fools' Day, 1865, the steamboat dishes. play/storage area and observing over Bertrand hit a snag on the Missouri River and 7,000 rare, 130-year-old bottles filled sank 20 miles north of Omaha, Nebraska. The with theiIr original contents of liquors and food Bertrand was on her maiden voyage up the river, stuffs sitting unrestrained on open shelving. Awe heading to Fort Benton, Montana, out of St. Louis, would probably be your first reaction, and then Missouri. She carried about 60 passengers and panic! This situation would certainly be a text crew members—mostly supply traders eager to book case of "an accident looking for a place to cash in on the lucrative trade with gold miners. happen." Add to this scenario a fire-suppression She also hauled $210,000 worth of cargo. The system that releases gas at 400 psi, and you can boat sank in 12' of water. No lives were lost and close your eyes and hear the glass shatter. passengers simply walked a plank to shore. This, indeed, was the situation at the Salvage efforts were undertaken, but eventually Bertrand Museum at the DeSoto National Wildlife abandoned. As the boat became mired in the Refuge in Missouri Valley, Iowa. Many museum Mighty Mo's murky bottom, there emerged a local collections include problems which share similari legend of buried treasure—gold, mercury, and ties to the potential plight of the Bertrand bottles. whiskey. These problems can be mitigated with some com In 1968, two treasure hunters, using a flux- mon sense, hard work, and lots of acrylic sheeting. gate magnetometer (a type of metal detector), dis- CRM Na 6—1995 15 from the nozzles as possible. Many were rehoused inside steel cabinets. • Weights constructed of lead or steel shot encapsulated in double layers of heat-sealed, one-inch polyethylene tubing were inserted into coffee pots, bowls, tin cups, and dinner- ware. These weights are unseen by visitors, but lessen the chance of the objects moving or falling if shelves are bumped or shaken. • For the shelving with bottles, glasses, lamp chimneys, and fonts, one-inch-wide acrylic straps were installed from shelf end to shelf end. These straps, made of 1/4" thick Plexiglas™, attach to the shelves with brass screws and prevent the objects from falling over the edges in a domino effect. As an added advantage, the straps are the first thing to be Acrylic straps for covered the wreck in a cornfield on DeSoto "bumped" into by staff or researchers, thus shelves with lamp National Wildlife Refuge property. In the next 2 preventing the objects from being damaged. chimneys, bottles, years, 150 tons of cargo were excavated and a etc. • Top shelves that were immediately visible to treasure trove of tools, clothing, quicksilver, food museum guests and had bottles lined upon stuffs, and housewares was exhumed. These them are secured with welded brass-wire objects are now on display in combined "grids" which encompass each bottle and fas storage/exhibit areas in a visitor center maintained ten to the shelf rims with brass screws. These by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service. These stor grids are painted the same color as the age/exhibit areas are environmentally controlled, shelves, and are then coated with inert, resin and can be viewed by the public through glass "plasti-dip" to prevent abrasion with the bot walls. tles. Objectives • Finally, bottles displayed on small acrylic Along with the bottles on shelving, there are shelves that were located directly behind the numerous other assemblages of fragile objects glass walls were retrofitted with a series of exposed to disasters or accidental mishaps. These custom acrylic restraining shelves. These include: glass lamp chimneys and fonts, lanterns, shelves paralleled the existing shelves and pro porcelain dinnerware, glass tumblers and shot vided cut-outs fitted to each bottle. The objec glasses, tin cups, and tin and copper coffee pots. tive was to hold the objects in place, much as Safeguarding all of these various artifacts became a test-tube holder restrains racks of test tubes. a priority for museum staff. Numerous modes of One-quarter-inch-thick restraining shelves dealing with the prevention of damage were were connected to the original shelves with devised, all of which involved different levels of brass rods. The threaded ends of the rods difficulty in construction. The span of preventive screwed into threaded holes in the corners of applications ranges from the mere rearrangement the restraining shelves. The unthreaded ends of the collection to installing restraining appli ances. Implementation • Initially, objects were rearranged where possible to avoid damage. For instance, bottles that were barely visible to visitors Wire grids for were moved from top securing shelves of shelves (these are closest Bitters bottles. to the nozzles where the gas from the fire-suppres sion system is released). The most fragile objects were moved as far away 16 CRM N2 6—1995 a minimum amount of technology, some qualify ing dexterity, and a lot of enthusiasm. Supplies needed to complete these tasks are listed below. For further reading, refer below. **Special thanks to Museum Curator, James B. O'Barr and Refuge Manager, George E. Gage. Supply List steel/lead shot (#6 or 7): local sporting goods store brass rods and wire: local hardware store brass woodscrews (countersunk): local hardware store polyester felt (moleskin): local fabric store acrylic sheeting: local plastics supply company Above, exhibit cubes before disaster mitigation restraint appliances were installed, PlastiDipTM: PDI Inc. below, exhibit cubes after appliances were installed. P.O. Box 130 Circle Pines, MN 55014 612-785-2156 1" polyethylene tubing: U.S. Plastics Corp. 1390 Neubracht Rd. Lima, OH 45801 1-800-537-9724 For Further Reading Agbabian, M.S., S.F. Masre, R.L. Nigbor, 1990, "Evaluation of Seismic Mitigation Measures for Art Objects." GCI Scientific Program Report, Marina del Rey. Fenner, Gloria, 1982, "Artifacts Under Pressure: Effects of Halon Gas Release in a Collection." Curator, 25/2, pp. 85-90, American Museum of Natural History. Harold, Jeanne M., 1994, "Save the Bertrand Bottles: A Display Restraint System." Exhibitionist, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 42-43, National Association for Museum Exhibition. popped into holes drilled into the original Podany, Jerry C, 1991, "Safeguarding a Collection and shelves' corners. Cutouts were lined with black Building from Natural Hazards." Perspectives on polyester felt to minimize light refraction and Natural Disaster Mitigation: Papers Presented at abrasion. 1991 AIC Workshop, pp. 51-67, Washington, DC. Conclusions In developing this system of weights, straps, Jeanne M. Harold is a Museum Specialist in grids, and restraining shelves, we were able to Conservation for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. avoid the use of adhesives, sticky waxes, or costly She has been with the Bertrand Museum at DeSoto individual mounts. Although some of these appli National Wildlife Refuge for four years, after work ances are visible, they are not highly disruptive to ing for the National Park Service for four years in the museum visitor's view. Some aesthetic compro Harpers Ferry, WV and Tucson, AZ. mises are necessary in preventing loss or damage to exhibited artifacts. All supplies needed are easily accessible, affordable, and final products can be fabricated and installed by technicians, volunteers, or interns. Disaster mitigation can be tackled with CRM N2 6—1995 17 Ronnie Emery NPS Assists Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Communities his spring, the National Park what they are concerned with protecting. Native Service awarded nearly $2 million language, oral literature and oral history, plant and to 49 Indian tribes, Alaska Native animal species important in tradition, and places— groups, and Native Hawaiian orga sacred and historic—are all part of preservation nizationTs to assist in preserving and protecting from a tribal perspective. This year's grant projects their unique cultural heritage. Since 1990, this reflect this broad range of needs. program has awarded a total of just over $7.3 The 1990 report also asserted that Indian million. Each year, federally-recognized Indian tribes must have the opportunity to participate tribes, Alaska Native groups, and Native fully in the national historic preservation program, Hawaiian organizations submit competitive grant but on terms that respect their unique cultural val applications to support historic preservation pro ues, traditions, and sovereignty. Among the report's jects and promote the continuation of living cul recommendations was one that stated, "The tural traditions. National Historic Preservation Act should be In 1992, the amendments to the National amended to establish a separate title authorizing Historic Preservation Act established the programs, policies, and procedures for tribal her Washington-based, Tribal Historic Preservation itage preservation and for financial support as part Program of the National Park Service's of the annual appropriations process. Interagency Resources Division which administers In 1992, the 102nd Congress heeded that these funds. The program provides a broad range recommendation and amended the nation's corner of assistance to native peoples' efforts nationwide stone historic preservation law to include more to preserve their unique cultural heritage. fully the historic and cultural preservation needs of Indian tribes, Alaska Natives, and Native Members of the From the program's beginning, native peoples Fort Sill Apache have worked with the National Park Service to Hawaiian groups under the umbrella of the Tribe entering define historic preservation from a tribal perspec national preservation program. While there had Apache word list tive. In September 1990, the Director of the always been a tribal presence in the National for Apache National Park Service issued the landmark report, Historic Preservation Act since its passage in 1966, Dictionary. the Congress now focussed more clearly their Doris Harlin on Keepers of the Treasures: Protecting Historic computer and Irene Properties and Cultural Traditions on Indian Lands,inten t with respect to this important issue. It was Poolaw translating. which describes in the words of Indian peoples this change to the national preservation law that established the Service's Tribal Historic Preservation Program and authorized the grant program, now in its fifth year. The projects selected for funding this year by the Tribal Historic Preservation Program are listed below. For further information on this program contact the National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division, Preservation Planning Branch at 202-343-9500. 1. Maliseet Archeological Project— Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians Conduct an archeological survey to identify prehistoric and contact period sites of significance to the Maliseet people, identify native cemeteries or burials to initiate cooperative protection and preservation with the land owners or managers, and promote cultural awareness both within the 18 CRM N2 6—1995 Houlton Band and throughout the broader north Sponsor 20 students from the Oneida Nation ern Maine community. High School in exploring the traditional uses of 2. Wampanoag Historic Preservation Plan— plants. With the assistance of Oneida elders and a Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head Indians botanist from the University of Wisconsin, the stu Develop and adopt a tribal historic preserva dents will identify and document medicine plants tion plan and ordinance to provide comprehensive and learn their traditional names and their ceremo protection of tribal archeological properties. Tribal nial and medicinal uses. members will attend training in historic preserva 9. Sokaogon Chippewa Community Historic tion provided by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Project—Sokaogon Chippewa Preservation and the Smithsonian Institution. Community 3. Training in Tribal Historic Preservation Support nine meetings of the Sokaogon Program Development— Keepers of the Treasures Chippewa Historic Preservation Committee which Cultural Council of American Indians, Alaska oversees historic preservation issues on Mole Lake Natives and Native Hawaiians Reservation. One full-time staff position to the Develop a body of basic historic preservation committee and a qualified anthropological consul materials explaining the roles and responsibilities tant will be hired to administer and provide train of State Historic Preservation Offices for Indian ing, conduct survey(s), and report on and recom tribes. This will be a Joint effort by this American mend appropriate preservation activities to the Indian cultural organization, the National Park Sokaogon Historic Preservation Committee and the Service, and the National Conference of State Tribal Council. Historic Preservation Officers. 10. Preserving Chippewa Heritage— Lac du 4. Seesibakwat Minising Cultural Project— Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Indians Establish a culture camp for youths using the Support two staff positions to collect artifacts, knowledge and wisdom of Ojibwa tribal elders to photographs, and other information to increase convey cultural traditions to the next generation. knowledge of the tribe's historic and cultural Sugar Island, the site selected for the camp, is a resources. Two tribal trainees will attend courses in traditional gathering place for the Ojibwa of north historic preservation to better equip the Lac du ern Michigan. Flambeau Historic Preservation Office in meeting the tribe's cultural heritage needs. 5. Odawa Historic and Cultural Preservation Planning Project—Little Traverse Bay Band of 11. Ojibway Cultural Village— Grand Portage Odawa Indians Tribal Council Develop a comprehensive cultural resources Create a "living history" interpretive exhibit at plan and establish a permanent Cultural Advisory the Grand Portage National Monument. The Council of traditional Odawa elders and interested exhibit will depict the significant contributions and persons to advise the tribe on cultural preserva relationships the Ojibway had with the fur traders tion. at Grand Portage. This exhibit will be documented 6. Grand Traverse Band Historic Preservation to illustrate the tribe's role in the fur trade of the Program— Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and 1700s to tribal youths. Chippewa Indians 12. Mille Lacs Reservation Oral History Collect, catalog, and preserve significant tribal Project—Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe artifacts donated by tribal members for inclusion in Interview 60 tribal elders. Ojibwe interviews the newly established Museum and Cultural will be translated into English, indexed, and dupli Learning Center. An exhibition of Native American cated. Approximately 600 historical photographs of quill box art will be developed and housed in the tribal members will be indexed and catalogued. The museum. information will be archived for future generations 7. Prophetstown: Discovering the Past to Plan of band members and non-band members alike. for the Future— Pokagon Potawatomi Nation 13. Lower Sioux Cultural Resources Mapping Conduct an archeological survey of a 210-acre and Information Project— Lower Sioux Indian historic site near the site of the Battle of Community Tippecanoe. Two weeks of professional training for Complete a comprehensive survey of cultur two tribal members in archeological survey tech ally-significant sites on the reservation using writ niques and non-invasive archeological discovery ten and oral sources. GIS maps and attribute tables techniques will be provided. of the data will be created. Information packets for 8. Oneida Historic Plant Preservation Project—triba l property owners will be developed to explain Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin appropriate legal protection, voluntary protection CRM N2 6—1995 10 information, cultural awareness and sensitivity Museum training for the Kaw Museum Board will information, and other appropriate guidance. be provided to enhance their oversight responsibil 14. Turtle Mountain Cultural Traditions and ity. Historic Sites Preservation Needs Inventory—Turtle 18. Sauk Culture and Language Revitalization Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians Project—Sac and Fox Nation Conduct a comprehensive survey and inventory Conduct a community cultural needs assess of historic sites and cultural traditions. A compre ment to provide an information base from which a hensive plan will be produced to assist the Turtle report of findings and recommendations and a Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians preserve and comprehensive Sac and Fox cultural retention plan protect their cultural traditions and historic sites. will be developed. 15. Old Agency Building Preservation Plan - 19. Wichita and Affiliated Tribes Historic Lakota Archives and Historical Research Center- Preservation Project —Wichita and Affiliated Rosebud Sioux Tribe and Sinte Gleska Tribes University Develop a historic preservation plan in consul Develop a preservation plan for and rehabilitate tation with the State Historic Preservation Offices the Old Agency Building, listed on the National of Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas. The project Register of Historic Places, so that the building can includes a survey of 2,000 acres of tribal lands, house the Lakota Archives and Historical Research documentation of the survey's findings, and devel Center. opment of a Geographic Information System data 16. Iowa Tribe Historic Preservation Office base to maintain and use the survey findings. Development—Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma 20. Fort Sill Cultural Needs Assessment—Fort Prepare a comprehensive historic preservation Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma plan with administrative procedures detailing iden Conduct a cultural needs assessment to priori tification and documentation of Iowa cultural/his tize tribal membership concerns in cultural preser torical properties. The tribe will work with the State vation. A strategic plan to address the issues iden Historic Preservation Offices of Oklahoma and tified in the cultural needs assessment will be Missouri in identifying sites of historic significance developed. to it. 21. Tigue Culture Documentation Project— Map by GIS Facility, 17. Kaw Nation Museum Project—Raw NationYslet a Del Sur Pueblo Interagency of Oklahoma Document, preserve, and convey to the next Resources Division, Develop and implement a collections and generation traditional methods of pottery making, NPS, 1995. inventory plan for the Kaw Nation Museum. bead and leatherworking, oven construction, bread baking, weaving, silver- smithing, and the manu facturing of drums, rat tles, pipes, and other ceremonial materials. 22. Zuni Heritage and Historic Preservation Office Implementation Project—Pueblo of Zuni Assess needs of and develop a plan for the Zuni Tribe to assume State Historic Preservation Office func tions on Zuni lands under Section 101(d)(2) of the National Historic Preservation Act, in con sultation with the National Park Service and the New Mexico Office of Cultural Affairs. 23. White Mountain Apache Tribal Historic 20 CRM N*2 6—1995 Preservation Office—White Mountain Apache Hire a tribal historian to compile Chippewa Tribe Cree tribal historical data from museums, private Assess and explore the feasibility of the White collections, and other archival entities along the Mountain Apache assuming State Historic migratory route of the Chippewa Cree from the Preservation Office functions on tribal lands under Great Lakes to Montana. section 101(d)(2) of the National Historic 31. Kootenai Traditional Plants Preservation Preservation Act in consultation with the National Project—Confederated Salish and Kootenai Park Service and the Arizona SHPO. Based on find Tribes ings, the tribe will write a historic preservation Survey and inventory the location of popula ordinance to be implemented if the tribe assumes tions of "tribal plants of special concern" to the SHPO functions. Kootenai people by a cultural botanist and tribal 24. Antelope Mesa Archeological Survey elders. Samples of traditional plants will be col Project—The Hopi Tribe lected. The gathering areas will be identified and Survey and inventory the Antelope Mesa arche added to the tribe's Arch-Info/View GIS so they can ological sites. The data will be entered into be considered in future land development plans. Geographic Information System format and used by 32. Colville Tribal Indian Cultural Camp— the tribe in the management of archeological sites Colville Confederated Tribes located on the Hopi Indian Reservation. Operate two-week long culture camps for the 25. Southern Paiute Traditional Teachings for Colville Tribe children: one for grades K-6 and the Tomorrow's Elders—Kaibab Band of Paiute other for grades 7-12. The camp will provide a Indians total of 100 children with an awareness of tribal Conduct a summer Paiute traditional camp for government, tribal corporations, and Colville tribal tribal elders to share the traditions of the Southern history and traditions. Paiutes with tribal youths. Videotaped sessions of 33. Puyallup Tribe of Indians Cultural Needs the camp will be made to preserve the knowledge Assessment—Puyallup Tribe of Indians and teachings of the elders. Perform a comprehensive cultural needs 26. Mohave Mission Church Rehabilitation assessment through a survey that includes a ques Project—Colorado River Indian Tribes tionnaire, community meetings, interviews with Rehabilitate the historic Mohave Mission tribal members, and an analysis of existing cultural Church, listed on the National Register of Historic materials from tribal members, archives, and Places, to house displays and the tribal archives as related tribal committees and departments. A cul an extension of the Colorado River Indian Tribes' tural resources report summarizing the findings Museum. will be prepared. 27. Fort Yuma Historic Rehabilitation— 34. The Making of a S'Klallam Longhouse— Quechan Indian Tribe Documenting Architectural Traditions—Port Rehabilitate Building 9, the Superintendent's Gamble S'Klallam Tribe Residence, listed on the National Register of Produce a broadcast quality video documenting Historic Places, at Fort Yuma on the Quechan the carving and raising of a traditional longhouse. Indian Reservation. Four master craftsmen will carve the traditional 28. Shoshone Tribal Historic Preservation designs on the support beams of the longhouse and Office— The Eastern Shoshone Tribe the entire community will hold a traditional cele Develop and establish a tribal historic preserva bration of the raising of the poles. tion office in response to the 1992 amendments to 35. Makah Cultural and Research Center the National Historic Preservation Act. The office Archival Project—Makah Indian Nation will play an integral part in assessing the effect of Design and develop a computerized database planned development on significant tribal historic to maintain the Makah Archives and to make it structures and sites. more accessible to tribal members. A tribal mem 29. Faith Hall Community Center Restoration ber will be trained in archival techniques, which Project— Northern Arapaho Business Council include sending the tribal members to the Hire an architect to perform an architectural Smithsonian Institution's Archival Techniques assessment and develop a restoration plan for Faith Workshop in Washington, DC. Hall, a historic building on the Northern Arapaho 36. Quileute Cultural Resource Survey, reservation, listed on the National Register of Inventory, and Preservation Program—Quileute Historic Places. Tribal Council 30. Chippewa Cree Cultural Recovery Program— Establish a tribal cultural preservation commit Chippewa Cree Tribe tee, develop a long-range cultural resource preser- CRM N^ 6—1995 21 vation plan, prepare a preservation ordinance, and Alaska Indian Cultural Center in Sitka National train a tribal intern in historic preservation. Park along with totem poles from other Sitka area 37. Siletz Tribal Historic Photograph Archive tribes. Project— Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians of 43. Preserving a Living Tradition in a Tlingit Oregon Haida Community—Juneau Tlingit & Haida Create a tribal photo archive of historically, Community Council politically, and socially significant photographs Conduct a summer camp to teach the tribal that document Siletz tribal history from removal to youths in a Tlingit Haida Community oral tradi tribal restoration (1977). A database will be cre tions of the Raven and Eagle clans. These children ated to catalog the newly accessioned photos from will be asked to retell the stories and sing the tribal members, as will a policy for the use of the songs they learned at the annual winter potlatch. archives. 44. Seldovia Village Community Cultural Needs 38. Coquille Archeological Training—The Assessment—Seldovia Village Tribe, IRA Coquille Indian Tribe Conduct a community cultural needs assess Train 10 tribal members in the appropriate ment that will identify and accurately assess the methodology and procedures for conducting archeo critical nature of the cultural issues within the vil logical literature searches, historic document lage. A cultural revitalization program will be research, and basic on-site field investigation tech developed and implemented. niques. 45. Stevens Village Traditional Arts Project— 39. Yurok Tribe Traditional Tobacco Project—Steven s Village IRA Council Yurok Tribe Prepare video and photographic documentation Conduct an ethnobotanical study of the tradi of the manufacturing of a traditional chief's coat, a tional use of tobacco by the Yurok and Karuk working fishwheel, traditional bear spear, and an Indian Tribes of Northern California. The tribe will under-ice winter muskrat trap. The cultural items, hold a five-day summer camp on traditional gath representative of the traditional subsistence culture ering methods and uses, prepare a map of gather of the village, will be displayed at Steven's Village ing sites for tribal use, and produce a book of tra School. ditional tobacco stories. 46. Traditional Lifeways Documentation of the 40. A Culture and History Needs Assessment of Native Tribe of Noatak—Native Village of Noatak the Greenville Rancheria—Greenville Rancheria Document traditional lifeways of the Village of Conduct a cultural needs assessment of the Noatak, including basket sled building; making Greenville Rancheria to assist in the development rope from braided seal hides; fashioning hunting of a five-year culture and history plan. The equipment, tools, and weapons; flint gathering; Greenville Rancheria Culture and History and traditional fire making. Cultural documenta Committee will ensure its implementation and pro tion will include story telling, traditional weather vide training for part time staff and committee forecasting, and taboos. members in basic historic preservation methods. 47. Kuigpagmiut, Inc. Place Name Project— 41. Southeast Alaska Native Place Name Kuigpagmiut, Inc. Project-Year U—Southeast Native Subsistence Document traditional place names and produce Commission and the Central Council of the a map with the names of sites in and around the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska three villages that make up Kuigpagmiut Inc. A Document traditional southeast Alaska native database on every named site, including location, place names and their associated cultural mean description, social group affiliation, historic and ings to the Sitka Tribes. High quality place name cultural associations, and informational sources, maps will be produced and made available with will preserve this information for future genera associated documentation for each community tions. studied based on interviews with native elders. 48. Akutan Aleut Heritage Museum This second phase of the project will focus on the Development Project—Akutan Traditional Council communities of Saxman, Ketchikan, Klukwan, and Collect artifacts and historic photographs from Haines. community members to preserve and display in the 42. Tlingit Totem Pole Project—Southeast new village museum. A computer database will Alaska Indian Cultural Center and the Sitka maintain a record of the collection. Tribe of Alaska 49. Hawaiian Language Tapes Preservation Carve a 40' totem pole demonstrating tradi Project—The Hale Kuamo'o Hawaiian Language tional Tlingit style and techniques thereby preserv Center ing this important component of Tlingit culture. Duplicate, index, and archive 630 audio tapes The totem pole will be displayed at the Southeast of native-speaking elders who convey Hawaiian 22 CRM N^ 6—1995 history, social life, and local traditions. One set of these tapes will be made available to the public nationwide to complete a 10-week summer intern through the University of Hawai'i's Hale Kuamo'o ship at various Air Force Major Commands Hawaiian Language Center. (MAJCOMs) and installations. Due to its success, the internship program flourished into its second Ronnie Emery is a historian in the Washington Office year. The current summer program boasts 12 of the National Park Service. interns, spanning the globe from Hawaii to Germany. Legacy interns immediately apply their exper tise and educational background to their on-the-job training. Unlike other types of intern ships where duties may include making photo copies, answering phones, or being the newly des ignated office gopher, Legacy interns are thrown into the lion's den of responsibility and hands-on An Air Force Legacy experience. Normal office activities involve writing Cynthia A. Liccese grants, preparing and reviewing proposals for Legacy funding, as well as attending briefings and VV ebster's II New Riverside University business trips. In fact, one-half of this summer's Dictionary defines "legacy" as "something handed participants recently attended a DoD Conservation down from an ancestor or from the past," such as a Workshop in Tacoma, Washington, June 5-9,1995. tradition or way of life. Legacies are powerful enti The opportunities such as those described above ties, serving as both educator and reminder of past truly make the Legacy Internship Program an events. An advocate of its own type of legacy is the exceptional training environment. United States Department of Defense (DoD). A DoD wide agenda born under the 1991 In addition to its summer positions, the Appropriations Act, the Legacy Resource NCPE/Legacy partnership offers similar internships Management Program encourages the identifica during the fall and spring semesters as well. tion, protection, and enhancement of the thou Approximately 18 eligible students will be chosen sands of natural and cultural resources located on to carry out responsibilities which continue to pro the 25 million acres of military-owned land across mote and encourage cultural resource management the country. Since its inception, allotted Legacy within the military. Interested undergraduate and funds amount to an overwhelming 185 million dol graduate students should contact either their lars. According to its FY 1991-1993 Report to school's historic preservation department, or: Congress: Summary of Accomplishments, the pro Michael A. Tomlan: Graduate Program in Historic gram's ultimate purpose is "to institutionalize Preservation Planning, College of Architecture, Art Legacy concepts within DoD so that protecting nat and Planning, West Sibley Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853- ural and cultural resources becomes an integral 6701. E-mail: [email protected] part of the military mission." Examples of such notable resources include, but are not limited to, The 1995 United States Air Force Legacy ecosystems, flora and fauna, threatened and Internship Program Summer Participants: endangered species, historic buildings, structures, Bruce Barton, Cornell University districts, and archeological sites. Emily DeFrees, Middle Tennessee State University An avid supporter of the Legacy Resource H. Michael Gelfand, University of Arizona Management Program is the National Council for Benton Johnson, Columbia University Preservation Education (NCPE), which is com Dirk Karrenbauer, Bowling Green State University prised of more than 65 colleges and universities Cynthia Liccese, Mary Washington College with historic preservation curriculums. A NCPE-Air Patricia Lin, University of Illinois Force bond immediately resulted among educators, Dawn Marsh, University of California at Riverside students, and military personnel. Paul K. Williams, Alphonse Pieper, Cornell University Air Force Legacy Program Manager, explains that Heather Richards, Eastern Michigan University "the Air Force prides itself in assuming the leader Carolyn Swift, Cornell University ship role in matching current cultural resource Stacey Wetstein, Columbia University managers with newcomers in the field." With Michael A. Tomlan serving as the program's fear Cynthia A. Liccese is a 1995 graduate of the Historic less coordinator, 1994 marked the first year of the Preservation Program at Mary Washington College in United States Air Force Legacy Internship Program. Fredericksburg, Virginia. She is currently the United After a rigorous selection process, 10 qualified can States Air Force Legacy Intern at Air Force didates were chosen from collegiate institutions Headquarters, Pentagon, Washington, DC. CRM N^ 6—1995 23 Departments LOCAL NEWS TRIBAL NEWS BULLETIN BOARD INFORMATION MANAGEMENT WASHINGTON REPORT —continued from page 5 follow given laws; human history indeed, they follow from it. Dia ticularly since the 19th century. It cannot be so predictable.4 logue is critical because it makes is here in the academy that the Through the ages, historians continuing interpretation possible, agendas and interpretations of have been given the awesome and diffuses the dangerous illu historical understanding continue charge of recording, interpreting, sion of the legitimizing quality of to be formed. and presenting events over time. history. If the provisional, inter History, or, rather its interpre Truth and justice remain para pretive nature of the analysis of tation, reflects the way people mount ideals in the profession, not historical evidence is understood, think and how we perceive our because they sound well as high what happens to the illusion of selves and our world at any one flying verbiage, but because of the historical legitimacy? time. very real power of history to Historians have the very real The interpretation of historical include or exclude, to make legiti responsibility to keep dialogue phenomena requires a continuing mate or illegitimate—to preserve alive and to constantly confront dialogue. What appears one way with the eternal and powerful or to the misuse and abuse of history. with certain facts and during cer damn with the trivial and weak. It Academic historians work in an tain times may appear differently is no coincidence that most legal environment in which they are in another age with more or differ systems and the concept of legal theoretically given freedom to ent information—or agendas. As precedent are based on the legit think and act with professional Frederick Jackson Turner stated, imizing power of history. And discretion. As keepers of this "Each age writes the history of the given history and its power to important tradition they must be past anew with reference to the change the way people think, it is prepared to defend that right when conditions uppermost in its own no accident that George Orwell it is threatened. time."2 Historical interpretation (Eric Blair) in his novel 1984 Public historians have, in can be used to defend or defame. placed his main character as a some ways, a heavier charge. They By mere inclusion or exclusion, minor clerk in the Ministry of may assess the various interpreta history can lend legitimacy (or Truth, where bureaucrats rewrote tions given by academic historians illegitimacy) to events and people the past to suit the state's contem and make them available to the in the historical drama. It can porary agendas.'"1 Here lies the general public. By the nature of either give a voice to agendas or it perceived difference between pub their work, they often come under can silence. "History can either lic and academic history—that the scrutiny of those who would oppress or liberate a people", public historians are somehow use history to legitimize their own noted Rudolfo Acuna.3 The inter hired to present agendas rather agendas. American public histori pretation of history can be used to than analysis. ans must be prepared to speak out show individuals and communi As with any other field of against omissions or unbalanced ties as strong, weak, good, evil, inquiry, dialogue remains history's interpretations and constantly call legitimate or illegitimate—or even most important attribute. As for public history that remains existent or non-existent. History Thomas Mann observed, "Speech inclusive rather than exclusive. has the power to render one is civilization itself. The word, Objectivity and balance must immortal or a cipher, to Justify or even the most contradictory, pre remain the scale in which evi to condemn actions. The academy serves contact. It is silence that dence is weighed and assayed. requires objectivity from its vari isolates."6 The true value and In order to preserve the histor ous fields of inquiry, and nowhere power of history lies not in its abil ical dialogue one has to leave a else is this requisite more ity to provide illusions of legiti discernable trail; that is, one must demanding than in the field of his macy but in the dialogue inherent present bibliographies and nota torical analysis, precisely because in its analysis. Dialogue is the tions so that the dialogue may its interpretation can be so arbi most important, essential element continue—this is the important trary. Mathematics and science in good history. Even accuracy, difference between the ideologue truth, justice, come second to it; who wishes only to present one 24 CRM Na 6—1995 point of view and the preservation ger on a trigger or your hand sim; Lewis H. Lapham, "Who of dialogue or opposing points of around a knife. Accordingly, it can and What is American" Harper's view. Without change, evolution is be used to defend the just or to (January, 1992): 43-49; Kenneth not possible. Without dialogue, assault the defenseless. We must Auchincloss, "When Worlds the study of history becomes irrel be aware of and be responsible Collide", 8-13, Sharon Begley evant. regarding this important fact. His with Susan Miller, "The First Historians employed by the tory and its interpretation involves Americans", 15-20, Melinda academy sometimes criticize their power of the rawest kind—and Beck, "The Lost Worlds of public historian counterparts, feel that power demands respect and Ancient America", 24-26, David ing that the latter serve interests of caution in both its manipulation Gates, "Who was Columbus?", nationalism or politics rather than and use. Dialogue over time 29-31, Suzan Shown Harjo, "My protecting the virtues academi remains its most important contri Turn: 1 Won't Be Celebrating cians find inherent in the col bution, for, again, as Mann Columbus Day", 32 in legium. Historians of the academy observed "Time cools, time clari Newsweek: Columbus Special are just as susceptible to becoming fies; no mood can be maintained Issue (FallAVinter, 1991) and a "hired gun" for special interests quite unaltered through the course Robin Winks, "The Nature of as public ones. They are just as of hours."8 Properly used, histori the Terrain" National Parks apt to fall into webs of controversy cal analysis casts an important (May/June 1991): 34. if they publish something that light by which dialogue continues 5 George Wilhelm Frederich directly threatens the administra and the world community is Hegel, Reason in History: A tive politics or fiscal stability of empowered toward more perfect General Introduction to the the university community in understanding. The misuse of his Philosophy of History Robert S. which they work. Ethics and tory is, of course, already of Hartman, trans. (New York: courage rest with the individual, record, darkly scrawled across the Macmillan Publishing Company, wherever they may practice their countless battlefields, prison 1987), ix, xxi, 11, 20,22-25, 34, professions. walls, cemeteries—and minds—of 43; Fritz Stern, ed., The Maitland's quote concerning humanity's often shameful past. Varieties of History: From orthodoxy and history under Only with continued fair and open Voltaire to the Present (New scores an important point about discussion will we continue to York: Random House, 1973), history and its uses. History and grope toward a more human 17, 108, 145; George Orwell, its interpretation are based on a understanding of the world and 1984 (New York: New American dynamic principle, not a static people in which we live. Library, 1981), 32, 36-37, 39, one. The mere phenomenon of 45. history makes nothing legitimate. Notes 6 Thomas Mann, in The Magic The analysis of that phenomenon 1 Frederick William Maitland, Mountain as quoted in Bartlett's can unfortunately provide an The Varieties of History; From Quotations 14th ed. (Boston: excuse on which to base carnage, Voltaire to the Present (New Little, Brown and Company, aggrandizement or oppression. Its York, Random House/Vintage 1968), 937. value as a tool by which to learn Press, 1973), 11. 7 Paul Gagnon, "Why Study from the past is obviously suspect, 2 The Varieties of History, 200. History?" The Atlantic Monthly given the record of human history. 3 Rudolfo Acuna, Occupied (November 1988): 66. History's true worth is in its con America: The Chicano's Struggle 8 Thomas Mann, in The Magic tinuing interpretive dialogue. Its Toward Liberation (New York: Mountain as quoted in Bartlett's use as nationalistic propaganda is Harper and Row, 1982), 1. Quotations 14th ed. (Boston: not only dishonest—it is danger 4 For examples of contemporary Little, Brown and Company, ous as well. As Paul Gagnon discussions regarding the 1968), 937. observed "Democracy's fate may American nation, its identity, hinge . . on the level of debate we and its concern with difference, Pal O'Brien is a historian in the manage to reach."7 see Sam Allis, Jordan Bonfante, National Park Service Denver Ser Whether feeding at the public and Cathy Booth, "Who Are vice Center. He received a Ph.D in trough or dining on the lotus of the We?", "What Do We Have in 1994 from the University of Col academy, historians should Common?", and Arthur orado. always acknowledge and respect Schlesinger. Jr., "The Cult of the very real power of their posi Ethnicity: Good and Bad in tions. They must remember that Time (July, 1990): 12-17, 19, writing history is creating a reality 21, and The Disuniting of supposedly based on some sort of America: Reflection on a perceived truth—in a very sober Multicultural Society (New ing sense it is like having your fin York: WW. Norton, 1991), pas CRM N" 6—1995 25 Letters Museum for successfully combin bish, not because German soldiers ing both an historical as well as weren't human—of course they Dear Editor: commemorative view to the exhi were—but it just doesn't matter to bition because the exhibit not only the story. What occurred was hor I write to you in response to reflects the facts about what hap rible and viewers of that exhibit Mr. Michel R. Lefevre's article pened (his definition of history) can draw their own conclusions which expressed doubts about the but it remains sensitive to the per about how depraved human benefits of historic district desig sonal experiences (commemora beings and society can act at nation (CRM Vol. 18, No. 4). tive) of survivors and their kin. He times. But why therefore can't a I am completely unaware of uses these standards against those view of the United States' actions any preservation organization who criticized the Smithsonian Air in fending off an aggressor—after which has maintained that historic and Space Museum's exhibit on all, we didn't start the war—be district designation alone will the Enola Gay, accusing them of offered as the correct one. The hor result in neighborhood revitaliza- wanting to prioritize the commem rors permeated by the Japanese tion and resulting property tax orative over the historical. Their solders in WWII are nothing I increases. On the contrary, "The criticism was focused on the desire to excuse or legitimize. The National Park Service, National exhibit, creating no impression or answer for some people today, Trust for Historic Preservation, sense that the decision to use the unfortunately, is sadly that it is state historic preservation offices, bomb was a correct one; rather, it incorrect to show The United and Main Street organizations" all showed the "other side" of what States in an unabashed positive recommend a multidisciplined occurred, e.g., the Japanese vic light. In the situational moral approach to neighborhood revital- tims, asking whether the bomb equivalency climate of today's ization. Their strategies include should have been or needed to be world, the United States somehow design review, revolving funds, dropped, the horror of the nuclear always comes out the bad guy. The incentive programs, fundraising, age that began after World War II, Holocaust Museum easily distin citizen involvement programs to etc. These critics would have guishes right from wrong, so it's combat crime and clean up trash, wished and expected an exhibit not as if it is improper to include promotional programs such as that would have been less equivo bias in an exhibit (and if we house tours, concerts, rehabilita cal about the righteousness of the weren't so good at being disingen tion workshops, and many other use of the bomb by the United uous we'd probably see many programs designed to counter States. other exhibits for the political and "relentless middle class flight from moral biases they contain!). I see other cities and towns" referred to Something doesn't seem right nothing wrong with cheering the by Mr. Lefevre. about the distinction that Mr. Linenthai makes between the two actions of the United States in Historic district designation is exhibits. In his view, the Holo WWII, especially when so many undeniably an important prong in caust exhibit is balanced because have no problem understanding a neighborhood or community it shows the facts about what what side of the moral compass revitalization effort. Mr. Lefevre's occurred as well as anecdotal/per the U.S. was positioned in this disdainful article seems to dimin sonal information about these world episode. ish the value of this important occurrences; yet the Enola Gay legal protection for America's his —Robert Geraci exhibit, in his view, wouldn't be toric districts. I hope your readers Director, Onondaga County Parks balanced if the "other side" of the will recognize that historic district Liverpool, NY bomb's effect weren't also designation is not a panacea or explored. According to Mr. Linen placebo; rather, it is one of the first Educating Archeologists thai, showing a bias for the cor steps in an arduous but eminently rectness of the decision to use the worthwhile program to preserve Dear Editor: bomb would be totally inappropri and defend America's historic In the first year of serving as ate. By these standards the Holo neighborhoods, towns, and cities. the archeologist to the Klamath caust Exhibit also would fail his —Mark C. McDonald Tribes, I became discouraged—I test if it didn't show the SS/Ger- Director might even say despondent—at man view of the events that Mobile Historic Development times, due to a feeling that I "just occurred, perhaps even portraying Commission wasn't getting IT." On one of these concentration camp soldiers Mobile, AL occasions, at the office after hours, enjoying lives with their families, my supervisor was the only other Dear Editor: etc. I haven't had the privilege of person still at work in the Natural It appears that Edward T. seeing the Holocaust Museum Resource Department. He is a Linenthai (CRM, Vol. 18, No. 4) exhibits, but I would be surprised tribal member and leader who gives a more than passing grade to if such concepts are present, had, early on, said to me, "I don't the United States Holocaust because such views would be rub like you and I don't trust you! But, 20 CRM N2 6—1995 I'll work with you." After a while be supported is education within alive who claim or would like to of working in silence at opposite the "separate reality" of one's own claim these rights, then it is strictly sides of a moveable partition, cultural values and of one's own an archeological site, and not a Cisco came over and sat his sub view of history. cultural resource site; and you stantial frame in the small chair at When these bases for cultural boys who dig it can have at it. But, the edge of my desk in such a way integrity are taken away, it is like if there are real attempts at locat as I knew he was going to have a putting a noose around the neck of ing these peoples and if real con deep conversation with me—sev that cultural entity. They are then sultation takes place, there are few eral of "them" did that from time- on their way to extinction as a dis sites with archeological values that to-time; I guess they felt that I was tinct, self-regulating society. Such are not also someone's cultural interesting to talk with. After a bit deprivation of the basic elements resources. we were deep into IT, and my self- necessary for a group to control its Archeology is a part of the esteem was really tumbling, I may own people's destiny is a common study of cultures and histories have even had tears in my eyes. and complex process that goes known as cultural anthropology. It So, I said to Cisco, "Well, I guess with colonial conquest such as is a set of tools and associated I'm just really stupid." took place in the United States. techniques for using these tools for Cisco, looking genuinely con This process is sometimes called their contribution to what any cerned with my sadness, said, "enclosure." individual in any society can "No, John, you're not stupid, just So, I tend to get a little impa observe. A shovel, a screen, a com ignorant." tient, in 1995, reading articles by pass or surveyor's instrument, a Because of the feeling with archeologists who still don't get it meter tape, a magnifying glass and which he said it, Cisco's Ko'an has (Haase, CRM, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp microscope-—these are the main kept recurring in my mind over the 18). They continue to fail to recog tools; ones that can be mastered ensuing years. I have realized a nize that what they are calling cul by any person with basic learning great step in understanding what tural resource "sites" are—for the skills. Beyond this they may use a anthropology is all about. After most part—archeological deposits set of hi-tech tools and techniques almost 40 years since I took my whose components are divided by borrowed from geology and biol first undergraduate course from soil. The "site" or the place means ogy using mathematical notations David Olmsted at the University of nothing to them. They don't write and statistical theory to analyze California at Davis, I feel that I their professional papers or teach such things as the age of a broken can understand the implications of their students about places. They rock or to determine the animal a commitment to the concepts deal in the distance between and source of residue of blood on an behind the buzzwords "cultural physical-chemical qualities of the arrowhead—work that is usually diversity" and "multicultural soci archeological items or areas in contracted out by the archeologist ety." time and space and in a story to a specialized laboratory. All the Now comes the time to con about how these relate to species rest of academic European-Ameri front the hard reality of the actions of animals and plants in the land can archeology is a conceptual that are necessary to provide the scape contemporary to a particular framework that can be shown to various needs of maintaining this time-frame. They couldn't care less derive from interests and assump cultural diversity that is appar about the actual place as an expe tions inherited from European ently valued by our government. rience. At least not in the articles intellectual history. We must ask "What are the pri I've read. Oh, they may also make Some cultural resource man mary critical constituent ele some remarks or write a poem agers are, finally, getting IT. See ments—the cultural ecology—nec about the place, but their "profes some of the recent literature by essary to maintain and enhance sional" reports do not make this anthropologists/archeologists who these separate social systems and central to their "scientific" focus. are now serving indigenous peo their cultural vitality?" The only case in which the ples' governments in the field of There are some universal pri archeological markers that say cultural resource management. For mary elements of a critical cultural "site" to the archeologist is not example, see "The Hills and the ecology, varying in specifics from also a cultural resource is when Rain are also an Elephant: Ritual one cultural group to another. there are no concerned, living and Environment in Namibian Without government, private, descendants of the aboriginal or Rock Art," an article by John Kina- community, and corporate support invading group who made it an han of the State Museum of for this ecology for cultural diver "activity area." And whenever it is Namibia, to be published In a sity, the drive of these separate a cultural resource, the group for 1995 volume on the Frontiers of cultural groups to survive and which it is a cultural resource has Landscape Archaeology by Rout- grow will break down into open prior rights in management and lege, as part of their One World social conflict. One of the most planning for that place. Of course, Archaeology Series. obvious of these needs that must if there are not legitimate heirs still CRM N2 6—1995 27 "Not only is there close simi that they can no longer dictate "a American anthropologists, such as larity between trance experience precise definition of cultural Kathleen Gough Aberle, who and the habits and appearance of resources'" as (William R.) Haase understand that there is a relation certain animal species, but the did for Ledyard, Connecticut: ship between the historic develop depiction of these in the rock art CULTURAL RESOURCE: con ment of anthropology and imperi takes into account both natural sists of historic or prehistoric alism; and, after all these words, features of the rock and the posi archaeological sites and stand need I explain any further? You tioning of the site. In this way, the ing structures; cemeteries, shouldn't need a professional rock art gives the impression that human burials, human skeletal weatherman, certified by the it is mapped onto the physical and remains, and associated funer American Meteorological Society, biotic environment of the sites. ary objects; and distributions of to tell you which way the wind This supports the further proposi cultural remains and artifacts. blows: "The times they are a tion that rock art sites define a (CRM, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 18- changin'." landscape mediated by ritual 20.) activity." The paragraph above may References Now, a particular society has a define resources to the culture of Haase, William R., 1995, choice to use or not use the arche- archeologists, but I doubt that it "Archaeology, Land Use, and ological methodology associated defines resources to the culture of Development: Educating with European American tradition, the local peoples who each hold Communities Through depending on other values and long-term and recent simultaneous Comprehensive Planning." CRM: their own approach to telling the versions of the history (not the 18-3: 18-20) history of their place(s). "prehistory" and "history") of the Kinahan, John, 1994, "The Hills With this kind of orientation in place(s) he calls Ledyard. It and the Rain are also an mind, the Klamath, Modoc, and seems—from the perspective of an Elephant: Ritual and Yahooskin Cultural Resource indigenous people's cultural Environment in Namibian Rock Management Enterprise (KLAM- resource management rights—to Art." Paper delivered at World OYA CREME) was formed by a be a totally inappropriate and a Archeological Congress 3, New board of directors, all of whom are nakedly political/business sales Delhi, India, December 1994. enrolled Indians who are acknowl pitch on the part of an archeologist —John Allison edged as members of these local for him to preach: Technical Advisor communities. CREME has been But the archeological commu Board of Directors trying to educate those who con nity—both professional and Klamath, Modoc, Yaahooskin trol the land use planning process amateur—must take the lead Cultural Resource across their aboriginal lands. They and carry the banner of archeo Management Enterprise (KLAM- believe that even within United logical protection to city hall, OYA CREME) States' law, there is a tacit and to the local boards and Rebuttal acknowledgment of cultural rela commissions who must in turn tivity. This is the premise, for adopt comprehensive plans and Dear Editor: example, of the American Indian enforce the regulations. (Haase, Toward the end of his letter to Religious Freedom Act, and in the ibid., p. 20) the editor, John Allison contests 1992 amendments to the National There will be no nice and neat two parts of my article in a recent Historic Preservation Act which bulleted lists of step-by-step issue of CRM titled "Archaeology, specifically acknowledges their recipes that must be followed by Land Use, and Development: Edu inherent, aboriginal right to act as the member societies in a multi cating Communities through Com their own "SHPO" according to cultural national society—each prehensive Planning." First, he their own self-determination in member a sovereign society living alleges that planners and cultural CRM on "Indian Lands" (a term in IT. There will be no simple resource managers at various lev that varies from the perspective of recipe for "mitigation;" these must els of government can no longer one group to another, from Indige come from the consensus of indi dictate a precise definition of "cul nous peoples to U.S. agency viduals in each of the member tural resources," as was done for employee). societies that share the land of this land use regulations governing The board of directors is taking multicultural society. There is only development in Ledyard, Con this to the county and city plan one process that I can tell you to necticut. Second, he suggests that ning departments, and both par follow—to be defined in each case only indigenous peoples are capa ties are learning new things. One anew—and that is the process of ble of determining what truly con of the things that the city and "consultation." stitutes a "cultural resource." county planners and the federal After witnessing Chiapas, Let me respond by saying that agency cultural resource/heritage South Africa, the USSR, and I am not the first person to attempt resource managers are learning is Yugoslavia; after long ago reading a definition of "cultural 28 CRM N*2 6—1995 resources." But my reason for try ment balances economic interests try lack either recognized Indian ing is simple: we live in litigious with environmental values. tribes or federal reservations. But times. Land use regulations and At the end of his letter, Mr. Alli these areas still have cultural decisions of local authorities are son writes: "There is only one resources in critical need of pro constantly subject to judicial process that I can tell you to follow tection. review, and courts tend to favor . . and that is the process of 'con In the absence of Native Amer regulations containing a high sultation.'" 1 believe we accom ican neighbors, people may have degree of precision and clarity. plished this in Ledyard. trouble understanding Mr. Alli Congress recognized this when While Mr. Allison sees a son's concerns. But I believe these writing the Archaeological "multi-cultural national society" same folks will generally support Resources Protection Act in 1979. divided by ethnicity, people also cultural resource protection, if def This law defines "archaeological react to problems based on their initions are simple and clearly resource" to mean pottery, bas chosen career and their paycheck. understood, the cost is not too ketry, bottles, weapons, weapon As a city planner, I deal with a onerous, and such efforts are pro projectiles, tools, structures or por number of groups that cross all moted by the archeological com tions of structures, pit houses, ethnic lines—developers, land munity and local agencies charged rock paintings, rock carvings, speculators, construction workers, with managing development and intaglios, graves and human skele lawyers, elected officials, environ land use. tal materials. A joint communique mentalists, bankers, and anxious References concerning looting of ancient homeowners. Not all of these folks U.S. Congress, "Archaeological Indian artifacts, issued in Novem are particularly interested in pro Resources Protection Act" (PL. ber 1984 by the United States tecting cultural resources. Home 96-95; 93 Stat. 721). Attorney for Utah, contains a list builders and mortgage lenders Ward, Brent D., 1984, "Joint of definitions very similar to that don't want clouds on property Communique Concerning found in ARPA. titles posed by burials or archeo- Looting of Ancient Indian I make no apologies for the logical remains. And bulldozer Artifacts." Office of the United definition of "cultural resources" operators have told me they would States Attorney for the District found in Ledyard's land use regu be fired by their employer were of Utah. lations; it intentionally follows a they to report an accidental disin —William R. Haase, A1CP theme similar to ARPA and the terment of human remains. My Planning Director U.S. Attorney's communique. role has been to develop relatively Town of Ledyard, CT Comments on a draft version of simple rules designed to balance Ledyard's regulations were these competing interests. received from Theresa Bell, an Ledyard's regulations seem to PRESERVATION influential member of the Mashan- be working. A large residential RESOURCES tucket Pequot Tribe and director of development currently under that nation's museum, which is review will dedicate open space in slated to begin construction this an area where consulting archeol- Review summer. Comments were also ogists identified both historic and Our National Park System: obtained from the Pequot Tribal prehistoric sites. A proposed road Caring for America's Greatest archeologist, the state archeolo- will avoid this sensitive area. Natural and Historic Treasures, gist, and from the State Historical Since adoption of a comprehen by Dwight F. Rettie. Urbana: Uni Commission's staff archeologist. sive plan and rules to protect Led versity of Illinois Press, 1995. xvi At a public hearing in Ledyard yard's cultural resources, the town + 293 p. $36.95. on the Town's draft land use regu has yet to be sued over their con Reviewed by Barry Mackin lations, there was opposition from tent, validity, or application. To tosh, Bureau Historian, National the development community and me, this is a real test of public Park Service. some local politicians who had acceptance. strong views about limiting the Finally, I admit to a broader As bureau historian I am often role of government on private agenda when promoting Ledyard's asked to recommend books for property. As noted in my CRM arti regulations in CRM. Protection new and not-so-new employees, cle, these folks did persuade the offered by the National Historic scholars, and interested citizens Planning Commission to enact reg Preservation Act and ARPA gener on the history and management of ulations mandating a referral to ally stops at the boundary between the National Park Service and the the State Archeologist or State His federal or tribal land and private national park system. Although I toric Preservation Office within property. I want to change the way disagree with some of its principal two days of a plan submission. people look at cultural resources arguments, Dwight Rettie's Our After all, a delayed construction in their communities and back National Park System goes imme project costs money. Every govern yards. Many regions of our coun diately to the top of my list of sug- CRM Na 6—1995 29 gested readings on park the Vail conference report that like Mar-A-Lago National Historic system management today. "the core operational budget of the Site (to which he devotes a chap Dwight Rettie served Park Service has remained flat in ter) have been removed from the the NPS from 1975 to 1986, real terms since 1983" is simply system in the past and that consid retiring as chief of the untrue, he finds (p. 208). Not only eration is being given to divesting Office of Policy. He has did the bureau do "much better more parks deemed inferior or been a close observer of the than average financially in the unsuitable. In his view, because bureau and the park system administrations of Presidents Rea all system units are "products of for a much longer period, gan and Bush," it has enjoyed "a the American political process at a and his book reflects his growing budget over the last two particular time and focus of our broad knowledge and deep decades and more, probably at a society and culture," they possess thinking about them. Chap rate high enough to accommodate "an equal level of national signifi ters contain lucid discus the effects of both inflation and the cance by virtue of their inclusion sions of park classifications addition of new areas, though cer alone." Parks are significant not and nomenclature, affiliated areas, tainly not at a rate high enough to only for their inherent resources planning, organization, personnel, meet perceived needs" (pp. 183, and intended purposes but for the funding, and partnerships. Appen 209-10). circumstances surrounding their dixes include a financial history of Regarding the latter, he creation: Gateway and Golden the NPS; a list of the parks with observes that although "the Ser Gate national recreation areas, for their budgets, FTEs, visitation, vice feels strongly that the backlog example, followed "the civil dis and acreage; costs per visit for of needs is large and growing, . . ruptions of the 1960s and the selected parks (ranging from 17 no disciplined systemwide studies urban thrusts of the Great Society cents at Muir Woods to $486 at support that conclusion" (p. 183). programs." As Rettie says, "This Gates of the Arctic); and a list of He takes a dim view of the view of the national park system NPS occupations ranked by num bureau's habit of eliciting public would allow no divestitures— bers of employees in each. alarm and political support via the ever" (pp. 26-27). Analyzing NPS management Washington Monument syndrome, But everything Congress cre culture, Rettie deems the bureau as with recent claims that Inde ates is a product of the American "a remarkably undisciplined pendence Hall is crumbling: "The political process at a particular career organization. Failed orders, national park system is supported time. We do not insist, for this rea ignored guidelines, and even overt by a budget of over $1 billion. If a son, upon keeping other federal insubordination seldom raise historic structure is genuinely programs or entities judged to no more than eyebrows. .. The endangered . . NPS already has longer serve the national interest. absence of strong institutional dis the resources and the means to Should Steamtown and Charles cipline leaves uncommon leeway rescue it . ." (p. 200). Pinckney national historic sites be for policy and management varia Rettie's fundamental fairness is retained and funded by American tions associated with individual never more evident than in his taxpayers in perpetuity because personalities and idiosyncrasies" appraisal of the man conservation Congress once acted (after a bit of (p. 137). The reduced roles of the ists most loved to hate: "Though legislative legerdemain in the first Washington and regional offices conventional wisdom places Presi instance, after receiving misinfor following the pending reorganiza dent Reagan's first secretary of the mation in the second) to create tion will further weaken what Interior, James Watt, as anathema them? Mar-A-Lago was divested should be a strong park system, he to Park Service interests, the real because its excessive cost and fears: "The hazard is that the char ity is that in a variety of ways, NPS inaccessibility to the public made acterization of the National Park fared rather well under Secretary it clearly infeasible as a park. The Service as '10 Park Services' may Watt" (p. 129). While noting act of Congress divesting it was come closer to '367 Park Services.' Watt's opposition to new parks also a product of the American . . Park unit management could and parkland acquisition, Rettie political process—just as future become highly balkanized and credits him for supporting the divestiture acts would be. idiosyncratic with the character $1 billion Park Restoration and To squelch notions that some and goals of individual park super Improvement Program and for parks are more worthy than others intendents—something even now broadening the Service's clientele, and preclude future divestitures, felt by many people to be a serious workforce, and partnership capa Rettie urges "a new definition of problem requiring action" bilities through the Heritage Con the national park system" and a (pp. 222-23). servation and Recreation Service better process for expanding the Elsewhere, Rettie challenges merger. system to give it "the measure of common beliefs about stagnant Rettie is most concerned about permanence and integrity it NPS budgets and hostile Republi the integrity of the national park deserves" (pp. 28, 145). Certainly can administrations. The claim in system. He is perturbed that areas the process can be improved. But 30 CRM N2 6—1995 it will always entail imperfect judg general practice of removing resi Part I scans the diverse field in ments made at particular times by dent people from parks, he writes: a logically organized way through fallible people unable to predict "The world needs a new park con eight brief chapters, each with its the future. A natural park's cept that includes indigenous peo list of selected references. Part II resources may deteriorate to the ples as one of the primary park lists bibliographically 446 sources point where its national signifi resources. The people and their of information arranged in useful cance is lost. A historic figure's culture should receive not only the categories, each reference accu birthplace may become redundant same attention and care but also rately cited and helpfully anno when another property better illus the same legal protection as any tated. Part III provides an addi trating his or her productive career park resource" (p. 56). Originating tional annotated list of 100 is acquired. An urban recreation the national park idea in 1832, museum organizations worldwide area that was once deemed a George Catlin envisioned the same which are in themselves signifi proper federal responsibility may thing when he called for preserving cant sources of information. The later, when federal deficits are Indian civilization along with scope of the lists in Parts II and III soaring and states are reasserting wildlife and wilderness "by some may be judged to a degree by the their traditional roles, be judged great protecting policy of govern 25 languages included in the more suitable for state or local ment . . in a magnificent park. . . A search. administration. nation's park, containing man and Whoever seeks information A sacrosanct park system beast, in all the wildjness] and about museums and their work immune from reappraisal in the freshness of their nature's beauty!" should find the Keyguide enlight light of current and future knowl The human ingredient of Catlin's ening and potentially valuable. edge, values, and needs is neither park idea was never seriously con possible nor desirable. Surely the sidered, however, and preserving a system's integrity is strengthened, culture (beyond its material mani Publications not weakened, by such reappraisal festations) in a park seems no and by the removal of areas that more feasible, if desirable, today. Paradise Valley, Nevada: The no longer—or never did—meet the But certainly there is more to People and Buildings of an Amer Service's criteria of national signif agree with than to argue about in ican Place, by Howard Wight icance, suitability, and feasibility. Our National Park System. And Marshall, $55.00 clothbound. Rettie is also concerned about even when one disagrees, Rettie's In Paradise Valley, pho the Service's affiliated area cate views and ideas make for good tographs and text come together to gory, comprising areas bearing reading. No one associated with prove that what seems to be wide some "national" designation and the National Park Service or con open spaces are wide filled spaces. often receiving NPS funds or assis cerned about the national parks Paradise Valley offers a sub tance but excluded from the will fail to be informed, stimulated, stantial collection of buildings and national park system because they and provoked by his fine book. artifacts that Marshall presents in do not meet the legal requirement the context of community history, of NPS administration. He finds Key guide to Information ethnicity, and folk culture. Adobe the legal and policy implications of Sources in Museum Studies by bricks, wooden frames reclaimed affiliated area status disturbingly Peter Woodhead and Geoffrey from old mining towns, and espe unclear, and he dislikes the Stansfield. Second Edition. cially the legacy of stone structures administrative discretion involved Mansell Limited, London, and built by immigrant families from in deciding what goes in this cate Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, the Piedmont in northern Italy: the gory. "Sites recognized by Con Chicago, 1994, 224 pp. author shows that the vernacular gress for their national signifi Reviewed by Ralph Lewis, architecture he describes is as cance merit a full professional and Harpers Ferry, W VA. complex and difficult to define as legal commitment by the National The first edition of this refer the subject of ethnicity itself. Park Service," he contends (p 70). ence (1989) received wide com Paradise Valley seems to typify Perhaps so, but the fact that some mendation leading to the present the dynamic processes in the grad two dozen affiliated areas seem enlarged guide. By pooling the spe ual trial-and-error design of the well cared for by owners or custo cial knowledge and skills of an cultural landscape. More than 100 dians who seem quite content with experienced reference librarian photographs convey this design as their present status suggests that with those of a museum well as what Marshall calls "the the public interest may be ade curator/museum studies teacher organized landscape of ranch, quately served by the present the two authors have achieved an town, and road." extent of federal involvement. accurate, practical, in-depth The author is professor of art Rettie does not shrink from wayfinder among the many history and archeology at the Uni advancing new ideas—and some sources of information about versity of Missouri, Columbia. The not so new. In opposition to the museums. book can be ordered from the Uni- CRM Na 6—1995 31 versity of Arizona Press, 1230 WASHINGTON ology, architecture, landscape North Park Avenue, Tucson, AZ architecture, materials conserva 85719. For more information, con REPORT tion, and interpretation. Grants tact Marjorie Sherrill at 602-621- will be awarded in three program 3920. Heritage Partnerships areas: research, training, and Status of Legislation information management. All pro Ranchers' Rugged Lifestyle posals that seek to develop and Chronicled On March 28, the House Sub distribute preservation skills and Homes on the Range, co- committee on National Parks, technologies for the identification, authored by Peter Eidenbach and Forests, and Public Lands held a evaluation, conservation, and Beth Morgan, is based on spoken hearing on two recently introduced interpretation of cultural resources recollections of ranchers who once bills that would establish a system will be considered. lived in the area now known as of heritage areas. Rep. Joel Hefley Grants will be awarded on a White Sands Missile Range (R-Colo.) introduced H.R. 1280 on competitive basis, pending the (WSMR). Published by Human March 21. Hefley's bill would availability of funds. Only govern Systems Research, Inc., the book define a process for designation of ment agencies and not-for-profit examines all aspects of 11 of the National Heritage Areas, establish institutions may apply. former WSMR ranchers' goat, criteria, and authorize up to $8 Proposal deadline: December sheep, and cattle-ranching opera million per year in NPS technical 15, 1995. For application and fur tions, as well as illuminating the assistance to eligible projects. ther information: The National domestic life of the ranchers. The The next day, Rep. Bruce Vento Center for Preservation Technol majority of the people who settled (D-Minn.) introduced H.R. 1301, ogy and Training, NSU Box 5682, this remote 3,200-square-mile which is essentially the bill passed Natchitoches, LA 71497. E-mail: area were required to move from by the House last autumn. H.R. [email protected] their homes in 1942, when the fed 1301 would authorize a designa eral government initially acquired tion process similar to Hefley's and BULLETIN the land as a bombing range. the same $8 million for technical The book, which offers a assistance, but also would allow BOARD glimpse of a unique era of New up to $14.5 million in matching Mexicana, is available in limited grants for implementation. Further, National Park Service quantities through Human Sys H.R. 1301 would seek to expedite Reorganization tems Research, P.O. Box 728, Las the designation of a number of Cruces, NM 88004. The cost is specific heritage areas: Coal (VA, The National Park Service has $12 plus postage. For information, WV), Essex (MA), Hudson River begun to implement a major reor call 505-524-9456. (NY), Ohio & Erie Canal (OH), ganization, representing the most Shenandoah Battlefields (VA), significant organizational change America Preserved, recorded Steel (PA), and Wheeling (WV). since the agency was established by the Historic American Buildings The Heritage Partnerships Ini in 1916. Survey (HABS) and the Historic tiative remains one of the Service's The reorganization plan, slated American Engineering Record highest legislative priorities, and for completion by 1999, responds (HAER); 1,184 pps; $74. we will attempt to keep you cur to diverse changes and challenges The all-new and comprehen rent. If you have questions about confronting the NPS for several sive printed check-list of HABS the status of the legislation, please decades and to the Administra and HAER collections is fully call Alan Turnbull at 202-343- tion's National Performance updated since its inclusion in the 3689. Review goal of reducing the size of 1983 Library of Congress publica the federal government while tion, Historic America: Buildings, NATIONAL improving efficiency. Structures, and Sites. "Our overall desire is to work For more information, contact CENTER smarter and more efficiently in car Library of Congress, Cataloging rying out our job of protecting Distribution Service, P.O. Box 1996 Grants parks," said Director Roger G. 75840, Washington, DC 20013- The National Center for Preser Kennedy. "We believe this can be 5840; 1-800-255-3666; Internet: vation Technology and Training accomplished best by eliminating [email protected]. announces its 1996 Preservation administrative layering, reducing Technology and Training Grants in the size of central offices, and plac historic preservation. The Center is ing the personnel and resources in a National Park Service initiative the field where we serve the visitor to advance the practice of historic and protect the places given into preservation in the fields of arche our charge." 32 CRM NO 6—1995 Kennedy has named seven National Park System and who field directors to head the Alaska, have dedicated their lives to serv Pacific West, Intermountain, Mid ing the American people through west, National Capital, Northeast, their work." Kennedy said. "We Photo by Herb Hart, CAMP (Council onan d Southeast field offices. These want to contribute to the reinven America's Military new field offices will be signifi tion effort while creating an orga Past), 1995. cantly fewer and smaller than the nization that is more capable of former regional offices, with staffs serving the public and accomplish of approximately 18-25 by 1999 ing the mission that the Service (regions formerly had more than was created to achieve." 150 employees). To ensure consistency of over System Support Offices, made all policy, priorities and direction Katherine Stevenson New up of a cadre of professionals, will for the Service, a National Leader Associate Director be maintained in Seattle, Santa ship Council has been established, Katherine "Kate" H. Stevenson Fe, and Boston. Eventually, when consisting of the Director, Deputy is the new NPS Associate Director, full-scale reorganization is com Director, Associate Directors, and Cultural Resource Stewardship plete, System Support Offices in Field Directors. The Council also and Partnerships in the Washing 16 locations, including the above, is responsible for developing ton, DC headquarters office. In will provide direct service and strategic direction and making announcing the appointment, assistance to a cluster of park decisions involving the NPS as a Director Kennedy said, "Through areas grouped together by ecologi whole. out her career, Kate has played a cal, cultural, and geographical National Leadership pivotal role in conservation, plan relationships. ning, and management within the Field and System Support Council of the National Park Service National Park Service, and with Offices will be organized to meet state and local governments." "I the needs of the park areas they (Under the Reorganization) Headquarters look forward to her leadership in serve. Therefore, organizational furthering our partnerships out (Washington Office) structure and personnel may vary side the Service on behalf of between offices. Roger G. Kennedy, Director resource protection." At the Washington Office level, John J. Reynolds, Deputy Director Stevenson will be responsible the goal is to reduce the number of for coordinating and developing staff and focus on providing pro Associate Directors policies, standards, and programs gram direction, policy guidance, Administration pertaining to preservation, study, and communication with Con Mary Bradford development, use and manage gress, Office of Management and ment of cultural and recreational Budget, and other agencies. In Professional Planning resources of the national park sys addition to the Director and Denis Galvin tem and working with others to Deputy Director, there are five protect the important resources Associate Directors—Administra Park Operations and Education Maureen Finnerty outside the system. tion, Cultural Resource Steward Stevenson began her National ship and Partnerships, Natural Natural Resource Stewardship Park Service career in 1972 and Resource Stewardship and Sci and Science quickly rose through the ranks to ence, Park Operations and Educa Michael Soukup become the assistant to the chief tion, and Professional Services. Cultural Resource Stewardship of Archeology and Historic Preser Over the next three years, the vation in Washington. In 1980, and Partnerships headquarters staff is expected to she was named assistant regional Katherine Stevenson downsize from a present level of director of Heritage Conservation approximately 900 employees to a Field Directorate and Recreation Service in Denver. staff of 653. By 1983, she was chief of the Divi "These decisions are not easy Field Office: Field Director: sion of Cultural Resources. to make or implement," Kennedy In 1987, Stevenson assumed said, "because we are talking Alaska Robert Barbee the position of Mid-Atlantic about talent and skill and train Intermountain John Cook Region associate director for plan ing—not just numbers." He said ning and resource preservation in that every effort is being made to Midwest William Schenk National Capital Robert Stanton Philadelphia, where she was the place central office employees into senior cultural resources profes field positions. Northeast Marie Rust sional advisor to the regional "These are career employees Pacific West Stanley Albright director. Stevenson was responsi who care deeply about the Southeast Robert Baker ble for monitoring, advising, and CRM N" 6—1995 33 negotiating duties for all of the The Conference will empha H. Ward Jandl Fellowship national parks within the region, size themes and issues indigenous as well as 17 state historic preser A fellowship fund has been to Wisconsin, including the design vation offices. established to celebrate and and preservation of local buildings Stevenson's efforts extend memorialize the professional by Wright, the working relation beyond park boundaries. Her career of the late Henry Ward ship between Wright and interior direct involvement in assessing Jandl, an architectural historian designer George Neidecken, local the Green Springs, VA, rural land and the Chief Appeals Officer of history, and reminiscences by scape resulted in the first accep the National Park Service. The Marshall Erdman, the distin tance of easements by the Interior Board of the Keepers Preserva guished Wisconsin contractor who Secretary as a way to protect those tion Education Fund, a non collaborated with Wright on many properties as National Historic profit fund created by William J. buildings in the 1940s and 1950s. Landmarks, while they remain in Murtagh, first Keeper of the Priority registration for full private ownership. National Register of Historic conference participation ends Her contributions to the $7.9 Places, will administer the fel August 18, with general registra million "New Jersey Urban His lowship. Selection of recipients tion ending September 1. For more tory Initiative Project" have will be made by a committee of information, write Frank Lloyd resulted in direct assistance to the Ward's professional peers in Wright Building Conservancy, P.O. cities of Paterson, Perth Amboy, concurrence with the Board of Box 5466, River Forest, IL 60305, and Trenton to preserve their cul the Fund, and recipients will be or call Sara-Ann Briggs, 708-848- tural resources while also promot known as H. Ward Jandl Fel 1141. ing their economic development, lows of The Keepers Preserva tourism, and education goals, with tion Education Fund. RESTORE Course no federal ownership or control. If you are interested in RESTORE announces its Two A recognized expert in her knowing more about the fellow Semester Course on Masonry Con field, she has also been instru ship fund, please write to Euge- servation. The classes will meet mental in the development and nio DeAnzorena, Managing Tuesdays, 6-8 pm, October implementation of the planning, Trustee of the Fund, 5 West through March at St. resource preservation, and conser Luray, Alexandria, VA 22301, or Bartholomew's Community House, vation programs of the National call 703-548-1836. 109 E. 50th St., New York. Labo Park Service. ratory and field-workshop ses Stevenson was recently hon sions continue through April and Town of Morristown during the ored by the Secretary of the Inte May. Tuition is $1,200. Applica winter of 1779-1780. rior for her outstanding contribu tion and more information: Jan For registration information, tions to park planning, manage C.K. Anderson or Mike Mecklen write to Washington Association ment, and administration on burg, 212-477-0114. Symposium, P.O. Box 1473, Mor behalf of the National Park Ser ristown, N| 07962-1473. vice. She received the Meritorious Center for Historic Service Award, which is the sec Call for Presentation Preservation ond highest Departmental honor The organizers of the The Legacy of the Rosenwald that can be bestowed upon a RESTORATION trade shows and Rural School Program of 1912- career employee. conferences are seeking qualified 1932 will be the topic for a confer Stevenson has bachelor and speaker candidates for an upcom ence sponsored by Middle Ten masters degrees in History of Art ing event in Baltimore (March 17- nessee State University, October from Skidmore College and the 19, 1996). Deadline for submis 21, 1995. Nationally-recognized University of Delaware, respec sion is August 31,1995. authors will address the special tively. For information on proposal contributions of this program, requirements, contact RESTORA which built 5,357 school buildings War Symposium TION Conference Manager, in 14 southern states, and its A symposium on the effects of RAI/EGI Exhibitions Inc., 10 impact on educational, architec the War for Independence on the Tower Office Park, Suite 419, tural, community, and social his civilian population will be held Woburn, MA 01801; 617-933- tory in the 20th century. Contact October 7, 1995. 9699. Rosenwald Conference Coordina Sponsored by the National tor, Center for Historic Preserva Park Service and the Washington Wright in Wisconsin tion, Box 80, MTSU, Murfrees- Association of New Jersey, the The Frank Lloyd Wright Build boro, TN 37132. Phone: 615-898- Symposium will be held in con ing Conservancy will conduct its 2947. Fax: 615-898-5614. nection with a new exhibit on the seventh annual conference Octo impact of the army's stay on the ber 5-8, 1995 in Milwaukee. 34 CRM N^ 6—1995 NPS Archeology Working component of a new automated committee or their work, contact Group Meeting collections management system. Joan Bacharach at 202-343-8140 This system will replace the Auto or Kathleen Byrne, Curatorial Ser The National Park Service mated National Catalog System vices Division, National Park Ser (NPS) Archeology Working Group that has been used at over 300 vice, Harpers Ferry, WV, 304-535- met in September 1994. The topic NPS sites since 1987. 6204. of discussion was the archeology The committee was estab component of a new automated lished by the Associate Director, Getty Grant Program Award for collections management system. Cultural Resources. It advises the Earthen Plaster Study The group was established by Curatorial Services Division on The Architectural Conserva the Associate Director, Cultural matters related to the curation and tion Laboratory of the Graduate Resources. It advises NPS Curato documentation of NPS history Program in Historic Preservation rial Services Division on matters museum collections. at the University of Pennsylvania related to curation and documen During the meeting the com is pleased to announce that the tation of NPS archeological mittee set goals and made recom Getty Grant Program has awarded museum collections. mendations concerning the history a matching $42,350 Project Prepa The group recommended goals component of the new system. ration Grant to the National Park for the development of functional Committee members also pro Service to work with the Architec requirements and data content. duced a preliminary list of func tural Conservation Laboratory at Members of the group worked on tional requirements for the sys Mesa Verde National Park, Col specific assignments related to tem. The members reviewed exist orado, during 1995-96. The full these goals. ing data fields, recommended the funding of $84,700 will be used to The goals defined for the addition of new fields, and estab develop a conservation master archeology component include: lished core data fields for docu plan for the survey, analysis, sta menting history collections. Some • archeological collections man bilization, and interpretation of of the specific new functions rec the prehistoric mud plasters of agement and archeological col ommended include the ability to: Mug House at Mesa Verde lection data integration National Park. The 13th-century • sufficient research oriented • use alternate object terms from Anasazi cliff dwellings of Mesa data elements to direct the Art and Architecture Verde rank among the most researchers to select external Thesaurus famous and significant of native data sets (e.g., photo, faunal) • provide park-created authority American prehistoric sites. They • data entry and sorting tem lists for selected fields such as are one of the few North American plates to speed up data Artist/Maker properties to be listed as a World • track the history of ownership, retrieval and reporting Cultural Heritage Site. object location, and condition • data consistency Mug House, a stone ruin on • provide links to other data The archeology module will Wetherill Mesa in the park, has bases on object appraisals, not be designed as an analytical been selected as the model site to restrictions, and exhibits tool or contain comprehensive carry out this project. The complex • provide descriptive templates analytical data sets. is an excellent example of the for specific object types such as Group members are currently many cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde china or books working on specific functional National Park and was carefully requirements for the system. The committee recommended excavated and documented from For more information, contact the creation of a multi-level sys 1960 to 1966. Furthermore, Mug Joan Bacharach at 202-343-8140 tem that provides a core program House contains some of the most or Jill K. Harris, Curatorial Ser for smaller collections and addi intact plain and painted prehis vices Division, National Park Ser tional add-on capabilities for toric wall and floor plasters in the vice, Harpers Ferry, WV, 304-535- larger collections. The completed American southwest, including a 6202. history component will enhance kiva with decoratively painted museum collection and resource plaster of exceptional quality. NPS History Committee management capabilities and Phase 1 of the work has been Meeting increase access and use capabili underway since the summer of The National Park Service ties for staff, researchers, and the 1994 with funding from the History Cataloging Advisory Com general public. National Park Service through a mittee met in September 1994. The field will have the oppor cooperative agreement with the The committee made recommen tunity to review the final func University of Pennsylvania. The dations concerning the develop tional requirements document. initial phase has included the ment of functional requirements If you are interested in learn assembly of archival reports on and data content for the history ing more information about the past stabilization of the site and CRM N2 6—1995 35 bibliographic research on North Archeologist at Mesa Verde established under the authority of American prehistoric plasters and National Park, Colorado. The the National Historic Preservation mural paintings. Selected sample Getty Grant Program and the Act, tribal participation in the Sec plasters have been analyzed to cooperative agreement between tion 106 process, tribal cultural determine their composition, the National Park Service and the resource management, and tribal properties, and sources of the University also provides field and law and institution building. A components and finishes. The laboratory training and academic brief report on efforts to permit Getty Grant now funds Phase 2, fellowships for graduate students limited gathering for traditional which will develop and implement in the Historic Preservation Pro purposes in National Park units a model documentation and sur gram at the University of Pennsyl was presented by Tony Bonanno, vey program for the existing con vania, Philadelphia, PA. Acting Regional Director of Oper ditions of the plaster and ations, in the Southwest System masonry. An environmental moni Support Office. toring plan will also be estab TRIBAL Nearby Pipestone National lished. A third phase will eventu NEWS Monument is a place sacred to ally implement a pilot conserva many tribal people who make tion treatment program that will and/or use pipes from the pipe- include stabilization and presen Keepers of the Treasures stone quarried there in their cere tation of the plain and orna Annual Meeting in monies. Superintendent Palma mented plasters. Sioux Falls, South Dakota Wilson welcomed the group to The Mug House plaster stabi Pipestone National Monument lization project will involve the Patricia L. Parker where they heard presentations disciplines of archeology, archi from the Pipestone Dakota Com tecture, and conservation to pre Representatives of 60 Ameri munity and the Pipestone Indian sence a unique cultural resource. can Indian tribes and Alaska Shrine Association. One of the The preservation of architectural Native groups met May 8-11, at issues that the Keepers members ruins in prehistoric and historic the fifth annual meeting of the considered was whether the pipe- sites presents difficulties related national tribal organization, stone should be quarried and to the process of conservation in Keepers of the Treasures—Cul made into pipes and other objects situ and the presentation and tural Council of American Indi for commercial use. interpretation of a ruined site to ans, Alaska Natives, and Native Repatriation was the subject the public. Despite earlier prac Hawaiians. Charlotte Black deliv of the next day's meeting. A panel tices of complete or selective ered the keynote address. Her discussion, "Perspectives on removal of architectural plasters words underscored the purposes Repatriation," was followed by and finishes from ruins and arche- of the Keepers organization—cul more detailed workshops on ological sites, the present pre tural preservation for America's understanding and working with ferred solution is conservation on indigenous people. "To forget your inventories of human remains site to enable preservation of the past is to not belong to it," she required by the Native American ruin as a whole. This project will said. "We must not forget our sto Graves Protection and Repatria be one of the first to develop com ries. Our stories root us to who we tion Act, grants for repatriation, prehensive, long-range, conserva are. We must tell our own stories, and using the regulations to carry tion techniques for extant plasters not let our stories be told by oth out responsibilities under the in a ruined North American site ers. We must tell the real version, Native American Graves Protec using computer-aided documenta not the version our elders would tion and Repatriation Act. tion and graphic recordation and tell an anthropologist. That is the The final session was a busi materials analysis. In addition to version we would tell a five-year- ness meeting in which several establishing a comprehensive old." new officers were elected. To find conservation program, the investi The Keepers of the Treasures out more about Keepers of the gations will provide a greater organization works to protect oral Treasures, contact your local understanding of Anasazi archi traditions and languages. One Board Member or Mary Stuart tecture and culture. The project morning was spent sharing infor McCamy Irion, staff coordinator will bring together archeologists, mation about tribal language pro at Keepers of the Treasures, c/o conservators, and architects tection programs. National Trust for Historic Preser under the direction of Frank G. Keepers also works to protect vation, 1785 Massachusetts Ave., Matero, Associate Professor of places important to the cultures of NW, Washington, DC 20036; tel. Architecture and Director of the American Indians, Alaska Natives 202-673-4207, fax 202-673-4038. Architectural Conservation Labo and Native Hawaiians. The meet ratory at the University of Penn ing also featured workshops in sylvania and Kathleen Fiero, tribal preservation programs 36 CRM N2 6—1995