DOCSLIB.ORG

The Grassland Debates: Conservationists, Ranchers, First Nations, and the Landscape of the Middle Fraser,” Published in BC Studies, Issue #160 (Winter 2008/2009)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Grassland Debates: Conservationists, Ranchers, First Nations, and the Landscape of the Middle Fraser,” Published in BC Studies, Issue #160 (Winter 2008/2009) GRASSLAND DEBATES: CONSERVATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE CARIBOO-CHILCOTIN, BRITISH COLUMBIA by Joanna Isabel Emslie Reid A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (GEOGRAPHY) University of British Columbia (Vancouver) October 2010 © Joanna Isabel Emslie Reid 2010 ii Abstract This thesis explores how a rural landscape – the area from Lillooet to Williams Lake along the Fraser River in British Columbia‟s Cariboo-Chilcotin region – becomes the subject of increasing grassland conservation activity and with what consequences. Along the Fraser River lies the northern extent of a once vast, now endangered ecosystem called the Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Grasslands. The landscape is the traditional, unceded territory of the Secwepemc, St‟at‟imc and Tsilhqot‟in Nations. Ranchers have occupied and used the land since the late 1860s; for many years, the well-known Gang Ranch was the largest in North America. It is a dramatic and ecologically significant landscape to which many people hold strong attachments. Since the 1930s, scientists, government officials, activists, and academics have travelled the region within a broad framework of conservation; these practices have intensified dramatically since the 1990s. My central research questions are: (a) how has scientific conservation extended over this rural landscape and created new social forms; and, (b) how do different people – conservationists, ranchers, and Aboriginal community members – relate to subsequent changes. I argue that ecological ideas, travelling through conservation networks, change the social meaning of the landscape, though in unpredictable ways. I explore the middle Fraser as a site of growing conservation interest and activity. This work is situated within literatures on resource geography and environmental politics in British Columbia, which emphasize complex interrelationships among environmentalists, Aboriginal communities, and rural, non-Aboriginal people who depend on resource use activities for their livelihoods. I am also interested in the productive, disciplinary nature of scientific and state knowledge, as described in the literature on eco-governmentality. However, I see conservation as a set of discourses and practices, dynamic and emergent in a very active material, social world. In this view, I am influenced by Actor-Network Theory, which emphasizes a decentering of agency. Even as conservation changes the meaning of the middle Fraser, it is always through constant, complex negotiation with many different people and diverse non-human elements. iii Preface All research and writing was done by Joanna Reid. Parts of this research appeared in an article entitled “The Grassland Debates: Conservationists, Ranchers, First Nations, and the Landscape of the Middle Fraser,” published in BC Studies, Issue #160 (Winter 2008/2009). Related sections can be found in Chapters 2, 3, and 4 of the dissertation. This research received its UBC Behavioural Research Ethics Board Certificate of Approval on June 14, 2007. Its certificate number was H07-00182. iv Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Preface ............................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vi List of Images .................................................................................................................. vii List of Maps .................................................................................................................... viii Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ x Chapter 1: Introduction: The Middle Fraser .................................................................. 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 The Middle Fraser .................................................................................................... 4 Conservation and Social Change ........................................................................... 10 Methods .................................................................................................................. 17 Thesis Outline ........................................................................................................ 23 Chapter 2: Grassland Conservation ............................................................................... 30 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 30 Early Range Science and Networks ....................................................................... 34 The 1970s: The Grazing Debates ........................................................................... 37 ENGOs ................................................................................................................... 43 Working Ranches for Conservation ....................................................................... 49 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 58 Chapter 3: Ranching and Grassland Conservation ...................................................... 61 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 61 The “Wild West”: Frontier Mythology and Cowboy Culture ............................... 64 Grassland Knowledge ............................................................................................ 70 Ranch Regulation ................................................................................................... 77 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 83 v Chapter 4: Grasslands, Bureaucracy, and Aboriginal Title and Rights .................... 86 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 86 Reserve Creation and Ranch Establishment .......................................................... 90 New Bureaucratization of Aboriginal-Settler Relations ........................................ 97 Aboriginal People and Grassland Conservation .................................................. 108 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 114 Chapter 5: Exclosures: Grassland Monitoring ........................................................... 115 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 115 Producing the Fence: Exclosure Monitoring ....................................................... 118 Fence Crossings ................................................................................................... 127 Perceptions of Ecological Complexity and Change ............................................. 137 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 140 Chapter 6: The Churn Creek Protected Area ............................................................. 143 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 143 From Ranch to Protected Area ............................................................................. 147 CCPA Regulation: Unintended Consequences, New Opportunities ................... 162 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 171 Chapter 7: Conclusions ................................................................................................. 174 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 174 Conservation and Power ...................................................................................... 176 Continuing Social Conflict .................................................................................. 179 References ....................................................................................................................... 191 Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 210 Appendix A: Interviewee Consent Form (Sample) ...................................................... 210 Appendix B: “The Gesture” Short Story ...................................................................... 213 vi List of Tables Table 2.1: Grassland NGOs ............................................................................................... 44 Table 2.2: Land Trust Owned Working Ranches in BC .................................................... 55 vii List of Images Image 2.1: Sign at the Entrance
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Cariboo Chilcotin Land Use Plan
    South Chilcotin Sub-Regional Plan: Introduction 1 CARIBOO CHILCOTIN LAND USE PLAN 1.1 90-DAY IMPLEMENTATION REPORT On October 24, 1994, the Provincial Government announced the Cariboo Chilcotin Land Use Plan (CCLUP). A 90-day Implementation Process was initiated to develop technical details, including resource targets for the plan. Three resource management zones, Special Resource Development, Integrated Resource Management, and Enhanced Resource Development, were established for sustainable natural resource development and recreational activities. The CCLUP is designated as a “higher level plan” under the Forest Practices Code Act and guides the application of the Code in all CCLUP land use zones. As a result of consultation and technical analysis, integrated land-based resource targets and strategies have been established for timber, range/grazing, mining, fish, wildlife, biodiversity conservation, water management, tourism, recreation, agriculture and wildcraft/agro-forestry, in the three land-use zones. The resource targets are consistent with the general directions provided by the CCLUP. The strategy statements express management objectives and actions necessary for the implementation of the CCLUP and the achievement of the resource targets. The CCLUP includes specific guidelines that have been produced for managing development within the Special Resource Development Zones. In addition, the report identifies specific management policies for various new Protected Areas. Technical details presented in the CCLUP 90-Day Report make up a template for the long term implementation of the Land Use Plan which, in turn, guides the application of legislation and the development of sub-regional plans. 1.2 INTEGRATION REPORT The CCLUP 90-Day Implementation Report (1994) identified the need to complete additional work to improve land use certainty over the next few years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archive of Place 00Front.Qxd 4/27/2007 6:48 AM Page Ii
    00front.qxd 4/27/2007 6:48 AM Page i The Archive of Place 00front.qxd 4/27/2007 6:48 AM Page ii The Nature | History | Society series is devoted to the publication of high-quality scholarship in environmental history and allied fields. Its broad compass is signalled by its title: nature because it takes the natural world seriously; history because it aims to foster work that has temporal depth; and society because its essential concern is with the interface between nature and society, broadly conceived. The series is avowedly interdisciplinary and is open to the work of anthropologists, ecologists, historians, geographers, literary scholars, political scientists, sociologists, and others whose interests resonate with its mandate. It offers a timely outlet for lively, innovative, and well-written work on the interaction of people and nature through time in North America. General Editor: Graeme Wynn, University of British Columbia Claire Elizabeth Campbell, Shaped by the West Wind: Nature and History Tina Loo, States of Nature: Conserving Canada’s Wildlife in the Twentieth Century Jamie Benidickson, The Culture of Flushing: A Social and Legal History of Sewage John Sandlos, Hunters at the Margin: Native People and Wildlife Conservation in the Northwest Territories James Murton, Creating a Modern Countryside: Liberalism and Land Resettlement in British Columbia 00front.qxd 4/27/2007 6:48 AM Page iii The Archive of Place Unearthing the Pasts of the Chilcotin Plateau . UBC Press • Vancouver • Toronto 00front.qxd 4/27/2007 6:48 AM Page iv © UBC Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher, or, in Canada, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from Access Copyright (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency), www.accesscopyright.ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Leaf Margin Analysis to Estimate the Mid-Cretaceous (Albian) Paleolatitude of the Baja BC Block ⁎ Ian M
    Supplemental materials are included at the end of this pdf. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 245 (2006) 95–114 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Using leaf margin analysis to estimate the mid-Cretaceous (Albian) paleolatitude of the Baja BC block ⁎ Ian M. Miller , Mark T. Brandon, Leo J. Hickey Yale University, Department of Geology and Geophysics, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA Received 25 December 2004; received in revised form 1 February 2006; accepted 14 February 2006 Available online 19 April 2006 Editor: E. Boyle Abstract The “Baja BC hypothesis”, which postulates that western Washington State, British Columbia and southern Alaska originated at the latitude of Mexico, has pitted paleomagnetic results against long-held interpretations about the tectonic evolution of western North America. In this paper we develop a new paleobotanical method for estimating paleolatitude and apply it to this problem. We start by showing that the modern MAT field for North America is well correlated with latitude, demonstrating the feasibility of using MAT to estimate paleolatitude. A compilation of MAT and floral data from 84 modern sites in Central and North America is used to establish a new prediction relationship, MAT=1.32+28.99P, where P is the proportion of smooth-margined species within a floral sample at a site. Our analysis also includes a more complete estimate of the uncertainties associated with estimating MAT from a measurement of P. Using modern data, we show that MAT and P can be used to estimate latitude as well. We then apply this approach to resolve the paleolatitude of Baja BC.
    [Show full text]
  • PART 2 Conclusion of a 2,500-Kilometre Off-Road Odyssey Through B.C.’S Remote Backcountry UNCHARTED Story and Photos by Larry Pynn TERRITORY
    PART 2 Conclusion of a 2,500-kilometre off-road odyssey through B.C.’s remote backcountry UNCHARTED Story and photos by Larry Pynn TERRITORY 38 CYCLE CANADA JANUARY 2016 39 ritish Columbia’s Chilcotin region is big country with larger-than-life characters, several of them authors. B Paul St. Pierre wrote short stories about ranch life, Chris Czajkowski detailed one woman’s experiences alone in the wilderness, and Rich Hobson recounted the early days of cattle ranching. As Murray Comley and I ride west from the Fraser Canyon into the Chilcotin, we seek yet another locally renowned figure, Chilco Choate. The retired big-game guide-outfitter described his life in three books, including one that explored his rocky relationship with the Gang Ranch. At 81, Chilco lives alone at Gaspard Lake where someone set him up on a computer with satellite Internet. He sent me an email message weeks ago with directions to his place, but today they make about as much sense as a diamond hitch on a pack horse. Murray resorts to his GPS and leads us along good gravel to a six-kilometre dirt backroad extending to Gaspard Lake. Murray’s 1995 BMW R1100G is equipped with knobby tires, but my loaner KTM 1190 Adventure is not. I’m also a short guy on a big bike unable to touch the ground without shifting my butt to one side of the seat. “If it gets too rough you can always turn back,” Murray offers. Of course, once you are half way, you’re all the way in.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Minerals in British Columbia
    Province of British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources INDUSTRIAL MINERALS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA INFORMATION CIRCULAR 1989-2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH INDUSTRIAL MINERALS PROGRAMS 1985-1988 INTRODUCTION British Columbia is well endowed with a variety of industrial minerals. The annual value of their production, together with structural materials, varies between 10 and 15 per cent of the combined value of minerals, coal, petroleum and natural gas, and has been steadily increasing since 1960 (Figure 1). In 1986 there was reported production of 13 industrial mineral commodities with a total value of $132 million; structural materials produced accounted for an additional $235 million. The inventory of industrial mineral resources in British Columbia is the responsibility of the Industrial Minerals Subsection of the Geological Survey Branch. This unit also monitors industry activity and provides assistance to the general public. This subsection is headed by Z.D. Hora, Industrial Minerals Specialist. G.V. White is a geologist on staff and three contract geologists, S.B. Butrenchuk, P.B. Read and J. Pel1 have been carrying out specific studies for the past three years. In addition, other branch staff and contractors are seconded to complete short-term commodity studies from time to time. During the period 1985-1988 many of the programs undertaken by the Industrial Minerals Subsection were funded under the CanadaIBritish Columbia Mineral Development Agreement (MDA). These programs varied in scope from literature research and compilation to detailed site specific studies and regional investigations in the field. Increasing support of Geological Survey Branch activities by the Provincial government during the past few years has, in turn, led to increasing support for new industrial minerals projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Shulaps Range, Southwestern British Columbia
    BRITISH COLUMBIADEPARTMENT OF MINES HON.R. E. SOMMERS,Minister JOHN F. WALKER,Deputy Minister BULLETINNo. 32 3 Geology andMineral Deposits of the Shulaps Range Southwestern British Columbia By G. B. Leech VICTORIA, B.C. Printed by DONMCDIARMID, Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty 1953 Chapter 11.-General Geology-Continued Intrusive Rocks-Continued PAOB Gabbroid Dykes and “White Rock ” in Shulaps UltrabasicRocks .............. 41 Blue Creek Porphyries.. ... :......................... 41 Remount Porphyry....................................................................................... -42 Lithology............ ............................... 42 Structural Relations............................................................................... 43 Minor Intrusions............................................................................................ 44 Chapter 111.-Economic Geology ....................................................................... 45 Chromium 45 Gold ............................... ............................. 46 Blue Creek.................................................................................................... 46 Elizabeth Group (Bralorne Mines Limited) .......................................... 46 Introduction ................ .................................. 46 General Geology......... ..- ................................. 46 Surface Workings........................................................................... 41 Underground Workings~- ... 48 Other Propertieson Blue Creek. 50
    [Show full text]
  • Williams Lake TSA FDU2 FSP Map Riparian
    T L a KOSTER a s Piltz k e e k CREEK o R o a d GROUNDHOG B II G B A SIIN GRINDER CREEK CREEK P A RK SCALLON CREEK HUNGRY VALLEY STOBART CREEK C H U R N C REEK CREEK P R O T E C T ED AREA BEAR CREEK FAIRLESS CREEK LONE CABIN CREEK PORCUPINE CREEK WEST WEST CHURN FRASER RIVER BEECE CREEK NADILA CREEK CREEK Big Creek Dog Creek BOILER CREEK Big Bar Creek NADILA CREEK F R E N C H BAR BIG CREEK DASH CREEK C R E EK P A RK FRENCH BAR CREEK B II G C R EEK P A RK YOHETTA CREEK Dash SOUTH FRENCH PONY BAR CREEK VALLEY Williams CREEK Lake TSA WARD CREEK LONE VALLEY CHURN CREEK FDU2 CREEK CHITA CREEK TOSH CREEK DAVEY TASEKO RIVER JONES RELAY CREEK CREEK GRAVEYARD TCHAIKAZAN CREEK RIVER LITTLE RODERICK POWELL CREEK PARADISE CREEK CREEK Taseko River MOSQUITO CREEK PARADISE CREEK STIRRUP CREEK MANSON CREEK Y A L A K O M PARK MUD CREEK YALAKOM CREEK WATSON LINDSEY CREEK BAR CREEK LAST CREEK NOAXE CREEK LIZARD CREEK DENAIN CREEK FALLS RIVER ROOK BEAVERDAM CREEK CREEK RED CREEK WARNER CREEK GRANITE CREEK BONANZA CREEK S O U T H C H II LCOTIIN M O U N T A II NS PARK DUANE CREEK BLUE CREEK SPRUCE LAKE CREEK JUNCTION CREEK GRISWOLD CREEK NEA CREEK TAYLOR CREEK LEON CREEK GUN CREEK PERIDOTITE YALAKOM RIVER CHAPMAN CREEK CREEK LORD RIVER TYAUGHTON T S '' II L?OS CREEK LIZA CREEK EAST LIZA P A R K (( A ..K..A.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix F: History of the Churn Creek Protected Area
    Churn Creek Protected Area Appendix F: History of the Churn Creek Protected Area Archaeological evidence shows the Churn Creek area has a long history of First Nations’ use. This archaeological evidence includes cultural depressions from pithouse villages and surface scatters of stone tool debris. In addition to this physical evidence, a number of oral accounts of the occupation and use of the area from the distant past to the present exist. However, since no formal archaeological work has been done of these sites beyond surface surveys, dates and other details are not currently available. Although specific archaeological information is not currently available for Churn Creek beyond the fact that is was used for winter settlement, general patterns of use identified in the wider Fraser River area may be used to suggest the probable time frame and lifeways that occur at Churn Creek. Research undertaken by archaeologists suggests that a distinct culture based on hunting ungulates had developed on the Interior Plateau as long as 7,000 years ago and a tradition of river fishing and Douglas-fir forest adaptation was well established as long as 5,500 years ago. Archaeologists believe pithouses were in use as far back as 4,300 years ago, reflecting an adaptation to the economic patterns that were in evidence when Europeans arrived in the 1800’s. These patterns included living in essentially permanent pithouse villages during the winter months and travelling during the remainder of the year to procure plant, animal and mineral resources. Portions of these resources were then stored for winter consumption in the village.
    [Show full text]
  • Barringer Geoservices Report in Addendum "B"
    ASSESSMENT WORK REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1989 SUBMITTED BY B.S.A. INVESTORS LTD. PREPARED BY DAVID E. ARO, P.E. JUNE 1990 . -7, GEOLOGICAL BRANCH ASSESS.MENT REPORT TITLE PAGE (REVISED) ASSESSMENT WORK REPORT FOR YEAR 1989 MINERAL CLAIMS: RCRL Nos. 1 through 6,21, and 22 MINING DIVISION: Clinton NTS LOCATION: Dog Creek Sheet No. 92-0/9 LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE: North 51"36' to North 51"41' West 122"19' to West 122"27' OWNER: BSA Investors Ltd. 1281 West Georgia Street, 9th Floor Vancouver, B.C. V6E 357 OPERATOR: BSA Investors Ltd. CONSULTANT: David E. Aro, P.E. 6928 Well Spring Road,8V 21 Salt Lake City, Utah 84047 AUTHOR OF REPORT: David E. Ar0,P.E. DATE SUBMITTED: 8 June 1990 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................. 1 .. Index Map ..................................... 2 . Summary of Work ............................... 3 Cost Analysis ................................. 4 Author's Qualifications ....................... 6 Claim and Topographic Map ..................... 7 -/ Exploration Report ............................ 8. INTRODUCTION The assessment work was conducted on a group of claims located on the Gang Ranch. The area lies west of the Fraser River on the Interior Plateau of British Columbia. The claims were located on Crwon Lands held under lease by the Gang Ranch. The owners of the claims, BSA Investors Ltd., are the same corporate entity as the owners of the Gang Ranch. The area is accessible from either Clinton,B.C. or Williams Lake,B.C. by public roads. These roads are not paved all of the way but the gravel portions are well maintained. The claim group is accessible from the Gang Ranch headquarters by driving north from the ranch on 2700 Road.
    [Show full text]
  • Quarterly Compliance and Enforcement Summary
    QUARTERLY COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT SUMMARY October 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008 Highlights for the 4th Quarter of 2008 The 4th Quarterly Compliance and Enforcement Summary for 2008 outlines 3 Orders, 76 Administrative Sanctions, 647 Tickets and 10 Court Convictions for a combined total of over $311,000 in fines. Notable highlights for the Quarter: After the release of a large plume of sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas sent several people to the hospital in 2006, an investigation by the Commercial Environmental Investigations Unit resulted in a guilty plea from Marsulex Inc. to two charges under section 120 (7) of the Environmental Management Act . Marsulex Inc. was penalized $150,000 and was ordered to pay $148,000 of that penalty to the Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation. The maximum fine under section 120 (7) of the Environmental Management Act is $300,000 or imprisonment for not more than six months, or both. See page 30 fdtilfor details. Owners of a ranch in Big Creek, BC were convicted on five counts under the Wildlife Act and fined a combined total of $13,310 for charges related to the illegal killing of wildlife on their property. In an unprecedented ruling, the court also ordered Robert, Buck and Shane Russell to undertake an Environmental Farm Planning process including a haystack yard fencing project, the decommissioning of a landfill site and the establishment of ministry approved mortality pits – these farm husbandry measures are designed to mitigate future encounters with wildlife on the property. Of the $13,310 in fines, $9,800 was awarded to the Grizzly Bear Trust Fund and a further $2,300 was awarded to the Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation to address wildlife and habitat priorities in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grasslands of British Columbia
    The Grasslands of British Columbia The Grasslands of British Columbia Brian Wikeem Sandra Wikeem April 2004 COVER PHOTO Brian Wikeem, Solterra Resources Inc. GRAPHICS, MAPS, FIGURES Donna Falat, formerly Grasslands Conservation Council of B.C., Kamloops, B.C. Ryan Holmes, Grasslands Conservation Council of B.C., Kamloops, B.C. Glenda Mathew, Left Bank Design, Kamloops, B.C. PHOTOS Personal Photos: A. Batke, Andy Bezener, Don Blumenauer, Bruno Delesalle, Craig Delong, Bob Drinkwater, Wayne Erickson, Marylin Fuchs, Perry Grilz, Jared Hobbs, Ryan Holmes, Kristi Iverson, C. Junck, Bob Lincoln, Bob Needham, Paul Sandborn, Jim White, Brian Wikeem. Institutional Photos: Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, BC Archives, BC Ministry of Forests, BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, and BC Parks. All photographs are the property of the original contributor and can not be reproduced without prior written permission of the owner. All photographs by J. Hobbs are © Jared Hobbs. © Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia 954A Laval Crescent Kamloops, B.C. V2C 5P5 http://www.bcgrasslands.org/ All rights reserved. No part of this document or publication may be reproduced in any form without prior written permission of the Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia. ii Dedication This book is dedicated to the Dr. Vernon pathfinders of our ecological Brink knowledge and understanding of Dr. Alastair grassland ecosystems in British McLean Columbia. Their vision looked Dr. Edward beyond the dust, cheatgrass and Tisdale grasshoppers, and set the course to Dr. Albert van restoring the biodiversity and beauty Ryswyk of our grasslands to pristine times. Their research, extension and teaching provided the foundation for scientific management of our grasslands.
    [Show full text]
  • Churn Creek Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping with Wildlife Interpretations for Mapsheets 92O.028, 92O.029, 92O.038, 92O.039, 92O.048, 92O.049
    CHURN CREEK TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM MAPPING WITH WILDLIFE INTERPRETATIONS FOR MAPSHEETS 92O.028, 92O.029, 92O.038, 92O.039, 92O.048, 92O.049 VOLUME I BIOTERRAIN AND ECOSYSTEM MAPPING PROJECT REPORT FOR: Lignum Ltd. 180 Hodgson Rd. Williams Lake, B.C. V2G 3P6 (250)392- 3371 BY: Bruce A. Sinclair B.Sc. Ursula Lowrey B.Sc., BIT Rayanne McKay B.Sc. Grant Burns Maureen V. Ketcheson B.Sc., R.P. Bio JMJ Holdings Inc. 208-507 Baker St., Nelson, B.C. VIL 4J2 (250)354 4913 fax (250)354-1162 e-mail [email protected] April 16, 1999 CHURN CREEK TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM MAPPING (TEM) PROJECT 1998/99 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................9 1.1 LOCATION............................................................................................................................9 1.2 BIOPHYSICAL SETTING ...................................................................................................9 1.2.1 ECOREGIONAL CLASSIFICATION................................................................................9 1.2.2 GLACIAL HISTORY AND TERRAIN............................................................................ 12 1.2.3 GEOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.4 SOILS ............................................................................................................................. 16 1.2.5 BIOGEOCLIMATIC SETTING ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]