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The Anuran Fauna of a West African Urban Area

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The Anuran Fauna of a West African Urban Area Official journal website: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 9(2) [Special Section]: 1–14 (e106). The anuran fauna of a West African urban area 1,*N’Goran Germain Kouamé, 2,3Caleb Ofori-Boateng, 2,3Gilbert Baase Adum, 4Germain Gourène, and 5,†Mark-Oliver Rödel 1Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Department of Biology and Animal Physiology, UFR-Environnement, Daloa, BP 150 CÔTE D’IVOIRE 2Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 63, Fumesua, Kumasi GHANA 3Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi GHANA 4Nangui Abrogoua University, Laboratoire d’Environnement et de Biologie Aquatique, UFR-SGE, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02 CÔTE D’IVOIRE 5Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin GERMANY Abstract.—Reported are the results of an amphibian survey in the district of Daloa and surroundings, in central-western Ivory Coast. Spanning a three year period, we investigated two general areas, each during the rainy and dry seasons. During 62 days of field work 30 anuran species were recorded. The urban environment mainly contained widespread anuran species with preferences for savannah-dominated landscapes and farmbush habitats. The recorded total anuran species richness in the urban area exceeded the diversity in the savannah islands/forest mosaic bordering the Daloa district. This indicates many savannah species may do well in urban situations. However, this higher species richness was only due to one site that possessed particularly diverse amphibian breeding sites, thus illustrating the necessity of maintaining suitable habitats for a wide-range of species. One of the most surprising findings was Kassina schioetzi, a species usually difficult to find in its natural habitat. In Daloa it seems to have successfully adapted to the urban conditions. Although the anuran richness in the Daloa area was relatively low compared to other Ivorian humid savannah areas, it supported an important part of the countries amphibian diversity. Nevertheless the forest habitats, and specifically the forest islands bordering the Daloa district, should be considered sensitive conservation areas. Key words. Amphibians, conservation status, Côte d’Ivoire, Upper Guinea, urban ecology Citation: Kouamé NG, Ofori-Boateng C, Adum GB, Gourène G, Rödel MO. 2015. The anuran fauna of a West African urban area. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 9(2) [Special Section]: 1–14 (e106). Copyright: © 2015 Kouamé et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use for non-commercial and education purposes only, in any medium, provided the original author and the official and authorized publication sources are recognized and properly credited. The official and authorized publication credit sources, which will be duly enforced, are as follows: official journal title Amphibian & Reptile Conservation; official journal website <amphibian- reptile-conservation.org>. Received: 16 June 2015; Accepted: 29 October 2015; Published: 16 November 2015 West Africa has been experiencing intensive urbaniza- demand for agriculture and urbanization (Bible 2013; tion to such a point that human modified landscapes are Hansen et al. 2013). gradually taking over the majority of natural landscapes, The Haut-Sassandra region is traditionally an im- in particular native forests (Deikumah and Kudom 2010; portant trading center, particularly for cocoa production Bible 2013). Whereas various Ghanaian forests are pro- in the Ivory Coast, has attracted 44.8% of national and tected and/or sustainably managed (Adum et al. 2013; 23.4% of foreign farmers (Assiri et al. 2009). During the Ofori-Boateng et al. 2013), only very few Ivorian for- country’s 2010‒2011 post election violence, Daloa, the est remnants receive sufficient protection and sustainable third largest city of the country and the regional capital management (e.g., see Mayaux et al. 2004). The Ivorian of the Haut-Sassandra region, became a refuge for peo- population has exploded over the past four decades, tri- ple from the northern, central, and western Ivory Coast, pling from 6.7 million in the early 1970s to approxi- resulting in a rapid urbanization process. As one result, mately 22 million people today (Bible 2013), has largely forests surrounding the city are increasingly fragmented. accelerated an urbanization process causing massive en- To enhance the protection of biological diversity, the vironmental damage. The gradual disruption of forests, Ivorian Ministry of Scientific Research has therefore re- has worsened in several forested areas of the Ivory Coast cently recommended the collection of scientific informa- during the prolonged political crisis in the first decade of tion to update the biodiversity data of the Haut-Sassandra the 21st century, has mainly stemmed from increase land region. As data for amphibians were still lacking, we sur- Correspondence. Emails: *[email protected]; †[email protected] (corresponding authors). Amphib. Reptile Conserv. 1 November 2015 | Volume 9 | Number 2 | e106 Kouamé et al. veyed the amphibian fauna within the district of Daloa other infrastructure. We surveyed two general areas: 1) and its surroundings, and herein report for the first time the district of Daloa (urban area), and 2) the savannah an assessment of the species richness and composition of islands/forest mosaic bordering the Daloa district (non- the anuran fauna in a West African urban area. urban aspect). Our surveys were covering a three year period (see Appendix 1 for further details). We inves- Methods tigated four sites inside the urban area namely: Balou- zon (Bal: 45 ha), Eveché (Eve: 50 ha), Gbokora (Gbo: Study area. Daloa is the third largest city in the 80 ha), and Tazibouo (Taz: 100 ha). As a comparison, Ivory Coast and the regional capital of the Haut- we surveyed Sapia (Sap: 150 ha) and Zaibo (Zai: 190 Sassandra region. It is situated in central-west- ha), two non-urban sites in the savannah islands/forest ern Ivory Coast (06°53’01.8”‒06°94’97.8” N; mosaic adjacent to urban Daloa (see Appendix 1). The 006°25’65.3”‒006°68′89.0” W), in the transition zone Balouzon and Eveché areas were mainly characterized between semi-deciduous forest and humid Guinea savan- by unpaved roads, a swampy area used for vegetable cul- nah. The town is an important trading center, particularly tivation, and a concentration of buildings. A large stream, for cocoa. The region has a mean annual temperature bordered by coconut trees and grasses, was used for fish- of 26.3 °C; the annual precipitation ranges from 1,200 ing activities. The vegetation in Gbokora was dominated to 1,700 mm. The climate includes a long rainy season by grasses and a semi-deciduous forest interspersed by (April to June) with the highest precipitation peak in a highway. Some swampy areas surveyed in this site June, a short dry season (July to August) alternating with were being used for vegetable cultivation. This area was a short rainy season (September to October), and a long noisy due to heavy traffic. A concentration of buildings dry season (November to March). The relative mean hu- and streetlights were characteristic of the Gbokora site. midity is 75% (Eldin 1971). The Tazibouo site mainly consisted of unpaved roads, Description of the survey areas (Fig. 1). Our defini- buildings, semi-deciduous forest adjacent the Daloa Jean tion of an urban area follows McDonnell and Pickett Lorougnon Guédé University, and some construction (1993) and Demographia (2008), i.e., taking into con- sites. This site also comprised the Theological and Pas- sideration a minimum density of 400 humans/km2 and toral Institute of Daloa whose garden was dominated by other factors such as density of buildings, roads and bamboo, other grasses, and several stands of different or- Fig. 1. Typical aspects of habitats of the urban Daloa; a = concentration of houses in a high population zone; b = degraded forest on the periphery of the urban area; c = highway crossing degraded forest and farmbush; d = amphibian breeding pond in the urban environment. Amphib. Reptile Conserv. 2 November 2015 | Volume 9 | Number 2 | e106 The anuran fauna of a West African urban area namental plants. Some water bodies, i.e., two large per- ogy or threats, or being particularly typical for the urban manent ponds situated near a roadside and bordered by amphibian fauna. The nomenclature used herein follows grasses, were encountered. The ponds served as a water the taxonomy by Frost (2015). After capture, frogs were point for cattle. A few termite mounds were also present. identified to species level, measured, sexed, and if not A swampy area investigated was used for rice and veg- kept as vouchers, released in their respective habitats. etable cultivations. Some parts of this area were light- Snout-urostyle-length (SUL) was taken with a dial cali- ened by streetlights at night. The sites Sapia and Zaibo, per (accuracy ± 0.5 mm). Records of Xenopus muelleri adjacent to the district of Daloa represented non-urban were based on visual observations only. For all other spe- conditions. However, they had lost the majority of their cies we deposited vouchers at the Jean Lorougnon Guédé natural forest cover, resulting in an overall change from University, Daloa, Ivory Coast (see Appendix 3). Frog a forest to a savannah-dominated landscape. Both sites vouchers were euthanized humanly in a 1,1,1-Trichloro- mainly consisted of farmbush, small farms, coffee, and 2-methyl-2-propanol hemihydrate (MS222) solution and cocoa plantations. Some swamps that were part of these thereafter preserved in 70% ethanol. two sites had been converted to rice fields. Small forest Statistics. We used the daily species lists to calculate islands were still encountered at Zaibo, but fewer forest the sampling efficiency. We calculated the estimated spe- islands were left at the Sapia site.
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