DOCSLIB.ORG

Amines: Synthesis, Properties and Applications Stephen A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Amines: Synthesis, Properties and Applications Stephen A Cambridge University Press 0521782848 - Amines: Synthesis, Properties and Applications Stephen A. Lawrence Index More information Index acetamide 206 amino group 259 Acetamiprid 299 aminoguanine 290 acetanilide 93, 95, 111 2-amino imidazole 141 acetone hydrazone 178 aminolaevulinic acid, ␦ 199 acetophenone 60 2-amino-1-methylethylbenzene 39 acetylation 92, 127 2-aminophenol 101, 103, 315 acetyl choline 274 3-aminophenol 101, 104, 316 Acid Red 304 4-aminophenol 100, 283, 316 acridine 110, 122, 316 aminophenols 100 Acrolein Process 156 aminopiperidine 242 acrylonitrile 46 3-aminopropanol 131 acylamphoglycinates 282 3-aminopropyl halides 131, 132 acylamphopropionates 282 2-aminopyrazine 158 acylation 102, 114, 251 2-aminopyridine 144, 316 adenine 159, 276 3-aminopyridine 316 S-adenoylmethionine 63 4-aminopyridine 316 adiponitrile 67 4-aminopyridine-N-oxide 155 adrenaline 258, 273 4-aminosalicyclic acid 104 ADT 262 aminotriazines 296 aerozine 289 aminyl radicals 115 agmatine 63, 260 amitrole 297 agrochemicals 246, 290 Amitryptyline 269 Aldimorph 60, 293 ammines 188, 232 aliphatic amines 33, 232 Ammon 18 alkylamines 49, 269 ammonia 1, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, alkylation 94, 102, 113, 207, 208, 251 26, 28, 34, 35, 43, 44, 52, 53, 56, 65, 124, 127, N-alkylbenzylamine 132 135, 169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 184, Alper Reaction 317 189, 190, 260, 274, 278, 284, 309, 310, 312 Amadori Rearrangement 259 Ammonium (town) 18 amides 39, 49, 92, 236 ammonium azide 19 amidol 100 ammonium chloride 175 aminating agents 186 ammonium fluoride 171 amination 36, 39, 80, 148, 193 ammonium mucate 133 amine halides 170 ammonium oleate 284 amine oxides 235, 245, 246, 247, 249, 282 ammonium picrate salts 220 amine protection 235 ammonolysis 21, 22, 35, 140, 152, 165, 166 amino acids 187, 215, 235, 252, 255, 257, 258, 260 n-amyl amine 315 2-aminobiphenyl 316 analysis methods 220, 224 4-aminobiphenyl 316 anilazine 293 3-amino-5-t-butyl-isoxazole 187 aniline 29, 71, 73, 74, 94, 98, 99, 100, 109, 111, ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 258 115, 184, 210, 212, 221, 229, 240, 301, 309, 4-aminodiphenylamine 111, 116 315 2-aminoethanol 124 anisidine 102 361 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521782848 - Amines: Synthesis, Properties and Applications Stephen A. Lawrence Index More information 362 Index anthranilic acid 206 Basfungin 66 anti-cancer agents 129, 189, 274 B´echamp Reaction 76, 319 anti-cracking agents 115 Beckmann Rearrangement 82, 84, 123, 166, 319 anti-fungal agents 142 B´enary Reaction 319 anti-Markovnikov Addition 39 Benefin 295 anti-oxidants 114 Benomyl 293 anti-ozonants 115, 116 benzalaxyl 291, 292 antipyrene 142 benzamide 112 anti-tumour agents 64 benzamorf 60 Antracol 66 Benzidine Rearrangement arginine 63, 197, 255, 258, 259, 260 benzene 72, 228 arginine-141 (in DNA) 256, 258, 260 benzimidazole 104, 144, 148, 293 arginine decarboxylase 63 benzopyrazole 144, 148 aromatic amines 85, 232 benzoquinone 106 arylamines 71 benzotriazole 104, 144, 148 Asinger Thiazole Synthesis 317 benzoxazole 99 aspargine amide 233 N-benzoylamides 236 aspartic acid 160 benzylamine 221, 315 aspergillic acid 158 1-benzyl-4-piperidone 61 ATP 262 Bergbau–Bayer Process 177 atracurium 163 Bergmann Azalactone Synthesis 320 atrazine 295 Bergmann Degradation 320 auxin 144, 147, 298 Bernthsen Acridine Synthesis 320 2-azabicyclo[2.2.0]hexadiene 154 betaines 52, 54, 281 azaconazole 293 Betti Reaction 320 azalactone 257 1,1’-biaziridine 128 azamycin (2-nitroimidazole) 141 Biginelli Reaction 321 azepine 165 biotin 140 azepan-2-one 165 biphenyls 87 azetidine 38, 119, 130, 132, 138, 166, 232 bipyridine 191 azetidine-2-carboxylic acid 132 Birch Reduction 20 azetidin-2-one 132 Birkeland, Kristian 8, 9, 12 azides 40, 82, 90, 182 Bischler Indole Synthesis 145 azines 180 Bischler–M¨ohlauIndole Synthesis 321 azine dyes 92, 226, 227, 300 Bischler–Napieralski Reaction 321 aziridine 30, 37, 48, 55, 57, 59, 119, 123, 124, 125, Bismarck Brown 105 128, 130, 138, 190, 232, 277, 278, 309, 310, biurea 289 311, 312 blood–brain barrier 272, 278 aziridinium cation 123 blood plasma 271, 272, 278 azirines 122, 123, 125 blowing agents 289 azirinylium cation 122 Blum Aziridine Synthesis 321 azocine 167 BOC 58, 61, 215 azodicarbonamide 289 BOC-hydrazide 184 azo dyes 91, 92, 213, 223, 226, 227, 300, 303 Bohr effect 197 azo ferredoxin 6 Borsche–Dreschel Cyclization 321 azoles 139, 232, 293 Bosalid 293 azomethane 35 Bosch, Karl 11, 12 azonine 164 Bosch–Meiser Urea Process 322 azones 180 Boyland Synthesis 322 azote 3 Brandi–Guarna Rearrangement 322 azulene 154 bread, ‘from air’ 11 Brederick Imidazole Synthesis 322 B-band 226 bromamine 171 Baeyer–Drewson Indole Synthesis 144, 145, 318 bromamine-T 125 Baeyer Pyridine Synthesis 318 2-bromo-CBZ 239 Bailey Cycloaddition 318 2-bromoethylamine 124, 190 Bamberger Benzotriazine Synthesis 318 3-bromoquinoline 162 Bamberger Imidazole Cleavage 319 Brown Hydroboration 39, 188, 322 barbituric acid 161 von Brown Reaction 322 Bart Reaction 89 Bucherer–Bergs Reaction 323 BASF 9, 11, 12, 303 Bucherer Carbazole Synthesis 323 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521782848 - Amines: Synthesis, Properties and Applications Stephen A. Lawrence Index More information Index 363 Bucherer–Curtius–Schlotterbeck Reaction 323 chlorofluoroamine 171 Bucherer Reaction 80, 81, 100, 323 Chlormequat 297, 300 Buchwald Method 82, 84 2-chloro-5-hydroxymethylpyridine 299 Bupidine 61 1-chloromethylnaphthalene 210 Busulfan 276 chlorophyll 139, 194, 195, 197, 200 Buprimate 293 3-chloropyridine 136, 153 butathiofos 299 Chloroquine 163, 269 Butralin 295 chlorotriazine 294, 295 n-butylamine 221 chlorprazophos 299 t-butylamine 34, 37 chlorpyrifos 157, 299 sec-butylamine 292, 293 choline 45, 275 N-t-butyl-3-chloroazetidine 132 Chrysoidine 304 n-butyl cyanide 209 chryzoplus 299 butyl lithium 32 Ciamician–Dennstedt Reaction 325 butyl toluenediamine (BTDA) 108 CI pigment blue-15-3 285 CI pigment red-184 285 cadaverine 33, 62, 63, 67 CI pigment yellow-13 285 Cadogan–Cameron-Woods Cyclization 323 cis-platin 189 calcium cyanamide 9, 37 citalopram 274 cafenstrazole 297 citric-acid cycle 260, 261 Camps Quinoline Synthesis 324 Clemmensen Reaction 181 Cannizzaro Reaction 136 Cliodinate 298 caprolactam 1, 165, 166 Clopyralid 298 catalysts 191 Clothianidin 299 caramelization 259 Clotrimazole 293 carbamazepine 167 clozapine 60 Carbamorph 60, 293, 294 CNS drugs 273, 274 carbamoyl phosphate 160 cocoamidopropyl betaine 281, 283 carbazole 110, 216 cocoamine 50 Carbenazim 293 Colour Index 300, 303 carbon dioxide 45 Combes Synthesis 98, 325 carbon disulphide 45, 114, 127 conazole 293 carboplatin 189, 190 Conrad–Limpach Synthesis 98, 163, 325 carboxamides 43 Cope Elimination 48, 249, 325 carboxybenzoyl chloride (CBZ-Cl) 237 Cope–Mamloc–Wolfenstein Synthesis 326 carboxybenzoyl 58, 61, 235, 236, 237, 245 Cornforth Rearrangement 326 carotenoid biosynthesis 297, 298 corrin 139, 194, 198 Cavendish, Henry 3, 7 corrosion inhibitors 55, 265, 267, 268 cefoperazone 60 cosmetics 278 cellulose 304 coupling reactions 91 cetyl ammonium chloride 278 Craig Reaction 326 cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTMAC) 278, credazine 298 283 crimidine 299 Chapman Reaction 112, 324 critical micelle concentration 247 Chaptal, Jean-Antoine 3 Crookes, Sir William 7 chemotherapy 123 Curtius Reaction (Rearrangement) 40, 82, 182, 326 Chichibabin Pyridine Synthesis 324 Cyanamide Process ix, 8, 9, 10, 14 Chichibabin Reaction 162, 324 N-cyanoamidine 299 chlorambucil 276, 277 2-cyanoaniline chloramidation 171 cyanogen bromide 74, 127 chloramine 21, 77, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176 cyclic imines 267 chloramine-T 125 cyclohexylamine 34, 72, 315 chloranil 220, 221 cyclohexylethylamine 115 Chloridazon 298 cyclophosphamide 276, 277 4-chloro-1-aminobutane 37 Cymoxanil 292 2-chloroaniline 315 Cypendazole 293 3-chloroaniline 315 Cyperquat 297 4-chloroaniline 315 cysteine 256 2-chloro-4,6-dihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine 296 cytidine triphosphate 160 3-chlorodiphenylamine 112 cytochrome C 200 2-chloroethylamine 37, 126 cystochrome P450 293 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521782848 - Amines: Synthesis, Properties and Applications Stephen A. Lawrence Index More information 364 Index cytochrome 200 2,2-dimethylaziridine 126 cytosine 157, 159, 276 dimethylcocoamine N-oxide 283 dimethyldiazirine 130 Dakin–West Rearrangement 326 dimethyldipropylene triamine 66 Davidson Oxazole Synthesis 327 dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide 247, 282, 283 dealkylation 47 N,N-dimethylethylamino group 269 deamination 188, 258 dimethylformamide 93 Debacarb 293 N,N-dimethylhydrazine 173 decylamine 34 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline 74 dehydroabietylamine 268 3,5-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline 74 Del´epineReaction 38, 68, 210, 327 3,3-dimethyl-2-phenylazirine 122, 123 DemjanovRearrangement 327 1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride 300 Dewar pyridine 154 dimethylpyridines 43, 93 diallylamine 50 dimethylsulphate 66 diamines 62, 104, 241, 267 Dimidazon 298 1,4-diaminonaphthalene 106 Dimroth Rearrangement 327 2,3-diaminophenothiazine 104 N,N’-di-␤-naphthyl-p-phenylene diamine (BNPD) 1,3-diaminopropane 63, 64, 66 115 2,4-diaminotoluene 106 dinitramine 295 diarylamines 109, 110 dinitroanilines 294, 295 diazepam 167, 271, 274 dinitrogen tetroxide 288 diazine 169 dinitrotoluenes 107 diazirenes 129, 130 Dinotefuran 299 diaziridines 129 dipentachlorophenylamine 110 diazoate ion 86 diphenylamine 109, 112, 113, 116, 221, 293, 316 diazobicyclo[3.4.0]nonane (DBN) 33 N,N-diphenylethylene diamine 116 diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undecane
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hydroxylation of the Eukaryotic Ribosomal Decoding Center Affects Translational Accuracy
    Hydroxylation of the eukaryotic ribosomal decoding center affects translational accuracy Christoph Loenarza,1, Rok Sekirnika,2, Armin Thalhammera,2, Wei Gea, Ekaterina Spivakovskya, Mukram M. Mackeena,b,3, Michael A. McDonougha, Matthew E. Cockmanc, Benedikt M. Kesslerb, Peter J. Ratcliffec, Alexander Wolfa,4, and Christopher J. Schofielda,1 aChemistry Research Laboratory and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom; bTarget Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom; and cCentre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom Edited by William G. Kaelin, Jr., Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and approved January 24, 2014 (received for review July 31, 2013) The mechanisms by which gene expression is regulated by oxygen Enzyme-catalyzed hydroxylation of intracellularly localized are of considerable interest from basic science and therapeutic proteins was once thought to be rare, but accumulating recent perspectives. Using mass spectrometric analyses of Saccharomyces evidence suggests it is widespread (11). Motivated by these cerevisiae ribosomes, we found that the amino acid residue in findings, we investigated whether the translation of mRNA to closest proximity to the decoding center, Pro-64 of the 40S subunit protein is affected by oxygen-dependent modifications. A rapidly ribosomal protein Rps23p (RPS23 Pro-62 in humans) undergoes growing eukaryotic cell devotes most of its resources to the tran- posttranslational hydroxylation. We identify RPS23 hydroxylases scription, splicing, and transport of ribosomal proteins and rRNA as a highly conserved eukaryotic subfamily of Fe(II) and 2-oxoglu- (12). We therefore reasoned that ribosomal modification is a tarate dependent oxygenases; their catalytic domain is closely re- candidate mechanism for the regulation of protein expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Enzymatic Encoding Methods for Efficient Synthesis Of
    (19) TZZ__T (11) EP 1 957 644 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: C12N 15/10 (2006.01) C12Q 1/68 (2006.01) 01.12.2010 Bulletin 2010/48 C40B 40/06 (2006.01) C40B 50/06 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 06818144.5 (86) International application number: PCT/DK2006/000685 (22) Date of filing: 01.12.2006 (87) International publication number: WO 2007/062664 (07.06.2007 Gazette 2007/23) (54) ENZYMATIC ENCODING METHODS FOR EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF LARGE LIBRARIES ENZYMVERMITTELNDE KODIERUNGSMETHODEN FÜR EINE EFFIZIENTE SYNTHESE VON GROSSEN BIBLIOTHEKEN PROCEDES DE CODAGE ENZYMATIQUE DESTINES A LA SYNTHESE EFFICACE DE BIBLIOTHEQUES IMPORTANTES (84) Designated Contracting States: • GOLDBECH, Anne AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR DK-2200 Copenhagen N (DK) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI • DE LEON, Daen SK TR DK-2300 Copenhagen S (DK) Designated Extension States: • KALDOR, Ditte Kievsmose AL BA HR MK RS DK-2880 Bagsvaerd (DK) • SLØK, Frank Abilgaard (30) Priority: 01.12.2005 DK 200501704 DK-3450 Allerød (DK) 02.12.2005 US 741490 P • HUSEMOEN, Birgitte Nystrup DK-2500 Valby (DK) (43) Date of publication of application: • DOLBERG, Johannes 20.08.2008 Bulletin 2008/34 DK-1674 Copenhagen V (DK) • JENSEN, Kim Birkebæk (73) Proprietor: Nuevolution A/S DK-2610 Rødovre (DK) 2100 Copenhagen 0 (DK) • PETERSEN, Lene DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø (DK) (72) Inventors: • NØRREGAARD-MADSEN, Mads • FRANCH, Thomas DK-3460 Birkerød (DK) DK-3070 Snekkersten (DK) • GODSKESEN,
    [Show full text]
  • Organocatalytic Synthesis of Α‑Triphenylmethylamines from Diarylketimines and Phenols ‡ ‡ Danijel Glavac,̌Nikola Topolovcan,̌ and Matija Gredicaǩ*
    pubs.acs.org/joc Note Organocatalytic Synthesis of α‑Triphenylmethylamines from Diarylketimines and Phenols ‡ ‡ Danijel Glavac,̌Nikola Topolovcan,̌ and Matija Gredicaǩ* Cite This: J. Org. Chem. 2020, 85, 14253−14261 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *sı Supporting Information ABSTRACT: A formal Betti reaction between variously substituted phenols and benzophenone-derived imines to afford α- triphenylmethylamines is reported. The key to the success of this transformation is the in situ generation of the reactive benzophenone iminium species under organocatalytic conditions. Different phenols reacted smoothly, enabling the synthesis of an array of α-triphenylmethylamines, which are highly valued structural motifs in bioactive molecules and chemical sensors. α-Tertiary amines, a class of amines adjacent to a tertiary well-developed and can provide access to α-diarylalkylmethyl- carbon atom, are an attractive structural subunit in bioactive amines,4 methodologies employing additions to benzophe- molecules,1 chemical sensors,2 and molecules used for none-derived imines are few and far between.5 The scarcity of subcellular imaging3 (Scheme 1). The usual strategy for their latter methodologies stems from remarkably low reactivity of preparation is the addition of carbon nucleophiles to ketimines. bis-aromatic ketimines, making arylation of benzophenone It follows that the most efficient approach for the synthesis of imines even more challenging. α-triphenylmethylamines would be the direct C-arylation of A few notable examples of the preparation of α- benzophenone imines, as their parent ketones are either triphenylmethylamines have appeared in the literature, though commercially available or can be prepared by well-known some of them within general studies on imine reactivity Downloaded via RUDJER BOSKOVIC INST on November 6, 2020 at 12:00:47 (UTC).
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Study on the Molecular and Crystal Structures of Nitrogen Trifluoride and It’S Adduct with BF3
    J. Chem. Sci. Vol. 127, No. 8, August 2015, pp. 1491–1496. c Indian Academy of Sciences. DOI 10.1007/s12039-015-0857-3 Theoretical study on the molecular and crystal structures of nitrogen trifluoride and it’s adduct with BF3 HONGCHEN DUa,b,c aSchool of Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Linan, 311300, China bZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an, 311300, China cPresent address: Weifang University of Science and Technology, Jinguang Street 1299, Shouguang, 262700, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] MS received 30 April 2014; revised 30 October 2014; accepted 27 January 2015 Abstract. The molecular and crystal structure of the adduct NF3·BF3 was studied computationally using density functional theory. It shows that the adduct exists in the form of a complex but is not ionic. The heats of formation in the gas and the condensed phase of the adduct are −1266.09 and −1276.37 kJ·mol−1, respectively, which indicates that it is stable under atmospheric conditions. The crystal form belongs to P 21/c space group. The calculated large band gap (Eg) of the crystal proves that it is stable. The conduction band (LUCO) is mainly contributed by the p orbital of N atom and the valence band (HOCO) from the p orbital of F atom. Keywords. Molecular; crystal; structure; property; theoretical study. 1. Introduction investigation even though there is limited information on the structure–property relationship, especially on the Molecular complexes containing boron trifluoride as a crystal structure of NF3 with BF3.
    [Show full text]
  • Amino Acids by GRAHAM C
    1 Amino Acids BY GRAHAM C. BARRETT 1 Introduction The literature of 1996 is covered in this Chapter, which aims to report and appraise newly-published knowledge of the chemistry of amino acids. Biological aspects are given prominence only where the chemical interest is enhanced by explaining the life science context. Literature citations forming the basis for this Chapter have been obtained from Chemical Abstracts (Volume 124, Issue no. 11 to Volume 126, Issue no. 9 inclusive), and from papers consulted in major Journals that have consistently been used by authors of relevant material. The expanding volume of the relevant literature continues to demand ingenuity in somehow getting a litre of wholesome nourishment into the half-litre pot that this Chapter represents, and restrictions have been placed on citations of the patent literature and material of a more routine nature. Authors who repeat- publish and over-fragment their material are responsible to a significant extent for the ever-increasing number of references for this Chapter, and this Reviewer’s conscience rests easily when grouping such papers together without detailed comment on each of them. As usual, the carboxylic acid grouping is understood to be implied by the term ‘amino acid’ for the purposes of this Chapter, though interest in boron and phosphorus oxy-acid analogues and also in sulfonic acid analogues, is continuing to grow. Methods applicable .for the synthesis of a-aminoalkaneboronic acids (Refs. 65, 146, 147), a-aminoalkanesulfonic acids (Refs. 154, 845), and a- aminoalkanephosphonic acids and other phosphorus oxyacids (Refs. 32, 62, 80, 82, 85, 87, 88, 152, 326, 374, 437, 843) are usually derived from extensions of standard methods in the amino acid field, and representative examples of syntheses of amino oxyacid analogues are described, side-by-side with corresponding methods for amino carboxylic acids, in appropriate locations in this Chapter.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Hydrogen Forms Compounds with Most Non-Metallic Elements and with Some Metals
    PMT 1. Hydrogen forms compounds with most non-metallic elements and with some metals. (a) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound used in the manufacture of artificial rubber which has the following composition by mass. Hydrogen 11.1% Carbon 88.9% (3) (b) The boiling temperatures of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen iodide are: Hydrogen chloride ±85ºC Hydrogen iodide ±35ºC Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride. ............................................................................................................................. ... ............................................................................................................................. ... ............................................................................................................................. ... (2) (c) Draw and explain the shapes of: (i) the PH3 molecule; .......................................................... ............................................................ ...................................................................................................................... (2) 1 PMT ± (ii) the AlH4 ion. ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... (2) 3 (d) Calculate the number of molecules in 8.0 cm of gaseous phosphine, PH3, at room temperature and pressure. (The molar volume of
    [Show full text]
  • The Strange Case of Dr. Petit and Mr. Dulong
    The strange case of Dr. Petit and Mr. Dulong Roberto Piazza Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 - 20133 Milano Abstract Petit (DP) limiting law for the (vibrational) specific heat was one of Boltzmann’s great achievements. The Dulong-Petit limiting law for the specific heats On the other hand, evidence of the crushing failure of solids, one of the first general results in thermo- of the DP law at low temperatures, besides giving dynamics, has provided Mendeleev with a powerful support to Nernst’s Third Law of thermodynamics, tool for devising the periodic table and gave an im- motivated Einstein to introduce quantum concepts portant support to Boltzmann’s statistical mechan- in condensed matter physics and Debye to develop a ics. Even its failure at low temperature, accounted consistent vibrational theory of the heat capacity of for by Einstein, paved the way to the the quantum solids [2]. Even today, the study of the anomalous mechanical theory of solids. These impressive con- behavior of the specific heat close to a quantum sequences are even more surprising if we bear in critical point has granted the DP law a “second mind that, when this law was announced, thermal wind” [3]. phenomena were still explained using Lavoisier’s The accomplishment of Dulong and Petit is even concept of caloric and Dalton’s atomic theory was more remarkable when framed within the histori- in its infancy. Recently, however, bitter criticisms cal and geographical context in which it was ob- charging Dulong and Petit of ‘data fabrication’ and tained.
    [Show full text]
  • Amino Acids by G.C.BARRETT
    1 Amino Acids By G.C.BARRETT 1 Introduction The chemistry and biochemistry of the amino acids as represented in the 1992 literature, is covered in this Chapter. The usual policy for this Specialist Periodical Report has been continued, with almost exclusive attention in this Chapter, to the literature covering the natural occurrence, chemistry, and analysis methodology for the amino acids. Routine literature covering the natural distribution of well-known amino acids is excluded. The discussion offered is brief for most of the papers cited, so that adequate commentary can be offered for papers describing significant advances in synthetic methodology and mechanistically-interesting chemistry. Patent literature is almost wholly excluded but this is easily reached through Section 34 of Chemical Abstracts. It is worth noting that the relative number of patents carried in Section 34 of Chemical Abstracts is increasing (e.g. Section 34 of Chem-Abs., 1992, Vol. 116, Issue No. 11 contains 45 patent abstracts, 77 abstracts of papers and reviews), reflecting the perception that amino acids and peptides are capable of returning rich commercial rewards due to their important physiological roles and consequent pharmaceutical status. However, there is no slowing of the flow of journal papers and secondary literature, as far as the amino acids are concerned. The coverage in this Chapter is arranged into sections as used in all previous Volumes of this Specialist Periodical Report, and major Journals and Chemical Abstracts (to Volume 118, issue 11) have
    [Show full text]
  • Highly Efficient One-Pot Three-Component Betti Reaction In
    RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Highly efficient one-pot three-component Betti reaction in water using reverse zinc oxide micelles Cite this: RSC Adv.,2017,7, 13868 as a recoverable and reusable catalyst† Jie Mou,‡*ab Gan Gao,‡ab Chen Chen,‡ab Jie Liu,ab Jian Gao,ab Yi Liuab and Dongsheng Pei*c An efficient synthesis of Betti bases via a one-pot three-component reaction of 2-naphthol, substituted Received 23rd December 2016 aldehydes and anilines in aqueous media is reported. Through screening different catalysts, reverse zinc Accepted 17th February 2017 oxide nanomicelles show good activity and high selectivity. The catalyst retained activity after six cycles DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28599f of reuse and were recoverable. The method has the advantages of atom economy, short reaction time, rsc.li/rsc-advances good yield, and easy work-up as well as being environmental friendly. reaction is difficult to be initiated in water because the activity Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. Introduction of amine is inhibited by the strong hydrogen bond with water. The Betti reaction, which is a typical Mannich reaction, is one of In recent years, rare earth and lanthanide triates,14 sulfanilic the most important fundamental carbon–carbon bond-forming acid-functionalized silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles,15 reactions in organic chemistry.1 The Betti reaction provides 1-(a- surfactants16 or iminium salts17,18 as catalysts for direct-type aminoalkyl)-2-naphthols, the so-called Betti bases. The optical Mannich reactions in water or under solvent-free conditions Betti base isomers are valuable ligands in asymmetric synthesis.2,3 have been successfully applied.19,20 In most cases the catalysts Recently, the importance of Betti bases was well established in are not used friendly and non-recoverable.
    [Show full text]
  • Conditioning Medicine
    Conditioning Medicine www.conditionmed.org REVIEW ARTICLE | OPEN ACCESS A new pharmacological preconditioning-based target: from drosophila to kidney transplantation Michel Tauc1*, Nicolas Melis1*, Miled Bourourou2, Sébastien Giraud3, Thierry Hauet3, and Nicolas Blondeau2 One of the biggest challenges in medicine is to dampen the pathophysiological stress induced by an episode of ischemia. Such stress, due to various pathological or clinical situations, follows a restriction in blood and oxygen supply to tissue, causing a shortage of oxygen and nutrients that are required for cellular metabolism. Ischemia can cause irreversible damage to target tissue leading to a poor physiological recovery outcome for the patient. Contrariwise, preconditioning by brief periods of ischemia has been shown in multiple organs to confer tolerance against subsequent normally lethal ischemia. By definition, preconditioning of organs must be applied preemptively. This limits the applicability of preconditioning in clinical situations, which arise unpredictably, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. There are, however, clinical situations that arise as a result of ischemia-reperfusion injury, which can be anticipated, and are therefore adequate candidates for preconditioning. Organ and more particularly kidney transplantation, the optimal treatment for suitable patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD), is a predictable surgery that permits the use of preconditioning protocols to prepare the organ for subsequent ischemic/reperfusion stress. It therefore seems crucial to develop appropriate preconditioning protocols against ischemia that will occur under transplantation conditions, which up to now mainly referred to mechanical ischemic preconditioning that triggers innate responses. It is not known if preconditioning has to be applied to the donor, the recipient, or both.
    [Show full text]
  • CFNP TAP Report for Urea January 2004 SUMMARY of TAP
    CFNP TAP Report for Urea January 2004 SUMMARY OF TAP REVIEWERS’ ANALYSES1 Urea is being petitioned for use as an insect (fruit fly) attractant in sticky traps in order to prevent extensive damage to olive and fruit crops. Urea slowly and progressively breaks down to ammonia and carbon dioxide inside the sticky traps. Ammonia is a volatile compound that lures fruit flies into the sticky traps. The size and placement of the openings leading into the sticky traps are designed to favor the trapping of fruit flies with minimal trapping of other insects. Ammonium carbonate, a substance already approved for use as bait in insect traps, also breaks down to produce ammonia over an extended period of time. The petitioner is requesting that urea be permitted on the National List of synthetic substances allowed for use in organic crop production since its mode of action is similar to that of ammonium carbonate. All three reviewers concluded that urea, as petitioned, is a synthetic substance. Two of the reviewers recommended, without hesitation, that urea should be included on the National List. The other reviewer had concerns about allowing urea on the National List since it has not historically been allowed for use in organic crop production and since other acceptable substances are available for insect control. However, this reviewer also recommended that urea be allowed on the National List since it will only be used as an insect attractant in sticky traps. Synthetic or Non-synthetic? Allow without restrictions? Allow only with restrictions? (See reviewers’ comments for restrictions) Synthetic (3) Yes (3) Yes (0) Non-synthetic (0) No (0) No(0) IDENTIFICATION Common Name: Urea CAS Registry Number: 57-13-6 1 This Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) report was based upon the information available at the time this report was generated.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Properties of Several Betti Bases As Potential Drugs N
    Bulgarian Chemical Communications, Volume 49, Special Issue D (pp. 201 – 208) 2017 Synthesis and properties of several Betti bases as potential drugs N. V. Georgieva1*, Z. L. Yaneva1, S. D. Simova2, G. D. Nikolova3 1 Chemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria 2 Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev street, bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 3 Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Armejska Str., 11, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria Received April 18, 2017; Revised June 2, 2017 Dedicated to Acad. Ivan Juchnovski on the occasion of his 80th birthday The aim of the present study was to synthesize several Betti bases by a modified Betti reaction, to develop analytical methods for the quantitative determination and testing the microbiological and antioxidant activities. For the modification of the Betti reaction we used primary heterocyclic amine, aromatic aldehydes, 8-quinolinol and halogeno- substituted aromatic aldehydes. Betti bases were obtained at yield 80-98% and characterized by elemental analysis and NMR spectra. The applied analytical methods for quantitative determination of the studied Betti bases offered short analysis time, high precision, high linearity and satisfactory limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values. The microbiological activity of studied Betti bases was tested against 23 test strains pathogenic microorganisms (different gram positive and gram negative). Тhe microbiological screening proved their selective microbiological activity. According to the EPR study, the Betti bases possess radical structure and are likely to exhibit antioxidant activity.
    [Show full text]