Greenland Ice and Water for Export
Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Greenland Ice and Water for Export Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition
Inuussutissarsiornermut, Suliffeqarnermut Niuernermullu Naalakkersuisoqarfik Departementet for Erhverv, Arbejdsmarked og Handel Ministry of Industry, Labour and Trade
Prepared by NIRAS Greenland A/S (Henrik Mai ed.) for Government of Greenland © 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Summary ...... 4
2 Eqikkaaneq ...... 6
3 Resumé ...... 8
4 Introduction ...... 10
4.1 Background ...... 10
4.2 Relations to other parts of the project ...... 11
4.3 Contents of the catalogue ...... 11
5 Greenland - its ice and water resources ...... 13
5.1 Greenland’s geography and geology ...... 13
5.2 Ice and water resources ...... 15
6 Ice and water products ...... 19
6.1 Bottled water products from glaciers ...... 19
6.2 Ice products ...... 21
6.3 Other glacier water products ...... 21
7 Glacier sources for ice and water production ...... 22
7.1 Investigated glacier locations ...... 22
7.2 Results of analyses ...... 24
7.3 Extraction of ice from glaciers ...... 25
7.4 Evaluation of glacier sites ...... 27.
7.4.1 The Sermilik glacier ...... 27
7.4.2 The Nigerlikasik glacier ...... 28
7.4.3 The Narsap Sermia glacier ...... 29
7.5 Further areas of interest ...... 30
7.5.1 South Greenland ...... 31
7.5.2 Disco Bay ...... 31
7.6 Conclusion ...... 32
8 Conclusion and perspectives ...... 34
8.1 Ice and water from glaciers ...... 34
References ...... 36
APPENDICES
Datasheets for glacial resources ...... 38
Results of glacier analyses ...... 50
Greenland’s transport and communication systems ...... 53 1 SUMMARY
In 2005, the Government of Greenland decided to promote the export of ice and water from Greenland. A large programme was initiated to investigate the resources and the markets for water products and to inform potential investors about the opportunities.
Investigations into the resources were carried out in 2006 and 2008. These included sampling from glaciers, springs and surface water resources, and the results were presented in the form of a comprehensive analytical programme for water and ice samples.
This report summarises the results of the glacier investigations and provides an overview of the resources considered most feasible for development.
This product catalogue contains a summary of the options for bottled, still water and ice cube production based on calved ice from glaciers in Greenland. Three glaciers are presented, namely the Sermilik, Nigerlikasik, and Narsap glaciers.
Analyses of samples taken from the glaciers showed that the water quality is characterised by a very low content of inorganic components and that it has no buffer capacity*. Furthermore, the analyses showed an elevated content of NVOC (Non Volatile Organic Carbon), elevated turbidity and elevated content of aggressive carbon dioxide resulting in a low pH. In some samples elevated con- tents of iron and ammonia were observed.
However, the samples taken from ice growlers from the front of one of the glaciers showed no content of NVOC and lower turbidity. The water is pure and complies with Greenlandic and EU standards for drinking water, except for the low pH and, in few samples, elevated iron content. These parameters are not con- sidered to be a problem for the production of bottled Greenland ice cap water of high quality.
Analyses indicate no penetration of salt into the icebergs.
It is concluded that the quality of the water from melted icebergs from the gla- ciers is suitable for consumer goods such as bottled water and ice cubes. The water may also be used as base material for different kinds of beverages or as admixture in cosmetics and skincare products.
* If a solution has no buffer capacity, addition of a small amount of acid or base will make the solution either acidic or basic. As the pH of drinking water should be maintained between 7- 8.5 (EU 6.5 -9.5), the absence of buffer capacity means that the pH could easily be disturbed.
4 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition The glaciers have a number of features which add value for the customer, e.g. age, authenticity, untouched by industrial pollution etc. These vary slightly according to location but are, on the whole, a convincing argument for further exploitation.
It is preferred that water from glaciers is produced by melting calved ice such as small icebergs, e.g. on an ice-class fishing trawler with facilities for the hygienic production of foodstuffs. This method will not have an impact on the glaciers and their surroundings.
Mining of the ice from the glaciers is not considered sustainable, and it may be difficult to avoid the occurrence of suspended material from the ice surface in the melted water.
Under the circumstances, Greenland has an excellent general infrastructure.
The assessment of the overall potential, market surveys and field surveys cer- tainly indicates that the production of water, based on melted water and ice from glaciers, for the high-end markets in the USA and Japan will be rewarding.
Because of the very unique story about the Greenlandic ice caps and its oppor- tunities, it is important that the consumers can trust that the products they buy really are from Greenland, and that they contain 100% water from the Greenlan- dic ice caps.
Therefore, the government of Greenland has developed a mark of origin which will guaranty these matters.
5 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 2 EQIKKAANEQ
Kalaallit Nunaannit sermermik imermillu avammut tunisinerup siuarsaaviginissaa Namminersornerullutik Oqartussat 2005-imi aalajangiuppaat. Isumalluutit aamma imermik tunisassianut niuffaffimmik misissuiniarluni, aammalu periarfissat pillugit aningaasaliisinnaasunik paasisitsiniaaniarluni suliassarujussuaq aallartinneqarpoq.
Isumalluutinik misissuinerit 2006-imi aamma 2008-mi ingerlanneqarput. Misissuinerni taakkunaniipput serminit iigartartunit, puilasunit nunallu qaanit imermik misissugassarsiornerit, inernerilu sermermik imermillu misissugassanut annertuumik misissueqqissaarinermik ingerlassatut ilusilimmit saqqummiunneqarput.
Sermermik misissuinerit inernerinik nalunaarusiaq manna eqikkaavoq, aammalu ineriartortitseqqinnissamut iluanaaruteqarfiunerpaasussatut isikkulinnut isumalluutinik tamanik takusassiilluni.
Tunisassianut katalogimiipput sermit iigartartunit nakkaasut atugarinerinik tunngaveqartumik puiaasani imermut nillorutinullu periarfissanik eqikkaaneq. Sermit iigartartut matumani saqqummiunneqartut tassaapput Sermilik, Nigerlikasik aamma Narsap Sermia.
Sermit iigartartunit misissugassanik tigusanit misissueqqissaarinerit erngup pitsaassusaa tassaasoq uumassuseqanngitsunik akoqassutsimikkut annikitsuaraarasuarmik imaqarnermikkut ilisarnaateqarnera, imerlu sutigulluunniit akunnermiliuffissatut piginnaasaqanngitsoq*. Misissueqqissaarinerit saniatigut NVOC-imik (Non Volatile Organic Carbon = peerutianngitsunik uumassusilinnit kulstoffimut attaveqarfinnik) annertusisamik imaqarnera, annertusisamik turbiditeteqassusia (akisussusaata annikillisimanera), aamma kuldioxidip annikillisiinnagassaanngitsup, pH-p nalinganik appasissumik nassataqartitsisup annertusisamik imaqarnera takutippaat. Misissugassat ilaanni savimermik ammoniumioninillu annertusisamik
Kassunit, sermit iigartartut ilaasa sioraanit katersugasunit misissuinerit takutippaat NVOC-imik imaqartoqanngitsoq, aammalu turbiditeti annikinnerusoq. Imeq saligaatsuuvoq, aammalu – misissugassaalunni appasissumik pH-mik naleqassuseqarnera saviminermillu annertusisamik imaqartoqarnera eqqaassanngikkaanni – Kalaallit Nunaanni EU-milu erngup imigassap pitsaassusissaanut piumasaqaataanik naapertuutsitsilluni.
* Arrortitaq akunnermiliussatut piginnaasaqanngippat annikitsuaqqamik syremik imaluunniit basemik akusissut pH-mik naleqassusaanik allannguissaaq, arrortitarlu sungarnitsunngortissinnaallugu imaluunniit basiskinngortissinnaallugu. Imermut imigassamut pH-p nalinga 7-8,5-iusariaqarmat (EU-mi 6,5-9,5) akunnermiliussatut piginnaasaqannginnerup pH-p nalinganik imaaliallaannartumik allanngortissinnaaneranik nassataqassaaq.
6 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Najoqqutassiat taakku Kalaallit Nunaanni Sermersuarmit puiaasanik imermik annertuumik pitsaassusilinnik tunisassiornissamut ajornaqutissatut isigineqanngillat.
Imartamit avatangiisumit kassornut taratsumik isaasoqartoqanngitsoq misissueqqissaarinerit takutippaat.
Inerniliussaq tassaavoq sermit iigartartunit kassornit aattunit erngup pitsaassusaa puiaasani imermik nillorsaatinillu tunisassiornissamut naleqqulluinnartoq. Imeq aamma imigassanut assigiinngitsunut, soorlu immiamut aalakoornartortalinnullu, aammalu pinnersaatinut amermullu atugassianut akuutissatut nioqqutissiassatut atorneqarsinnaavoq.
Serminit iigartartunit imeq arlalinnik piginnaaneqarpoq, atuisunut tunisassiat naleqassusaannik annertusisamik tunniussaqartumik, soorlu pisoqaassuseq, pinngorfigisaq, tunisassiorfissuarnit mingutsitsinermik attugaasimannginneq il.il. Naleqassutsit taakku sumiiffik apeqqutaalluni assigiinngisitaarsinnaapput, nalinginnaasumilli sermersuarmit erngup atugariuarnissaanut qularunnaarsisitsisumik tunngavissiutaalluni.
Serminit iigartartunit erngup kassup, tassalu ilulissanit mikinerusunit kassornillu aatsitsinikkut tunisassiarinissaa piumaneqarneruvoq, assersuutigalugu nerisassiornermut eqqiluisaaraluni tunisassiornermut atugassartalimmik kilisaat sikumut qajannaallisagaasumit. Periuseq tamanna sermermut iigartartorpiamut avatangiisuinullu killup tungaanut sunniuteqartitsissanngilaq.
Serminit iigartartunit sermip assallugu piiagaanera piujuartitsisuusussatut isigineqanngilaq, sermillu iigartartup qaanit avatangiisuinillu imermi atortussiat katagartitaasimasut pinaveersaarnissaat ajornakusuussaaq.
Niuffaffinni misissuinerit isumalluutinillu asimi misissuinerit tunngavigalugit periarfissanik nalinginnaasumik nalilersuinerup niuffaffinnut ikittuinnartut ittunut, soorlu USA-mup Japanimullu sermernit iigartartunit imeq aatsitaq tunngavigalugu imermik tunisassiornerup isertitaqarfiussanera takutippaa.
Sermersuup assissaqanngitsumik oqaluttuarisaanera periarfissaalu tunngavigalugit atuisut tunisassiap Kalaallit Nunaannit pisuuneranik tatigisaqarsinnaassusaat, aammalu Sermersuarmit tamakkiisumik imermik imaqartuunera pingaartuuvoq.
Taamaattumik pissutsinik tamakkuninnga qularnaveeqqusiisumik Namminersorlutik Oqartussat suminngaanneersuunermik ilisarnaasiorsimapput.
7 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 3 RESUMÉ
Grønlands Hjemmestyre besluttede i 2005 at fremme eksporten af is og vand fra Grønland. Et stort program blev iværksat for at undersøge ressourcerne og markedet for vandprodukter og for at informere potentielle investorer om mulig- hederne.
Undersøgelserne af ressourcerne blev udført i 2006 og 2008. Disse undersøgel- ser omfattede prøvetagning fra gletsjere, kilder og overfladevand, og resulta- terne blev præsenteret i form af et omfattende analyseprogram for is- og vand prøver.
Denne rapport giver et resumé af resultaterne af de glaciologiske undersøgelser og giver et overblik over de ressourcer, der forekommer mest fordelagtige for videre udvikling.
Produktkataloget indeholder en sammenfatning af mulighederne for flaskevand og isterninger baseret på udnyttelsen af kælvet is fra gletsjere. De tre gletsjere der præsenteres her, er Sermilik, Nigerlikasik gletsjer og Narsap Sermia.
Analyserne af prøverne, der er taget fra gletsjerne, viser, at vandets kvalitet er karakteriseret af et meget lavt indhold af uorganiske komponenter, og at vandet ikke har nogen bufferkapacitet*. Desuden viste analyserne et forhøjet indhold af NVOC (Non Volatile Organic Carbon = ikke flygtige organiske kulstofforbindel- ser), forhøjet turbiditet (uklarhed) og forhøjet indhold af aggressivt kuldioxid, der medfører en lav pH værdi. I nogle prøver blev der observeret et forhøjet ind- hold af jern og ammonium ioner.
Prøver fra isskosser, der er opfisket ved fronten af én af gletsjerne, viste der- imod intet indhold af NVOC og turbiditeten var lavere. Vandet er rent og op- fylder Grønlands og EU’s krav til kvalitet for drikkevand, med undtagelse af et lavt pH-niveau og et forhøjet indhold af jern i nogle få prøver. Disse parametre betragtes ikke som et problem for produktion af flaskevand af høj kvalitet fra Grønlands indlandsis.
Analyserne viste ingen indtrængning af salt i isskosserne fra det omgivende vand.
Konklusionen er, at kvaliteten af vandet fra smeltede isskosser fra gletsjere er velegnet til fremstilling af flaskevand og isterninger. Vandet kan også benyttes som råvare for forskellige drikkevare, fx øl og spiritus, og som tilsætning til kos- metik og hudplejeprodukter.
* Hvis en opløsning ikke har nogen bufferkapacitet, vil en tilsætning af små mængder syre eller base ændre pH-værdien og gøre opløsningen enten sur eller basisk. Da pH-værdien for drikkevand bør være bør være mellem 7-8,5 (EU 6,5-9,5), vil manglen på bufferkapacitet betyde at pH-vær- dien let vil kunne forrykkes.
8 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Vandet fra gletsjerne har flere egenskaber, som giver forbrugerne en forhøjet værdi af produkterne, fx alder, oprindelse, uberørt af industriel forurening osv. Disse værdier kan variere afhængigt af lokalitet, men er generelt et overbevisen- de argument for en fortsat udnyttelse af vand fra indlandsisen.
Det foretrækkes at vand fra gletsjerne produceres ved smeltning af kælvet is, dvs. mindre isfjelde og isskosser, for eksempel fra en isforstærket fisketrawler med faciliteter for hygiejnisk produktion af fødevarer. Denne metode vil ikke have en negativ indflydelse på selve gletsjeren og dens omgivelser.
Udgravning af is fra gletsjerne betragtes ikke som bæredygtigt, og det vil være vanskeligt at undgå suspenderet materiale i vandet fra gletsjernes overflade og omgivelser.
En generel vurdering af mulighederne, baseret på markedsundersøgelser og feltundersøgelser af ressourcerne, viser, at produktionen ad vand baseret på smeltet vand fra gletsjere til de eksklusive markeder, fx USA og Japan, vil være indbringende.
På grund af indlandsisens unikke historie og muligheder er det vigtigt, at forbru- gerne kan stole på, at de produkter de køber, har sin oprindelse i Grønland, og at de indeholder 100% vand fra indlandsisen.
Derfor har Grønlands Selvstyre fået udarbejdet et oprindelsesmærke, der garan- terer disse forhold.
9 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 4 INTRODUCTION
4.1 Background
The history, purity and pristine quality of Greenland’s ice and water are expected to provide a good basis for marketing.
In 2005, the government of Greenland decided to promote the export of ice and water from Greenland. A large programme was initiated to investigate the resources and the markets for water products and to inform potential investors about the opportunities.
On this basis, the Greenland Government requested a survey and identification of the glaciers most suitable for the extraction and processing of ice and water, surface water for bulk export and potential springs for the production of bottled water.
40 of Greenland’s approximately 5,000 glaciers were investigated and analysed and the ensuing research resulted in the selection of three glaciers for closer scrutiny and consideration as the location for the production of bottled water from the Greenland ice caps. The glaciers were investigated in 2006 and 2008 and the findings and the results of the water quality analyses are presented in this product catalogue.
In 2006, five lakes and rivers suitable for extraction of bulk water and eight springs were investigated. The results of the bulk water investigation and water quality analyses are presented at www. businessingreenland.gl
Legal preparations On 1 July 2001, the ”Exports of Ice and Water Act” came into force [1]. The objec- tive of this act is to promote the commercial exploitation of Greenland’s ice and water resources and all forms of export of ice and water are targeted.
The Act forms a legislative framework. Licences and approvals are adapted to the specific circumstances of the project on the basis of a model licence and a model approval containing all terms, including provisions for royalties. The licence system corresponds to the system applicable in the field of mineral resources as the field of ice and water resources also requires considerable ven- ture capital and a high degree of professionalism in all of its activities and inter- national distribution channels.
The Act allows for the stipulation of detailed rules stating quality categories for Greenlandic ice and water licensed as commercial goods for export.
10 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition The Ice and Water Act is administered according to a one-door principle in the Greenland Government, implying that applicants can submit applications to only one authority in the Greenland Government.
4.2 Relations to other parts of the project
The ”Greenland Ice and Water for Export” project was initiated by the government of Greenland in the autumn of 2005 based on a strategy for the export of ice and water from Greenland [2]. A new strategy is formulated in 2015 and runs until 2019.
The project includes the following subprojects:
■ Investigation of resources for ice and water from glaciers and water from springs and lakes. The field investigations were carried out by: – Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), investigations of three glaciers in 2006 [3] – Rambøll Danmark A/S, investigation of spring and surface water resources in 2006 [4] – NIRAS Greenland A/S, investigation of ice growlers in front of one glacier in 2008 [5] ■ Market survey, carried out by NIRAS Consultants A/S in 2007-2008 [6] ■ Investor survey, carried out by NIRAS and Greenland Mining Services ■ Certification and quality proposal, carried out by DNV Industry in 2007-2008 [7] ■ Development and registration of origin label for Greenland glacier water, con- ducted by NIRAS Consultants A/S in 2008 ■ International classification of Greenland glacier water, carried out by DNV Industry in 2008 ■ Development of a database containing the results of the field investigations ■ The reports can be downloaded from www. businessingreenland.gl.
4.3 Contents of the catalogue
This product catalogue summarises the field investigations carried out in 2006 and 2008. In chapter 5, the background for the ice and water resources is de- scribed. Chapter 6 provides an overview of different products based on ice and water resources.
In chapter 7, the sources for the production of ice and water from glaciers are described based on the field investigation and sampling from glaciers and ice growlers. The results of the water quality analyses and proposals for the extrac- tion of glacier ice are presented.
Further areas of interest for production of ice and water form ice are described briefly.
11 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Photo: NIRAS
12 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 5 GREENLAND - ITS ICE AND WATER RESOURCES
This chapter provides a short introduction to Greenland’s geography and geology and describes the ice and water resources suitable for the production of ice and water products. A short description of the infrastructure and logistics is included in Appendix C.
5.1 Greenland’s geography and geology
Greenland (In Greenlandic: Kalaallit Nunaat, meaning ”Land of the Kalaallit (Greenlanders)”) is a self-governing country located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans.
Geography Though geographically and ethnically an arctic island nation associated with the continent of North America, Greenland has close political and historical ties to Europe, specifically Iceland, Norway and Denmark.
Following a referendum, Greenland was granted Self Rule in 2009, making it an equal member of the Danish Realm (or ”Rigsfællesskabet”). Please see www.nanoq.gl
Greenland has a population of 56,282462 (January 2014), 88% of which is born in Greenland, and it is made up of Kalaallit Inuit and Scandinavian Europeans.
Most towns and settlements are situated along the west coast, with a few small towns to the east and northwest.
The country is divided into four municipalities with a total of 17 towns. The capi- tal is Nuuk with 16,818 inhabitants. The other municipalities have between 7,000 and 10,000 inhabitants.
The north-eastern part of Greenland does not belong to any municipality but is the site of the world’s largest national park, the Northeast Greenland National Park.
Beside the 17 towns, the municipalities include a large number of settlements with between 20 and 500 inhabitants. These settlements are called ”Nunaqarfik” in Greenlandic and ”bygd” in Danish. Smaller settlements include farms, especial in the south, and hunting and weather stations.
13 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Greenland Geography. Google © 2014
Geology The geological development of Greenland spans over four billion years, from the earliest Archaean era to the Quaternary period. Greenland is the largest island in the world with a total area of 2,166,000 km2, 82% of which is covered by the Greenland ice sheet. The adjacent offshore shelf areas, underlain by continental crust, have an area of approx. 825,000 km2.
During the Quaternary, Greenland was almost completely covered by an ice sheet, and the present ice sheet is a relic of the Pleistocene ice ages. Vast amounts of glacially eroded detritus were deposited on the coastal shelves off the shores of Greenland [8].
14 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition West Greenland with the location of investigated glaciers. Google © 2014
5.2 Ice and water resources
Precipitation and snow Recorded precipitation in Greenland generally diminishes with increasing lati- tude and distance from the coast. There is great seasonal variation, particularly in the South.
The topography and varying altitudes also play a role, as precipitation is heavier on the wind side of the mountains and more sparse on the lee side. The lower the temperature, the lower the moisture content of the air, which also leads to a re- duction in potential precipitation.
In the south to south-east, annual precipitation may range from 800 mm to 2,500 mm along the coasts but will be less close to the Greenland ice sheet.
In the northern parts of Greenland the level ranges from 125 mm to 250 mm and ‘arctic deserts’ occur where evaporation during the summer exceeds precipita- tion. At Kangerlussuaq, annual precipitation is a mere 149 mm.
15 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Towards the north, there is already snow cover in September and it usually disap- pears in June to July. Some locations even have snow cover in June and July.
The snow depth is greatest in southern Greenland, on average one to two metres through the winter months and sometimes up to six metres.
The snow cover in southern Greenland may temporarily disappear completely during periods with warm Foehn winds.
The Greenland ice sheet The glaciers of Greenland are a relic of the Pleistocene ice ages, consisting of the large continental ice sheet (the inland ice cap) and local ice caps and glaciers. The ice sheet covers an area of approx. 1,736,000 km2 and reaches an altitude of 3,230 m with a maximum thickness of approx. 3,400 m. The local ice caps and glaciers cover around 49,000 km2.
The volume of the inland ice has been estimated at 2,600,000 km2, based on ice thickness measurements by airborne radio-echo sounding. A rough estimate of the volume of local ice caps and glaciers is 20,000 km2 [9].
The temperature of the ice ranges between -32° C and 0° C; with increasing depth, temperatures generally increase due to geothermal heat flux and internal heating caused by ice deformation. In some locations, the temperature at the base of the ice sheet may reach melting point.
Glaciers Glaciers are large, slow-moving rivers of ice, formed from compacted layers of snow that slowly deform and flow in response to gravity. Glacier ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on earth, and second only to oceans as the largest reser- voir of total water.
The front of the glacier, the glacier tongue, either rests on the land or floats on the water. If the tongue is floating, the edge will break off (calving) as the glacier moves forward.
Run-off from glaciers Water from precipitation and melt water from the gla- ciers collects in lakes in the ice-free area between the coast and the ice sheet and, from here, it runs into the fiords or the sea.
The run-off from some of these high-lying lakes provides opportunities for hy- dropower. At present, five hydroelectric power stations are in operation.
The water from the glaciers and the ice sheet is often brownish to greenish in colour due to the content of sediment from the moraines along the ice or from the bottom of the glaciers. During the summer, blue lakes of pure water are formed on the ice sheet. The water runs in small rivers along the ice until it dis- appears through crevasses (moulins) and follows tunnels in the ice or between the ice and the subsurface. When it leaves the front of the ice it is, in most cases, ”polluted” with sediment.
16 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Ice-dammed lakes, which form along the glacier tongues, are a special phenom- enon. The lakes are filled with melt water while the outlets are dammed by the glaciers. When the water level is high enough to counterbalance the weight of the glacier, the lake will empty below the glacier and run out at the glacier front. This may happen every year or with intervals of up to ten years. When it happens, there may be severe flooding in the area below the glacier or heavy turbulence and increased calving if the glacier front reaches a lake or fiord.
The effect of The warmer climate in Greenland give rise to a larger melting of the front of the global warming ice sheet, resulting in an retreat of many glaciers, see Appendix A, and an reduc- tion of the thickness in the border areas, especially in the South-West Greenland.
On the other hand, the climate change results in an increased precipitation on the middle of the ice sheet making up for the loss at the edge. However, it may have an influence of the production of ice bergs in certain areas.
Water supply Almost all of the water supplies in Greenland come from surface water. Ground- water may exist in significant quantities below the permafrost, however, extrac- tion is extremely expensive.
The surface water for the water supply is collected in dams and treated in order to comply with the quality standards of Greenland’s legislation [13], which is comparable with the EU Potable Water Quality Act [15].
Glaciers for ice Generally, glacier ice from ice caps is a clean, natural product. This does not mean and water production that the ice does not contain very small concentrations of fine terrestrial dust and meteoric particles deposited from the atmosphere. Furthermore, it is pos- sible to detect ashes, soot and charcoal that have been carried to the ice by the wind although the particles may be regarded as predominantly sterile material. The melting at the edge of the ice results in concentration of the impurities on the surface and certain areas of the ice sheet surface may appear dirty. How- ever, due to the fact that the ice is impermeable, pollution of the surface only has a limited impact on the quality of the ice. Special geological conditions ex- ist whereby inclusions may be found in the ice which reduce the quality locally. These conditions occur in connection with 1) crevasses (blue bands), 2) dead-ice and 3) shear planes in the ice. When extracting the ice, it is important to avoid the blue bands because the quality and age of blue band ice is uncertain owing to water seeping from the surface [3:11].
The occurrence of mid moraines on the ice surface indicates that basal material, picked up from the geological substratum, has reached the glacier surface. Gen- erally, extraction of the deepest and most marginal parts of the ice is not rec- ommended due to the fact that this ice was close to the subjacent bedrock when floating and may even contain high concentrations of matter that could be harm- ful to the environment such as silt, sand and gravel and, in some areas, clay and minerals with unfavourable properties such as high levels of radioactivity. Based
17 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition on the geological conditions, assessment of the surface is recommended prior to extraction. This assessment may minimise the risk of extracting “dead” ice that has been in contact with the substratum, or ice with many blue bands [3:12].
The above mentioned consideration about the content of solid matters in the ice is important when the exploitation is based on mining of ice from the glaciers. When using calved ice, the ice growlers can be selected to avoid great content of impurities, blue bands etc.
Age of the glacier ice The origin and – in particular – the age of the ice may be the most essential sales parameters for bottled water originating from Greenland’s ice sheet.
The ice can be dated by applying the C14 method to particles in the ice. However, the method is very expensive and large volumes of ice, completely free of pol- lution by modern C14, are required. Instead, model studies are often used – the more comprehensive the study, the more accurate the results [10].
Calved ice in front of a glacier with a dirty ice growler. Photo: NIRAS
18 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 6 ICE AND WATER PRODUCTS
The ice and water products are divided into:
■ pure bottled still water from glaciers
■ bottled water from glacier with gas and/or flavour additives
■ ice products from glaciers
■ other uses of glacier water, e.g. basis for alcoholic beverages and admixture in cosmetics and skin care products.
Three glaciers were investigated as a source for ice and bottled water, see chap- ter 7.
The following sections discuss a variety of classifications of bottled water and a proposal for a new ”Greenland Ice Cap Water” logo. Besides, ice products, bulk water production and other products are described briefly.
6.1 Bottled water products from glaciers
Existing classifications Bottled water can be classified as ”natural mineral water”, ”spring water” or ”bot- tled drinking water”. These classifications are governed by different regulations on the various different markets, e.g. European Communities (Natural Mineral Waters, Spring Waters and Other Waters in Bottles or Containers) Regulations 2007 [11] and the Danish Bottled Water Act [12]. With regard to water quality, national regulations must apply, e.g. the Greenland Drinking Water Act [13], the Danish Drinking Water Act [14], the EU Council Directive 98/83/EC [15] or other national or international regulations in force on the export market.
The terms ”natural mineral water” and ”spring water” are reserved for under- ground water sources or natural springs and the classifications cannot be used for water that originates from melted glacier ice. Permissible treatments are restricted to the following for natural mineral water and spring water: removal of unstable components such as iron and compounds with sulphur content, ozone treatment as justified by the content of iron, manganese, sulphur and arsenic compounds, physical partial or full decarbonisation and recarbonisation follow- ing a set of described procedures.
19 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Super premium bottled water brands
Most nations or markets have regulations on water quality and water defini- tions, including Japan, the EU and the USA. The purpose of these regulations is to ensure safe drinking water (both tap water and bottled water) and to avoid misinformation. In this way, customers can be sure that the mineral water they purchase is not only safe but differs from regular tap water. Different nations have different regulations and different definitions.
Classification of There are no specific definitions for water from glaciers on the markets of inte- Greenland Ice Cap Water rest. Water and ice from glaciers differ from other water products, as there are no established standards and no clear definitions. For this reason, a new definition and a set of requirements specific to water from glaciers would be an advantage.
Due to the fact that it would be a time-consuming affair to change or adjust the various different nations’ regulations, Greenland Government has developed a new logo, which certifies that the ice and water producer comply with a set of regulations and requirements for extraction method, traceability and sustaina- bility in accordance with the ”Exports of Ice and Water Act”. This, together with national regulations for potable water quality, will protect ”Greenland Ice Cap Water” as a high quality product.
Exploitation licence Preserving the perception of Greenland as a pristine environment with unique nature, natural resources and culture is important in order to maintain a high-quality image across markets around the world. For this purpose, the ”Ex- ports of Ice and Water Act” contains a set of requirements for obtaining licences for exploiting ice and water for export [16]. The conditions for award of an ex- ploitation licence relate to the ability and professionalism of the applicant, envi- ronmental protection, local employment, quality of the product, traceability, etc.
20 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition A proposal for ”Certification and quality guide for Greenland ice and water resources” has been prepared in order to ensure sustainable exploitation of Greenland’s ice and water resources - from environmental, cultural and economic viewpoints. The full certification scheme proposes a set of actions related to the environment and social responsibility which are considered of importance in re- lation to marketing and compliance with consumer demands. It should therefore be regarded as a competitive necessity in the bottled water business. For more inspiration see www. businessingreenland.gl
Photo: NIRAS
6.2 Ice products
Potential ice products from glaciers or calved ice are packed ice cubes, bulk ice for export or similar products.
The same criteria apply to the quality of ice products as to potable water and the same regulations for licensing, as mentioned above, will be in force.
6.3 Other glacier water products
Greenland ice cap water may also be used for bottled water with flavour addi- tives and as the primary ingredient in beverages, admixture in cosmetics, skin- care products etc. based on the purity, natural qualities and history of the water.
The water is already used for beer production in and outside Greenland and in vodka products in Canada. The potential for creating a unique product by adding Greenland ice cap water is almost endless.
21 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 7 GLACIER SOURCES FOR ICE AND WATER PRODUCTION
Three glaciers were selected for investigation. They were investigated by GEUS [3] in 2006 and samples from the edge of the glaciers were collected and ana- lysed. In 2008 samples were collected from ice growlers in front of one of the three glaciers, Narsap Sermia [5].
The results of the sampling and analysis of the water are presented in the follow- ing sections. Detailed information about the glaciers is provided in Appendix A and the results of the analyses are listed in Appendix B.
The methods for extracting ice from the glaciers are discussed in section 7.3.
7.1 Investigated glacier locations
During 2005 and 2006, GEUS investigated several glaciers in western and south- ern Greenland for the potential to extract freshwater for bottled water export.
Glacier ice sampling at Narsap Sermia from the 2006 investigation. © GEUS 2007
During the summer of 2006 field investigations were carried out and ice samples were collected from three glaciers (Narsap Sermia, Nigerlikasik and Sermilik), which all met the criteria for the selection of glaciers (age of the ice, purity of the ice with regard to sediment content, accessibility of the glaciers, etc.)
22 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Besides the collection of ice samples for analysis, field work included the collec- tion of information on topography, morphology and geology of the landscape in front of the glaciers, the glacier morphology etc., in order to verify and supple- ment interpretations of aerial photos and satellite images.
The physical conditions were described on location and documented with photos and videos. The findings are reported in the GEUS report 2007/14 [3].
In 2008 supplementary investigations were carried out by NIRAS Greenland at Narsap Sermia. Samples were taken from three ice growlers fished out of the water in front of the glacier. The ice growlers, which were approx. 1 m3 in size, were cut into two sections with an electric chain saw, and samples were taken from the surface and at depths of 1/3 and 2/3 to the centre of the ice growler. Samples were also taken from the centre of the ice growler for comprehensive chemical and bacteriological analyses.
Cutting of an ice growler for sampling at various depths during the 2008 investigation of Narsap Sermia. Photo: NIRAS
The purpose of the sampling was to measure any penetration of salt from the sea water and to evaluate the quality for drinking water production.
Thorough precautions were taken to avoid contamination of the samples. The boat’s engine was stopped at least one hour before sampling, and for the bacteri-
23 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition ological samples, protective clothing, masks, sterile gloves and containers were used.
The investigation and findings are described in NIRAS’ report of September 2008 [5].
7.2 Results of analyses
Reference is made to Appendix B.
General water quality Both the results from the 2006 investigation of three glaciers and the 2008 in- vestigation of ice growlers demonstrate that the water quality is characterised by a very low content of inorganic components and has no buffer capacity. The water quality is generally acceptable as drinking water, but water quality param- eters such as conductivity and hydrogen carbonate are low, while the parameter for aggressive carbon dioxide is elevated.
Solids and turbidity The analytical results for the ice samples from 2006 showed a high content of total solids and non-volatile organic carbon (NVOC) and a high turbidity, which presumably is attributable to the shallow depth and location of sample collection on the glacier. The total solids and NVOC were not exceeded for the 2008 sam- ples, but the turbidity was slightly elevated above the quality criteria, although much lower than for the 2006 samples.
Heavy metals, PAH, PCB, The 2006 investigation demonstrated that glacier ice samples had no content PCP, pesticides etc. of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polycyclic biphenyls (PCB) or pesticides except for a low level of 4-nitrophenol in many of the sam- ples, which was attributed to contamination from the plastic bags used for storage of the ice sampling [3:104]. Since no anthropogenic (man-made) contami- nation was present in the 2006 samples, the 2008 samples were not analysed for these micro-contaminants.
Metals and inorganic ions The ice samples from both 2006 and 2008 had an iron content close to the recommended level for drinking water of 0.2 mg/l Fe and, in one sample, the level was slightly exceeded. An elevated level of iron in drinking water does not present a health problem, but is usually undesirable due to the possibility of pre- cipitation and discolouration of the water. The World Health Organisation has no recommended value for iron in drinking water [1].
With the exception of the samples from Sermilik, the ammonia content of the 2006 samples exceeded the drinking water quality criterion. The same elevated content was not found in the 2008 samples.
Microbiology The microbiological quality of the ice samples was generally very good and well below microbiological quality criteria for colony counts and pathogenic bacteria. One sample from 2008 did, however, show an aberrant result of 1 germ count for
24 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Clostridium perfringens, but it was assessed that this was an unlikely result as no other bacterial contamination was found in the sample or in any of the other samples. The 2006 samples showed higher colony counts than the 2008 samples but were still well below EU standard values for the quality of drinking water.
Sea water penetration The field and laboratory results for the ice growlers in front of Narsap Sermia in 2008 showed that no sea water had penetrated the sampled ice growlers.
Conclusions The results of all analyses demonstrated that the water quality complies with Greenlandic, Danish and EU standards for drinking water. However, there is an enhanced level of turbidity and content of iron and ammonia in some samples.
The low level of conductivity and elevated level of aggressive CO2 is not consid- ered to be a problem for the production of bottled ice cap water.
7.3 Extraction of ice from glaciers
Production of glacier ice involves the establishment of lines of communication and transport to and from the extraction sites. Land-based as well as ves- sel-based extraction and processing units can be considered; vessel-based pro- cessing has the added advantage of being able to tap the water directly into the bottle as it melts.
Sterile sampling from ice growler. Photo: NIRAS
25 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition In the case of ice production, e.g. ice cubes for drinks (“whisky on 50,000 year old rocks”), either calving ice or mining directly from the glacier may be considered.
The two methods have different connotations from the point of view of branding, and the challenges connected with the establishment of processing facilities may be different.
As most glaciers are receding at a specific rate, it is important to consider for how long the glacier will be accessible from the processing facilities and whether there is a risk of re-advancement of the glaciers, which may cover the facilities.
Commercial production of water from the glaciers will require consistency of quality and other parameters, such as origin and “age”, for the produced water. It is almost certain that the ice growlers in the inner part of the basin in front of Narsap Sermia originate from the same glacier and are not mixed with growlers from other glaciers.
The methods used for sampling, i.e. fishing up of small growlers with nets and cranes, will not be viable for commercial, large-scale production. Large fishing trawlers could be used as these have facilities for the hygienic treatment of foodstuffs. Both bottling on board and the export of the ice for bottling later are feasible options.
Fishing of ice growlers at Narsap Sermia for sampling. Photo: NIRAS
26 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition The utilisation of calved ice from glaciers, as described, will be the most sustain- able way of exploiting glacier ice and there will be no impact on the glacier itself.
Alternative methods for the extraction or mining of ice directly from the glacier will affect the surrounding land due to the need for infrastructure and heavy ve- hicle traffic. Furthermore, it would be necessary to remove the upper part of the ice, which often contains higher contents of solids and NVOC. This method is not considered environmentally sustainable and will have an impact on the glacier.
7.4 Evaluation of glacier sites
Reference is made to datasheets for each glacier site in Appendix A, GEUS’ re- port from investigations in 2006 [3] and NIRAS’ investigation report from 2008 [5].
7.4.1 The Sermilik glacier
Re. [3:73]
Panorama of the front of the Sermilik glacier (2006). Photo: GEUS
General description The glacier has a relatively short tongue, ending inside the fiord. Since 1985, it has receded considerably and, today, the glacier tongue has almost disappeared. Since 2007 the front of the glacier has receded 1.5 km.
The remaining glacier banks relatively steeply against the inland ice.
The water in front of the glacier is filled with calved ice.
Comments and conclusion Extraction of ice growlers should be possible in front of the glacier. There is probably no risk of mixing with ice from other glaciers.
It may be difficult to establish land-based facilities close to the glacier sides within the areas that, until recently, were covered with ice. An advance of the glacier front in the future could endanger such facilities.
There is no infrastructure in the area and the sailing distance to the nearest town, Qaqortoq, is 115 km.
27 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 7.4.2 The Nigerlikasik glacier
Re. [3: 62]
Nigerlikasik Glacier seen from a distance. The glacier is calving in the right of the photo. The rest of the rock rests on the rocks that have recently been exposed (2006). Photo: GEUS
General description The glacier has a relatively short and very steep tongue, feeding into the fiord of the same name. The glacier front is stable and it would be relatively easy to es- tablish land-based facilities on the north side of the glacier. Since 2007 the front of the glacier has receded 0.2-1.0 km, and it is almost all resting on rock.
There is no or only a little calved ice in front of the glacier but navigation close to the glacier appears to be difficult due to sedimentation and moraine deposits in the innermost part of the fjord.
Comments and conclusion Extraction of ice from the water in front of the glacier may not be possible as no calving takes place.
There is no infrastructure in the area, but this may be established near the gla- cier front. The sailing distance to the nearest town, Paamiut, is 48 km.
28 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 7.4.3 The Narsap Sermia glacier
Re. [3:50], [5]
Photo: GEUS
Narsap Sermia in July 2008 with open water. Photo: NIRAS
General description The glacier has a relatively short tongue reaching the inner part of the Nuup Kan- gerlua fiord. Since 2006 the glacier front has retreated 3-4.5 km, but the front is still floating.
In most years, there is a high concentration of ice in front of the glacier and this prevents access to the front through the fiord. However, the 2008 investigation showed little ice concentration and the water was easily navigable with ice-class vessels.
Comments and conclusion The investigations in 2008 demonstrated that it is possible to extract ice growl- ers from the water in front of the glacier.
There are also good opportunities for the establishment of land-based facilities on the south side of the glacier. However, if the glacier recedes another six to seven kilometres, it may be difficult to reach the side of the glacier. Along the
29 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition glacier sides, there are several ice dammed lakes which may break at intervals of several years. If this happens, augmented water levels may occur in some places along the water front.
There is no infrastructure in the area and the distance to the nearest town, Nuuk, is 115 km by boat.
7.5 Further areas of interest
There are several areas along the south-west cost where calving from glaciers is high which makes them suitable for extraction of growlers in front of the gla- ciers.
Estimated maximum (dark blue) and minimum (light blue) calved ice production from West Greenland glaciers.
Source: (Weidick et al. 2007) [18]
30 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 7.5.1 South Greenland
Along the fjord Ikersuaq (Bredefjord) and at the bottom of Tunulliarfik (Eriks- fjord) there are a number of glaciers with high production of calving ice, but no sampling have taken place from these glaciers. It may be difficult to determine the origin of the ice growlers as most of the fjord areas contain ice from more than one glacier.
7.5.2 Disco Bay
Productive glaciers in South Greenland. Source: NunaGis
The Disco Bay with the Greenland Ice Sheet and Sermeq Kujalleq to the left. Source: NunaGis
31 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition The glacier Sermeq Kujalleq in the Ilulissat Icefjord is (Kangia) one of the world’s most productive glaciers, around 46 cubic kilometres of ice every year3.
The glacier front has retreated significantly since 2000, but the front is still floating producing very large icebergs. The icebergs move out in the 1000 m deep Icefjord and during 12 to 15 month they reach a moraine deposit at the mouth of the fjord, the Icefjord Bank, where they run aground. From this position the large icebergs disintegrate into smaller icebergs and ice growlers, which float into the Disco Bay.
The glacier front has receded during the last centuries. Source: GEUS
The Icefjord is a UNESCO World Heritage area, and it is not allowed to extract ice from the Icefjord itself. However, ice growlers can be extracted from the whole Disco Bay area.
7.6 Conclusion
The three glacier locations described above are evaluated and the various dif- ferent factors (quality, capacity, infrastructure, logistics and environment and nature) rated on a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best). The ratings for the different glaciers and for each factor can be found on appendix A. Each rating is multiplied by a weight: quality (5), capacity (5), infrastructure (4), logistics (4), environment and nature (2) and the results are then added, providing the final results present- ed in the table below.
Name Location Rating Sermilik Qaqortoq 54 Nigerlikasik Paamiut 70 Narsap Sermia Nuuk 79
32 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition The rating in the table can only be used for a relatively assessment of the gla- ciers, the water quality, the infrastructure etc. A high rating means that the gla- cier site is more feasible for a glacier water production compared to sites with lower rating.
Different levels of iron and ammonia are considered random variations, as differ- ent levels were found in the three growlers from the same glacier. A more com- prehensive sampling programme is required to evaluate these components.
Narsap Sermia is considered to be the most feasible of the investigated glaciers as it enables the extraction of calved ice. Extraction of calved ice is less feasible from Nigerlikasik. The remote location and long distance to the nearest town gives Sermilik a low rating for infrastructure and logistics.
There are a number of other glaciers, which can be used for extraction of ice growlers. The areas of most interest are in South Greenland and Disco Bay.
33 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 8 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
The objective of this catalogue is to provide an overview of the potential for commercial exploitation of Greenland’s ice and water resources.
The resources described include ice from three glaciers. Sources such as bulk water, springs and underground water are not included in this catalogue. Please see www. businessingreenland.gl for more details about the investigations and analyses of other glaciers nor included in this catalogue.
The results are based on investigations, sampling and analyses which took place in 2006-2008.
8.1 Ice and water from glaciers
The investigations demonstrated that it is possible to extract ice growlers from the sea in front of a glacier and that the water quality of the melted water or ice is suitable for consumer goods such as bottled water or ice cubes.
Beside the three investigated glaciers there are more than ten glaciers of inter- est between South Greenland and Disco Bay.
Water quality The melted water from ice growlers is clean and of good quality compared to regulations for tab water. The water contains few but harmless impurities, i.e. elevated turbidity, compared to criteria for water from waterworks.
In general the water quality is characterised by a very low content of inorganic components with no buffer capacity and elevated content of aggressive carbon dioxide. Some samples contained iron, and water quality parameters such as conductivity and hydrogen carbonate are too low for drinking water from water- works. No samples indicated bacteriological contamination.
None of the above mentioned exceeded water quality parameters are considered a problem for production of high quality bottled water.
Water samples from the glaciers indicate higher values for turbidity, non-volatile organic carbon (NVOC), and in some samples ammonium and phosphor. This is as- cribed to the sampling method, where dust from the surface cannot be avoided.
Sea water penetration The results of the analysis showed that there is no penetration of salt in the growlers, except in the few outermost centimetres. The salinity of the water in front of the glacier at the time of sampling was rather low, 6-12 ‰. However, salinity may increase during winter when no melting from the glacier takes place, but it is not considered that this will have an influence on salt penetration in the ice growlers.
34 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Other parameters Commercial production of ice cap water will require consistency of quality and other parameters, such as origin and “age”, for the produced water. It is almost certain that the ice growlers in the inner part of the basin in front of Narsap Ser- mia originate from the same glacier and are not mixed with growlers from other glaciers.
Extraction of calved ice The methods used for sampling, i.e. fishing up of small growlers with nets and cranes, will not be viable for commercial, large-scale production. Large fishing trawlers could be used as these have facilities for the hygienic treatment of foodstuffs. Both bottling on board and the export of the ice for bottling later are feasible options.
The method described will be the most sustainable way of exploiting glacier ice, and there will be no impact on the glacier itself.
Mining of ice Alternative methods for the extraction or mining of ice from the glacier will af- fect the surrounding land due to the need for infrastructure and heavy vehicle traffic. Furthermore, it would be necessary to remove the upper part of the ice, which often contains higher contents of solids and organics. This method is not considered environmentally sustainable and will have an impact on the glacier.
Products from glaciers Small icebergs are an excellent source for the commercial production of pure, premium Greenland ice cap bottled water. The sustainability of the process is en- sured by only extracting water from already calved ice as this will have no impact on the glaciers themselves.
The water may also be used as a pure, raw material for the production of differ- ent kinds of beverage as well as admixtures in cosmetics and skincare products based on the water’s age and origin.
35 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition REFERENCES
1 The Home Rule Parliament Act No 7 of May 31st 2001 on the exploitation of ice and water for exploitation (The Ice and Water Exportation Act)
2 Statement regarding the government of Greenland’s strategy for exporting ice and water. FM 2004/22. The Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum. March 2004.
3 GEUS: Greenland Ice as resource for freshwater export. Investigation of four glaciers from the Greenland Inland Ice. Field Work and Analysis. GEUS Report 2007/14
4 Rambøll: Greenland Ice and Water. Exploration of water resources (option 1). Virum October 2007
5 NIRAS Greenland: Greenland ice and water for export, Sampling of glacier ice at Narsap Sermia. Nuuk September 2008
6 NIRAS Consultants: Export of Greenland ice and water, Market survey. Aarhus May 2008
7 DNV Industry: Greenland ice and water for export, Certification and Quality proposal. Høvik June 2008
8 http://www.geus.dk/program-areas/raw-materials-greenl-map/greenland/ gr-map/anhstart-uk.htm. 4.11.2007
9 Anker Weidick: Greenland. Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the World. U.S. Geological professional paper 1386-C. Washington 1995
10 C. E. Bøggild: Personal communication 2007
11 European Communities (Natural Mineral Waters, Spring Waters and Other Waters in Bottles or Containers) Regulations 2007 (S.I. No. 225 of 2007) and amendments (S.I. No. 686 of 2007)
12 Bekendtgørelse om naturligt mineralvand, kildevand og emballeret drikke- vand of 10 December, 2003.
13 Greenland Home Rule: Order No. 7 of 17 March 2008 on water quality and inspection of water supply plants
14 The Danish Environmental Ministry: Order no. 1449 of 21st. December 2007 on water quality and inspection of water supply plants. Copenhagen 2007
36 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition 15 European Union: The Council directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on quality of water intended for human consumption. 1998
16 Executive order No. 7 of 22 April 2004 on the processing by the authorities of application filed pursuant to the Ice and Water Exportation Act. Government of Greenland. 22 April 2004
17 WHO (2006): Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Third edition, incorporating first addendum. Recommendations. Vol. 1. 2006
18 Weidick, Anker and Ole Bennike (2007): Quaternary glaciation history and glaciology of Jakobshavn Isbræ and the Disko Bugt region, West Greenland: a review. GEUS
19 http://www.geus.dk/viden_om/voii/ilulissat-uk/voii03-uk.html
37 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition APPENDIX A DATASHEETS FOR GLACIAL RESOURCES
GreenlandGreenland Ice Ice and and Water Water for for Export Export – – Product Product Catalogue Catalogue RegistrationRegistration of of Ice Ice and and Water Water Resources Resources
LOLOCATIONCATION NaNameme IDID TypeType MunicipalityMunicipality SermilikSermilik, ,Qaqortoq Qaqortoq 02.A02.A ( 1AI05001(1AI05001) ) GlGlacieracier QQaqortoqaqortoq
CoordinatesCoordinates UTMUTM 23V 23V (1)(1) N: N: 6765227 6765227 E: E: 393 393178178 GeographicGeographic 61 61°0°00' 'N, N, 46 46°58°58' 'W W (2)(2) N: N: 6765029 6765029 E: E: 392929 392929 WaterWater IceIce cap cap water water RatingRating qualityquality TwoTwo samples samples out out of of two two have have elevated elevated values values for for turbidity, turbidity, NVOC NVOC 44
CapacityCapacity GlGlaciacierer area area: :approx. approx. 22 2200 km km2.2 .The The ice ice edge edge has has withdrawn withdrawn 8 8 km km since since 22 1869;1869; 1 1 km km from from 1869 1869-1985-1985, ,5 5 km km from from 1985 1985-2001-2001 and and 2 2 km km from from 2001 2001- - 20142014 . .It It is is expected expected that that the the ice ice edge edge can can thin thin out out further further until until a a new new equilibriumequilibrium is is reached. reached. The The age age of of the the ice ice is is estimated estimated to to 6.000 6.000-12.000-12.000 yearsyears old old. . TheThe glacier glacier is is resting resting at at the the rock rock basis basis except except for for a a small small part part in in the the mi mid-d- dledle. .The The calving calving rate rate is is modera moderatete to to very very modest. modest. InfrastruInfrastruc-c- TheThe best best access access from from the the fiord fiord to to the the glacier glacier is is along along the the north north-west-west side side 22 turturee ofof the the fiord. fiord. Due Due to to calving calving ice, ice, strong strong current current from from the the glacier glacier and and a a r a-ra- therther steep steep coast, coast, only only few few places places in in convenient convenient distance distance from from glacier glacier front front areare suited suited for for landing. landing. LandingLanding approx. approx. 2 2 km km from from the the glacier glacier front, front, a a hilly hilly terrain terrain with with sporadic sporadic difficultdifficult passages passages with with water water logging logging areas areas must must be be passed passed to to come come to to the the glacier.glacier. TheThe surface surface of of the the glacier glacier is is moderate moderate fissured; fissured; less less on on the the north north-west-west sideside where where it it is is possible possible to to enter enter the the glacier. glacier. ConstructionConstruction of of road road connection connection to to a a town town is is not not realistic. realistic. ThereThere are are no no harbour harbour facilities facilities in in the the area. area. DistanceDistance by by sea sea to to the the settlement settlement of of Qassimiut Qassimiut ( 35(35 i nhabitantsinhabitants):) :35 35 km km (7 (7 mm jet jettyty and and 1 1.3.3 – – 3 3.0.0 m m draft draft).). DistanceDistance by by sea sea to to the the towns towns of of Qaqortoq Qaqortoq and and Narsaq Narsaq is is approx. approx. the the same same andand depending depending of of route: route: 105 105-120-120 km km QuayQuay in in Qaqortoq Qaqortoq: :l engthlength: :96 96 m m, ,draft draft: :6 6.6.6 m m. . QuayQuay in in Narsaq Narsaq: :length length 60 60 m m, ,draft draft: :8 8.3.3 m. m. DistanceDistance by by air air to to Narsaq Narsaq helipo heliport:rt: 51 51 km km DistanceDistance by by air air to to Qaqortoq Qaqortoq heliport: heliport: 61 61 km km DistanceDistance by by air air to to Narsarsuaq Narsarsuaq int. int. airport airport: :86 86 km km
Logistics Navigation to the glacier is via Sermilik fiord from the coast or for minor 2 Logistics Navigation to the glacier is via Sermilik fiord from the coast or for minor 2 boats via the archipelago north-east of Qassimiut. boats via the archipelago north-east of Qassimiut. The inner part of the fiord is mapped (GEUS 2007:61). The inner part of the fiord is mapped (GEUS 2007:61). Qaqortoq and Narsaq can be navigated year round, but can be closed in Qaqortoq and Narsaq can be navigated year round, but can be closed in June-August due to multi-year ice ("storis"). June-August due to multi-year ice ("storis"). Qaqortoq and Narsaq have connection to Denmark via feeder route to Qaqortoq and Narsaq have connection to Denmark via feeder route to Nuuk every 7-10 days depending on season. Nuuk every 7-10 days depending on season. Heliports in Qaqortoq and Narsaq have connection 1-3 days a week to the Heliports in Qaqortoq and Narsaq have connection 1-3 days a week to the airport of Narsarsuaq, depending on season. airport of Narsarsuaq, depending on season.
38 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition
G_02.A-Sermilik-UK.docx Page 1 of 4 G_02.A-Sermilik-UK.docx Page 1 of 4 LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Sermilik, Qaqortoq 02.A (1AI05001) Glacier Qaqortoq
Coordinates UTM 23V (1) N: 6765227 E: 393178 Geographic 61°00' N, 46°58' W (2) N: 6765029 E: 392929 Nature and The only recorded areas of special interest for nature and wildlife are 3 4 environ- Nos. of ”Other seabird colonies” off the coast in a distance of approx. ment 35 km south-west of the glacier. These areas are not expected to be a real obstacle for extraction of ice/water from the glacier.
Total rating 59 Map of the area Scale: ~1:530.000 Source: Grønlands Topografi- ske Kort- værk © KMS
Map of the location Scale: ~1:127.000 Source: Grønlands Topo- grafiske Kortværk © KMS
G_02.A-Sermilik-UK.docx Page 2 of 4 39 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Sermilik, Qaqortoq 02.A (1AI05001) Glacier Qaqortoq
Coordinates UTM 23V (1) N: 6765227 E: 393178 Geographic 61°00' N, 46°58' W (2) N: 6765029 E: 392929 Satellite photo 2007 Source: © Google Earth Pro
Landing
Sample
Sampling points are located in Google Earth from coordinate information given in GEUS' report. The blue line is the margin 2014
G_02.A-Sermilik-UK.docx Page 3 of 4 40 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Sermilik, Qaqortoq 02.A (1AI05001) Glacier Qaqortoq
Coordinates UTM 23V (1) N: 6765227 E: 393178 Geographic 61°00' N, 46°58' W (2) N: 6765029 E: 392929 Source: Landsat 8 14th Aug. 2014
G_02.A-Sermilik-UK.docx Page 4 of 4 41 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Greenland Ice and Water for Export – Product Catalogue Registration of Ice and Water resources
LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Nigerlikasik Bræ 05.A (1BG06002) Glacier Paamiut
Coordi- UTM 22W (1) N: 6884072 E: 612734 Geographic 62°04' N, 48°50' W nates (2) N: 6884353 E: 612782 Water Ice cap water Rating Quality Two out of two samples have exceeded values for turbidity and ammoni- 4 um. One sample has exceeded values for NVOC, iron and phosphorous Capacity Glacier area: 439 km2. The location of the glacier front is relatively stabile 2 with a retreat of less than 2 km since ca. 1900. The age of the ice is esti- mated to 5.000 – 12.000 years old. Only a small part of the front is floating. The calving rate is very modest. Infrastruc- The access from the fiord to the north coast at the glacier front is rather 4 ture easy. The coastal area is slightly hilly rock. Limited calving of ice only occur from the southern part of the glacier. Access to the glacier is rather easy from the north side of the fiord. The glacier surface is moderate fissured. Construction of road connection to a town or settlement is not realistic. There are no harbour facilities in the area. Distance by sea to the nearest town, Paamiut: 48 km Quay in Paamiut: length 90 m, draft 7.8-8.6 m. Distance by air to Paamiut with airport (799 m runway) is 43 km.
Logistics Navigation to the glacier is via Kvanefjord and fiord branch Nigerlikasik. 4 The water depth of the fiord system is deep, but the innermost part is not known. There is no significant amount of ice from the glacier in the fiord. Sea ice during winter is not known. Sea ice, pack ice and ice bergs may occur off the cost of Paamiut, but obstacles for the navigation are rather rare. Paamiut harbour is called every 7-10 days depending on season by feeder ships (cargo ships with connection to overseas destinations via Nuuk) Paamiut Airport has connection to Narsarsuaq int. Airport and other towns in Greenland 2 days a week.
Nature and The only recorded areas of special interest for nature and wildlife are 4 environ- 2 Nos. of "Other seabird colonies" along the coast of Kvanefjord in a dis- ment tance of 8 and 25 km respectively west of the glacier front. These areas are not expected to be a real obstacle for extraction of ice/water from the glacier.
Total rating 75
42 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition
G_05.A-Nigerlikasik-UK.docx Page 1 of 4 LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Nigerlikasik Bræ 05.A (1BG06002) Glacier Paamiut
Coordi- UTM 22W (1) N: 6884072 E: 612734 Geographic 62°04' N, 48°50' W nates (2) N: 6884353 E: 612782 Map of the area Scale: ~1:516:00 0 Source: Grønlands Topografi- ske Kort- værk
© KMS Map of the location Scale: ~1:125:00 0 Scale: Grønlands Topo- grafiske Kortværk © KMS
G_05.A-Nigerlikasik-UK.docx Page 2 of 4 43 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Nigerlikasik Bræ 05.A (1BG06002) Glacier Paamiut
Coordi- UTM 22W (1) N: 6884072 E: 612734 Geographic 62°04' N, 48°50' W nates (2) N: 6884353 E: 612782 Satellite photo 2007 Source: © Google Earth Pro
Landing
Sample
Sampling points are located in Google Earth from coordinate information given in GEUS' report. The blue line is the margin 2014
G_05.A-Nigerlikasik-UK.docx Page 3 of 4 44 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Nigerlikasik Bræ 05.A (1BG06002) Glacier Paamiut
Coordi- UTM 22W (1) N: 6884072 E: 612734 Geographic 62°04' N, 48°50' W nates (2) N: 6884353 E: 612782 Source: Landsat 8 1st Aug. 2014
G_05.A-Nigerlikasik-UK.docx Page 4 of 4 45 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Greenland Ice and Water for Export – Product Catalogue Registration of Ice and Water Resources
LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Narsap Sermia 06.D (1CH17002) Glacier Nuuk
Coordinates UTM 22W (1) N: 7168420 E: 544321 Geographic 64°38' N, 50°05' W (2) N: 7169147 E: 543807 Water Ice cap water Rating quality Two samples out of two from 2006 have elevated values for ammonium. 4 One sample has elevated values of iron, phosphorous and NVOC. Six out of six samples from 2008 have elevated values of turbidity. Three samples have elevated values of iron Capacity Glacier area: 1188 km2. The location of the glacier front is rather stable, 5 but a retreat is observed from 2006 to 2008 and 3-4.5 km until now. The age of the ice is estimated to 5.000 – 12.000 years old. The glacier tongue is floating. The calving rate is modest to high. Infrastructure In 2006 it was not possible to navigate to the front due to the dense 3 pack ice in front of the glacier. Landing must take place on the west side of point Narsap. Distance overland to the south side of the glacier is ap- prox. 3 km along the coast. In 2008 the water was more open and navigation with ice class vessels was possible almost to the front. The surface of the glacier is strongly fissured with many crevasses which makes it difficult to walk on the surface. Construction of road connection to a town or settlement is not realistic. There are no harbour facilities in the area. Distance by sea to the nearest town, Nuuk: 115 km Nuuk harbour has two quays: the newest being 102 m long with 10 m draft. Distance by air to the nearest town with airport, Nuuk (950 m runway), is 92 km.
Logistics Navigation to the glacier is via Nuup Kangerlua. 3 During winter sea ice may occur in the inner part of the fiord, up to 20 km from the glacier based on an estimate. Year round the last approx. 5 km form the glacier front can only be navigated with ice strengthen vessels due to calving ice from the glacier. Nuuk Harbour has weekly connection to Aalborg, Denmark, year round. Nuuk airport has connections to Kangerlussuaq int. Airport 4-6 days a week and to other destinations in Greenland.
Nature and There are no records of areas sensitive to nature and wildlife. 5 environment
Total rating 79
46 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition
G_06.D-Narsap-UK.docx Page 1 of 4 LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Narsap Sermia 06.D (1CH17002) Glacier Nuuk
Coordinates UTM 22W (1) N: 7168420 E: 544321 Geographic 64°38' N, 50°05' W (2) N: 7169147 E: 543807 Map of the area Scale: ~1:380.000 Source: Grønlands Topografiske Kortværk © KMS
Map of the location Scale: ~1:110.000 Source: Grønlands Topografiske Kortværk © KMS
G_06.D-Narsap-UK.docx Page 2 of 4 47 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Narsap Sermia 06.D (1CH17002) Glacier Nuuk
Coordinates UTM 22W (1) N: 7168420 E: 544321 Geographic 64°38' N, 50°05' W (2) N: 7169147 E: 543807 Satellite pho- to 2006 Source: © Google Earth Pro
Landing
Sample 2006
Sample 2008
Sampling points are located in Google Earth from coordinate information given in [9] and [11].
Red line is estimated glacier front in 2008. Blue line is the margin in 2014
G_06.D-Narsap-UK.docx Page 3 of 4 48 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition LOCATION Name ID Type Municipality Narsap Sermia 06.D (1CH17002) Glacier Nuuk
Coordinates UTM 22W (1) N: 7168420 E: 544321 Geographic 64°38' N, 50°05' W (2) N: 7169147 E: 543807 Source: Landsat 8 30th July 2014
G_06.D-Narsap-UK.docx Page 4 of 4 49 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition APPENDIX B DATASHEETS FOR GLACIAL RESOURCES
3
. .
… … 23 of 0.2 6.0 8.2 1.0
210 005 1.7 0.70 0.15 0.53 0.11 0.41 0.07 0.51 2.09 0.58 0.94 0.06 . 0.04 1.44 <0.5 <0.1 <3.0 <0.5 <0.5 #2 1 0.057 0.006 0.033 <0.20 <0.5
None Clear 119.90 <0 Normal
. .
GEUS Page
0
… … 24 - 07 06 13 36 , 0.3 6.0 9.3 1.1 005 2.3 1.05 0.23 2.36 0.16 1.23 0.98 0.24 0.44 0.72 0.39 0.24 . 0.02 0.15 B <0.5 <0.1 <3. <0.5 <0.5 #1 Russell Glacier 23.55 0.098 0.010 <0.20 <0.5 None <0.005 <0 Normal Slightly unclear
. .
0 0 0
.
… … 43 4 0.2 7.3 3.0 0.8
005 15 0.57 0.14 0.18 0.15 0.23 0.14 0.18 0.42 0.06 . 0.13 <0.5 <0.1 <3.0 <0.5 <0.5 #2 Flat 17.88 0.034 <0.20 <0.50 <0.5
None <0.005 <0 <0.005 Unclear APPENDIX
. .
GEUS
5 0
.
… … 30 - 07 06 40 05 3 0.6 7.2 7.8 1.3 Nigerlikasik 005 077 1.1 0.53 0.15 1.84 0.57 0.85 0.55 0.12 4.96 2.99 0.15 0.75 . 2.05 0.73 . <0. <0.1 <3.0 <0.5 <0.5 #1 Flat 16.79 0 <0.20 <0.5 None Clear <0.005 <0 <0.0
. .
3 0 0
.
… … 57 6 0.4 6.1 4.8 1.1 1.0 005 2.0 0.66 0.18 0.51 0.28 0.25 0.11 0.18 0.99 0.28 . 0.08 <0.5 <0.1 <3.0 <0.5 <0.5 #2
14.17 0.049 <0.20 <0.5
None Clear <0.005 <0 <0.005 Normal
. .
GEUS 0 0
Sermilik
… … 01 - 08 06 9 0.3 6.4 6.2 0.9 . 005 026 <10 7.39 . 0.64 0.63 0.13 1.24 0.25 0.39 0.75 0.29 0.04 0.75 . 0.05 9 <0.5 <0.1 <3.0 <0.5 <0.5 #1 0.032 0 <0.20 <0.5 None Clear <0.005 <0 <0.005 Normal
. .
3 0
.
… … 11 0.5 4 0.2 6.1 9.2 005 1.7 0.73 0.16 0.88 0.28 0.63 0.12 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.43 0.71 . 0.01 0.07 <0.5 <0.1 <3.0 < <0.5 #2 35.13 0.039 0.006 <0.20 <0.5
None Clear <0 <0.005 Normal
. . .
GEUS
5
.
… … 26 - 07 06 45 5 1 0.2 6.1 0.7 . 005 1.3 0.51 0.13 0.36 0.38 0.22 0.10 0.11 0.51 0.57 0.06 0.75 . 1.24 0.08 <0.5 <0.1 <3.0 <0.5 <0.5 #1 56.56 0.057 <0.20 <0 None <0.005 <0 <0.005 Normal Slightly unclear
.
6 2 0 0
1 .
<1 <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 ] 6.2 7.9 <10 <10 <10 0.55 0.2 <0 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5 iv [ Mb4 0.022 0.002 0.061 0.02 <0.05
None None None Clear M <0.001
.
2 0 0 2 3 1
. .0 17 - 07 08 13 <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 6.5 8 4.6 0.2 <10 <10 1.2 0.11 <0 Growler Growler 0.02 0.001 0.063 0.081 Ma4 <0.05 None None None Clear <0.0016
.
2 0
.
<1 <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 ] 6.0 8.0 <10 <10 <10 Narsap Sermia 0.55 0.4 <0 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5 iv Lb4 [ 0.011 0.003 0.058 0.034 <0.05
None None None Clear 0.0021 L
- 07 08
.
2 0 1
. 16 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 5.9 7.9 <10 <10 <10 0.9 0.08 0.06 <0 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5 Growler Growler La4 0.021 <0.05 None None None Clear <0.004 <0.001 <0.0016
.
2 1 2
. ] <1 <2 <1 <1 <1 7.7 6.2 1.3 iv <10 <10 <10 [ 0.85 0.06 0.13 <0 <0.1 <0.5 Kb4 0.017 0.031 <0.05 None None None Clear K <0.001 <0.0016
. 4 2 4 3
.
<1 <2 <1 <1 15 - 07 08 7.8 0 1.8 0.1 6.1 <10 <10 <10 0.75 0.08 <0.5 Growler Growler 0.025 0.001 0.135 0.026 <0.05 Ka4 None None None Clear 0.0017
iii ]
[
- 8.5 - 30) ish n .0 ria (5 <5 <4 <1,500 7 e <10 <50 <50 works <1.5 <0.1 <0.3 (>30) Da <250 <175 <250 <0.05 <0.02 <0.01 <0.15 (<200) (>100) crit From water
ii ] , i [
- 9.5
00 6.5 (<1) <50 <1.5 <0.2 <0.5 <0.5 and EU and EU <250 <2 <250 <250
<0.05 Tap water Tap Greenland criteria
dH µg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l FTU Product catalogue Product mS/m
mg Pt/l – Export for
Water
r bon) ca and
-
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] Ice
v [
s at 105 °C 105 s at
] id l v [
+
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rous, P --
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sium, Mg sium, nese, Mn
nium, NH
ity sium, K sium,
e a o d pling date pling s Cl ride, ride, F ride, mide, Br our Ca cium, o phate, SO o l m dium, Na l o Analyses from samples in ice growler centre (2008) and from and from (2008) centre growler ice in samples from Analyses (2006) sampling glacier Sa Col Turbi Smell Taste Clarity Conducti Conductivity (field measurement) pH measurement) (field pH (non NVOC °C 550 at solids Fixed 105°C at solids Total so suspended Total (>0.45 µ fraction) Inorganic ions Ca Magn hardness Total S Pota Amm Iron, Fe Mang ca Hydrogen Chl Su Nitrate, NO Nitrite, NO phosph Total Flu Br o
50 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition
3
. .
1 4 6 of . 6.6 4.9 11 13
<1 <1 <1 <1 1.3 3.2 3.1 1 #2 500 2 0.50
0.028 <0.20 <0.05 0.032 0.019 <0.030 <0.005
. .
GEUS Page
1 5 , 7.5 5.2 24 71 <1 <1 <1 <1 . 5.2 4.0 1.8 B #1 Russell Glacier 0.49 0 <1.0 1100 0.053 <0.20 <0.05 0.020 0.084 <0.030 <0.005
. .
2 6.9 5.8
18 63 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 3.1 2.5 2.0 . #2 300 0.57 0 <1.0
0.025 <0.20 <0.05 0.021 <0.030 <0.005 <0.010 APPENDIX
. .
GEUS
2 1 7.6 3.5 05 37 Nigerlikasik <1 <1 <1 <1 1.1 2.0 3.7 8.3 . #1 350 0.62 0.15 0 0.013 <0.20 <0. 0.020 0.200 <0.030 <0.005
. .
1 9 8.0 5.1 16 46 <1 <1 <1 <1 2.0 3.4 2.2 1.8 . #2
0.47 0
1000 0.068 <0.20 <0.05 0.024 0.020 <0.030 <0.005
. .
GEUS
Sermilik
5 6 8.2 4.3 29 <1 <1 <1 <1 . 1.3 1.8 5.4 #1 0.68 0.22 0 <1.0 1200 0.026 <0.20 <0.05 0.022 <0.030 <0.005 <0.010
. .
5 4.2 16 88 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 2.9 2.6 2.1 1.1 . 10.1 #2 750 0 <1.0
0.031 0.051 <0.20 <0.05 0.019 <0.005 <0.010
. .
GEUS
5 8.2 4.5 10 35 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1.8 2.9 2.6 1.0 . #1 750 .010 0.26 0 0.028 <0.20 <0.05 0.020 <0.030 <0.005 <0 GEUS, Denmark,GEUS, 2007 January 2007 Eurofins, September Denmark, 2006 December Denmark, Eurofins,
......
3 - - - -
] <2 <2 <1 <1 iv [ Mb4
M
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2
- - - - 2 < <2 <1 <1 Growler Growler Ma4
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4
- - - -
] <2 <2 <1 <1 Narsap Sermia iv Lb4 [
L
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vi [
ish 0 0 0 0 0 n ria <2 <2 <2 <1 <5 <5 <5 ( >5)[ e <50 <20 <10 <20 works <0.1 <0.5 Da <100 <700 <100 <1000 crit From water Denmark 2008 MILANA, August 2008 August Greenland, (DIH), Hospital Ingrids Dronning
] ] ]
ii ] , i viii viii viii [ [ [ [
0 0 0 0 0 0 <5 <5 <5 <1 <10 <50 <10 <20 <20 <0.1 and EU and EU <100 <100
Tap water Tap <1000 <2000 Greenland criteria
/ml /ml /ml µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l mg/l mg/l Product catalogue Product
/100ml /100 ml/100 /100 ml/100 /100 ml/100 /100 ml/100 /100 ml/100 – Export for ] [ vii Water
2 and
Ice
ide, CO
x
] x
2 Greenland Greenland
As
nitrophenole - Analyses from samples in ice growler centre (2008) and from and from (2008) centre growler ice in samples from Analyses (2006) sampling glacier O Oxygen. dio carbon Aggressive Metals Antimony, Sb Arsenic , Barium, Ba Boron, B Cadmium, Ca Chromium, Cr Copper, Cu Pb Lead, Hg Mercury, Nickel, Ni Se Selenium, Zn Zinc, PCB, pesticidesandPAH, PCP 4 TCA Bacteria spores and coliforms Total E. coli 37°C counts Colony 22°C counts Colony streptococcus Faecal Clostridium perfringens Clostridium (spores) perfringens aeruginosa Pseudomonas Total bacteria [ Laboratory
51 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition
3
- - - - 2 1 . . <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 of 6 8
Mb3 3 28 - 35
- - - - 5 1 2 3 . . <1 <2 <2 6 8 Page Ma3 27 - 35 B
- - - - 5 1 . . <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 6 8
Mb2 15 - 21
- - - - 5 8 1 . . <1 <1 <2 <2 6 7 APPENDIX Ma2 14 - 21
Ice growler M Ice growler - - - -
5 2 1 2 . . <1 <2 <2 - 9 6 8 3 Mb1
- - - -
7 1 1 1 . . <1 <2 <2 - 9 6 8 3 Ma1
- - - - - 7 7 . .
33 7 7 1180 1430 3600 MSW
- - - - 6 2 . . <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 - 37 5 8 Lb3 28
- - - 6 2 1 1 . . < <1 <1 <2 <2
5 8 La3 33 - 39
- - - - 9 2 . . <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 5 8 Lb2
14 - 19 or water at users' tab
. Criteria for water leaving treatment plant - - - - 9 2 . . <1 <1 <1 <2 <2 5 8 La2 19 - 26
Ice growler L Ice growler . Criteria f
- - - -
5 2 1 . . <1 <1 <2 <2 - 6 6 8 0 Lb1
- - - - 5 4 1 1 . . <1 <2 <2 6 8 - 10 La1 0 . Criteria for water at the users' tab
- - - - - 6 0 . .
33 7 8 LSW 2120 1750 73 00 bold and red
- - - - 4 2 1 1 . . <1 <2 <2 6 8 Kb3 16 - 22
figures in ......
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. . <1 <1 <2 <2 6 8 - 16 exceeded;
Kb2 9
are
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:110) ] Ka2 21 - 30 iii
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- - - -
2007 5 2 1 2 . . <1 <2 <2 - 9 6 8 2 Kb1
cember 2007 on water quality and inspection of supply water plants e
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- - - - (NIRAS 2008: 19) 7 6 1
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51 7 7
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: Order no. 1449 of 21 –
Export … No information available
Order7 No. of 17. March 2008 on qualitywater and inspection of supply water plants for
criteria for water at the user tap are exceeded
Water
r tary spectrometrictary analyses are made GEUS by
For water leaving the water works in parenthesis (values are recommended) and quality
figures indicatethat DK quality criteria men
Ice e
e Danish e Danish Environmental Ministry
Bold indicate No analysis detectionBelow limit Some are values indicator parameters if exceeded and risk a assessment of consequences for human health should be made.For microbiological and chemical parameters metals, (heavy contaminants) the maximum values must complied be with Zero
]
ses from samples in ice growlers in various depth various in growlers ice in samples from ses Suppl Greenland Home Rule: European Union: The Council directive 98/83/EC of 3 N Centre of growl er. Other depth see page 3 contentOxygen at the consumershould tap be analysesAll are below detection limit except mentioned. Bottled water One bacteria was found in one out of DAPI stained bacterial cells visible in microscope Th iii ii ]
]
]
]
]
]
] ]
- Ad [ Ad [ 0 . W = sea water Analy above table see growlers, of centre from analyses (2008) Depth ice growle in Conductivity Conductivity (field measurement) pH measurement) (field pH Chloride coliforms Total E. coli °C 37 counts Colony °C 22 counts Colony streptococcus Faecal Clostridium perfringens ] x viii iv ix vii v vi i ii ] iii ] [ [ [ [ [ [ [ Greenland Greenland S [ [ [
52 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition APPENDIX C GREENLAND’S TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Transport by sea The Royal Arctic Line (RAL) owns the concession for container liner traffic be- tween Greenland’s towns and the Greenland harbour in Aalborg, Denmark, as well as for liner traffic between towns and settlements in Greenland.
The frequency with which the major ports, Nuuk, Sisimiut and Aasiaat, are ser- viced by international traffic is 7-10 days depending on the season. The other harbours on the west coast of Greenland are served by feeder routes from the major ports or occasionally by international calls. *
All ports on the west coast, south of the Arctic Circle, are ice-free all year round. Some harbours on the south west coast are closed occasionally in June and July due to multi-year ice (drift ice of Arctic Ocean origin), called ”storis”
Container ship routes
* www.royalarcticline.com
53 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition Transport by air Air Greenland* has international, scheduled flights from Copenhagen to Kanger- lussuaq 4-7 days a week depending on the season. Narsarsuaq is serviced only during summer season.
Air Iceland has scheduled flights from Reykjavik to Nuuk all year round and to other destinations during summer season.
The domestic service net includes 24 destinations. The routes are operated by Air Greenland and mainly serviced by DHC-8 turboprop and helicopter.
International air routes
Telecommunications The Greenland Tele-Post telecommunications company provides terrestrial lines, internet and mobile (GSM) network communications services covering the most populated areas of the country.
All towns and most settlements are internally connected by a microwave radio link carrying data, telephone and television signals. The radio network is connect- ed to the outside world by a number of satellite stations.
Since 2009, two high capacity data communication cables from Greenland to Newfoundland and Reykjavik have been in operation.
* www.airgreenland.gl
54 Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition