Vol. 14, No. 3, Summer 2014 CONTENTS 3 EDITOR’S CORNER 4 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR CANADA’S NAVY 7 Does Canada Need Submarines? by Michael Byers 15 The Contribution of Submarines to Canada’s Freedom of Action on the Cover World Stage Landing of the First Canadian by Paul T. Mitchell Division at Saint-Nazaire, by Edgar Bundy Rutherford MILITARY INTELLIGENCE Canadian War Museum 19710261-0110 26 The Past, Present and Future of Chinese Cyber Operations by Jonathan Racicot SENIOR CIVIL SERVANTS AND NATIONAL DEFENCE 38 Unelected, Unarmed Servants of the State: The Changing Role of Senior Civil Servants inside Canada’s National Defence by Daniel Gosselin MILITARY HISTORY 53 Know Your Ground: A Look at Military Geographic Intelligence and Planning in the Second World War by Lori Sumner 64 The Colonial Militia of Vancouver Island and British Columbia 1853–1871 Does Canada Need by Adam Goulet Submarines? VIEWS AND OPINIONS 70 The Duty to Remember is an Integral Part of Bilateral Relations by Marcel Cloutier 73 Whatever Happened to Mission Command in the CAF? by Allan English 76 Compulsory Release and Duty of Fairness by Kostyantyn Grygoryev COMMENTARY 80 The Aurora Chronicles by Martin Shadwick JOURNAL REVIEW ESSAY The Past, Present and 85 Situational Awareness Depends upon Intelligence Gathering, but Good Future of Chinese Preparation Depends upon Knowledge of the Issues Cyber Operations by Sylvain Chalifour 86 BOOK REVIEWS Canadian Military Journal / Revue militaire canadienne is the official professional journal of the Canadian Armed Forces and the Department of National Defence. It is published quarterly under authority of the Minister of National Defence. Opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Forces, Canadian Military Journal, or any agency of the Government of Canada. Crown copyright is retained. Articles may be reproduced with permission of the Editor, on condition that appropriate credit is given to Canadian Military Journal. Each issue of the Journal is published simultaneously in print and electronic versions; it is available on the Internet at www.journal.forces.gc.ca. ISSN 1492-465X Vol. 14, No. 3, Summer 2014 • Canadian Military Journal 1 How to Contact Us CANADIAN Canadian Military Journal / MILITARY Revue militaire canadienne Canadian Defence Academy JOURNAL PO Box 17000, Station Forces www.journal.forces.gc.ca Kingston, Ontario CANADA, K7K 7B4 Editor-in-Chief Translation Fax: (613) 541-6866 David L. Bashow Translation Bureau, Public Works and E-mail: [email protected] (613) 541-5010 ext. 6148 Government Services Canada [email protected] Publication Manager Commentary Claire Chartrand Martin Shadwick (613) 541-5010 ext. 6837 [email protected] Editorial Advisor Michael Boire Unelected, Unarmed Oversight Committee Servants of the State: The Changing Role of Chairman Senior Civil Servants Major-General J.G.E. Tremblay, Commander, Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) inside Canada’s National Defence Members Mr. David L. Bashow, Editor-in-Chief, Brigadier-General A.D. Meinzinger, Commandant Canadian Military Journal (CMJ) Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) Colonel Marty Cournoyer, representing Major Andrew Godefroy, representing Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force Commander of the Canadian Army Dr. H.J. Kowal, Principal, Lieutenant-Colonel Mark Gendron, Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) Director Canadian Forces Military Law Centre (CFMLC), Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Commander Hugues Canuel, representing Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy Ms. Hanya Soliman, representing Chief of the Defence Intelligence (CDI) Colonel Dalton Cote, representing Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Know Your Ground: A Look at Military Editorial Board Geographic Intelligence and Planning in the Dr. Douglas Bland Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) David Last Second World War Major (ret’d) Michael Boire Dr. Chris Madsen Major Sylvain Chalifour Dr. Sean Maloney Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Douglas Delaney Professor Brian McKercher Dr. Rocky J. Dwyer Dr. Paul Mitchell Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Michael Goodspeed Dr. Nezih Mrad Major John Grodzinski Dr. Scot Robertson Dr. David Hall Professor Stéphane Roussel Professor Michael Hennessy Professor Elinor Sloan Colonel Bernd Horn Chief Warrant Officer C.J. Thibault Professor Hamish Ion Colonel (ret’d) Randall Wakelam Philippe Lagassé The Duty to Remember is an Integral Part of NOTE TO READERS Bilateral Relations As a bilingual journal, readers should take note that where citations are translated from their original language, the abbreviation [TOQ] at the end of the note, which stands for “translation of original quote”, indicates to the readers that the original citation can be found in the published version of the Journal in the other official language. 2 Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 14, No. 3, Summer 2014 EDITOR’S CORNER ummer is (almost) here again in the Great White Following several stimulating and diversified opinion pieces, North, and so are we, with what we hope will be a our own Martin Shadwick takes a look at Canada’s future mari- stimulating and informative potpourri of offerings. time Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) needs, focussing specifically upon the near-term CP-140 Aurora upgrade We are now entering an extended period of and life-extension program. Martin then concludes that in the future, S commemoration of young-Canada’s commitment to “Canada’s maritime surveillance/ISR needs must increasingly be service in the two global wars of the 20th Century. Accordingly, met by a holistic blend of manned aircraft, satellites, and UAVs.” this issue’s cover, Landing of the First Canadian Division at Saint- Then, Canadian Defence Academy Public Affairs Officer Sylvain Nazaire by the English artist, Edgar Bundy, visually depicts the Chalifour has identified a significant shortcoming in professional landing in France of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade in February defence-related study and analysis for the nation’s French-speaking 1915. In the left foreground marches the Band of the Black Watch, population, and offers a journal review article of an excellent French while to the right in review stand Canada’s Minister of Militia, periodical dedicated to that purpose. We then close with a brace of Sir Sam Hughes, and Generals Richard Turner and Frederick book reviews to pique the interest of our readership. Loomis. The background is dominated by the steamship Novian, and this magnificent painting currently graces the Senate Chamber While we here at the Canadian Military Journal (on-line at in Ottawa. www.journal.forces.gc.ca) [both official languages] are very proud of our continuous commitment to publish material dealing with In our first major article, The University of British Columbia’s all matters of defence issues to the nation and our global friends, Professor Michael Byers, a frequent contributor to these pages, we would be remiss if we did not mention that other significant “…examines the various arguments frequently advanced for sources of defence commentary and analysis are ‘alive and well’ continuing Canada’s submarine program. [It] finds that none on the Canadian scene. The Canadian Army Journal, “…a refereed of those arguments hold water in present – and reasonably fore- forum of ideas and issues,” is the official professional publica- seeable – geopolitical and technological circumstances.” In tion of the Canadian Army. Published three times a year (Spring, counterpoint, the Canadian Staff College’s Professor Paul Mitchell, Summer, Autumn), it is “…dedicated to the expression of mature also a frequent contributor to the Journal, opines that Canada has a professional thought on the art and science of land warfare, the responsibility to help preserve international order, and that subma- dissemination and discussion of doctrinal and training concepts, rines have a legitimate role to play therein. “It is not in our interests as well as ideas, concepts and opinions by all army personnel and to see that order eroded to the point that instability abroad begins those civilians with an interest in such matters.” Available on- to affect our local peaceful environment. In this effort, submarines line at www.army.forces.gc.ca/caj [both official languages]. Not can play a critical role for robust military response, [and]…they to be outdone, the Royal Canadian Air Force publishes its own can do so in a far more economical and discreet fashion than many professional quarterly, the Royal Canadian Air Force Journal, a other forms of military power.” “…forum for discussing concepts, issues, and ideas that are both crucial and central to aerospace power. The Journal is dedicated to These duellists are followed by Intelligence Officer Jonathan disseminating the ideas and opinions of not only RCAF personnel, Racicot, who tables a fascinating and timely study with respect to but also those civilians who have an interest in issues of aerospace Chinese cyber operations, their past initiatives, present capabilities, power.” Available on-line at: http://trenton.mil.ca/lodger/CFAWC/ and possible future intentions. He is followed by Major-General eLibrary/Publications_e.asp, in both official languages. Further, the (Ret’d) Daniel Gosselin, who recently completed a nine-month Canadian Naval Review is published quarterly by the Centre for tour as Strategic Advisor to the incumbent Chief of the Defence Foreign Policy Studies (CFPS) at Dalhousie University in Halifax. Staff, General Tom Lawson, and who “…examines the evolution “It is a professional journal examining a wide range of maritime of the role of senior civilian public service employees inside the security issues from a Canadian perspective, [and] it focuses upon Department of National Defence, analyzing the pivotal events and strategic concepts, policies, historical perspectives and operations phases that have shaped the expanding role of civilians since the of the Royal Canadian Navy, plus oceans policy, marine affairs early-1960s.” Two major articles dealing with Canadian military and national security in general.” Available on-line at http://www. history are then offered.