J- "^ ' ALV**" \ / «.*- >r*lto*1 /^MANCHURIA ^ / . *T *'•"" 'c^O <L S"««T5 PACIFIC /?*Ji 'T-^ ^ "j^S OCEAI CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ^ <- EAS1 Information for Parks, Federal Agencies, / CHINA . dwar /• SEA -^LtaBaVaaBaBiw Indian Tribes, States, Local Governments, and * •'fl OOWM I a uM ^ 0 FORMOSA ^<VQ the Private Sector , PHiiPPtNESEA wriana U5S' L ^ land* Marbcw Phinppinaa a#*^ \ =NCH "*** ^X^ uam ^^ \ ICHINA .- \ VOLUME 18 NO. 6 1995 N. BORNEO PwMiu-'' laianda CAUCS INF ISLANDS ISLANDS \ 1941 -1945 1991 -1995 See Point of View m U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service ««-* Cultural Resources PUBLISHED BY THE VOLUME 18 NO. 6 1995 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contents ISSN 1068-4999 To promote and maintain high standards for preserving and managing cultural Notice resources 1 his will be the last issue of CRM sent to those who have not responded to the Mail­ DIRECTOR ing List Update which appeared in CRM Vol. 18, No. 2. If you wish to remain on the mail­ Roger G. Kennedy ing list, please submit the form immediately. ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Katherine H. Stevenson DEPARTMENTS EDITOR Ronald M. Greentierg Point of View 3 PRODUCTION MANAGER Preservation Resources 29 Karlota M. Koester Washington Report 32 National Center 32 ADVISORS Bulletin Board 32 David Andrews Editor. NPS Tribal News 36 loan Bacharach Museum Registrar, NPS FEATURES Randall 1. Biallas Historical Architect, NPS John A. Bums The Riverspark Story 6 Architect, NPS Partnerships Making a Real Place Into a Living Park Harry A. Butowsky Historian, NPS Paul M. Bray Pratt Cassity Executive Director, National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Landmark Decision 9 Muriel Crespi Remembering the Struggle for Equal Education Cultural Anthropologist. NPS Craig \V Davis Cheryl Brown Henderson Archeologist, NPS Mark R. Edwards Director, Historic Preservation Division, Cultural Tourism and the Landmark Trust 12 State Historic Preservation Officer, Georgia Diane Vogt-O'Connor Bruce W Fry Chief of Research Publications National Historic Sites, Parks Canada Disaster Mitigation for the Bertrand Collection Artifacts 15 John Hnedak Architectural Historian, NPS Jeanne M. Harold Roger E. Kelly Archeologist NPS NPS Assists Indian, Alaska Native, 18 Antoinette I. Lee Historian. NPS and Native Hawaiian Communities lohn Poppeliers Ronnie Emery International Liaison Officer for Cultural Resources, NPS Brit /Mian Storey An Air Force Legacy 23 Historian, Bureau of Reclamation Federal Preservation Forum Cynthia A. Liccese CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Stephen A. Morris SUPPLEMENTS Certified Local Governments (CLG) Coordinator NPS Kay D. Weeks Technical Writer-Editor, NPS Historical Research in the National Park Service CONSULTANTS Archeology and the National Register Michael G. Schene Historian, NPS Wm. H. Freeman NCPTT Notes from the Center Design. Imaging, Production-Freeman Publishing Services Cover photos:"The Pacific Theater, 194!-45," from information brochure, War in the Pacific National Historic Park/Guam, NPS; USS Arizona, 1931, courtesy USS Arizona Memorial, NPS; USS Arizona Memorial, photo by James P. Delgado. Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advisors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles, news items, and correspondence to the Editor, CRM (400), U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, P.O. Box 37127,Washington, DC 20013-7127; (202-343-3395. FAX 202-343-5260, Internet: [email protected]). 2 CRM N^ 6—1995 Departments PRESERVATION RESOURCES POINT OFVIEW NATIONAL CENTER STATE NEWS POINT OF who are privileged to work for the help our visitors understand this National Park Service. More than part of American History. VIEW any other site in the national park The National Park Service has system, the USS Arizona Memor­ a long and honorable tradition in ial illustrates the mission and role managing and operating military Preserving American of the National Park Service to parks, battle sites, battlefield 1941 -1945 History—Past, Present, protect and manage buildings, parks, and national memorials 1991 -1995 structures, sites, districts, and such as the USS Arizona Memor­ Future objects of national significance. ial. These sites are some of the All parks in the national park sys­ oldest and most numerous parks Harry A. Butowsky tem adhere to this concept of in the national park system. They From a Memorial Day speech national significance. All parks have an ancient and proud lineage presented May 29, 1995, at the illustrate national history and cul­ that began on August 19, 1890, USS Arizona Memorial, Honolulu, ture of the United States. This when Congress created the first concept of preservation goes to the national military park, Chicka- Hawaii. very core of our management phi­ mauga and Chattanooga, under he USS Arizona Memor­ losophy. However, the preserva­ the administration of the War ial holds a special place tion and protection of nationally- Department. Other military' parks Tin the hearts and minds significant sites alone is not followed, including several parks of the American people. It was at enough—we in the National Park from World War II. From Guam to this very site that 1,167 United Service are also charged with Boston, the wartime legacy of States sailors and marines fell and another, equally important mis­ World War II is represented in rest inside their ship. It was here sion. We preserve and protect the many national parks and national that America entered World War national parks and memorials so historic landmarks. Every year, II—an era of unparalleled sacrifice that we can interpret the impor­ millions of people visit these in American History. tance of these sites to park visi­ sites—War in the Pacific National The USS Arizona Memorial tors. We are educators and teach­ Historical Park in Guam, Ameri­ also holds a special place in the ers. I like to think of the National can Memorial Park on Saipan, USS Cassin Young. Navy photo, 1944. hearts and minds of those of us Park Service as a vast American Boston National Historic Park, university with and the newly established Manza- 367 branch nar National Historic Site in Cali­ campuses—the fornia. In countless other national national parks, parks such as the Sandy Hook with each park unit of Gateway National Recre­ illustrating a ation Area in New Jersey and different period Cabrillo National Monument in of history or San Diego, the National Park Ser­ type of geology, vice protects and interprets World biology, or other War II fortifications, barracks, and science for the even a destroyer—USS Cassin benefit of our Young in Boston. Capt. Young was students—the one of many sailors who fought at American peo­ Pearl Harbor on December 7, ple. At the USS 1941. Arizona Memor­ The USS Arizona Memorial is ial we preserve a special place—not necessarily and manage more important than other World this resource to War II national parks, but cer- CRM Nu 6—1995 3 attack on the night of December Americans these events are just 31, 1775. The Continental Con­ history—as distant as the Ameri­ gress and subsequently the Con­ can Civil War or the landing of gress of the United States contin­ Christopher Columbus in the new ued to authorize memorials to world in 1492. All too often, young many other important Americans children and even adults visit this and foreigners significant in Amer­ lovely memorial and ask the ques­ ican history. tion—what happened here? These The death of George Washing­ visitors have no first- hand knowl­ ton on December 14, 1799, edge of World War II. The events inspired Representative John Mar­ of this period in our history may shall to introduce a resolution pro­ have been incompletely learned in viding for the most famous school or may have not even been national memorial in America, a discussed at all. What is then that marble monument in Washington, Americans learn when they visit DC, to commemorate the life of the USS Arizona Memorial? Washington—the Washington First of all they learn that this Monument. is a place of war. On December 7, Another famous memorial— 1941, American sailors and the Statue of Liberty—was offered marines stood here and fought for to the people of the United States the United States. They pointed by the people of France in 1876. their weapons at other men and Congress and the President killed and were killed. Some died approved the gift and the Statue of here and are entombed here. At tainly more exceptional. This park Liberty was dedicated on October the USS Arizona Memorial visi­ above everything else is a national 28, 1886. tors see a commemorative site that memorial—a designation that The USS Arizona Memorial honors the men who died at Pearl Congress reserves for parks that was established by the Congress of Harbor. On this site we come are associated with some of the the United States in 1980 for two together as a nation to pay our most important people and events reasons—to recognize the events respects and give our thanks to in our history. of December 7, 1941, the attack these men. The USS Arizona A national memorial designa­ on Pearl Harbor, and to remember Memorial is a commemorative site Cemetery monu­ tion predates even the founding of those Americans who died in the that we have set aside to remem­ ment (above) and the National Park Service and ber and honor these men. military police post service of their country on that (below), Manzanar even the birth of the United States day. Second, they learn about our National Historic in 1776. The first memorials in For many Americans living history and our collective national Site. Photos by our history were authorized by the today the events that occurred memory. The USS Arizona Memo­ jefferey F.