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Genetic Improvement of Beef Bull Semen Attributes by Madison Leigh

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Genetic Improvement of Beef Bull Semen Attributes by Madison Leigh Genetic improvement of beef bull semen attributes by Madison Leigh Butler A.S., Hutchinson Community College, 2016 B.S., Oklahoma State University, 2018 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Animal Science and Industry College of Agriculture KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2020 Approved by: Major Professor Dr. Megan Rolf Copyright © Madison Butler 2020. Abstract The genetic basis of fertility of beef bulls collected for artificial insemination (AI) is unclear due to the lack of research and published literature. Researching beef bull fertility traits has the potential to increase the rate of genetic gain, decrease the generation interval, and ultimately allow more genetic improvement in the beef herd not only in the United States, but around the world. In order to drive this genetic gain, quantifying the genetic parameters of beef bull fertility traits is necessary. The objectives of this thesis were to estimate the genetic parameters of beef bull fertility traits and perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify regions of the genome associated with fertility. Beef bull fertility phenotypes including semen volume (VOL), concentration (CONC), number of spermatozoa (NSP), initial motility (IMOT), post-thaw motility (PTMot), three-hour post-thaw motility (3HrPTMot), percentage of normal spermatozoa (%NORM), primary abnormalities (PRIM), and secondary abnormalities (SEC) on 1,819 Angus bulls were obtained from two bull semen collection facilities. Pedigree and genomic information was provided by the American Angus Association. Variance components were estimated using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP). All fertility traits were lowly heritable with high repeatabilities. Genetic correlations among the traits varied from low to high. Results from the GWAS indicated there are several regions of the genome associated with previously-reported fertility quantitative trait loci (QTL). While the heritabilities for these traits were low, findings in the current research indicate these traits could be improved by utilizing genetic selection tools for beef bull fertility. Rapidly changing genetic selection tools paired with the ability to obtain thousands of beef bull fertility phenotypes from bull semen collection facilities provide an opportunity to improve beef bull fertility. Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 - Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Bull Fertility ................................................................................................................................ 4 Phenotypic Assessment ........................................................................................................... 4 Breeding Soundness Examination ...................................................................................... 5 Artificial Insemination Sires ............................................................................................... 6 Semen Production Cycle ............................................................................................................. 7 Spermatogenesis ..................................................................................................................... 7 Epididymal Transit Time ........................................................................................................ 7 Environmental Factors ................................................................................................................ 8 Age .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Nutrition ................................................................................................................................ 10 Social Interactions ................................................................................................................. 10 Temperature .......................................................................................................................... 11 Environmental Conditions Specific to AI Bulls ................................................................... 11 Genetic Evaluation of Bull Fertility .......................................................................................... 12 Genetic Parameters ............................................................................................................... 13 Scrotal Circumference ...................................................................................................... 13 Semen Production Measures ............................................................................................. 13 Volume .......................................................................................................................... 14 Concentration ................................................................................................................ 14 Number of Spermatozoa ............................................................................................... 15 Semen Quality Measures .................................................................................................. 15 Motility ......................................................................................................................... 16 Motility Score ............................................................................................................... 17 Percentage of Normal Spermatozoa .............................................................................. 18 iv Abnormalities ................................................................................................................ 18 Genetic Correlations ............................................................................................................. 19 Scrotal Circumference with Semen Quality ..................................................................... 19 Semen Production Measures ............................................................................................. 21 Semen Quality Measures .................................................................................................. 22 Semen Production Measures with Semen Quality Measures ........................................... 25 Bull Fertility Index ................................................................................................................ 27 Genomic Prediction .................................................................................................................. 28 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 32 Chapter 2 - Genetic Parameters Estimates for Beef Bull Semen Attributes ................................. 43 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 53 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 54 Population ............................................................................................................................. 54 Bull Stud A ....................................................................................................................... 54 Bull Stud B ........................................................................................................................ 56 Data Processing ..................................................................................................................... 58 Genetic Data .......................................................................................................................... 58 Environmental Data .............................................................................................................. 59 Data Processing ..................................................................................................................... 62 Model Selection .................................................................................................................... 62 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................................ 63 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................. 66 Model Selection .................................................................................................................... 67 Variance Components ..........................................................................................................
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