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Open Journal of Mathematics and | Volume 1, Article 43, 2019 | ISSN: 2674-5747 https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/7ruay | published: 2 Sept 2019 | https://ojmp.org BQ [original idea] Diamond Open Access

Time Travel: coexistence of , , and ?

Open Physics Collaboration∗† June 13, 2020

Abstract A line of thought is presented, where is a superposition of three-dimensional .

keywords: , space, quantum superposition, many worlds

The most updated version of this paper is available at https://osf.io/7ruay/download

Open Research Problem

1. There is a very interesting question regarding the Big Bang.

2. In the very creation of space and time, which was created first, space or time? Or were they created together in the first place?

∗All authors with their affiliations appear at the end of this paper. †Corresponding author: [email protected] | Join the Open Physics Collaboration

1 Introduction

3. Time traveling is a very intriguing issue [1–3].

4. Understanding time in its most fundamental level [4–8] can certainly answer if time travel is possible and if not, why?

5. Suppose there was a sequential order for the creation of this universe during the big bang.

6. The spatial point being created first, then the line, , space, and ultimately time.

7. Time is the degree of freedom of space.

8. Time is the possibility of through space.

Point, line, plane, space

9. Let d be the dimension.

10. A point has no dimension (d 0).

11. A line is orthogonal to the po=int and has d 1.

12. Orthogonality allows the property of s=uperposition.

13. Being orthogonal, by (12), a line is a superposition of points.

14. The same argument holds for the plane (d 2) and for the three- dimensional space (d 3). = = Time

15. Time is orthogonal to the three dimensions of space.

16. By (12) and (15), time is a superposition of space.

2 17. In (16), we mean that there can coexist many copies of three-dimensional space.

18. If is discrete, then there are finitely many copies of three- dimensional space; otherwise, there would be infinitely many.

19. This idea coincides with the many world interpretation of .

Worldlines

20. Let’s define and distinguish two types of worldlines: the worldline of the observer, and the worldline of the universe.

21. In the framework of time travel, the observer’s worldline can alter the universe’s worldline.

Time travel paradox: case 1

22. Suppose an observer A returns to the past and prevents her/his own birth.

23. A was born in the universe’s worldline 1 and altered it to the universe’s worldline 2 (Fig. 1).

24. B is the birth of observer A.

25. C is the of time traveling.

26. In this line of thought, observer A does not cease to exist; (s)he only alters the universe’s worldline.

Time travel paradox: case 2

27. Again, A goes back in time and prevents the birth event B.

3 Figure 1: The worldlines of the observer and of the universe. 1 is the initial worldline of the universe, and 2 is its new worldline after the time travel experiment C. The observer was born at B.

28. Before discussing the fourth-dimensional spacetime, let’s first consider the line.

29. Suppose we are able to freely travel within the line and eventually remove one point from it.

30. The result of (29) is the same as cutting the line; it will produce two different pieces of it.

31. We live in a four-dimensional world; altering the past means altering the universe’s worldline, which might result in the tear of spacetime in the previous (“original”) worldline.

32. So, we have the following conjecture.

33. Conjecture: When an observer alters a worldline, spacetime is torn apart.

34. This is similar to what might happen inside a [9–11].

35. The disruption in the original spacetime (see loop BC in Fig. 1) might eventually destroy part of it, generating two parallel .

4 36. Note that observer A ceases to exist in the worldline 1 and starts her/his in the worldline 2.

37. Therefore, B (Fig. 1) is the event for the birth of the observer A in both worldlines 1 and 2.

Quantum Superposition

38. There exists quantum superposition of space.

39. There is also quantum superposition of trajectories.

40. Trajectories can be thought of as variation in space divided by varia- tion in time.

41. By (38), (39), and (40), one can suppose there is also a quantum superposition in time.

42. Are there theoretical and experimental evidence of quantum super- position of time?

43. A list of theoretical evidence for (42) includes: the delayed-choice experiment (quantum eraser) [12], in time [13], backward flow [5].

Final Remarks

44. Multidimensional traveling is an open scientific question, worth of re- searching.

45. If time is a superposition of three-dimensional space, perhaps there are (in)finitely many worlds coexisting in different time periods (MW).

46. (45) is similar to the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechan- ics.

5 47. In the MW interpretation of quantum mechanics, all possible outcomes of quantum measurements are physically realized in some “world” (or universe).

48. In the MW framework, only a subset of all possible outcomes is phys- ically realized.

49. In order to avoid time travel paradoxes, the following mathemat- ical proposition must hold:

T M,

where T stands for time travel, →and M stands for the existence of many worlds.

50. (49) means if time travel is possible, then there exists many physical worlds (universes).

51. The of shows us that the science fiction of the past has become the of the present.

52. Quantum is such an example of (51).

53. The end of time can help us understand its very quantum [9–11,14–18].

54. Perhaps the next scientific revolution comparable to the relativity of time is the possibility of traveling backward and forth in time.

55. A piece of evidence of time travel can be found here [19].

Open Invitation

Review, add content, and co-author this paper [20,21]. Join the Open Physics Collaboration. Send your contribution to [email protected].

6 Ethical conduct of research

This original work was pre-registered under the OSF Preprints [22], please cite it accordingly [23]. This will ensure that researches are con- ducted with integrity and intellectual honesty at all and by all means.

References

[1] Wells, Herbert George. . Oxford University Press, 2017.

[2] Nahin, Paul J. Time machines: Time travel in physics, , and science fiction. Springer Science & Business Media, 2001.

[3] Mallett, Ronald L., and Bruce Henderson. The Time Traveller: A Scientist’s Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality. Random House, 2008.

[4] Zych, Magdalena, et al. “Bell’s theorem for temporal order.” Nature Communications 10.1 (2019): 1-10.

[5] Lobo, Matheus P. “Backward Entropy Flow.” OSF Preprints, 22 June 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/67nqg

[6] Lobo, Matheus P. “Spacetime Pouring.” OSF Preprints, 21 May 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/zwfb5

[7] Lobo, Matheus P. “The Inner Bound of Quantum Spacetime.” OSF Preprints, 11 June 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/6zf3n

[8] Lobo, Matheus P. “What Is the Temperature of Time?.” OSF Preprints, 19 May 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/5mrhs

[9] Lobo, Matheus P. “A Hole in the Black Hole.” OSF Preprints, 18 Apr. 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/js7rf

7 [10] Lobo, Matheus P. “Hollow Black Holes.” OSF Preprints, 12 Aug. 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/rewub

[11] Lobo, Matheus P. “The Interior of a Black Hole and the Void of Spacetime.” OSF Preprints, 12 May 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/awfx8

[12] Hillmer, Rachel, and Paul Kwiat. “A do-it-yourself quantum eraser.” Sci. Am. 296.5 (2007): 90-95.

[13] Musser, G. “Quantum weirdness now a of time”, Quanta Mag- azine, 2016. https://www.quantamagazine.org/time-entanglement- raises-quantum-mysteries-20160119/

[14] Lobo, Matheus P. “Black Hole Universe: A Grand Cosmic Re- cycler and Big Bang Generator?.” OSF Preprints, 12 Aug. 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/pbdn3

[15] Lobo, Matheus P. “Dark Matter and Bubbles of Void.” OSF Preprints, 11 July 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/w7m3q

[16] Lobo, Matheus P. “The Tipping Point of Temperature Dur- ing Black Hole Formation.” OSF Preprints, 28 June 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/zrk7u

[17] Lobo, Matheus P. “The Metric Tensor Pullback.” OSF Preprints, 14 May 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/puhzw

[18] Lobo, Matheus P. “What Is the Meaning of the Pull- back Schwarzschild Metric?.” OSF Preprints, 22 May 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/xq2bw

[19] Pope, Nick, John Burroughs, and Jim Penniston. Encounter in Rendlesham Forest: The Inside Story of the World’s Best-documented UFO Incident. Macmillan, 2014.

8 [20] Lobo, Matheus P. “Microarticles.” OSF Preprints, 28 Oct. 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/ejrct

[21] Lobo, Matheus P. “Simple Guidelines for Authors: Open Jour- nal of Mathematics and Physics.” OSF Preprints, 15 Nov. 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/fk836

[22] COS. Open Science Framework. https://osf.io

[23] Lobo, Matheus P. “Time Travel: Coexistence of Past, Present, and Future?.” OSF Preprints, 2 Sept. 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/7ruay

The Open Physics Collaboration

Matheus Pereira Lobo (lead author, [email protected]),1 Tiago Sousa Moraes,2 Kamily Vitória Alves Fernandes da Cunha,2 Klemil- ton Murilo Veloso Oliveira1

1Federal University of Tocantins (Brazil); 2Colégio Estadual Rui Barbosa (Tocantins, Brazil)

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