Volume 45 Number 1 January 1974 Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin

;#*'' Field Museum contents of Natural History Bulletin ILLINOIS' QUIET CONSERVATIONISTS Volume 45, Number 1 The Nature Conservancy January 1974 By Joyce M. Brul

EIGHT STALWART MAIDENS A brief history of Field Museum's stony guardians By Christopher Legge Managing Editor G. Henry Ottery

Editor David M. Walsten DARWIN'S BACKWOODS CORRESPONDENT Letters between Charles Darwin and Illinois 8 Staff Writer Jacobs Madge naturalist Benjamin D. Walsh Production Russ Becker

A CHRISTMAS AFTERNOON AT FIELD MUSEUM 10

FIELD BRIEFS 16

LETTERS 18

CALENDAR 19

Field Museum of Natural History Director E. Leiand Webber COVER

Benjamin D. Walsh (1808-69). Illinois' first state entomologist and a resident of Rocl< Island, corresponded with English biologist Charles Danwin from 1864 until Board of Trustees the year of his death. The 21 letters of this unpublished Rernick McDowell, Mrs, Hermon Dunlap correspondence are in the Rare Book Room of the Field President Smith Museum Library Several of these letters are Mrs- B, Edward Bensinger John W, Sullivan published here for the first lime; see page 8. Gordon Bent William G, Swartchild. Jr. Harry O, Bercher E, Leiand Webber Bowen Blair Julian B, Wilkins Stanton R. Cook Blaine J. Yarrington Williann R. Dickinson, Jr, Ttiomas E. Donnelley II Marshall Field Nictiolas Galitzine Life Trustees Paul W Goodrich Hugo J. Melvoin William McCormick Blair The Field Museum ol Natural History Bulletin is published monthly, J. Roscoe Miller Joseph N. Field except combined July/August issue, by Field Museum of Natural William H. Mitchell Clitford 0. Gregg History. Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605. Charles F. Murphy, Jr. Samuel Insull, Jr, Subscriptions: $6 a year; $3 a year for schools. Members of the Harry M, Oliver. Jr. William V. Kahler Museum subscribe through Museum membership. Opinions expressed John T. Pirie, Jr. Hughston M. McBain authors are their own and do not reflect the of John S, Runnells James L. Palmer by necessarily policy William L. Searle John G. Searle Field Museum. Unsolicited manuscripts are welcome. Second-class John M. Simpson Louis Ware postage paid at Chicago, Illinois. Postmaster: Please send form 3579 Edward Byron Smith J. Howard Wood to Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, ISSN 0015-0703

January 1974 ILLINOIS' QUIET CONSERVATION I STS

by Joyce Marshall Brukoff

Almost completely unknown to the man Here's how it works. In the beginning, a across the Mississippi River from on the street, yet as powerful a force land is thoroughly inspected to Keokuk, Iowa. Cedar Glen is the second for the preservation of natural areas as determine its intrinsic value as a natural largest winter roosting site in the United the mighty Sierra Club, the Nature area. This land is often acquired through States for our vanishing national Conservancy moves in quiet ways. The purchase with funds raised locally and emblem, the bald eagle. primary purpose of this group is to save nationally. Land acquisition is also endangered wilderness areas, which repeatedly accomplished through the Eagles flock to the natural bowl of Cedar they do quite effectively—slipping in to welcome donations of concerned Glen every December and stay until obtain threatened lands from under the individuals and organizations. A good early March, roosting each night in the crush of a bulldozer or the teeth of a example of this on a national level is the chain sycamore trees. In. mid-March they saw. recent gift to the Conservancy of the migrate north. The eagles have come to Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia, a the for of The Nature is glen hundreds years; Frank Conservancy a national, 50,000-acre donation by the Union Bellrose, of the Illinois Natural History nonprofit, member-governed Camp Corporation. This unique swamp dedicated to the Survey, has observed them there for organization, is a land of great complexity, with an of natural some 25 years. As many as 98 birds preservation vanishing lands. astounding mixture of cypress swamps, Some 400,000 acres of have been sighted at the glen in a forests, swamps, brier thickets, loblolly pine barrens, single afternoon. The importance of this marshes, prairies, seashores, and evergreen shrub bogs, and mixed islands the United States preserve may be understood when it is throughout swamp forests of red maple, pond pine, have been saved from destruction considered that the total number of bald Atlantic white cedar, and other plant action. eagles within the contiguous 48 states is through Conservancy species. Placed at the ecological no more than 500 to 700 breeding pairs, crossroads of northern and southern The Illinois of the Nature a figure which has alarmingly declined Chapter species, the swamp combines in one Conservancy has acquired 25 separate in recent years. contiguous area a fascinating number preserves which a wide display variety of varied ecosystems. To acquire this of geographic forms and ecosystems. land, the Conservancy needed, in What makes Cedar Glen such a choice Together they total more than 5,200 addition to the generous gift from Union habitat for the bald eagle? Its 410 acres acres. Caves and prairies, woodlands Camp, a squadron of negotiators, staff are heavily forested, with gently rolling and and wetlands and bogs, sanctuary attorneys, and public relations and hillsides dropping into rocky ravines. areas for species such as endangered regional staff officers. Several bluffs vary in height from 50 to the chicken and the bald prairie eagle 100 feet. The forest is composed of have been protected under the secure In Illinois, an impressive assortment of maple, basswood, oak, hickory, and umbrella of the Conservancy's action. land acquisitions have been noted as sycamore. All of this lies in a protected "successful" in the Illinois chapter valley, and it obviously satisfies the bald One such is the for sheltered Joyce Marshall Brukoff is a logbook. acquisition eagle's requirements night Chicago writer. Cedar Glen Preserve in Hancock County roosting.

Field Museum Bulletin 3 chickens in Illinois was questionable. But the subsequent acquisition by the Illinois chapter of the Bogota Preserve (Jasper County) —an area favored by these birds— has done much to insure their survival.

Each year since 1963, the acreages of potential nest cover for prairie chickens have been recorded on the 16-square-mile Bogota study area. The total declined from 837 acres in 1963 to

a low of 376 acres in 1966. Since 1966 the total acres of potential nest cover has steadily increased to 1 ,000 acres in 1973, 71 percent of which was due to the establishment of nest cover on sanctuaries.

In 1963 the 837 acres of available nest cover m Jasper County produced a population containing 65 cocks. By contrast, in 1973 the 850 acres of Prof. Thomas C. Dunsian, Western iiiinuii, umvaibiiy biologist, bands an immature bald eagle at Cedar available nest cover supported a Glen Preserve. population that contained 203 cocks. It is becoming clear that the present One-quarter mile away from the glen purchase the Conservancy has sanctuary grasslands are capable of are the sunny day roosts and favorite expanded the preserve with three new producing a much higher population level than those that occurred on a fishing places to which the birds set out additions. similar of farmland. at the first light of day. Here, they keep acreage private a watchful eye for dead and injured fish, The area is now leased to Western of the in the chicken chiefly gizzard shad, which are believed Illinois University as part Kibbe The increase prairie to be victims of shifting water Research Station. Dr. John E. Warnock population since the acquisition and temperatures below the Keokuk Dam acts as preserve manager, and Dr. development of a sanctuary system at .two miles upstream. How the eagles Thomas C. Dunstan continues the bald Bogota has indeed been encouraging. catch their fish depends on prevailing eagle studies he has carried on for This native grouse will continue to wind conditions. On calm mornings the years. Both Warnock and Dunstan are respond just as far as habitat the birds sit and preen themselves, awaiting faculty members of Western Illinois management will permit. Because of mid-day thermal winds on which to soar University. responsiveness and tenacity of this bird, the to a second and search for floating fish. On windless opportunity preserve to exist on the days more energy is required to keep Other preserves have captured the flock also appears acres in Marion their 9- to 12-pound bodies aloft. When public interest from time to time, Conservancy's 460 Farina and winter skies are blustery however, the including Volo Bog, a 47-acre preserve County near Kinmundy. birds return to the roost to sit it out and in northern Lake County which is a Closer to the Illinois do their fishing on a better day. classic example of a northern tamarack Chicago, Chapter of the Nature has saved a bog. It is now designated a National Conservancy in the of the In 1971 a plan was announced to sell Natural Landmark by the U.S. virgin prairie shadow city. 20 miles the eagle roost for timber. This threat Department of the Interior. The system Gensburg-Markham Prairie, from in the town of prompted members of the Illinois of prairie grouse sanctuaries scattered Chicago's Loop is 120-acre which chapter to take immediate action. After throughout Illinois provides a good Markham, a grassland 16 inches of It has consulting with scientists from Western example of a long-term program in has some topsoil. Here are 300 Illinois University, the Nature which the Conservancy worked with never been plowed. of wild and flowers— Conservancy signed a purchase other organizations to accomplish a species grasses contract for $34,000. Money was raised common purpose. the bright blue spikes of the prairie and the to keep the sanctuary intact and the gay-feathers, the blazing star, Indian Here eagles protected. Since the original In 1966 the continued survival of prairie white heads of quinine.

January 1974 are birds and animals that many ttiought of land which has some of the finest of geese stop off during the spring and autumn had disappeared from the state, let stands of timber in the Shawnee Hill migrations. alone the environs of a city—the lovely division of the state. Regardless of Its name, Meredosia is a the red fox, and regal fritillary butterfly, peninsula, not an island, according to Meredosia Island, south of Beardstown the yellow-throated warbler. Daniel Pike, director of the Conservancy's —a recent for the acquisition Illinois chapter. It is flanked on the west Since 1968 the Illinois Chapter of the Conservancy— is a good example of an by the river and on the east by Meredosia Lake, a backwater of the river. On the Nature Conservancy and Northeastern outright gift. To quote from a recent northern neck of the peninsula. Pike said, Illinois have been working article in the Chicago Sun-Times by University there is a large heron rookery. Some 100 to of environmental editor Bruce together ensure the preservation Ingersoll: pairs have their nests, as big as bushel this remarkable parcel of land. With the baskets, in the treetops. In the The will of the late James R. Anderson, neighborhood during summer are several generous gift of Louis, David, and Meyer industrialist and outdoorsman, is done: American egrets. and a $200,000 grant from Gensburg An unpeopled, unspoiled stretch of the U.S. Department of Interior, the first Illinois River bottomland has been set Prothonotary warblers nest in the swamp of the has been aside for the waterfowl he to see phase acquisition wanted willows, and deep in the virgin forest of accomplished. In the second phase a protected, A 1,850-acre tract of swampy arching sycamores and silver maples live wilderness which he owned on Meredosia sum of $90,000 must be raised to cover some very shy plleated woodpeckers. The Island, south of Beardstown, Illinois, has size of a crow, the plleated lives In tree the total cost of management, fencing, been given to The Nature Conservancy, cavities, as do the raccoon and opossum. and final The is acquisition. prairie just as he directed before he died. The And nowadays beaver and mink are irreplaceable and, when fully acquired, land IS valued at $672,000 making it the making a comeback in the tangled has will be dedicated as a nature preserve largest gift the environmental group swamps. ever received in the Midwest. by the Illinois Nature Preserve the Nature Commission, ensuring permanent So, Conservancy, America's Frank Bellrose, wildlife specialist for the status. least known but extremely effective preservation Illinois Natural History Survey, rates Meredosia, 200 miles southwest of conservation group, is quietly very Elsewhere in our state, the chapter has Chicago, as one of the finest waterfowl active, frequently earning the wrath of areas in the state. Hundreds of wood saved a few unique caves: Burton Cave the opposition. It has often blocked the ducks nest In the heavily timbered near Quincy and Rock Cave near "get rich quick" efforts and ambitions of bottoms. He estimates 86,000 mallards Twin Culvert Cave, land holders and The Effingham. planned and American widgeons, 17,000 developers. for acquisition in the near future, is a canvasbacks and bluebills and thousands Conservancy puts its money where lis migratory haven for the uncommon bat. gray Burton Cave, located in Adams County, is in a 78-acre tract donated to the Nature Conservancy by the Ouincy Foundation. Another fine preserve is Hart Woods near Champaign. With four Indian burial mounds, the area is used extensively by the University of Illinois Department of Anthropology. Close to home is Berkeley Prairie in Highland Park, where on occasion a passerby may see Conservancy people "burning" the prairie to preserve natural grasses and discourage invading non-native plants. The burning is a function taken on by management in place of natural prairie fires which man has eliminated.

An area now under consideration for action by the Illinois Chapter is Little Black Slough, a diverse 2.500-acre—area near Vienna. Within it. Goose Pond consisting of 98 percent bald cypress— is probably the last, certainly the largest, bald cypress swamp in Illinois. The slough also contains a five-mile-long tupelo swamp and Boss Island, a piece

Field Museum Bulletin 5 Natural Area Projects of the Illinois Chapter of the Nature Conservancy

; ) Volo 47 acres ol tamarack Lake County: ( Bog. open bog: (2) Carpenter Woods, 9 acres of flood plain forest: (3) Lake Forest Preserve, 75 acres of forest and prairie remnants. (4) Wauconda Bog. 67 acres ol mature tamarack bog: (5) Sarati Fenton Hinde Preserve, 10 acres ol torest and wildllower area: (6) Berkeley Prairie. 18 acres ol mesic prairie.

Ogle County: (7) Pine Rock. 58 acres ol mesic and dry prairie and sandstone outcrop.

Lee County: (8) Bartlett Woods, 22 acres of upland hardwood forest and wildllower area.

Cook County: (9) Gensburg-Markham Prairie. 120 acres ol virgin prairie containing more than 300 plant species.

LaSalle County: (10) Big Bend ol the Vermilion River, two tracts of oak-hickory forest and wildllower area covering 178 acres.

Fountain County, Indiana: (11) Portland Arch. 147 acres ol mature hardwood forest.

Cliampaign County: (12) Nettie Hart Memorial Woods. 40 acres ol flood plain and upland forest.

Hancock County: (13) Cedar Glen Eagle Roosl. 408 acres, providing winter roosts for bald eagles.

Adams County: (14) Burton Cave, 78 acres ol upland forest and prairie remnants, with cave used as hibernacula by bats.

Cass County: (15) Meredosia Island. 1.850-acre Illinois River lloodplain with marshes and woodland.

Edgar County: (16) Baber Woods. 59 acres ol virgin oak-hickory lorest.

Clark County: (17) Rocky Branch. 183 acres ol forest and wildllower area in a sandstone canyon.

Pike County: (18) Twin Culvert Cave. 5 acres with cave and outstanding biological and geological leatures.

Effingham County: (19) Rock Cave. 75 acres 0/ hardwood forest-

Jasper and Marion Counties: (20) fourteen prairie chicken sanctuaries totalling 1.304 acres-

Richland County: (21) Big Creek Woods Memorial. 40 acres ol flood plain and upland lorest.

Edwards County: (22) lea Marks Natural Science Preserve. 40 acres, old held succession research area.

Wabash County: (23) Beall Woods. 624 acres ol virgin bottomland lorest

Jefferson County: (24) Devil's Prop. 40 acres ol wooded ravine with sandstone outcrops.

of initiated to the fund. mouth is instead of belaboring an The Conservancy retains ownership repay revolving In Careful financial over-saturated public with more the majority of its preserves. some and intelligent has environmental outcry. It vi^orks behind cases, however, lands are conveyed management produced extremely reverter effective results from a small the scenes, utilizing the skills of with special restrictive or relatively or to amount of seasoned lawyers, realtors, and clauses to educational institutions private support. professional conservationists. other private or public conservation of us have taken a stroll Once acquired, maintaining the natural groups. The Conservancy is supported Many through the some natural area and "Such a quality and integrity of the land is of financially by direct support from thought,

. , . if it could that primary importance. Scientific research, public and grants from foundations. A nice place only stay outdoor education, and other $3.5 million-dollar revolving fund is way." That is what the Nature is all about. nondestructive public uses may be maintained by the national organization. Conservancy permitted. A management committee of By borrowing money from this fund, local volunteers, donors, or local chapters and project committees Conservancy The Illinois Chapter of the Nature are able to act to representatives remains alert to protect quickly purchase Conservancy is located at 708 Church the area from abuse. threatened land. Fund-raising is then Street. Evanslon. III. 60201.

January 1974 caryatids by an episode m the Persian wars when the city of Carae supported the Persians. After the Persian defeat, the Greeks slew the men of Carae and enslaved the women. Architects of the time used statues of these women carrying heavy burdens as punishment Stalivart for the nefarious conduct of their menfolk. This is the traditional story, but the view now more widely held is that the sacrificial dance called caryatis gave rise to the architectural J\faidens device. This dance was performed in honor of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, by women of Carae who By Christopher Legge balanced flat baskets containing sacred cake, frankincense, and the knife with which to slay the victim of the sacrifice. Among Field Museums most stalwart Hering's caryatids are free adaptations supporters are eighit women wtio have of the best known ones which support been with the institution since the a porch of the Erechtheum, an Ionic present building was opened more than temple on the Athenian Acropolis half a century ago. They guard the which was completed in 410 B.C. north and south entrances and, These stalwart women, subtly varied judging by their expression, they are in pose and in the folds of their little impressed by the coming and garments, bear their weight with serene going of dignitaries, by changes of dignity. All have lost their noses and weather, or even by strains of music most of their arms—victims of religious that drift over from Grant Park on iconoclasm. There were originally six, warm summer evenings. It should be but in 1804 Lord Elgin removed one evident at this point that these which now resides in the British stony-visaged ladies are of no common Museum. This action caused more breed. They are in fact a svelte eleven anger than his acquisition of all the feet tall and tip the scales at five tons other "Elgin marbles." The name of each. Their name: Caryatids. the sculptor is unknown, but a wit scrawled "opus Phidias" on the five Caryatids are columns fashioned in the remaining figures and "opus Elgin" of shape draped women supporting on the brick pillar which had been a roof or crossbeam. Field (Vluseum's substituted for the sixth. caryatids are arranged in pairs io support gabled pediments above It is unfortunate that Museum visitors windows. There are two kinds, differing view them whilst having to negotiate slightly in hair arrangement and attire. the 38 steps of each entrance; and One kind has a brooch on her bosom. such fine points as the delicate These maidens are the work of Henry manner in which the peplos. or gown, Hering (1874-1949), a New York hangs close to the body, and the way sculptor who had been a pupil of in which the leg is braced to take the famed Augustus Saint-Gaudens. weight of the body may therefore Vitruvius, a Roman architect and escape their notice. contemporary of Julius Caesar, wrote a much-studied treatise on architecture In Chicago, besides the eight at the Fie'd in which he explains the origin of the Museum there are twenty-four on the outside of the Museum of

Science and It well be Christopher Leqge is custodian ol Industry. may coilections of the Department that the city could proclaim itself The now in British Museum ct Anthropology. "caryatid capital of the world"! "Elgin" caryatid

Field Museum Bulletin >'-';^-- -,V:x: ;->5'

t.

.'^ Frdm British aristocrat to faackwoods --iGf the ministry and spent the next ^-'- arv.ihsect specimen he had receivediV is tlie of pioneer story Benjamiri leW years,-' apparently, ., , in;"a letter. Totally absorbed, he lllpois in"'^^^pQf,. ^ didri:;| D/ Walsh (1808-69)—a brilliant, self- indecision. In 1837 his mette';- :- notice an approaching tocomotive ffJ tgught scientist who maintained durirtg translatipn. of three plays, lA/a/s/7's until it was too late. He jumped cieaM " - - his last five years of (ife a lively Gomed/es-'o/ Ar/s/ophaftes/'-wss-'- but not soon enough to suffer Internal': ^ Correspondence with Charles Darwin published. Married, he emigrated the injuries and a horribly mangled foot

((1809-82), In 1864 Walsh had sent a following year to the United' States, that had to be amputated, ,.',-"• •'fan letter" along with some of his intending to settle in Chicago. But that bwn published papers to the celebrated already thriving village failed to V-'- '%Walsh lived for a week after the ;;#j of to his "^ »- Pntish biologist whose Origin measure up expectations, and '*;• accident, and joked about his new '-'Sjii

five Walsh with his Continued.' : don't ppecies, published years earlier, young bfide cork leg: "Why, you see what ^0^ bontinued to be the subject of raging westward by ox cart to Henry Coanty-'.j an advantage a cork teg will be to m^'_'

controversy. Recognizing his Nevv in western IJIinois.. Here he built a .-' When I am hunting bugs I can make

World correspondent as more than just mud-plastered log cabin and, for ''^, an excellent pincushion of it, and if

Darwin twelve I lose a cork from a I can another admirer, responded years, worked a 300-acre .faxjTi|, bottle, carve

and Walsh Free of the class-consciousness one out of foot." As a ; quickly, commended (later that.;:, my testimony - to be named Illinois' first state generally afflicted Victorian aristocracy, to his character, he wrote to local entomologist) on the latter's published Walsh labored as commonly as his newspapers, exonerating the train

this Illinois farm , .- in work. From exchange developed neighbors, occasionally . crew from any blame the mishap his a W&rrt' correspondence. '< making own shoes- as welfas '; '

for ; "h^hesses hi's.horses. In 1850 he At the time of his death, Benjamin / In 1948 Field Museum received a moved to the nearby towh of Rock Walsh had amassed 30,000 carefully

bequest of Walsh's entomology library— Island, operating a, prosperous lumber classified and mounted insect : K;7' several — hundred books, pamphlets, and yard there and erecting a number of specimens the largest private .^' periodicals—from the widow of Charles brick houses, which he rented. collection in the country. Later stored V. Riley (1843-95) who, with Walsh, had at the Chicago Academy of Sciences, founded the journal American By the late 1850's Walsh had the entire collection went up ,fpr smoke Entomologist; eighteen original letters developed a deep interest in during the Chicago fire of 1871. He (one incomplete) from Walsh to Darwin entomology—a study that had attracted had also published a large number of were added to the collection by Thora M. him since his youth. During the scientific papers, particularly on insects Riley, daughter of Charles. 1868-69 biennial session, of the Illinois of economic importance. legislature he was appointed state The scion of a respected, well-to-do entomologist. This occurred just The following letters (some of which Worcestershire family, Walsh took his months before his accidental death—a have been substantially abbreviated master's degree in divinity at Trinity tragic, nearly incredible demonstration here) are a sampling of the Walsh- College, Cambridge University. Being of Walsh's total involvement in his Darwin correspondence now in the of an independent, self-assertive mien, scientific work. On a November morning Rare Book Room of Field Museum Walsh discontinued his preparation in 1869 Walsh picked up his mail at the Library. post office and was headed homeward Graphics by Dick Roesener along the railroad tracks, examining .—David M. Walsten

January 1974 uarwin to Walsh: Darwin to Walsh: December 4 [1864]

Down '':'''-:^,, ;;;;,,,

I in of /f; , Bromley upi;^?''" have been greatly Trtterested youf- account your ' ' Kent. s:E: American life. What an: extraordinary 'and_ self-contained life OGtobej: 21 1864 you have led! And what vigour of mind you must possess to follow science with so much ardour after all that you

Dear Sir: I My ^,. have undergone. am very rriuch' obliged for your pamphlets on geograph. distrib., on Agassiz,' etc, t am delighted at Ill health from- sooner for has'-prevented^me' thankjng you the manner in which you have bearded this lion .in his den. tetter, & several nierooirs.; your very-Sipd , '; I agree most entirely with all that you have written.' What

I meant, when I wrote to Agassiz to thant^ him for a pundle

I have much pteased to see ^'epri very how-'fooid^af of his publications, was exactly -wfiat you suppese/l \ out on the modifieation of clearly'ji^Ulsp.eak^ ^p^SSts: confess, however, I did not fully perceive how he-had.k ' • ' thank;;you'for'-5iving methe pages :df' they ' reieretice]:put mistaken my views;. -'but I only ^Kimmed through his were'.superfluoys,:fo-r t found-so n>afiyofi:ginal;;and "Methods of Study"-' ahd thoufjht it a very poor. book- -I am profound: femarkSj that! have- clearly bolted tljiVough all; so much accustomed to him it, hardly. excites my:

.1 that the/papers. hope your discovery ^iMut'tti^.Qi^ig^^ attention. ... '->''',' '"'% wi(5;:h0l<3.:Qdod tor if is a .remarkap}^ ohe. and:-l'Tor-'b'ne have:^oWef^ nrarvelled what could "be the tine nreaningof I am glad that you have attabked Dana's' wild notions to; Mr. wilt i'end your Lubbock I f fear that c,^e,;t papers my' neighbdtJr have a great respect for,,.f3arta. bul declare- hr-S;^

[ know is much interested in tile I vjihP subject, incidentally illness has [illegible] ehfe^Hed his brain. If you have

on if have time I ^fralt protrt by your remarkg galts'^ ybu opportunity read in JPansatJi-r'.Batfes''' on mimetic hink a rather wdiild '?'^a hopeless e>;perim6nl be worth trying; Lepidoptera.of Ama'z'ons; 'i-was'-.delighted with his paper.

,ny bow I stiould have tried it had my.ftealth permitted — it

to insert a of some substance I of female }s minute grain drg'anic have got a noti€;e your ,vt|!ws aBsyt the Cynips together with the poison from bees, sand wasps, inserted in N. Kist. Review;.^ether th^'nolTce will be

alkaloid into the I it will call fchneumons. adders, and even poison favourable dC>'.riot know }^; but anyhow tissues of fitiing plants, for the chance of monstrous attention to ..your views grcHvtbs being produr-eri. " r of me one of enclose''a photogi:aB^|hade by my sons, f health has been and suffered I to Westwood'' for a y long poor hiaye lately and pias/e no ottje^M'I'rote [illegible]-

a ilfness, which lias all but 1 am. '! no answer. I have been told f^orh long interrupted work, for )^a, but h^^^^^i^'ed r\ovy a volume in connection the-' and wishes re'COmmencing .witl;\' thatthe is mu'ch'MltM:^bout Species,^ perhaps with for "Pr.igin" sincere thanks your letter' and..-Kind 'presgrs show his feelings of this want of common courtesy to

g both. ... ',

Prfey /believe me m^.-'dear sir your incereiv ^ffWalsh to Darwin:

Rock Island, Illinois, U.S.

March 1, 1865

My dear Mr. Darwin: ^ ^- Your letter of Dec. 4 came - enclosing your photograph '.:::;--

Westwood's I am under -:: :?^'-':'-'^ '^ n0 enclosing photograph, great P.S, If you write, -again f should very much like to,jfi$^ \ obligations to you for both. Westwood I never saw, but I what your life in.ybiir n^w country is .^"^ have a very distinct recollection of your countenance when (Continued on page 12)

Genus ot gall wasps 5. Probably James Dwight Dana (1813-95), U.S. geologist and Galls on plants are swellings commonly caused by certain parasitic zoologist insects, including Cynips 6. Henry Walter Bates (1825-1892), English naturalist Jean Louis Agassiz (1807-73). Swiss-American naturalist 7. John 0. Westwood (1805-93) English entomologist Methods of Study in Natural History (-1863) 8. Darwin's Origin of Species

Field Museum Bulletin (:».lta^lAl1 »[ HB9 ill DARWIN-WALSH (from p. 9)

» if were to shave clean & you were at Christ's, & you put '^'t.«.'i«»f./' ;,' i^m little .5.;?'^: on a wig, I should say you are but very changed since then. Immediately on the receipt of your letters, I wrote to several of my Eastern Correspondents on

Westwood's affair of the Portraits, & as soon as I received answers, I took occasion to write to him & communicate

little the results. I suppose it will probably be some time yet

' of £^> • before I receive a reply. There is a good portrait Jay'° Jim :v.--'^:4vH ..m a if he in existence, of which he can have copy taken, " .,,«)»• .'/ ^ ^ 'I: -<^\^^,. > :,, -f^, '/., "^"'njflT desires it. Of Harris" there is nothing but a photograph -if ,;i^y^f-'r j:^.^ .r'"'fr 'ii,«:;' ,0'- extant, which I rather wonder at, considering that the New-England naturalists set great store by him and are apt to get wrathy if one picks any holes in his jacket. . . .

I sent you a month or two ago a Paper of mine on

"Phytophagic Species", & by this mail I send you another on "Willow-galls". You will begin to think that I spawn a But for me the winter is the time for m pamphlet bi-monthly. writing & in the summer I am out in the woods reading Drawing by Dick Roesener the great Book of Nature. There is one matter in this last

that I like pamphlet would your opinion on, i.e., Wagner's ventilated, at all events, which is all I wish or expect. procreative larva. The more I turn the thing over in my Magna est Veritas et pravalebit,^^ as you by this time see '* the more I don't believe a word of it. And I find mind, yet with your great theory. I told young Aggasiz, who argued that Siebold'2 has to a certain extent endorsed the Theory, against your theory because so many naturalists disbelieved from the Danish a on the by translating Paper subject. it, that the wonder was not so many disbelieved, but that All these men seem to me to have confounded two very in several years from the date of its promulgation so many different things, 1st the case of alternate generation when A believed; & asked him how many Naturalists believed in produces B, & B produces A. And so on ad infinitum. & Cuvier's great theory several years after that was 2nd the (supposed) case of Cecidomyia, where, in the same promulgated? species A (the larva) sometimes produces A (the larva)

I last I have read and then dies, and sometimes produces nothing at all Since wrote, carefully through Aggasiz's "Classification'''^ which one of the New Naturalists but becomes gradually developed into the imago B, which England told contained a most unanswerable refutation of reproduces A & so on. Is there anything analogous to me he allowed that the in the this in the known metagenetic transformations? It strikes Darwinism, though argument me like the theory of the schoolboy, that sometimes the "Methods of Study" was a complete failure. The book earth travelled around the sun & sometimes the sun bears neither title-page nor date, and so far from finding travelled around the earth. But out here in the backwoods any refutation of your theory in it, I actually feel uncertain

little whether it was written and before or after book we know but very on these great modern discoveries. I printed your wish you would enlighten me. was published. The line of argument is precisely the same as that in the "Methods of Study", and one book is nothing

I am delighted to find that you approve of the way in but an abridged rehash of the other. I was astonished which I handled Aggasiz. I am told there is a notice of that to find that he believes that the same identical species can Chapter in the London "Reader" of December 31, but be and has been created twice over in two separate have not seen the article. Thank you for getting my localities and in two separate geological epochs. Does any

Cynipidous theory noticed in the Nat. Hist. Review. There other naturalist believe this absurdity? I should have thought has also appeared a short notice of that Paper in the that in that case the theory of Chances might have taught Stettin "Zeitung" or whatever the German title of their him that we should be as likely to find recent species in the Natural History Journal may be; so it will get tolerably well Devonian as in the Pliocene strata, & that we might

9. Christ's College. Cambridge Universily 13. "Great is the truth and it shall prevail." 10. Thomas Jay 14. Alexander Agassiz (1835-1910), U.S. zoologist: son ol Jean Louis 11. Thaddeus VI. Harris (1795-1856) U.S. entomologist Agassiz 12. Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold (1804-85), German zoologist 15. Essay on Classification (1857)

January 1974 expect to meet with as many European species in Australia Darwin to Walsh: as in North America. He gives me the impression all the time of a dishonest lawyer pettifogging a hard case. March 27 118651

Sometimes he won't have it that there are any identical

I have been interested letter. 1 received species in successive geologic epochs—this was what he much by your your former on most of which was new asserted roundly in a lecture which he delivered last year paper Phytophagic unity,

to me. I have since received on in Rock Island & what he asserts by implication in the your paper willow-galls:

this has been as I wanted to learn a little "Methods of Study"—& sometimes he says that there are very opportune about There in this which has identical species in two distinct geological epochs, but that galls. was much paper there was a separate creation for each batch. This reminds interested me extremely, on gradations and so forth and of correlation This latter is one of the Western lawyer, whose client was sued for a "your" unity [illegible). subject

new to me, I collected some kettle which he had borrowed and with a large crack in it, nearly though many years ago with but and who put in three pleas: 1st that his client had never such case birds; what struck me most was when a inhabits two continents the two sections borrowed the kettle, 2nd that it was already cracked when bird-genus

sometimes a somewhat different of i he borrowed it, & 3rd that it was perfectly sound when display type colouring, to he returned it. should like hear whether this does not occur with widely

ranging insect genera. . . .

I was also much amused to find how he and I, from the same arrive at exactly premises, very opposite With respect to Dimorphism you may like to hear that Dr. conclusions. Because animals have mental every faculty Hooker's tells me that a dioicous parasitic plant allied to that Man has, to a less / draw the only developed degree, Rafflesia has its 2 sexes parasitic on 2 distinct species of conclusion that neither men & animals have and any souls, the same genus of plants; so look out for some such case he draws the conclusion that both men and animals have In the 2 forms of Cynips. I have posted to you copies of got souls, which can and will exist in a future elysium my papers on Dimorphism. . . . independently of their bodies. In that case, if we calculate all the animals up that have ever existed since Paleozoic With respect to Aggasiz the views there were many, and the times, Agassizian elysium would have to be a pretty there are still not a few, who believe that the same species one to hold all their souls. His idea of the of large soul is created on many spots. I wrote to Bates and he will send a Naturalist the souls of his favorite studying groups you his mimetic paper, and I dare say others: he is a first

— I of animals suppose Aggasiz will devote himself to the rate man. souls of Turtles and Fish—reminded me of a French parody of Virgil, which represented the soul of a Coachman in Your case of the wingless insects near the Rocky Mountains the Elysian shades busily cleaning the soul of a Coach with is extremely curious: I am sure I have heard of some such the Soul of a brush. I have no possible chance out in case in the Old World, I think in the Caucasus. Would not this uncivilized region to get a sight of Bate's Paper in my argument about wingless insular insects perhaps apply Mimetic Lepidoptera: when you see him, I wish you would to truly Alpine insects; for would it not be destruction to tell him from that I me would be much obliged by anything them to be blown from their proper home? I should like to from his I have seen pen. a review of his Book on the write on many points at greater length to you, but I have no Amazonian insects'^ in Silliman's Journal a year or two strength to spare. . . .

and was . ago, much interested in it. . .

Ever yours very truly

Darwin to Walsh:

July 9 [1865] '

for A^^x^t^iC^ 1 must send you a line to thank you your interesting letter of May 29th.

P. S. I was glad to see the other day that you have the I have been ill during the last two months and have done R,S. medal." no scientific work.

76. The Naturalist on the River Amazons {1B&3) 18. Sir Joseph Dalian Hooker (1817-1911). English botanist 17. The Royal Society medal

Field Museum Bulletin 13 Many thanks for the case of Panagaeus; this genus is I have done no work since April owing to my health, but I

almost sacred to me from old Cambridge recollections- . have |ust begun some easy jobs, such as counting seeds of experimental Primulas, 2' and these afford widely different

I sent a few weeks a me on you ago paper by Climbing results from what he gives. I mention this because I see

but I doubt whether will find it worth Plants; you reading. that you quote him. . . ,

I am much that like Bates' very pleased you paper. Pray Walsh to Darwin: '^ read his Travels. . . . March 13, 1866

I send you herewith a copy of a recent Paper for yourself, 22 & another for Mr, Wallace, which I must beg you to

forward to him. I do not know & cannot find out his

address, or I would not put you to this trouble. He was kind enough to send me a copy of his Memoir on the

Malayan PapilionidaeP which I am highly delighted

with. . . .

P. S. Do you know anything of a Quaker gentleman, "Mr. Wilson Armistead, Virginia House, Leeds?" He sent me a circular and a letter, stating that he was about to publish an illustrated Book on the Galls of the whole world & Darwin to Walsfi: soliciting assistance. I answered him by Mail last autumn, & afterwards on Oct. 1865 sent him the December 19 [1865] 13, through Smithsonian Institution a large Box containing specimens of

Galls. Since then I have not heard a word from him which I am much obliged for your interesting letter of Nov. 12— I does not strike me as But he is hope you meet with the success which you well deserve in particularly polite. perhaps sick or dead. He stated that he was recommended Prof. solving the very curious problem of the Cynips. by Westwood to apply to me. . . .

1 presume that you expect that the sexual brood, whenever

it would be more and thus the appears, locomotive, spread Walsh to Darwin: species. On the other hand, the new gall which has 1866 appeared in England recently has spread very rapidly, & July 17, yet only females have been found. I received your paper on I sent you by mail last week a short paper of mine exposing the potatoe bug and it seems to me uncommonly well done. some misquotations of Prof. Dana's, which I hope you have Sir I. Lubbock and Mr. Busk called here the other and day received. neither knew or believed in the male Daphnia'" laying eggs.

I in The former would be almost sure to have heard of it. He received due course your welcome letter of April 20, & in was to find that were a Edition believes Wagner's case of the breeding larva of the fly. rejoiced you preparing new of I should not be very much astonished at the Daphnia case, the Origin. As you are kind enough to promise me a

for certain male and female Medusae whilst sexually copy, please forward it to me through . . . Baillien Bros,

of I mature throw off reproductive buds and if these buds were New York, with whom deal, to be sent thence to me encased in a shell, they might be as indistinguishable from Express. The Smithsonian Institution is so awfully slow in true eggs as the ovules and buds in Aphis. their operations, that they quite put me out of patience. Curiously enough, the same mail that brought me your last

It is curious about the post office that I some months ago letter brought me also one from Wilson Armistead, saying was much at that expressing indignation your government being he had only just received my box of galls, though I so particular about writing in, and sending, single sent it to the Smithsonian the preceding autumn. He was pamphlets. There are no such rules within England and it delighted with what I sent, & like Oliver Twist calls out for

seems that to the I they apply only transit from one country more. am gathering together another lot for him. 1 had to the other. sent him two bottles of galls packed in common salt brine.

79. The Naturalist on ttie River Amazons 22. Alfred Bussel Wallace (1823-1913), English naturalist who. 20. Genus of freshwater water fleas independent of Darwin, proposed a theory of natural select on 21. Ttie primrose genus much like that of Darwin 23. Papilionidae is a family ol butterflies

January 1974 by way of experiment, and he says it is a complete success Darwirn to Walsh: & far superior to alcohol—the chief disadvantage being that August 20 [1866] it is so vulgarly cheap.

of I letter I had a copy sent to me the other day of an "Analysis am sorry to say that before receiving your of July Darwin Huxley & Lyell, by Henry A. Dubois, M.D., LL.D. of 17th the new edt. of the Origin had been dispatched by

New Yorl<" being a reprint in pamphlet form from the Murray''' for you, I received safely your paper exposing

"American Quarterly Church Review", 1865 which by the Dana's mis-quotation. I never could persuade myself that

I it way I never heard of before. The writer is a beautiful there was much or anything in Dana's paper, but see is compound of fool & knave & makes some most ludicrous taking effect in the United States. blunders in Natural History, besides accusing you of setting

I Prof. it on up a new God—yes, a real, personal, omniscient, have read Clark's book and was interested by omnipotent, omnipresent God—called Natural Selection . psychological principles as shewing how differently two Hence, one would infer that you must be a Deist. But when men viz. the writer and the reader can view the same he comes to attack Huxley, he tells of "the atheistical view subject. I am heartily glad that you are making progress embraced in Darwin's hypothesis"; so that you must be with your Cynips experiment. The new gall which has Deist and Atheist both at the same time. "Throw plenty of spread so wonderfully in England (and about which by the there was a letter 2 in the is attached mud. & some of it is sure to stick." My correspondent (Wm. way days ago Times) to leaf to Edwards of N.Y.) wanted me to review the review; but I not the but twigs; so that the bushes are rendered

in the winter their I not think thought It answered itself sufficiently, & that anyhow "the conspicuous by numbers. do game would not pay for the candle." anyone can define an ovule from a bud; the only difference being, as many now view the case, the former must be

I believe that I have done some little good, at all events fertilized. . . . among N.A. entomologists, in the way of converting them to the true philosophical faith in the origin of the species. Some of the Germans, as Prof. Claus, have been taking up

a which I to ascertain For I find a great many of them now who take much the subject am glad of, namely the same ground as Rev. Herbert, but cannot as yet "go the amount in order to test my views, of the individual variability whole hog," as we say out West. of some of the commoner lower animals; and that they find

It very great. . . . Have you read Prf. Henry James Clark's^-* book on "M\n6 in Nature"?'-*^ He strikes me as having almost as illogical mind as Prof. Aggasiz. From one end to the other of the

Book 1 don't see a single new fact or argument to carry out his thesis, namely that "Mind" exists in nature. But, so far as I am a judge, his original investigations seem very valuable. I never knew before the history of Agassiz's treatment of him. It always puzzled me there was no why Darwin's study at Down House "^e titlepage to the first two parts of the "Contributions, but now I fully understand the why of the wherefore.

You mentioned some time ago the case of a foreign gall-fly having suddenly spread over England. Was it not a species that made its gall on the leaf, so that the leaf and gall together might be blown great distances by the wind? I have often remarked that our "oak-apples" are carried by the wind hundreds of yards with the living insect in them; but the species that make their gall in the twig, so that they are part and parcel of the twig itself, infest the same tree year after year, without spreading, except very slowly indeed to adjoining trees. . . .

24^ U.S. zoologist and botanist (1826-73) 25. Published 1865 26. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States (1857-63) 27. John Murray, London publisher

Field Museum Bulletin Museum Veterans Retire

Three veteran members of the Museum staff— Dr. Emmet R. Blake, Dr. Hoshien Tchen, and Harry E. Changnon— retired Tribune from their full-time positions at Field 70 [Museum on December 1, Together, they Above: A lire education and training program was recently completed uy dpuiuMn^dieiy .ui./ neld have been at Field IVIuseum for a total of Museum employees, under the guidance ot ttie Chicago Fire Department's Fire Prevention Bureau- and ninety years. Dr. Blake, curator of birds The ten-week course included lire prevention techniques, evaluation and procedures, tamiliarily lire a rubbish lire are Sam Grove ol Exhibition) since 1955, joined Field IVIuseum in 1935. with lighting equipment. Extinguishing (Department and Dianne Maurer ot In 1931-32, however, he had served on the (Division Birds).

Mandel-Field Museum in is title ot a series conducted tour zoological expedition Lower left: ''Man His Environment" the broad workshop usually — to Venezuela. Dr. Tchen, consultant in the times weekly in Chicago schools lor 6th, 7th, and 8th grade pupils—and some high school classes students ol Mozart East Asian collection, has been with the by Raymond Foundation lecturers. Here, lecturer James Bland (lower right) and School measure in a demonstration ot the ellects ot air pollution on lung staff since 1954. Harry Changnon came to prepare to lung capacities function. The programs are partially lunded by the National Endowment lor the Humanities. the Museum in 1940. A reception in honor a Great of the three was held in the President's Lower right: Thomas E. Donnelley, II. (letl). Field Museum trustee, accepts a "Have Chicago" Room on November 13. button from Frank C. Sain, president ol the Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau. Inc. Donnelley was one ol ten Chicago museum ollicials to pledge his support to the bureau's new hospitality program.

16 January 1974 .. .Where Credit Is Due

"Who took those marvelous pictures for the Bulletin's calendar Issue?" is a question the editors have been answering since the December issue came off the press. Their appreciation and thanl^s go to Maude Wahlman, Museum consultant in African ethnology, for the January, April, May, August, October, November, and December photos: to Herta Newton, professional photographer and Museum volunteer, for February and June; to Museum photographer John Bayalis for March and September; and to Dave Berglund, also a professional photographer and Museum volunteer, for July. Their combined talent helped make the 1974 calendar issue the best one yet.

Associate Curators Promoted

Three slatt appointments to curator, effective January 1. 1974. have been announced by Dr. Robert F. Inger, assistant director, science and education. Dr. John Clark, with Field Museum since 1963, has been Photo by John Bayalis promoted to curator of sedimentary three ol Bob Martin, Field Museum exhibit designer, explains an exhibition hall model to members petrology. Dr. Glen H. Cole, who joined the the advisory committee. Contemporary African Arts Festival: Mrs. Charles Benton (2nd left). Museum in 1965, has been promoted to Hazel Rentroe and Mrs. Claude A. Barnett, who is committee co-chairman: Mrs. Muggins (2nd right): curator of prehistory. Dr. William D. Turnbull, ol Board ol Field Museum. The exhibition hall will feature the also a member the Women's a Museum staff member since 1946, has African Arts Festival, scheduled to open this spring. Contemporary been named curator of fossil mammals.

members At a recent Capitaf Campaign luncheon hosted by Marshall Field, Museum Women's Board R. Rosenlhaf view a of the Museum's (from left) Mrs. Vernon Armour and Mrs. Samuef drawing north entrance with Museum Director E. Leiand Webber. More than two miffion doffars must stilf be raised by the Museum before the $25 million campaign is scheduled to end in September. Meanwhile, several renovation projects are underway or have been completed. New Faces in Exhibition

Recent appointments to Field Museums Department of Exhibition include Victor M. Banks, senior script writer and script supervisor; and William G. Pasek, production supervisor and administrative assistant to department chairman Lothar Witteborg. Mr. Banks is a native of Chicago and holds a B.S. degree in English and natural sciences from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Mr. Pasek, a native of St. Louis, holds a B.F.A. in advertising design and art history from Washington University, St. Louis. Barbara J. Bryant, technical assistant; Kathleen L. Sorokin, secretary; and Susan N. Breck, clerk typist, have also recently joined the department.

Richard W. Roesener, with the department since 1969, was recently promoted to chief scientific illustrator. Patricia J. Brew, who lOined the staff in 1972, has been named junior graphic designer. Richard Pearson, with the department since 1971, has moved Photo by John Bayalis up to chief preparator.

Field Museum Bullelm 17 Perhaps you could advise me how collecting by both scientists and laymen that it is in is done with discretion to avoid overkill everyone's interest to maintain the natural of a rare or unknown species. environment in an undisturbed state so that we can understand how the ecology James M. Martens really works. We must collect in order to Chicago. Illinois know what constitutes the fauna, and selective collecting will not disturb it.

Melvin A. Traylor ETTERS Head, Bird Division Dear Mr. Martens: Thank you for your interest in our Bulletin and in the problem of rare or endangered Mr. Traylor lurther discusses the need tor species of birds. The question of the role of collecting specimens: collecting in the decimation of species First and foremost, we need collections has been raised before, and it certainly in order to know what kinds of animals deserves consideration. (and plants) exist. Until the animals have been classified, described and the To look first at the overall picture, the named, has no basis for his of the impact of scientific collecting on the total ecologist study of various or of numbers of birds is essentially zero. The interrelationships organisms the effects of or other total number of specimens in collections in pesticides pollutants, the United the parasitologist can not determine the museums collect States, amassed over a period Why specimens hosts of his various nor can the of 150 years, is accurately estimated at parasites: describe the carriers of 4,000,000; this seems a large figure until epidemiologist Dear Mr. various dieseas. All such Traylor; one realizes that an equal number of scientists need the names and identifications of the taxonomists mallards—a single species—are killed in order to I I communicate have noted what would consider an annually by hunters, and that an estimated the results of their of own studies. need omission in the November, 1973, issue 1,600 million birds migrate from Europe Secondly, we extensive collections from all so the Bulletin. In his article "Can These Birds to Africa every fall (comparable estimates regions that we can Survive," David Walsten describes birds for North America would be about the know the ranges of each species and the listed as the U.S. composition of the animal life in different currently "endangered" by same). Another way of looking at it is that Wildlife Service or the habitats and areas. The Fish and by every pair of birds that nests in the spring major geographical International Union for Conservation of produces an average of two young, so that knowledge, in con|unction with the classification based on these Nature and Natural Resources. He cites to maintain a constant population, 50 same specimens, should enable us to mainly human agency-related causes such percent of all birds must die each year, by eventually reconstruct the evolution as DDT, over-hunting, and the destruction starvation, old age, accident, or are eaten of our modern not of natural habitat as the causes of species by predators. species. And unimportant, collections demise. Perhaps one cause not mentioned help us to answer that inquiry. "What is the by Walsten is "collecting." This, of course, does not answer your bird in my back yard?" question about the impact of collecting on In section the "Field Briefs" of the rare tropical birds. First, we do not send Melvin A. Traylor aforementioned Bulletin you are shown irresponsible collectors into the field. All of birds examining recently received from them are trained biologists with an interest Bolivia. To quote the article. "The birds in in conserving species. Roy Steinbach the about 35 families shipment represented is the third generation of a family that has Commendations and fond memories and more than 100 species including some added enormously to our knowledge of the that are new to the Museum's collection." avifauna of Bolivia. He is under strict orders Dear Field Museum Staff: It occurred to that one of the reasons me not to collect any species that is known some of the birds were not previously to be endangered, and there is a limit of May I send my personal commendations found in the Museum collection might be six pairs placed his collections of upon and thanks for the splendid issues of that the species is quite rare. If this were other species. Since the population of any the Bulletin and your daily efforts in behalf the the of case, depredation an overzealous species that is rare, such as the naturally of the Museum—Happy Thanksgiving! collector could diminish a species by Kirtland's warbler, numbers 1,000 or more, destroying several pairs for the Museum this is still a modest figure. I regret that the memorable "Members' collection. True, we now have a valuable Night" will not be a part of this year's addition to our Museum but in my opinion, While the collection of live specimens for memories; nevertheless, I shall treasure a bird in the bush is worth two in the hand. in zoos is tried for a few breeding being those of years past. Thank you for those! It would be better to ensnare a bird for a spectacular species such as the whooping collection, let it live its normal it is a zoological crane, terribly wasteful procedure Now I am a resident of Oklahoma, and the life and before for span, perhaps reproduce small insectivorous birds. Attempts to monthly Bulletin is very eagerly anticipated! it is "collected" for the museum. I find the . . right diet to maintain them in the . Thank you again for all the marvelous understand that museum expeditions are field, and the trauma of them to transporting hours through almost fifty years that I have not authorized to the fauna slaughter of a different environment results in a high shared in the Museum with my very dear a given area, but what controls are placed rate of loss. family, and my friends—which includes you! on expedition members? How does one determine in the field that his collecting is Probably the best protection for the birds Ruth M. McReynolds not hastening the destruction of a species? in this or any other country is the realization Bartlesville, Oklahoma

January 1974 CALENDAR

Exhibits Coming in February

Continuing Sunday. February 3 Field Museum's Anniversary Exhibit "The Living Jungle," free wildlife continues indefinitely. "A Sense of Wonder" film narrated by Greg McMillan, offers thougfit-provoking prose and poetry presented by the Illinois Audubon Society associated with thie pfiysical, biological, and at 2:30 p.m. in the James Simpson Theatre. cultural aspects of nature; "A Sense of History" presents a graphic portrayal of the Opens February 14 Museum's past; and "A Sense of Discovery" shows examples of research conducted by "Janss Underwater Photography," Museum scientists. Hall 3. an exhibit of exciting color prints and marine specimens. Hall 9. Children's Program Sunday, February 10 and 17 Continuing The 29th Chicago International Winter Journey for Children, "Desert Exhibition of Nature Photography,

" People of the Southwest, focuses on the a slide show featuring winning and cultures of the Native Americans. The free accepted color transparencies, at self-guided tour provides youngsters with a 2:30 p.m. in the James Simpson Theatre. unique learning experience as they become 24 acquainted with Museum exhibits. All boys Sunday, February and who can read and write girls may join "Small World," free wildlife film in the activity. Journey sheets available at narrated by Fran William Hall, presented entrances. 28. Through February by the Illinois Audubon Society at 2:30 p.m. in the James Simpson Theatre.

IVIeetings Hours January 7, 2:00 p.m., Chicago Shell Club.

9 00 a.m to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Thursday; 8:00 Glider January 8, p.m., Chicagoland 9 00 a.m to 9 00 p.m. Friday, and 9.00 a.m. Council. to 5:00 p m. Saturday and Sunday

Closed New Year's Day January 9, 7:00 p.m., Chicago Ornithological The Museum is open 9.00 am. to 4:00 p.m., Society. Library Monday through Friday. Please obtain pass at reception desk, main floor north. January 18, 7:30 p.m., Chicago Anthropological Society. Museum telephone: 922-9410

Field Museum Bulletin ary 1974 Field Museum contents of Natural History Bulletin CARBON MONOXIDE The bright side to the pollution coin Volume 45. Number 2 By Edward J. Olsen February 1974

BLAINE J. YARRINGTON ELECTED 7 7TH MUSEUM PRESIDENT

Managing Editor G. Henry Ottery WiLDLIFE PARKS IN EMERGENT AFRICA Editor David M. Walsten The Outlook for their Survival 8 Staff Writer Madge Jacobs By Norman Myers Production Russ Becker FIELD MUSEUM'S MEMBERS' TOURS 15 TO GRAND CANYON AND THE OZARKS

FIELD BRIEFS 16

CAPITAL CAMPAIGN 18

CALENDAR 19

Field Museum of Natural History

Director E. Leiand Webber COVER

Wildebeeste and zebra in Tanzania's Serengeli National Park; Board of Truslees photo by Norman Myers. Cover design by Patricia J. Brew.

Blame J Yarrington. Edward Byron Smith President John M. Simpson Mrs. 8. Edward Bensinger Mrs. Hermon Dunlap Gordon Bent Smith Harry 0. Bercher John W. Sullivan Bowen Blair William G. Swarlchild. Jr. Stanton R. Cook E. Leiand Webber William R. Dickinson, Jr. Julian B. Witkms

Thomas E. Donnelley II Marshall Field Life Trustees Nicholas Galitzine Paul W. Goodrich William McCormick Blair Remick McDowell Joseph N. Field r/ie Fie!d Museum ol Natural History Bulletin is published monthly, Natural Hugo J. Melvotn Clifford C- Gregg except combined July/ August issue, by F:eld l\/1useum of J. Roscoe Miller Samuel Insull. Jr. History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive. Chicago, Illinois 60605. William H. Mitchell William V. Kahler Subscrptons: $6 a year; $3 a year for schools. Members of the Charles F. Murphy. Jr. Hughston M. McBain Museum subscribe through Museum membership. Opinions expressed ol Harry M. Oliver, Jr. James L, Palmer by authors are their ov«n and do not necessarily reflect the policy John T. Pirie. Jr. John G. Searle Field Museum. Unsolicited manuscripts are welcome. John S Runnells Louis Ware PoGt.master; Piease send form 3579 to Field Museum of Natural Wiiham L Searle J. Howard Wood H.Story, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605. ISSN: 0015-0703

Februa'y 1974 r CARBON MONOXIDE

the bright side to the pollution coin

by Edward J. Olsen

From the outset of the environmental preservation movement in the United States we have been repeatedly badgered by statements and statistics that worry and frighten us over the current quality of our lives—with gloomy prognoses unless decisive action is taken. Most people feel helpless in the face of statements in the media that warn of noxious chemical compounds, about which they know little or nothing and over which they can exercise practically no

personal control. On the face of it, it seems as if there is nothing but horrendous statistics and "bad guys."

Environmentalism was, a few years ago, an "in" thing, especially popular among the young, who formed hundreds of chapters of "Earth Clubs" nationwide. Most of this youthful enthusiasm has of course drained away leaving, as usual, a hard nucleus of individuals in universities, government, and private sectors who have continued in methodical fashion to tackle the difficult problems and gradually effect Four-year-old Kathy SchnelOer changes where necessary. One of the of New York CHy wears an air results of the research of such pollution mask io dramatize groups the need tor cleaner air. has been the measurement and The mask does nothing, however, accurate assessment of pollutants, to filter out carbon monoxide. the often The earth's total vegetation, replacing inaccurate "guess- represented by Kathy's peony, timates" of earlier environmentalists. releases tar more of this gas —during growth and decay— than all man-made machines. (United Press Photo) " ' '•' '' '• '• • ^ll "l Dr. J. 111 I K-»» Edward Olsen is curator ol mineralogy

Field Museum Bulletin Some years ago we were horrified to Beyond these few superficialities we and operation. The point was to buy hear the more vocal (and emotional) l

Air samples were collected in a wide variety of places: swamps, farmlands, air-collecting bags clamped over living tree branches, within cities, in forests, etc., and at different times of the year. Although the air analysis procedure was fairly straightforward it was extremely tedious, whioh is certainly

one of the reasons it had never been accomplished before the environmental hue-and-cry began.

Japanese policemen The results were rather startling. It measure CO content turned out that five mixtures were ot auto exhaust in identifiable with distinctly characterized downtown Tol^yo. Emissions from autos CO. Two of the mixtures are found and other man-made everywhere in the world and may be sources account tor attributed to the formation of CO from only about 6.5% ot the CO produced on methane (CH4), popularly known as earth. "swamp gas." Ivlethane is produced by (United Press not in but International Photo) vegetation only swamps

February 1974 Above, swamps, nee paddies, and oihoi places vjtioro vcgelalion decomposes in wet or moist conditions produce methane which, in turn, reacts with air to yield ibout 3 billion tons ot CO each year—about 73% ot the total put into the arth's atmosphere. (United Press Photo)

Left, the living leaves ot green plants produce about 200 million tons ot CO annually—about 4.9% ol the total put into the earth's atmosphere. (United Press International Photo)

of which also In damp forests, wet fields, and A fifth mixture can be definitely related is close to 4.1 billion tons, for 270 wherever plant matter decomposes to the CO produced by automotive human sources account only million tons or 6.5 under still water or liigfily moist gases and other man-made sources. only percent! conditions. One acre of rice paddy, for This mixture accounts for about 270 Therefore, man's production of this gas on the total example, produces about 3,000 pounds million tons each year, and is has only a small effect of the earth's of methane each year, and this will especially enhanced during the winter CO balance atmosphere. react with air to produce over 5,000 months by the burning of oil, gas, and The balance is related to pounds of CO. On a worldwide basis coal in the heating of homes and clearly larger natural forces. The atmospheric load over 3 billion tons of GO are produced larger buildings. of CO is, as stated earlier, about in this way. is called If you have been keeping score you 530 million tons. This balance A third mixture appears to result from will have already come to an the "steady state" of CO. The steady five state best be the living leaves of green plants. This unexpected conclusion. From the can perhaps explained accounts for about 200 million tons mixtures we can account for the by comparing it to a normal five-gallon in bottom. If of CO each year, all of which is production of about 3.9 billion tons bucket, with a hole the generated during the summer months. of CO annually. This is certainly an you let water trickle into the bucket underestimate because the study did it will trickle out the hole just as fast, A fourth mixture occurs as a burst of not include sampling of production by and the actual wafer content of the will zero. let CO during the autumn months, the myriad microorganisms that bucket be If, however, you producing up to 500 million tons in a populate the waters of the open the water pour in at a higher rate, the six-week period. This mixture is oceans. The Naval Research Laboratory rate at which it pours out the hole identified as the CO produced by the of Washington, D.C. estimates the will keep increasing until the outflow decay of chlorophyll when the autumn annual production from this source at rate exactly equals the inflow rate. The leaves turn brown and fall. 150 million tons. Thus, the grand total bucket will then have a constant depth

Field Museum Bulletin " in the of of water. This is called the steady nontoxic gas. The chemical processes "canyons Chicago, New state amount. in the atmosphere that convert CO to York, and other large cities CO can CO2 are extremely fast—faster than temporarily rise to serious levels. Let us suppose, for example, this imagined heretofore. The life Weather conditions can occasionally amount is four gallons. Let's further expectancy of an average CO molecule retard the dispersal of auto exhaust suppose the inflow rate (= outflow rate) depends on the season, about 40 for several days. These are the smog inflow is three gallons per minute. The days in the winter and only 10 days alert periods cities experience so often, rate is equal to 75 percent of the in the summer. especially in the summer months. For steady state amount each minute. this reason the emission controls on Thus, the inflow can be a large The man-made production of CO, then, automobiles are desirable. percentage of the content of the is an insignificant factor in the amount in the bucket. It can even be many times of this toxic gas atmosphere. It should also be mentioned that the greater than 100 percent depending It is controlled primarily by the natural conversion of toxic CO to nontoxic on the Inflow rate and the size of the biological environment, and the steady CO; is only a mixed blessing. Man, as hole out of which the water is pouring. state amount in the atmosphere would we have seen, is putting very little of This is analogous to the annual be little different if mankind ceased the total CO into the atmosphere, man-made production of about 51 to exist. It is clear now that man and the conversion of this small input percent of the steady state content himself evolved in an environment that to CO2 is correspondingly small; 270 of CO in the atmosphere. The contained about the same steady state million tons of CO will ultimately percentages appear impressive, but amount of CO, and his tolerance for produce only about 420 million tons of they do not tell the whole story. it in that amount and its seasonal CO;, Natural biological sources are variations must necessarily be a part producing over 6 billion tons of CO2 It is clear that if 4.1 billion tons of of his evolutionary heritage. from CO each year. CO are being put into the atmosphere the state This is not to that CO is not a each year, and steady say The problem arises, however, that man amount is 530 million then hazard under circumstances. only tons, many is directly adding major amounts of around billion of it are Before it and it 3,6 tons being disperses decomposes CO; to the atmosphere, not by the CO of can be concentrated in toxic or near broken down each year. The fate route. The same fuels that produce toxic amounts. rush the CO molecule is its conversion to Certainly during CO also produce many, many times carbon dioxide which is a hours at street level on major avenues (CO?), more CO2; it is a product of complete combustion of fuels. Consequently, the CO2 content of the atmosphere has shown a continuous rise of about 0.2 percent per year for almost two decades. Clearly, the input rate is exceeding the rate at which CO2 can be itself removed, mainly by plants, absorption into soil, and absorption of Monoxide in the Earth's Sources Carbon Atmosphere into oceans and lakes. A steady state amount has not been attainable. This is methane reacting with air 73% 100% analogous to pouring water into our llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllli leaky bucket at a rate faster—than the leak can possibly let it out it turns 12% chlorophyll decomposition into a runaway state in which the IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIU bucket overflows. CO2 is not toxic;

however, it has other effects. man-made 6.5% CO: acts to retard the radiation of heat from the sun's rays back into respiration from living leaves 4.9% space. This could mean a gradual lllllll build-up in heat in the atmosphere, the so-called "greenhouse effect." The ocean microorganisms 3.7% ultimate result could be a gradual iiiiiiin worldwide climatic change that would

(Concluded on page 14)

6 March 1974 Yarriniton Elected 7th Museum President

Blaine J. Yarrington, Field Museum trustee since 1970 and ctiairman of the Corporate and Foun- dation Division of ttie Museum's $25-million Capital Campaign, was elected president of the Museum by the Board of Trustees at its meeting January 21, He succeeds Remick McDowell, who is retiring.

Yarrington, president of Amoco Oil Company, a subsidiary of Standard Oil Company (Indiana), is a native of Albany, Missouri. Just before his 20th birthday, in 1938, he joined Standard at St. Joseph, Missouri. After advancing through a series of positions, he was named district man-

ager at Joliet, Illinois, in 1960.

In 1961, Yarrington became New Yorl< Regional Manager for American Oil Company (now Amoco). Three years later he returned to the General Office in Chicago and in 1965 was elected a vice president of Standard, responsi- ble for world-wide coordination of marketing, distribution, transportation, crude oil and product Yarrington supply, and purchasing.

Elected executive vice president of American Oil in 1967, Yarrington was responsible for marketing, manufacturing, transportation, pur- is a member of the boards of Continental Illinois chasing, and traffic. After becoming president National Bank and the Continental Illinois Cor- of American Oil in 1970, he was elected a poration, the Bank and Trust Company of director of Standard Oil Company (Indiana). Arlington Heights, the Chicago Association of In addition to serving as president of the Commerce and Industry, Illinois Manufacturers National 4-H Service Committee, Inc., Yarrington Association, Chicago Metropolitan Area of the National Alliance of Businessmen, and the Community Fund of Chicago. He is also a member of the Business Advisory Council of McDowell the Chicago Urban League, among his other associations.

McDowell, who has served as president of the Museum since 1969 and trustee since 1966. also retired last month from his position as chairman of the executive committee of Peoples Gas Company. He will continue as a trustee of Field Museum.

Other officers elected at the Museum's annual meeting include the following vice presidents: William G. Swartchild Jr., for program planning and evaluation: Bowen Blair, resource planning

and development: Thomas E. Donnelley II, public affairs; Julian B. Wilkins, facilities plan- ning; and William L. Searle, internal affairs. Also elected were Edward Byron Smith, trea- surer, and John S. Runnells, secretary.

Field Museum Bulletin Wildlife Parks in Atnca Emergent "1^

The Outlook for their Survival

Photographs by the author

Naturalists have for years attempted to preserve samples servation biology in Kenya, is eminently aware ot these of natural ecologies in order that man in his eagerness to problems. He proposes some unusual solutions. While "develop" our planet would not, in the process, destroy unconventional and contrary in some respects to tradi- all natural systems. In the developed countries such de- tional approaches, his proposals are worthy of considera- struction has proceeded almost unabated. Usually this tion. He has expounded his ideas at length in an essay In process has occurred without our having any understand- Science (Dec. 22, 1972). This article so intrigued me that — it ing of what was being destroyed let alone whether I sought out Dr. Myers while in Kenya last year to see il might be to man's advantage lor It to be lelt alone. We he might provide Museum members with some further have come to realize that most of the world's ecological perspective on wildlife conservation via the Museum systems are so intricate and extensive in their inter- Bulletin. His thought-provoking essay which appears here relationships, and in such delicate balance, that merely IS necessarily lengthy, lor the subject is complex and the isolating relatively small segments of the earth's surface attendant problems awesome. But nature lovers must and thus attempting to preserve them will not alone have an intelligent awareness of all sides ot these prob- suffice. Furthermore, those few areas that have been in lems if sofutions compatible with their interests are to be all good conscience set aside are forever subject to found. Those who wish to pursue Dr. Myers' ideas further man's unique penchant for "devefopment." will find his The Long African Day (Macmillan, 1972) ot Interest. Dr. Norman Myers, an ecologist and a consultant in con- — Dr. William D. Turnbull, curator of fossil mammals

February 1974 of its human the by Norman Myers Luangwa Valley 5,000, Ruaha 5,000, population, and Kalahari-Gemsbok 8,030, and Virunga response of the two processes in Yellowstone National Park was founded (formerly known as Albert or Kivu) — combination is much greater than the For Yellowstone arithmetic sum of the two if just over one hundred years ago, and 3,000. comparison, — they together with most other parks of North the largest park in the United States worked in isolation. The most fertile is miles in area. A areas of Africa now America it stands a good chance of 3,400 square number frequently support in ai least lasting another hundred years. But the of game reserves eastern Africa 500 human cultivators per outlook for parks and reserves in the afford adequate protection to wildlife, square mile, and in some areas 1 ,500 to savannah areas of Africa can scarcely the most notable being Selous in 2,000. In spite of high mortality rates, be so hopeful. Indeed, one must ask Tanzania with 15,000 square miles. population growth rates in black Africa whether they will survive this century. are among the highest in the world. This means a human spillover from the Parks not large enough Nowhere outside Africa is there such a fertile territories into less suitable but remnant of the But these parks and reserves for the large tremendous more spacious biomes, notably the of mammals that roamed most part are still too small. Their panoply during savannah grasslands. The process is the to borders were generally established in Pleistocene (1,000,000 10,000 taking place at extraordinary—and which in turn the response to political expediency rather years ago), comprised accelerating— rates. Uganda has seen than with scant most spectacular array of mammal life ecological requirements, the amount of land available to nations regard for the year-round needs of wild the planet has known. The new elephants decline from 70 percent of of Africa have been working hard to herbivores. The huge throngs of and other protect their wildlife heritage. Tanzania, wildebeest, zebra, gazelle, now total almost two for example, expanded during its first large mammals decade of independence (acquired in million in Serengeti Park alone, and the Drought in the 1 of to park should be one-third 961 ) its network parks from one enlarged by Serengeti: Gazelles or two-thirds in order to meet the eight; another three are on the drawing strip leaves from low needs of its branches. boards. It has been spending a greater long-term ecosystem. a recent for slice of its national income on parks During drought, instance, the wildebeest miles than does the United States, and does it migrated 25 with a total annual budget of less than beyond the park's perimeter in search what Californians spend each year of fresh grazing and water. when they go sport fishing. In October, 1973, Nairobi National Park The parks of savannah Africa cover totaled 26,000 herbivores for its 44 some extensive tracts. In eastern Africa square miles, in contrast to its usual (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia) population of only 4,000 herbivores. the parks total 38,000 square miles—an The massive influx came from the area the size of New England. Outside hinterland territories, ten times larger this main region, other parks comprise than the park itself. Thus, Nairobi an additional 40,000 square miles. Park's ecounit totals almost 450 square Similar parks have been set up in miles, and without protection for this western Africa, but they are not as wide stretch of the life-support system, significant for conserving wildlife as the the park will not be permanently viable. great chain of parks along the eastern Nairobi Park, in common with Tsavo, side. IVlost African parks are in Wankie, Kruger, and a number of other savannah zones, though other parks parks, has constructed dams and protect mountain and marine biotopes. pumping stations to provide water for Tsavo Park in Kenya and Kafue Park in wild herbivores during the dry season, Zambia are both over 8,000 square hence the seasonal fluctuations in miles in area, Kruger is over 7,000, numbers. Serengeti 5,000, Wankie 5,600, In the past, these variations have not mattered much because adequate "Wildlife Parks in Emergent Africa" is in part lebensraum was present in the support adapted from Dr. Myers' "National Parks in zone of the environs of the parks. But Savannah Africa/' which appeared in now savannah Africa is Science, Vol. 178. pp. 1.255-63, Dec. 22, experiencing 1972. the biological and economic pressures

Field Museum Bulletin 9 established to protect wild landscapes as much as to protect wild animals. Not that these factors should be considered merely as limitations on functional management; they can also serve as constraints on creative policy. AFRICA In the medium-term, let alone the long-run prospects for parks in Africa, the survival parameters will depend on the extent to which ecological determinants are balanced with socioeconomic factors. This equilibrium must be established and maintained at

" the interface between "nature's world National parks and reserves discussed in the text and "man's world" (to use two rather and terms—man Kenya imprecise disputable of Tsavo 8,024 Sq. m is, after all, "nature," and "nature" Nairobi 44 is a human concept—but these terms Tanzania nonetheless serve to point up the two Ngofongofo Crfiler 4,000 Ruaha 5 000 sides of the argument as frequently Selous ,.., 11, dpi In Serengeli. jOui; perceived). Africa, a reconciliation Zambia between ecologic and economic Katue Park 8,650 factors must recognize that tropical Luangwa Valley fj,00o environments feature great productivity Rhodesia and great vulnerability. In addition to Wankie 5,600 these two aspects to be safeguarded, Botswana there are often a dozen additional Gemsbok 4,300 interests arising from man's immediate South Africa and future needs: the needs of human Kalahari 3,730 communities in emergent Africa, the needs of conservationists outside Africa, the needs of tourists, of the biotic associations, of the physiographic background, and so forth. When once the conflict is recognized as comprising not merely two sides in direct opposition, but as constituting a spectrum of activities to be the in 1929, to 17 in within the protected zone or outside, country percent accommodated in common accord, 1959, to less ttian 10 percent by 1974. does not set off such significant then conflict could give way to While the overall number of elephants repercussions throughout the system. coordination, allowing the exceptional in is diminishing, the number An African park, by contrast, features Uganda potential of savannah ecosystems—for of in the is an extreme diversity of animal and elephants parks increasing meat and money as well as spectacle life; this is what makes it unique. through immigration. plant and science—to be mobilized for Precisely because of these dynamic man's benefit. Complexity of African parks aspects, parks in Africa lend Moreover, there is some justification for themselves much less readily to being that a in savannah Africa behind "fences," whether on the saying park put Issues affecting park survival could hardly ever be large enough. In ground or on a park warden's maps or a North America and elsewhere in the in the minds of international To tackle this situation, prerequisite rests in what temperate zones, a wildland ecosystem connoisseurs of parks. An African park contribution park policy: IS a to be? what is generally not so complex or so ecosystem is more open-ended than park supposed should it serve? One central integrated as those in tropical Africa. the relatively "static" parks in the purposes the extent to which A disruption of the w/orkings of temperate zones. In addition, North issue concerns should Yellowstone or Yosemite, whether American parks are frequently park policy at the national level

10 February 1974 be permitted to conflict with what is unique to a particular area. Tsavo Parl< affords a refuge for one of the last great aggregations of elephants and the only great aggregation of black rhinoceros left on earth. Should it not therefore be managed as a park for these two species, instead of as a duplicate of the spectrum of plains herbivores to be seen in a dozen other parts of Kenya alone? Not, of course, that Tsavo should protect the elephants whatever the cost to other creatures; the first to suffer would probably be the rhinoceros, since it is the only other large browser without a regurgitatory digestive system for extracting as much protein as possible from the plants that it eats. Perhaps the objective should be to aim at as large a number of elephants and rhinoceros as possible, in conjunction with protecting the park's ability to support a variety of "high interest" species and communities.

A second issue deals with the notion that wilderness is to be protected from Serengeli leopard with ils kill the interfering hand of man, especially modern man. According to this approach, African parks should constitute areas of the earth on which man can look without seeing the reflection of his own image. But in many instances, a policy of excluding forage areas for his livestock, during Supporting parks through tourism man would imply that this should be only the past 5,000 years. The Park illustrates the conflicts the first occasion in a very long time immense concourse of Serengeti Serengeti those who frame for that an area has been freed of man's animals, two million strong, is a facing policies The serves a of overt influence. Man is a component, if not spectacle that was probably afforded to parks. park range and covert the dominant component, of most very few of our primitive ancestors of purposes: encouraging ecosystems in Africa. The Uganda Africa, tourism, stimulating the regional parks were the scene of human economy, serving science, reflecting this be the national need for revenue or habitations for centuries (if not millenia) To extent, then, parks should until the early part of this century. The established not merely to guard against prestige or both, matching the local site of Nairobi Park was used as a something, namely man and his need for meat and money, serving the military training ground, for growing unwanted works. More positive worlds needs for irreplaceable — not all of wheat, and for leisure riding, until its justifications for parks include the spectacles, among others designation as a park only 25 years values to science. Ecologists and which purposes are compatible. ago. Potsherds dating from the time of ethologists can investigate them as Throughout the 1960s, Tanzania was Christ have been found in Serengeti "reference points" against which man fortunate in having its network of parks Park. Indeed, some of the grassland can measure the effects of his activities extended, with great energy and areas with their tremendous throngs of in other parts of his living space. All the foresight, while there was still time and herbivores may have arisen as a result more is this pertinent when the wildland space to do so. But during the 1970s, of the extensive practices of pastoralist phenomena to be protected constitute significant socioeconomic changes are man, burning away bush to increase exceptional instances of nature's works. overtaking the country, changes as

Field Museum Bulletin schemes to Induce people to regard landscape for those Ivlasai who have parks as long-term investments: pay been particularly deprived by tourists' now, benefit later. Areas such as needs; hitherto they have benefited but Serengeti might well qualify for what little from tourist contributions to the the rest of the world could contribute district treasury. In the way of "cost difference compensation," especially when the rest of the world is insistent that what Support through game cropping

is at stake is not the Africans' heritage A more favorable prospect for the local alone. these lines Compensation along man, as well as for park administrators might be available under the eventually with an excess wildlife population, is World Trust of parks, Heritage system game cropping. The ecological merits areas formulated protected being by of cropping have been documented in the United Nations Educational, detail, and the economic potential of Scientific, and Cultural Organization turning wild creatures Into meat and (UNESCO). trophies is considerable. Cropping, like tourism, need not be an exclusive Furthermore, tourism as a support for activity, since it can prove Is to serious parks subject criticisms, complementary to subsistence or by the man living in the park hinterlands commercial livestock ranching. It can or within a reserve itself. With a game also support rather than conflict with Income perhaps totalling what monthly park policies, even if these policies are a busload of tourists at the single pays seen as protecting wilderness for its entrance and with a waistline that park aesthetic, cultural, and scientific values reveals different nutritional problems alone, while on the other hand, from those of the he visiting foreigners, cropping is a purely commercial Is little interested in foreign exchange. activity. During the 1960s, 20 million He Is little to be more likely any pounds of elephant and hippopotamus tourism's on the impressed by impact meat from park cropping projects were than is the American rancher economy put on the market in Uganda. Butchers who sees his rangeland disrupted by came from 100 miles away for a the Yellowstone elk herds. The African "/( is not only the Alrican lion that is a marvel product which they knew had a ready ot nature in Alrica, it Is the Alrican knows a not as a ecosystem peasant leopard market. Presumably the customers with within which the lion exists In Its own " splendid subject for the camera distinctive manner. protein-poor diets had few qualms a beast that viewfinder but as may about whether the meat was poached his livestock. ravage or legally shot, whether it derived from conservation management or from The fees of most to the far-reaching for Serengeti in five years gate parks go commercial exploitation; they gladly national a portion as those that tool< fifty years in times exchequer, although left such deliberations to wilderness is sometimes diverted to the district before the parl< was established. By moralists. the 1980s, there could well be ten treasury. Game reserves are usually run the local which can also be times as many visitors to Serengeti as by council, gets Cropping — highly profitable. If of the revenues. Safari An the most the present 70,000. They would be most, not all, elephant frequent owners and other concessionaires candidate for aimed at bringing enough foreign exchange into lodge projects in and reserves a excess — is the country so there would be little parks generally pay reducing park populations various other some worth at least A reduction doubt as to the most profitable use for bed levy and taxes, $250. of which to local funds. of 10 for the Serengeti, provided of course that go augment campaign percent surplus tourist revenues could be more But these allocations of revenue are elephants in Tsavo Park would double what the local man thinks of as the financial allocation for all equitably distributed around the region. rarely present local. Amboseli's central sanctuary of of Kenya's parks, while a Yet, in the interim, some arrangement 30 square miles has been producing substained-yleld harvest of 5 percent is needed to bridge the critical period well over half the total income for the per year would triple the total wildlife of the next ten years. As with many 8,000-square-mile district. These profits research budget. (Natural mortality other aspects of contemporary life, should allow for dispensaries, schools, accounts for 7 percent in a stable society Dadly needs broad-scalo and cattle dips all across the population.)

February 1974 These possibilities emphasize the need Crater. The water tables of the so very extraordinary to local people to view parl

Elephants and a water buflalo share a water hole. Viewing parks as natural resource too much flux in their workings from a "clean" product of fossil fuel ecosystems, rather than as places of one season to the next. Human burning, the development of engines refuge, would allow a start on the institutions, by contrast, tend to be that more completely burn fuels and mobilization of all exploitable resources inflexible, to emphasize boundaries of generate more and more of it, though for local human communities of local authority and to encourage nontoxic in itself, will not be a blessing emergent Africa. This measure would administrative autonomy. Man must in the long run. Use of fossil fuels anticipate the times when such huge strive to interfere as little as possible must reach a plateau, preferably a tracts of land as parks and reserves in with "given" ecological factors such as lower one than at present, and other savannah Africa will have to justify the locality of the Serengeti migration. energy sources that produce no their existence by meeting local needs. But wildlife parks are, like any carbon-bearing compounds must be This stage will arrive soon enough, and institution contrived by man, subject to developed. parks must accept the new situation, if changes dictated by his biological and they are not to vanish altogether within economic requirements. All the more, The facts about CO are, nevertheless, a few decades. Multiple-purpose units, then, should park boundaries be of immediate interest. The earlier such as are proposed in this article, flexible in concept in order to match environmentalists were wrong in their would still leave scope for the purist the dynamics of park ecosystems. estimates of the importance of the spectator to experience wild nature, man-made input of it into the undefiled by man's hand. atmosphere. They served, however, a useful function in the CARBON MONOXIDE (from p. 6) raising cry In the main, the institutional framework against it. The research that followed known as "national park" does not result in the atmosphere becoming has laid to rest the large-scale and hot. There would be allow park managers to deploy the full intolerably — many long-term effects of CO as a pollutant range of conservationist techniques for associated repercussions for example, (except on a local scale for short the surface would be drier with protecting wildland resources. But a much periods, as mentioned above). Were it park must be considered a regional as water held in permanent clouds, not for the environmental concerns of well as a national entity. In Africa a creating worldwide drought. the few, specific figures on the various park could never have perfect sources of CO might never have boundaries, since the ecosystems show Since CO: is considered today to be been forthcoming.

RECENT FIELDIANA PUBLICATIONS

Fieldiana publications may be ordered directly Horn ttie Field Museum Division ot Publications.

Anthropology Fieldiana Geology Fieldiana Zoology Fieldiana

"V. S. Khromchenko's Coastal Explorations "Large Upper Devonian Arthrodires from "Cave Beetles of the Genus in Southwestern Alaska. 1822"; James W. Iran," by Hans-Peter Schultze. Vol 23, Pseudanophthalmus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) VanStone editor: translated by David H, no. 5. $1.50. from the Kentucky Bluegrass and Vicinity," Kraus. Vol. 64. $4.25. by Carl H. Krekeler. Vol. 62, no. 4. $2.75. "Catalogue of Type and Referred Specimens of Fossil Corals in Field Museum of Natural History," by P. N. Windle, "Notes on Bats (Chiroptera: Vespertillonidae) R, M. Augustynek, and tvl. H. Nitecl

February 1974 field Museum's Members' Tours to Grand Canyon and the Ozarks

Grand Canyon Geology Field Trip

August 16-24, 1974

A nine-day course on the geology of the Grand Canyon region will be conducted by Dr. Matthew H. Niteckl. associate curator, Department of Geology, while traveling down the Colorado River on rubber rafts.

This exciting study will be concerned with all aspects of geology, but will stress the geological history of the area, which encompasses almost one-third of the earth's history, volcanics, sedimentation, paleontology, metamorphism, and erosion. The trip will be very rigorous and no luxuries will be provided. Half-day geological inner-canyon hikes up to four miles are also planned. Camping out will be without tents and under the stars. Excellent meals will be prepared by the boat crew.

A pre-trip evening meeting at Field Museum wil be scheduled for participants.

Cost of the course is $700.00, which Includes all expenses (air fare, boat fare, meals, and one night's lodging (double occupancy). Camping supplies (sleeping bags, blankets, etc.) will not be furnished; these may be rented at destination for an additional $20. For further information, please write or phone Mrs. Madge Jacobs, 922-9410, or use the coupon.

Please reserve . . The skin of a choelah is sewn around an artificial body (lormed around the animal's real bones) by taxidermist Ernst GramatziKi, whose tinished protect. shown with its model. is a stunning example ol the art of taxidermy. Gramatzki who recently resigned his Museum position tor personal considerations, has posed the cheetah in pursuit 0/ its prey. giving it much more Interest and educational value

than it would have if in just a sitting or standing position. Carnes New Education Chairman (Photos: Louva Calhoun)

Change African Arts Festival Date Horse killed. New Concord. Ohio. 1860. Barn roof hit. Forest City. Iowa, 1890, Roof of house penetrated, Baxter. The Museum's "Contemporary African Arts Missouri. 1916. Festival" —including a major exhibit, a film Auto struck inside shed. Benld. Illinois. series, demonstrations, and performances— 1938. the Museum's has been rescheduled to begin Saturday, Dr. Alice Carnes, who loined Rain gutter torn off house. Hamlet. April 20, instead of March 30. You may wish Department of Education in 1972 as Indiana. 1959. to make a note of the new date on your coordinator of teacher training, has been Warehouse roof penetrated, Denver. calendar included with the December appointed chairman of the department, for Colorado. 1968. Bulletin. which she was serving as acting chairman for the past several months. Before coming To this list we can now add the meteorite to the Museum. Dr. Carnes was acting that landed during the evening of October director for the Master of Arts in Teaching 27. 1973 in Canon City. Colorado, about 30 Canon City Meteorite program of the University of Chicago, where miles west of Pueblo. Narrowly missing a she obtained her PhD. She received a BA house, it crashed through a garage roof and nine degree in foreign and comparative literature It is remarkable that of approximately smashed onto the concrete floor, breaking land In the United States Its total from the University of Rochester In 1964, meteorites that into more than fifty pieces. weight and her Master of Arts in Teaching from each year. In most years none of these Is was 1380 grams (about 3 pounds). remarkable Is Harvard University the following year. Dr. ever recovered. Even more to Ed Field Museum Carnes. with her husband and daughter, the fact that so few objects are ever struck According Olsen, curator of It Is a stone meteorite, lives on Chicago's north side. (Photo: by them, although It does happen mineralogy. would be: similar to others already known. John Bayalis) occasionally, A few examples very

March 1974 the However, he says, it has the peculiarity that at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. "Janss Underwater Photography," most of the mineral grains are very coarsely Field Museum has acquired a small piece of display, with label material, will identify and behavioral of crystallized rather than being of microscopic the meteorite for mineralogical examination. explain unique patterns many sizes, as is the case with most others of its species of fish. Also shown will be brilliantly kind. Olsen says the meteorite is of colored coral, eel, and nudibranchs considerable research interest because it (mollusks without shells and true gills). Underwater Photo To was recovered immediately after its fall onto Display Open Janss, whose firm developed the model a clean floor, so there is little chance for community of Westwood, California, became contamination by soils and industrial dusts. The fascinating and often dramatic world of interested in underwater photography as an marme life has been captured in full color extension of his scuba diving interest. Many The main pieces of the Canon City meteorite by the camera of Edwin Janss Jr., whose of the pictures appearing in this exhibit were are currently being subjected to elaborate large photographs have been handsomely taken in the Gulf of California, Socorro radiochemical studies at the University of mounted in an exhibit opening February 14 Islands, Channel Islands, Micronesia, and California (La Jolla) and NASA laboratories in Hall 9 for a six-month showing. Entitled the Galapagos Islands.

Right: During a Museum lour with their McCleary School (Aurora) tilth-grade classmates. Lorrie Bishop and Gary Foster stumbled upon Eddie Alvarado giving a beauty vacuuming to the lamed African elephants. (Photo: John Bayalis, Jr.)

Below: One of the Museum's timber pile supports was blocking the shall being drilled to install hydraulic equipment lor the new freight elevator, so one workman, with rubber suit and air tank, was lowered 35 leet into the narrow shall to saw through the obstruction. (Photo: Kent Buell)

Field Museum Bulletin 17 Museum Within $2 Million of Goal According to Nicholas Galitzine, trustee and campaign general chairman, the As Final Phase Begins drive has been "outstandingly successful" so far. "Now we must look principally to the Now that the Museum's Capital Campaign is Museum membership for several additional within $2 million of its $12.5 million private and a number of drive large gifts great pledges gifts goal, enthusiastic support of the for gifts of one thousand dollars and more," by as many Museum members as possible he states. £ IS most necessary. 1 of Since September of 971 , scores Several large gifts within the past few business and individual volunteers have months have brought gifts and pledges tor been helping Museum trustees, and more the campaign to more than $10.5 million. recently Women's Board members, in Among these was a $100,000 gift from the soliciting capital gifts from foundations, Robert R. McCormick Charitable Trust, Inc., corporations, and individuals. Private gifts Chicago. for this funding effort to renovate the Museum's physical plant are being matched by another $12.5 million in public funds.

for the This past fall, when gifts and pledges campaign hit the $10 million mark, an intensified effort was launched to reach many more key members of the Chicagoland community for leadership gifts. Museum trustees Marshall Field and William H. Mitchell are co-chairmen of the Capital Campaign's Individual Gifts Division. More than 20 volunteer business leaders sen/e on the division's solicitation committee. Also on

the committee is Mrs. Corwith Hamill, Museum Women's Board liaison chairman for the Capital Campaign.

Campaign volunteers have been hosting other community leaders at luncheons in the Museum that are followed by a slide-film program and a special tour of the Museum's half-century-old facilities.

This is the first capital campaign in the Museum's 81 -year history. Its success to date, says Galitzine, demonstrates that individuals, business firms, and foundations recognize the need for improved facilities to provide expanded programs and to encourage greater community participation in Museum activities.

The $100,000 Capital Campaign gift of the Robert R. McCormick Charitable Trust, Inc. will be used m the construction of new, consolidated administrative offices under the north entrance stairs. Viewing the construction site are (from

left) the McCormick Trust's executive director, Thomas R. Furlong; l\licholas Galitzine, general chairman of the Museum's capital campaign; Museum Director E. Leiand Webber; and Museum Trustee Stanton R. Cook.

13 February 1974 Children's Programs Coming in March

28 Through February Begins March 1

Winter Journey for Children, "Desert for People of the Southwest," focuses on the Spring Journey Children, "City cultures of the Native Americans. The free Creatures." self-guided tour provides youngsters with a unique learning experience as they become Ayer Adult Spring Film Lecture Series, at CALENDAR acquainted with Museum exhibits. All boys 2:30 p.m. Saturdays in the James Simpson will also and girls who can read and write may join Theatre. The March 23 program be in the activity. Journey sheets available at presented at 7:30 p.m. Friday, March 22. entrances. March 2: "Hong Kong and Macao," narrated Kenneth Saturday, March 16 by Armstrong. The bustling British crown colony and more Field Museum's Wolf Workshop for ages leisurely-paced Portuguese territory, located 12 through 18, from 9:30 a.m. to 12 noon in 40 miles apart on the fringe of Southeast the Lecture Hall. Conservationist John Harris China, offer a study in contrasts. Exhibits will present a two-hour program on wolves. Rocky, the timber wolf, will Mr. accompany March 9: "Holland," narrated by John 14 Harris. A "Death of a will also Opens February film, Legend," Roberts. be shown. For reservations phone 922-9410. "Janss Underwater Photography," A look at the picturesque country of Ext. 351. and its ancient an exhibit of exciting color prints and windmills, dikes, Rembrandt, and its marine specimens. Through September 8. and modern cities, people, Hall 9. Meetings March 16: "Canada's Western Frontier," Continuing 7:30 February 8, p.m., Chicago narrated by Dr. Arthur C. Twomey. Field Museum's Anniversary Exhibit Anthropological Society, Scenes of the great outdoors feature famous continues A Sense of Wonder" national parks, spectacular mountains, a indefinitely. February 10, 2:00 p.m., Chicago Shell Club, offers thought-provoking prose and poetry glacier, wildlife, and unusual sports. associated with the physical, biological, and February 12, 8:00 p.m., Chicagoland Glider cultural aspects of nature; "A Sense of Council, Sunday, March 17 a of the History" presents graphic portrayal free wildlife film February 13, 7:00 p.m., Chicago "Upcountry Uganda," Museum's "A of past; and Sense Discovery" Jeanne and John Ornithological Society, narrated by Goodman, shows examples of research conducted by presented by the Illinois Audubon Society tvluseum scientists. Hall 3. Hours at 2:30 p.m. in the James Simpson Theatre,

9:00 a.m to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Thursday: Film Program 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Friday, and 9:00 a.m. to March 22 and March 23: "John Muir's 5:00 and p.m. Saturday Sunday. High Sierra," narrated by Dewitt Jones. The Museum is 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 Sunday, February 3 Library open p.m., Follow the trail of the famed U.S. naturalist, Monday through Friday. Please obtain pass at writer, and explorer during the four seasons "The Living Jungle," free wildlife reception desk, main floor north. Museum 922-9410. to Yosemite Valley, the country of the giant film narrated by Greg Mclvlillan, telephone: sequoias, and Mt. Whitney. presented by the Illinois Audubon Society at 2:30 p.m. in the James Simpson Theatre.

Sunday, February 10 and 17 Join us for coffee after the Friday The 29th Chicago International evening, March 22, film lecture and meet Exhibition of Nature Photography, presentation speaker Dewitt Jones. a slide show featuring winning and accepted color transparencies, at 2:30 p.m. in the James Simpson Theatre.

March 30: "Wildlife By Day and By Night," Sunday. February 24 narrated by Karl H. Maslowski. "Small World," free wildlife film Birds, animals, and insects of the American narrated by Fran William Hall, presented Midwest are shown in their natural habitats, by the Illinois Audubon Society at around the clock, and at various times of 2:30 p.m. in the James Simpson Theatre. the year.

Field Museum Bulletin 19

Number 3 vo,ujn,«. pjg|jj MuseutTi of Natursl History Bulletin Field Museum contents of Natural History Bulletin AKIN EUBA An interview with Nigeria's distinguished composer Volume 45, Number 3 March 1974 by Robert Plant Armstrong

WHAT GOOD IS ECOLOGY? 8 by Robert F. Inger

Managing Editor G. Henry Ottery THE 291h CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION Editor David M. Walsten OF NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY 9 Staff Writer Jacobs Madge by William F. Burger Production Russ Becker

RAY A. KROC ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM 14

CAPITAL CAMPAIGN 17

FIELD BRIEFS 18

MARCH AT FIELD MUSEUM: back cover CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS

COVER Field Museum of Natural History

Director E, Leiand Webber Cover design rendered from "Pitcfiers in tfie Pine Barrens"— pfiotograpfi by Audrey Braun, of Clifton, New Jersey. Ttie pfioto received an honorable mention in ttie 29th International Exfiibition of Nature Pfiotograpfiy, sponsored by Field Museum and the Nature Camera Club of Cfiicago. See pages 9-11. The pitcher plant (genus Sarracenia). common in eastern North America, is one of the Board of Trustees Edward Byron Smith so-called carnivorous plants. The pitcher, or trap, shown here, is a John M. Simpson Blainf^ J. Yarrington. modified leaf which contains nectar-secreting glands for attracting Mrs. Harmon Dunlap President insects, downward-pointing hairs which hinder their escape, and Smith Mrs. B. Edward Bensinger digestive enzymes. Digestion is accomplished by the enzymes and John W. Sullivan Gordon Bent bacteria, and the products are absorbed by the plant. Indigestible William G. Swartchild, Harry O. Bercher parts accumulate in the pitcher where they remain until the E. Leiand Webber Bowen Blair leaf dies. Julian B. Wilkins Stanton R. Cool< William R. Dickinson, Jr. Thomas E. Donnelley 11 Lite Trustees Marstiall Field Nicholas Galitzine Paul W. Goodrich Wiliiam McCormick Blair Remick McDowell Joseph N. Field Field Museum ot Natural History Bulletin is published monthly, Hugo J. Melvoin Clifford C. Gregg except combined July/ August issue, by Field Ivluseum of Natural J. Roscoe Miller Samuel Insull, Jr. History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605. William H. Mitchell William V. Kahler Subscriptions: $6 a year; $3 a year for schools. Members of the Charles F. Murphy, Jr. Hughston M. McBain Museum subscribe through Museum membership. Opinions expressed Harry M. Oliver, Jr. James L. Palmer by authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect the policy of John T. Pirie, Jr. John G. Searle Field Museum. Unsolicited manuscripts are welcome. John S. Runnells Louis Ware Postmaster; Please send form 3579 to Field Museum of Natural William L. J. Searle Howard Wood History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605. ISSN: 0015-0703

March 1974 ^Akin Euba

an interview with Nigeria's distinguished composer

Music and poetry are traditionally linked in Africa, and both are a part 0/ dally life. State ceremonies, religious rites, work in tfie fields, selling in the market place, the arrival of guests, the departure of friends, marriages, funerals, puberty ceremonies, sickness, are occasions lor music. The itinerant praise-singer is a familiar sight even today in West Africa. Through him history and local legends are kept alive.

This bonding ol poetry and music is not always maintained by contemporary artists. The composer of music is involved in a transition from performing to writing a score to be played by others. The poet now shapes a written language, rather than a common oral tradition.

But the links between poetry and music have not been broken entirely. As Leopold Sedar Senghor, the poet-statesman ol Senegal, says: "The poem is not complete until it is sung, words and music together." Many of his poems are published with notations: "For two flutes and a distant drum" or "tor balafong (xyfophone)." to by Maude Wahlman

Field Museum Bulletin which on in music, there is in fact a lot of The relationships between traditional and contemporary goes European kind of broad Atrican music and between music and poetry has been change. If one were to draw some between the music of the Oriental cultures and explained by the Yoruba composer, Akin Euba ot Nigeria. generalization the music of the Western world, one say that in the Akin Euba's first exposure to music was through a European might West there is a lot of on. instrument, the piano. He studied with his father, then later experimentation going Composers at the are so curious, want to change their form; once at the Trinity College ot Music in London and University they else has done before, want to do of California in Los Angeles, where he learned to compose somebody something they new, whereas in the Oriental cultures and in string quartets and symphonic pieces. something Africa, change is not so important. There is a substantial in are The direction his musical career has taken in recent years amount of tradition that is retained; but fact, people towards If there is has In many ways been a return to his Atrican heritage. Yet not necessarily antagonistic change. to them that is will take it. at the same time, he says, to deny Western inlluence is to something that appeals new, they But are not with As a result of deny a part ot himself they preoccupied change.

this, I think that the traditional music that we have today Mr. Euba has published many articles on African music probably retains many features that existed in the past. But and completed over twenty compositions which secondly, certain aspects of it also are new. But many— people have been performed In Africa, Europe, and the United forget this and, when they see somebody like myself now

States. A recent composition. Dirges, was first performed In I am a product of two cultures. I am a Nigerian and an

1972 at the Cultural Olympics In Munich, Germany. In it African by birth, but I have also been exposed to Western Akin Euba makes use ol the traditional linkage ot music and culture. And when they see a person like myself who seeks to the kind of radical that on in poetry, tor he sets to music the poems ot ten modern cause change goes African authors who write in English or French. To overcome Western music, they think we are doing something bad to African music. that as such is not the dual difficulty ol having to write a score lor Atrican They forget change musicians who cannot read Western musical notation, something that is abhorrent to the traditional musician. But and tor Western musicians who cannot play Atrican when they see us trying to introduce new elements into Instruments. Akin Euba "assembled" the music, hie combined traditional music or trying to use traditional music in a new the narration with music performed to his direction and way, they think that we are bastardizing traditional music. with tapes ot traditional music trom various African traditions. There are some Europeans who are inclined to be more are in Africa. For we Excerpts trom Dirges will be played continually, on tape, in conservative than we instance, when the poetry and music "enclosure" at Field Museum's produced a work of mine, Chaka. this poem by Leopold

I set to —when in forthcoming Contemporary African Arts Festival, opening Senghor which music we produced this, and we used a combination of and African April 20. 1970, European instruments—there was a European critic who wrote in The lollowing discussion Is taken Irom a 1973 interview very, very unsympathetic terms about this, who said we had conducted by Dr. Robert Plant Armstrong with Akin Euba at no right, no business, to be introducing European elements Mr. Euba's home in He, Nigeria. Dr. Armstrong, former into African music, and he was talking about Akin Euba director of Northwestern University Press, was serving as and all these second-rate Europeans who support the music. visiting director ol the University of Ibadan Press, But in the same article this man was praising a colleague Ibadan. Nigeria, at the time ot this interview. of mine from England who is not an African but who uses African elements. Now it's all right for her to use African In in of the Armstrong: the United States, indeed much elements, although she is European, but it is bad for me, as world, people think of African music in very limited terms. an African, to use European elements.

I think those terms may be somewhat fair toward African music, but at the same time may enforce in the public mind, And then last year we went to Munich to present a work, which in fact had to do with because the a kind of limitation. I know that you have done a good deal nothing Europe, instruments that used all the of experimentation with the traditional forms and I would like we were African, forms you to tell us something about the traditional musical forms were all African. But this man who was reviewing for some and instruments and how you have used these in your paper in Munich also had this to say: that he felt we were own music. Europeanized and we were not African enough. My first

question —the question that I would have loved to have asked Euba: Many people view African traditional music as this man if we were sitting together—was whether he had something that doesn't change. They want to see the pure ever been to Africa. Because if he has been to Africa he forms, the pure idioms, and they forget that, in fact, would know that in at least my part of Africa— Nigeria—there traditional music has always changed: that traditional music is hardly any corner that is not Europeanized in some form today is not what it was 200 years ago, or 500 years ago. or other. People in small villages in the western state of For though the rate of change may not be as radical as that Nigeria today eat bread for breakfast. They wouldn't think of

Match 1974 should be with music. eating anything else. In any case, I don't see any reason that their poetry performed Senghor is of these. There are several why African composers should not seek to try new things and one poems by Senghor — are to be with music. But if which meant I feel that if you are an artist you are a true artist, and performed basically, in you have been exposed to something, this will not but I think that African poetry, contemporary African poetry influeince you in one way or another. non-African languages, has tended to become isolated from the natural context of poetry in Africa, and this is poetry

. . . For the five or so I have been past years very with music. And I also am interested in trying to work out interested In the question of setting poems— by African some kind of medium whereby one could use African poetry composers. Because I think a composer when he seeks to in composition. work with a text—the most immediate area for him to look

is among the poets of his own culture. Most of us try to set And so I attempted one or two things in the past: short music to literature in Africa. Most of my colleagues either poems. And then a friend of mine introduced me to Chaka write very bad poetry for themselves or take something from by Senghor and I decided to try and set this and this was my the Bible. It doesn't occur to them that there is a good longest work yet in this medium. This was produced in deal of good poetry being produced here that could be 1970. But since then, I have also written a work which I feel set. In any case, I was interested in the problem of setting, is probably on an even larger scale than Chaka and to music, poetry in non-African language— in the English this was a work which I call Dirges and which we took to language for instance—because our poets are producing Munich— in fact, the subject of this critic's review in Munich. work in the English language. How does a composer Now this work Dirges consists of poems by several authors: approach this? When you set a work in the English language, Senghor, J. P. Clark, Soyinka, Achebe, and others; in fact, are you going to set it in the Western idiom? Are you going there are at least ten different poets represented. This to try and use some kind of idiom that you are interested work, when we performed it in its original form, was for in if it is African? t became interested in this problem, and speakers, singers, instrumentalists, light instrumentalists, as

I have found, in fact, that there is quite a lot of poetry well as traditional music on tape from various parts of Africa. that has been written by African authors that could be very, This was dramatized in the original production. I feel that very useful as material for composition. And secondly, I This extended my views, the views that I had while I was was interested in this from another point of view that composing Chaka. Chaka, incidentally, was set for soloists, traditional poetry in Africa is so much integrated with music solo speakers, a chorus and an orchestra consisting of anyhow, and modern poetry tends to become isolated European and African instruments. In any case, quite apart from music—at least there are some poets who indicate from my own musical sensibilities, I feel that the use of

Alrican musical instruments: left, rattle (Nigeria): center, stringed instrument with resonator made ot calabash covered with python sl

'^•J^

Catalogue No. 221395 Catalogue No. 187998 Catalogue No, 300258

Field Museum Bulletin European instruments in conjunction with African instruments, Euba: Quite. The text—Senghor's poem—concerns the time in this context, is justified, because in any case, there is a after Chaka's death, and then this white voice seemingly white voice in Chaka and how do you create— the opposition brought Chaka back to life to cross-examine him on the bad between white and black? It is by using juxtaposing — things he had done, and Chaka tried to defend himself. European and African music.

. . . One can be guilty of making generalizations about

Armstrong: Surely, that is a good dramatic touch, I think we African music. I think however, that one or two generalizations ought to say right here for the benefit of the people who may be justified and this is that African music, as it has are perhaps not so familiar with African history, that Chaka been traditionally practiced, tends to be integrated with other was the distinguished Zulu. . . arts. It is not an isolated thing. We don't have such a thing as absolute music. At least not commonly. There are some Euba: The Zulu warrior of the last who distinguished century forms of music in Africa that are designed purely for listening. in the end he was his organized great armies: betrayed by But, by and large, we would find that music is practiced in own and killed them. people by the context of other arts such as dance, poetry, and even non-performing arts—visual arts, sculpture, and masks Armstrong: Wherein comes the element of drama that integrated into the same context with music. And secondly, all greatly appeals to you. these arts, taken as a complex, are most often integrated into some kind of event. They are not usually performed for their own sake but more often than not, you will find that music is

performed to celebrate an event. I am not of course saying

that music is never for its own it is done. Yoniba nnisici.ins in Oshoabo. Nioeiia performed sake, But, quite often you will find that music is integrated with an event. Now, on the other hand, European music has tended to become more and more obsolete, at least the so-called classical, serious music.

As a serious composer am I going to try to go the European

way and write European classical music? Or am I going to write music that mirrors elements of my own culture? Now my training was such that for the first several years of my career

I was brought up in Western music. When I was taught music

as a child I started to play the piano and nobody thought of

teaching me drums. Because I lived in Lagos and there were several pianos—my father had studied piano—he was my first teacher. So my first exposure to music was through

European music. And then, of course, I went to London to

study some more European music. And so when I started to

compose in England, it was quite natural that I was producing

European music. I was composing sonatas and string quartets

and things like that. But sooner or later I had to start asking

myself whether in fact, this was the most exciting thing I as a composer could be doing.

And then when I got back from my studies in England, I began

to become more and more interested in traditional music. It

wasn't an interest that arose out of a mere duty. I began to

feel, I began to react, emotionally, to traditional music as I

normally reacted to European music. And at this point I began to see the possibility of myself developing into a composer who seeks to experiment with the use of traditional African as

well as European elements. Since then I have been through

several stages; there was a time when I felt I should reject my European background completely and write totally African

music. But I have found also that, in fact, as I was saying a moment ago. a true artist cannot reject any experiences. You have been exposed to something. There are good and bad Photo by Maude Wahlman

6 March 1974 things in every form of art. In fact, I feel thiat you cannot say traditional African instruments, for example, to what extent do there is bad music, as such. There are bad musicians, there you expect European players and orchestras to perform? are bad elements in the works of specific composers, but to Euba: This is a because when use reject any experience totally, I think is wrong. I might do this problem again, you traditional instruments and then write score, I now, for nationalistic reasons, but wouldn't be doing it for truly you your how do outside culture to this? artistic reasons. So I felt that I would just create music in you expect people your play

This is the And what I is that terms of my total experience of music. So that what this major problem. really say some of the music that we write, until it is means nowadays, is that I write in various mediums; sometimes perhaps possible for one to communicate on with musicians of other I produce works which are essentially European, sometimes I paper can be in could produce works which are a marriage of the African and the cultures, only presented recording. Maybe we also make can a score and European. scores, whereby people study see

what you're doing while they listen to a tape. But I think our

Armstrong: Yes, I see. I was very interested in the comment main medium of presentation today will have to be the medium that you made about the concept of the contextuality of the that the jazz musician relies on, you see, because a jazz work music, as indeed of the other arts in Africa. Which leads us lives in the performance of the composer. The composer to the observation, of course, that the arts in general in doesn't write for somebody else to perform. In any case, this Europe tend to be more a witnessed kind of event, a kind of IS typical of African music. Composers in Africa are also realm of experience which is set apart as a special means of performers. You have to write your own work and then perform

It. enjoyment. This, I believe, is not the case so much in Africa. In fact, the process of composition is realized only when

you perform it. So I see this as a problem, but not an Euba: not the because in Africa, there is No, case, you know, overwhelming problem because it is a good thing that the a deal of It is difficult in traditional good participation. very sound media have become so sophisticated that I could make culture to separate the audience group from the performing tapes of records and things like that. So to be able to have because members of the so-called group, you see; usually, a score which somebody else can play; this is an ideal thing. audience are to in in encouraged join the performance any But to have a score which somebody else can play maybe that can. Even if cannot way they they play instruments, they today is not really that difficult. are encouraged to sing if they can, or to dance. So there are no clear lines between the audience and the performers. But In fact, we have other problems as well. How do I communicate in contemporary African cultures, some of us who have been my ideas to people who are excellent on traditional instruments —exposed to this form of absolute music, we have now, at least but cannot read a notation? This is a composition problem whatever else we may try to reject, whatever else we think that we have. What this means is that most of my new work is not worthy of copying in Western culture—this element we doesn't exist on paper— at least most of my work that uses have retained. That is, whereby we perform to an audience— traditional instruments. Most of the time you have to give your the audience is now more separated. A friend of mine took musicians verbal directions. Dirges was composed really not me up on this at one point. He said, "Look, why are you, a by sitting down with pen and paper and writing notes. It was modern African composer, trying to do something which the composed by asking my musicians to play a specific piece

Europeans are trying to get away from?" Meaning that in taken from the traditional context that I felt would fit a Europe today the composers are seeking to develop a particular situation. It's more or less like selecting prefabricated

kind of audience participation that we in Africa have always elements to use. I try to marshal, I try to direct the creative

had. And I said, "Well why not, we have always had potential of my performers and get them to do what I myself participation, why can't we experiment in another area?" Good cannot do. music has been written where people participate. There are Mr. also good music, musical pieces, that have been written from Armstrong: Euba, you have already introduced the idea

of American and I think in a useful and evocative the point of view of non-participation from the audience. It jazz very kind of of the who will be at the Field goes down again to the same point I was making: you really way. Many people Museum and Indeed the other museums in the United States, cannot reject anything, you've got to leave yourself free to try at which this most show of African to develop your art in any way that you feel is artistic. important Contemporary Arts is to be held, will be of Afro-American descent and will

Armstrong: Good, this spoken like a true artist, and in the be very familiar with the traditions of American jazz. Now fashion familiar to most Americans who are familiar with the American jazz as invented by the Afro-Americans and

stories of artists in the world. Artists the world over, it seems, contributed to American civilization, represents one acculturated

face the problem of expression in whatever terms it is posed stream of music. On the other hand, yours is a very similarly to them in terms of their traditional culture. I'm interested in acculturated stream of music, some significant time later. another aspect of your work, namely, the question of How do you compare the music which is your acculturated musicianship as it applies to the instrumentalists in your African and European music with their acculturated African ensemble, your symphonic groups. Insofar as you use and European music? (Concluded on page 16f

Field Museum Bulletin c The reproductive rate of herbivores, or plant-feeders (whether leaf-eating insects or grass-eating mammals), is greater than that of their predators. • Populations of herbivorous animals WUatQoJod are in check kept by predators. • The principal predators of insects 9 are other insects. I OXlHi • The most important herbivores in Ccol in of total 9 the world, terms vegetation consumed, are insects. o Most herbivorous insects are not pests, partly because they are kept in check other insects that prey on Robert F. by by Inger them. these Persons like myself who have been always create new problems; and rather over a doing research m ecology for years are negative results usually develop So we spray a general poison thus numbers often frightened, as mennbers of the rapidly. large area, killing large of human race, and disappointed, as of insects, many of them members the of professionals, that society is not using What makes ecologists hopping mad is target species (the pest), many of the what is now known of that branch of that we (the technologically advanced them the normal predators pest, of them science. Few of us think it appropriate societies) have known enough about and many non-pests, though or desirable that ecologists alone make ecology to predict these failures in herbivorous. All of these populations decisions about matters in which all advance. Specifically, the relationships are depressed, but none are citizens should share some that have been understood for years exterminated. responsibility. But society ought to use are: and apply ecology in appropriate If we now reduce the level of spraying, • situations, just as it applies the General pesticides affect a large all these populations begin to rebound, knowledge of other sciences in various array of species, even an entire animal but not at the same rate. The technologies. The following examples community. herbivorous insects rebound faster than

I • may serve to illustrate what mean Smaller living things, such as their normal predators because of their by "using" ecology: insects, are affected more radically and higher reproductive rates. Not only is more rapidly by pesticides than are this true of our target pest; it is equally Pesticides larger animals. true of the non-pest herbivorous Since the appearance of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962, the use of pesticides to control harmful or Spraying crops with DDT in this manner was a common sigfit until it was recognized that the insecticide posed a threat to wildlite and, ultimately, to man. nuisance insects has probably generated more heated public debate between ecologists and government agencies than any other "environmental" problem. Ecologists have regarded the advocates of broadcast use of nonspecific pesticides as just plain ignorant. When a particular insect begins to inflict measurable damage on a crop, we have usually initiated an ambitious program of spraying a general pesticide over a large area. Such programs almost always fail and almost

Dr. Robert F. Inger is assistant director, science and education Photo by UP! Compix

March 1974 29th Chicago International Exhibition of Nature Photography

This year's Chicago International Exhibition of Nature Photography, sponsored jointly by Field tvluseum and the Nature Camera Club of Chicago, was truly an international affair. More than 700 amateur photographers from

all over the world entered the competition; each of the continents and many foreign countries were represented.

In excess of 3,000 color slides were entered; 700 were selected by the judges for public showing in February at the Museum. These photos represent some of the best nature photography being done in the world today — largely by amateurs who pursue this interest only as a hobby.

In three years a population of the highly destructive western corn rootworm that was resistant to the three decades that these dieldrin and related insecticides spread Irom a tew counties in western Nebraska to an area that During nearly distinct included sections ol seven midwestern states. The extent to which the population spread at one-year exhibitions have been held, two intervals is shown above. trends have occurred: The first is in an improved image quality made possible by better film, cameras, optics, and flash equipment. The second change is that of an of the insects, some of which may develop Anopheles, malaria-transmitting expanding geographic scope. This year such large populations under these mosquitoes. more photos of the Antarctic region were than ever before. There was also circumstances that they become pests^ entered work done in The failure of mass spraying of more underwater camera not tropical seas. These photographers have So instead of having just one pest to pesticides to control agricultural pests only been stimulated to examine the world contend with, we now have does not mean we should discontinue many, about them more thoroughly, their interest because inadvertently, but predictably. the fight and let these pests take over. has led them to the far corners of the earth. we have disturbed the populations that There are many examples of successful — William had formerly kept some of these programs that are ecologically safe and Burger President, Nature Camera Club of Chicago plant-eaters under control. sound and economically practical. They include the use of natural predators Or we could continue spraying and chemical lures parasites, (mainly The six photos on pages 8-9 (as well as the But not is such a indefinitely. only sex attractants affecting single cover photo) were among those awarded procedure costly and perhaps directly species), mass release of sterilized "Honorable Mention" by the exhibition lett: "Ice-clad Teasel." by dangerous to human health; in the end males, and the spot application of judges. Top Thomas Yoshida. Hamilton. Ontario. Canada: it is doomed because continued mass poison at critical points in the life cycle top center: "Survival ol the Fittest." by Don spraying almost invariably is followed of the pests. Wollander. Cedar Springs, Mich.: top right: by insect pests developing immunity to "Fox Number Three." by Lawrence J. Smith. "Haleakala the poison. This has occurred with 129 Wonder crops and the green revolution Santa Barbara. Call!.: bottom lett: Hank Greenhood, San Jose. important agricultural pests, including Crater." by Calil.: bottom center: "Patient Fisherman," the western corn rootworm. Resistance "Wonder crops," like pesticides, have by Marie R. Kirkland. Bountilul, Utah: bottom has also in not lived up to all expectations. And developed medically lelt: "Drenched Anemones," by Eva C. important insects, such as 21 species (Continued on p. 12) Keller. Colorado Springs, Colo.

Field Museum Bulletin For captions see p. 5

10 March 1974 Field Museum Bulletin 11 areas— ECOLOGY (trom p. 9) the temperate and subtropical to can that failure is the result of having are subject drought. We safely expectations divorced from predict that any large gram-growing area will a severe drought, ecological reality. experience though we cannot with our present Application of the science of genetics technology predict when it will occur. to the growing of food plants has been And if that area has been planted to a the gradual. Suddenly we realized that wonder grain, its harvest is almost sure us: miracle green revolution was upon to be smaller than if it had been wheat, hybrid corn, wonder rice. The planted with the old, genetically food problems of the world could be heterogeneous varieties. solved through plant genetics and massive use of chemical fertilizers. The other hazard to which the green is disease. Maybe. But there are these ecological revolution is exposed plant phenomena to be considered: When a large area is sown in a single crop—particularly a genetically pure o Species and varieties of plants strain such as a wonder grain—a virus vary in their rates of production. or fungus disease can spread with • The productivity of a given species great speed and cause extensive loss. or variety of plant is not constant but In a recent growing season, corn leaf varies depending upon environmental blight spread from the Gulf of Mexico factors such as rainfall, temperature, to the Great Lakes and reduced the etc. corn crop of that region about 25 • all Most plant species, including percent. Plant geneticists respond to major food crops, are subject to a such a situation by developing a number of diseases, mainly caused by variety with resistance to the particular viruses and fungi that are highly disease. They succeed, but only for a specific in terms of the plants they while. For here's where evolution steps Photo by UPI Compix attack. in: Plant viruses and fungi mutate and In North Dakota a huge stripping shovel • —those virus Simple ecosystems in time a new strain of fungus or removes rich lopsoil in order to reach low-grade composed of one or very few species will develop the capacity to overcome coal 40 teet below the surtace. or varieties are less stable than the supposed genetic resistance of the diverse ones. crop. We can't say when this will happen, we only know that ultimately Another kind of —evolutionary biology it will. biology—which is difficult to separate not dominant. Our search for fuel from ecology, has an important Should we then abandon all hope of sources has pushed us in the concept to contribute here: All species increasing food production by this direction of extracting oil shales and of plants and animals mutate; all are means? My answer as a citizen, not as s'rip-mining coal in the West. Because subject to spontaneous genetic an ecologist, is no. But as an much of the oil shales are on public occurrence and effects that changes whose ecologist, 1 feel constrained to say lands, the federal government has are unpredictable. there is nothing magical about the developed conditions for leases by green revolution. It offers no hope of So far six So we a productive, private industry. only develop highly avoiding periodic, severe hunger. There strain of corn prototype leases, each covering about genetically homogeneous are ways, however, to minimize some are at issue. or rice and cultivate it over vast areas 5,000 acres, of the hazards, the main one being to in order to the nutritional needs satisfy avoid planting large areas with a single will disturb of man's All will The oil-extraction process increasing population. strain or species of food crop. Diversity well, we can and the land severely and inevitably destroy go assuming produce of planting can buffer the total crop cover. To with distribute fertilizer, unless or existing vegetation cope enough against loss by either drought or this environmental destruction, the until a drought occurs. But since all disease. federal leases call for restoration of the wonder grains require large amounts of water compared to their the vegetation so that the same and succession Mining biological and the same of less productive relatives, they are more number species animals will occur the seriously affected by drought. Now for an example in which following mining of the oil shale as did The regions where most grains grow— ecological concepts are important but and processing

12 March 1974 before. This is a noble objective, but strikes me as helplessly ignorant or fuels. The major possible hazards associated with solar unfortunately it is ecological tiogwasfi. arrogant. energy conversion is the buildup of waste heat Processing oil shales requires large There is an ecological phenomenon and warming of the earth's atmosphere. amounts of water, produces large called succession, a process that can (These same hazards are also amounts of saline waste water, and be observed everywhere in the world. consequences of our present energy seriously affects air quality. All of these Abandon a cornfield in Illinois and technologies.) A highly significant are environmental problems every what happens? Annual weeds nnove in environmental issue, though one that citizen should consider. But these will not affect us for time to first, are gradually displaced by some problems are not in the province of perennials and shrubs and small trees come, IS posed here. But we will get ecology. Rather, they are the (hawthorn and crab apple), and in turn no help from ecology, because the professional concerns of other involve rates of heat are displaced by larger, longer-lived — major questions environmental scientists geologists, — trees until the climax, or steady-state dissipation of various wavelengths a hydrologists, and atmospheric assemblage, is reached. Barring problem that is mainly the province of scientists. I do not know what scientists disturbance, this steady-state will last atmospheric physics. in those fields think about the for thousands of years. Disturb the soil environmental problems associated severely at any point in this process Finally, let me answer the question with processing oil shale. From the of succession and the system reverts posed by the title of this article. ecological point of view, however, the to annual weeds. Ecology does not differ from any other terms of the leases cannot be carried science in terms of its value to out. The animals, being completely mankind. Ecology, as any science, is a on the body of knowledge, a mass of data dependent plants, pass through Solar radiant energy succession stages in parallel with the and concepts, even a set of natural One final example—conversion of solar plants. Disturb the soil, and the laws; and it is only one of the radiant energy into other forms of animals as well as the plants revert to — environmental sciences. But it is not a energy. Somewhere an unkown — an early stage of succession. complete body of knowledge there is distance into the future— lies the much we still do not understand. application of this only real "income" action man disturbs Ecology is not magic; it is not the key [Hardly any by the earth has. vegetation more profoundly than what to a rosy, untroubled future. On the will occur as the result of extracting oil One of the major advantages of other hand, unless we use this body of shale. To believe we can wave a converting solar energy for human use information and those of other federal lease in the air and command is that there are none of the pollutants environmental sciences, we will find plants and their associated animals to such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ourselves as impotent as old King forego the responses they have particulates, or radioactive wastes that Canute commanding the tide not to evolved over millions of years—that result from the use of fossil or nuclear come in.

The use 0/ solar ladianl energy lor healing the home is nothing new. In 1949 this experimental "solar" house was built by Massachusetts Institute 0/ Technology engineers in Cambridge. Mass. Solar energy is collected by panels on the root. Photo by UPI Compix

Field Museum Bulletin 13 Everglades and residents of a potential Maine seaport must decide what is important to their environment. Place and time: Lecture Ray A. Kroc Hall, 10:30 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Sunday, March 24

Film: "Pollution is a Matter of Choice" Environmental (repeat). Place and time Lecture Hall. 11:00 a m.

Lecture: "Changing Climate, Changing Times." Reid A. Bryson, director, Institute for Environmental Studies, University ot Education Wisconsin. Place and time: James Simpson Theater, 2:00 p.m.

Saturday, March 30

Film: "Survival on the Prairie." The prairie Program stands as a vast, seemingly empty space, but it is teeming with life. An in-depth look at the dangerous game man plays with the land. The Ray A. Kroc Environmental James Bland of Field Museum's Department Place and time: Lecture Hall. 10:30 a.m. and Education Program, Spring 1974, will of Education will be moderator. Place and 1:00 p.m. focus on human impact on the time: Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Workshop for young people: "Nature environment. Topics include land, Photography without a Camera." limited to populations, pollutants, ecological March 10 20 students, ages 8-12; by advance research, energy, and the future. Sunday, James instructor. consist of field registration only. Bland, Program elements Film seminar: "Tragedy of tfie Commons," Place: North Room, 2nd floor; two films, and Meeting trips, lectures, workshops, repeat. Place and time: Lecture Hall, sessions offered — 10:00 a.m. to 12 noon courses designed to inform citizens 11:00 a.m. and 1:00-3:00 p.m. about important environmental Lecture: the questions facing them now and in the "Ecology, Tragic Insight," future. This is made by Garrett A. Hardin, ecologist at University program being Sunday, March 31 Santa Barbara, Place and time: possible by the Ray A. Kroc of California, 2:00 Prairie." Environmental Fund, which recently James Simpson Theatre, p.m. Film: "Survival on the (Repeat). was established at Field Museum by Place and time: Lecture Hall, 1 1 :00 a.m. his friends to honor Uf. Kroc, chairman Saturday, March 16 of McDonald's Corporation, on his 70th birthday. Other events of this new Workshop for young people: "Nature Garrett Hardin, distinguislied ecologist, lectures on Marcli 10 on the program will be presented in coming Photography without a Camera." Limited to "Ecology, Tragic lnsigl^t." months and years. 20 students, ages 8-12: by advance registration only. James Bland, instructor. To to translate encourage participants Place and time: North Meeting Room, 2nd concern and into action, knowledge floor, 1:00-3:00 p.m. follow-up reading information and lists of environmental organizations will be provided. All programs take place at Saturday, March 23 or originate from Field Museum. Adult field trip: "Meeting Human Needs." A tour of the Bethlehem Steel plant in Burns Saturday, March 9 Harbor, Ind.; followed by lunch and discussion and exploration of the Dunes Film seminar: "Tragedy of the Commons." Lakeshore Area. Limited to 40 adults*. Based on an essay by ecologist Garrelt Matthew H. Nitecki, Field Museum geologist, Hardin, the film explores the effects of leader. Meeting place and time: North overpopulation on individuals, the finite Parking Lot, 9:00 a.m. resources in the world, and possible solutions to the problem. The audience will have the Film: "Pollution is a Matter of Choice." opportunity to discuss its reactions to A focus on economics and its impact on the questions posed during the screening. environment. People living near the Florida

March 1974 Symposium: "Chicago Scientists Review Saturday. April 27 crops. Filmed by BBC. Place and time: the Changing Chicago Environment." Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Course: "Urban Streams." First session in

Participants; Matthew H. Nitecki, Field a series of 6, to be held on successive

Museum, "Geology of the Region"; Floyd A. Saturdays, May 4, 11, 18, 25, and June 1 . Sunday, April 28 Swink, Morton Arboretum, "Impacts on Flora Course will include seminars, field trips, and Film: "Insect War" (Repeat). Place and of the Region"; Loren P. Woods, Field research to investigate problems of water time: Lecture Hall, 1 1 :00 am Museum, "The Lake and its Inhabitants"; flow, resilience of biological populations in Research at Field Gunnar Peterson, Open Lands Project, water, and research techniques in the urban Symposium: "Ecological "Preserving the Land." environment. Limited to 40 persons, 15 years Museum." Participants: Henry Dybas, Field or older. A $15.00 fee holds your advance Museum entomologist, "Cicada: Strategy for reservation and covers all expenses. Survival"; Lorin Nevling, Field Museum Saturday. April 6 Donald Myers. Gary Milburn, biologists. botanist, "Implications for Change in the Course: "Nature Photography." The first Environmental Protection Agency: project American Tropics"; Robert Johnson, Field session in a series of 6, to be held on directors. Place and time: Ground Floor Museum ichthyologist, "Aspects of Oceanic successive Saturdays. April 13, 20, 27, Classroom, 9:00 a.m. -12:30 p.m. Ecology"; Robert Inger, Field Museum

May 4, 1 1 . The course w\\\ cover basic assistant director, science and education: problems of nature photography, exposure, moderator. James Simpson Theatre, 2:00 p.m. focus, film lighting, close-ups, composition, Film: "Insect War." An of Subsequent programs, extending through and trouble shooting. Designed for amateur exploration research and in man's June, will be announced in the April, May, photographers with some knowledge of tcehniques findings battle with insects for of food and June Bulletins. photography and who have access to a possession single lens reflex camera. Course includes 4

lectures and 2 field trips. Limited to 40 persons. A $10.00 fee holds advance Reservations will be confirmed in order of For further information call Carolyn and A fee to ext. registration for the course, and covers all receipt payment, $4.00 cover Blackmon, Field Museum, 922-9410, lunch expenses other than students' film. William and transportation also holds your 361 or 363. reservation. Burger, Field Museum, project director. advance Place and time: North Meeting Room, 2nd floor, 9:30 A.M.

Film: "Multiply and Subdue the Earth." A provocative study of land usage and RAY A. KROC ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS planning; film narration by Ian McHarg, author of the best-selling book Design with Nature; produced by NBC-TV. Place and Field Museum— Environmental Program time: Lecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605 Adult field trip: "Planned Communities." Tour of 2 Chicago-area planned communities: Four Lakes and Park Forest Please enroll me in the following program(s) at Field Museum: South. Limited to 40*. Gunnar Peterson and Wayne Schimpff, Open Lands Project, leaders. Place and time: North Parking Lot, 9:00 am. Program Date time

Saturday, April 20 Program Date time Field Trip for High School Students: "Indiana Dunes." Introduction to the skills of backpacking, survival, reading the Enclosed is my check for $^ payable to Field Museum. landscape, and ecological relationships. Limited to 30 students, ages 15-18*. James Bland, leader. Place and time: North Parking Name Lot, 9:30 a.m. Address_ Sunday, April 21

Lecture: "Alternative Paths to the Future." City State Zip Code Willis H. Harman, Stanford Research Institute, director. Center for the Study of Phone: Daytime Evening Social Policy. Place and time: James Simpson Theatre, 2 p.m.

Field Museum Bulletin 15 I tried to what I was trying to do and jazz. Because when

rationalize my concept of an African pianism, 1 began to think not only of the pianistic style itself, but of the instruments that

would surround the piano. I began to think in terms of the

piano with African percussion instruments and then I began to see a Imk-up, because around that time people in Africa — in f^ or some people in Nigeria, at least some of the people jazz in Nigeria—were beginning to talk about an Afro-jazz and in to I felt that they were not doing what fact Afro-jazz my mind is. Because Afro-jazz is like a re-Africanization of jazz, All but I felt that they were not doing this. they were doing

really, was to copy American jazz and I felt that an Afro-jazz, in fact, would need to bring in more concrete elements of African music than just using African melodies or African with rhythms. I began to see the possibility of experimenting piano and African drums to create something which maybe, in fact, will run even more closely along the lines that jazz is following today; because nowadays there is also a lot of experimenting in bringing in other cultures in jazz. Jazz has so far been an integration of European and African elements, although some people would dispute the presence of either of these elements. But there have also been other cultures, as they are bringing Indian elements and other cultural elements that to jazz. I feel that there is a lot of fruitful experimentation could go on in jazz, purely because there is already this basic African background. And even outside of jazz, there are other composers—black composers in America who are trying to

write in the so-called serious idioms. Mind you, I think nothing

is more serious than jazz; it Is an academic discipline for me. But there are people who are trying to work in other serious

idioms, and most of them, I feel, have not yet found their feet. They are more or less doing the same things that European

composers are doing, and I feel that there is a field of black music, a potential field of black music that could be just as fruitful as jazz which some of the black composers in my field

Catalogue No 210059 in America could be working in; and I think we are going to Drum used by Baoule People. Ivory Coast Photo by Dave Berglund see an emergence of this very soon, because more and more black musicians are coming to Africa to become properly (Continued from page 7) acquainted with African music.

Euba: When I have tried to resolve for myself what I felt I was trying to do, in my compositions, at the point where I began Armstrong: Profoundly learning the African mediums, to be interested in using African traditional materials in my

I are that African composition, I found myself increasingly comparing what was Euba: Yes. There many problems we of to trying to do with the evolution of jazz. I felt that in fact, you composers have that they also have. Problems trying in the see the kind of music that I was groping towards, was a l

I that are in of music that is parallel with jazz, something that made use of that are taking place. And see there many ways African traditional music. Something that is a sort of which we could collaborate in the future. It is important, first in music. is one metamorphosis of elements taken from African traditional of all, to get to know one another There in this is that even some of music. And in fact, as a pianist I began at some state to common thing Africa today and — don't know become interested in creating what I called an African pianism, us in Africa, the contemporary composers we

I I in little world and don't know I own because I started musical life as a pianist and was interested one another. work my

and I feel that in creating an African pianism. And I began to reason in these what somebody else is doing somewhere else,

have a school —and I see a kind of terms: If it is possible to have a "Chopinesque pianism," or before we can proper — must have a lot of a "Bartokian pianism," or a "jazz pianism," surely it is also school of thought developing we dialogue, possible to have an "African pianism." And in fact, from that not only between ourselves in Africa, but with experimental in and America, point I began to then see very close similarities between composers Europe

tvlarcti 1974 Anne and 74 other middle school pupils at Jeff Gjersoe, 9, thought it could be used to Sts Elm School, 60th and Elm , Hinsdale, start a new exhibit. An unsigned letter

had learned about the Museum's efforts to added, "We were wondering if it could be ^^ui% raise S25 million for rehabilitation of its dinosaurs because your other one is so 53-year-old building. good!"

Principal R, J, Michaiek explained, "Most Museum director E. Leiand Webber of the children have visited the Museum expressed surprise and gratitude for the and enjoyed it so much that their desire to children's gift and letters. He said, "We help in this way seemed perfectly natural have received many gifts during this to them." campaign—large and small—but this one

is unique! It is particularly gratifying since "It was amazing how enthusiastic the the children must feel that the Museum is children were in planning and carrying out important to them, and they must feel their project," added teacher Janice comfortable here or they would not have Machado. WaW^ to this effort. And children are one of gone the reasons for which we exist." The corn and boxes were provided by the Youngsters' Popcorn Sale students, and the popcorn was made in the classrooms and sold to Half of the $25 million is raised Nets $30 for Capital Campaign pupils. being by the Museum from private sources; the other A School children's popcorn sale has "Everybody ate the popcorn while we were half is being generated through the bonding Paul 9. "It of the Park District. brought the Museum closer to its $25-milllon making it," confessed Schacht, authority Chicago 15 cents a box. sold boxes fund raising goal. was We 200 and got $30. (That's pretty good, isn't if)" The museum must still raise nearly $2 "Our classrooms heard about your 80th million before the scheduled conclusion of anniversary and why you needed to raise "We hope this is enough money,' said the capital campaign in September. money," Anne Nordstrom, 9, wrote to the Peter Colella, 10. Museum. "So we had a vote about how to raise money for you. And we decided to Some of the pupils made specific Meanwhile, the Elm School students are pop corn. All together we raised $30 to suggestions regarding the Museum's use already looking forward to their next visit help you." of their contribution. to the Museum, possibly this spring.

tun. Scott Schroeder (left). Sue Marcheschi, and Paul Athens learn that raising money by selling popcorn to their lellow Elm School students can be

Photo by G. Henry Ottery

Field Museum Bulletin 17 New Coordinator The 1973 hourly total of volunteer work was an increase of almost 50 percent over the of Teacher Training 1972 figure. The number of volunteers active Barbara Regue has been named coordinator in 1973 was also up about 40 percent of teacher training in the Museum's over 1972. Department of Education, where she will The conduct workshops and develop materials to volunteers who contributed the greatest number of hours were: Mrs. Alice Schneider. help teachers and other adult leaders make better use of the Museum as an educational 1,218 hours; Mr. John O'Brien, 975 hours: and Mrs. 865 hours. resource. With a master's degree in early Anthony DeBlase, Those who more than 600 hours were: childhood education from the University of gave Mrs. Wolfson. Mr. Charles P. Chicago, she taught at Howland Elementary Rudolph Henry, Mr. Walter Mackler, and Mr. Sol Gurewitz. School, Chicago, where for the past two '^/olunteers in the years she was curriculum assistant for the 500-hour category were: Miss Alison Gail Mrs. David Follow-Through program and developed and Hoppe, Calhoun, and Miss Ann supervised an open classroom program Lippl. involving 200 primary school children. Other top ranking volunteers were: Mrs Gibson Winter, Mr. Mark Hershkovitz. Mr. Install Parl

and it for visitors to fossil research $250 per person, with a deposit of $100 make easier locate cataloging, preparation, and each. The Grand Canyon tour (August their automobiles. It's just one of many ways assistance, photography. the Park District is to 16-24) is $700 per person, with a deposit of Chicago working ensure visits to institutions In addition, 22 volunteer women instructors $200 each. The costs of the trips are pleasant Chicago the work of staff members in all-inclusive. supplemented Volunteers Honored the Raymond Foundation division of the Dr. Matthew H. Nitecki. associate curator. Department of Education. At the present time Department of Geology, will lead both Field Museum honored its 143 volunteers, eight additional volunteers are completing groups. who 30,000 hours collectively logged nearly the volunteer instructor training program. of service to the Museum at a For further information, please write or during 1973. Cuirently there are a number of openings at held in Field Hall on phone Mrs. Madge Jacobs, 922-9410. reception Stanley the Museum for gualified volunteers. Further 14. Hosts for the were Blame February party information may be obtained by calling or J. Field Museum's New Handbool< on African Art Yarrington, newly-elected writing Carolyn Blackmon of the Museum's president, and Dr. Robert F. Inger, assistant Department of Education (922-9410, Contemporary Atrican Arts by Maude director, science and education. The ext. 361). Wahlman. Field Museum consultant in volunteers each received a small memento African Ethnology, is being published in as a token of appreciation for their efforts. For complete list of volunteers see p. 19. conjunction with the exhibit of the same name opening April 20. The text of this soft cover book is composed of essays on the various African art forms and art media. Twelve color plates and 120 black and white Weaving illustrations supplement the text. Scheduled Demonstrations for publication April 20, the book will be on sale for $5.00 at the Museum's Book Shop on Mexican Loom and in a special shop in the exhibit area. Museum members are eligible for a special pre-publication price of $4.00 until April 1. Orders should be addressed to the Field

Museum Book Shop. l^rs. Eugene Kosfcy and other members ol tlie African Arts Preview and Dinner Nortti Shore Weavers' Guild are demonstrating of Field is The Women's Board Museum the use ol a two- hosting a dinner and preview of the harness handcrafted forthcoming Contemporary African Arts Mexican floor loom 12 Festival in Stanley Field [Hall on Thursday, hours weekly in the Ivluseum's South April 18, at 6:00 p.m. Music and Lounge. The loom is a entertainment will be provided. Attire is descendant of a informal. $30.00 per person (includes food medieval loom brought and For information and beverage). to the New World from reservations call Mrs. Straub at 922-9410 or Europe by the Spanish 922-9419. during the 16th century. Pnoto by G. Henry Ottery

March 1974 Mrs. E. Leiand Webber, 1919-1974 department of anthropology at the University of Arizona and at the Arizona State Museum.

With deep regret we report the death February 15, following a long illness, of For more than 40 years. Dr. Martin's primary Ellen Duer Webber, wife of Museum Director field of study was the American Southwest, E. Leiand Webber. A native of Baltimore, especially Anasazi and Mogollon prehistory. Mrs. Webber became a Chicago-area His published reports on archaeological sites resident upon her marriage to Mr. Webber in New Mexico, Colorado, and eastern in 1946. There are three children: Leiand, Arizona have filled a dozen volumes of the Fieldiana: James, and Ellen R. Webber. Also surviving Museum's scientific series, is Mrs. Webber's mother, Mrs. A. Adgate Anthropology. Duer, and a brother, A. Adgate Duer Jr., both of Baltimore. In 1929, as a graduate student under the guidance of American archeologist Dr. Alfred Vincent Kidder, Dr. Martin discovered the Temple of the Three Lintels at Chichen Itza in Yucatan, Mexico, and was responsible Paul S. Martin, 1899-1974 for its excavation and reconstruction. He was the recipient of the Alfred Vincent Kidder three Dr. Paul S. Martin, chairman emeritus of Award in 1968, given every years by the American Association in Field Museum's Department of Anthropology, Archaeology of and outstanding died in Tucson, Arizona, on January 20 at recognition leadership contributions to the field of New World the age of 74, after a short illness. He was and chairman of the department from 1935 to prehistory archaeology. 1964, its acting chairman from 1934 to 1935, and assistant curator of North American During his almost 45 years at Field Museum archaeology from 1929 to 1934. Dr. Martin made thousands of friends. No one who ever met him failed to be impressed For the past nine years Dr. Martin had by his warmth and sincerity. Because of his conducted the museum's summer training great interest in young people Dr. Martin program for high-ability college sophomores came to personally know many of the and juniors, "New Perspectives in students who worked with him over the Archaeology," at its field station in Vernon, years, many of whom have become Arizona. At the time of his death he was prominent in their chosen areas of endeavor, serving as research associate in the anthropology and archaeology. Dr. Paul S. Martin 1899-1974

These dedicated volunteers served Field Museum in 1973:

IVIrs. Peter Anderson Mrs. Joan Franzel Mrs. Jay Irvin Mrs. Shel Newberger Mrs. C. William Sidwell IVlrs. T. Stanton Armour Miss Lena Franzen Mr. Michael Jacker Mrs. Ernest Newton Mrs. Nathan Silberman Mrs. Richard Bentley Mis. John Freels Mrs. Zofia Maria Jastrzebska Mrs. Seymour Nordenberg Miss Jean Marie Silberman Silver Ivlr. David Berglund Mrs, William W. Friedman Miss Catherine Jones Mr. John O'Brien Ms. Joanne Silverstein Mrs. Michael Birnkrant Mrs. Charles Fuller, III Mrs. Rudolph Karall Miss Joan D. Ott Mr. Samuel Mrs. Earl Bolton Mrs. Isak V. Gerson Mrs. Stanley Kalz Mrs, Richard Oughlon Mrs. Hermon Dunlap Smith Miss Idessie Bowens Mrs. Joseph Girardi Mrs. Joseph C. Kelley Mrs, Donald Peters Dr. Margo Smith Mrs. Roger Brown Mrs. Lee Gladstone Mrs. Robert David Keppler Mrs, Herman J. Pfeifer Mrs. George T, Spensley Mr. John Clay Bruner Mrs. Arthur Gold Mr, John Kolar Mrs, Clara J. Piper Mrs. Adrienne Stephens Mrs. Thomas Burke Mrs. H. C. Gornstein Mrs, Seymour Kroll Ms. Dorene Porter Miss Kathy Stephens Mrs. William Buscombe Mrs. Mark Greenberg Mr. William Krueger Mrs. Kenneth Prewitt Mrs. John Stephens Mrs. Onno Buss Mrs, Carroll C. Grmnell Mrs. Zivojin Lakic Ms. Eleanor Quackenbush Mrs. Frank Stephens Mrs. David Calhoun Mr. Richard F. Guetzlalf Mr. William Lange Col. M. E. Rada Mr Andy Strang Mrs. John Cameron Mrs. Sol Gurewitz Dr. Dennis Lehman Mrs. Ronney Ramsden Mrs, S, Talbot Mrs. William Carson Miss Gertrude M. Hannen Miss Elizabeth Liebman Mrs. William Robins Miss Joyce S. Tani Mrs. Robert W. Carton Mrs. Phillip Mauser Miss Jane Lilienteld Mrs. Vincent Rodman Mrs. Vladimir Vincenty Mrs. Warren Cozzens Mr. Neil D. Healey Mr. John Lind Mrs, Samuel Rosenthal Mrs, Henry Von Blohn Mr. Robert Curtis Mr. Charles P. Henry Miss Anne LippI Mrs, Harold M. Ross, Jr. Mr. Iver Walkoe Mrs, Dmo D'Angelo Mr. Mark Hershkovitz Mrs. Franklin Loucks Mr, Adam Rudolph Mrs. Nancy Wallace Mrs. Britton Davis Mr. Michael Hershkovitz Mrs. F. J. Lynch Mrs, A. R. Sarabia Mr. David Wend Mrs. Alonzo Davis Mr. & Mrs. Peter Hewitt Mrs. Arthur Macquilkin Mr. Teruo Sasaki Mrs Richard White Miss Sharon De Berry Mr. Robert Hicks Mr. Walter Mackler Mrs. Alice Schneider Mr, Robert Stephen Wideman Mrs. Anthony DeBlase Mrs. William Hoff Mrs. H. F. Matthies Mr, Paul Schustek Mrs. Roy R. Wiley Mrs. Arthur Donovan Mr. Ralph M. Hogan Mrs. Samuel T. Mayo Mr. Christopher R. Scotese Mrs. Gibson Winter Mrs. J. W. Dugdale Miss Alison Gail Hoppe Mrs. Richard L. Merrick Mr Jose Segura Ms. Jan Wisseman Mr. Stanley Dvorak Mr. Claxton E. Howard Mr. Robert E, Middleton Ms. Laura Seidman Mrs. Marvin Wolfson Mrs. Henry Dybas Mrs. Robert Hyndman Mrs. Arthur Morr Mr. Albert Shatzel Mrs. Rudolph Wolfson Mrs. John Engel Mrs. Yuichi Idaka Mrs. Stuart Moss Mrs. G. H. Shott Mrs. Theodore Wroblicky Mrs. Richard Frank Miss Janet Irons

Field Museum Bulletin MARCH at Field M useum

Exhibits

Janss Underwater Photography, an exhibit of exciting color March 30: "Wildlife By Day and By Night," narrated by Karl iinnls and marine specimens. Througti September 8. Hall 9. H. Maslowski. Birds, animals, and insects of the American Midwest are shown in their natural habitats, around the clock Field Museum's Anniversary Exhibit continues indefinitely. and at various times of the year. A Sense of Wonder" offers ttiougtit-provoking prose and poetry associated witti tfie ptiysical, biological, and cultural aspects of Sunday. March 17 nature; "A Sense of History" presents a graphic portrayal of the Ivluseum's past: and "A Sense of Discovery" shows examples of "Upcountry Uganda," free wildlife film narrated by Jeanne and research conducted bv Museum scientists. Hall 3. John Goodman, presented by the Illinois Audubon Society at 2:30 p.m. in the James Simpson Theatre. Children's Programs iVIeetlngs Begins March 1

March 1, 7:30 pm , Chicago Astronomical Society. Spring Journey for Children, "City Creatures," combines March 8, 7:30 p.m., Chicago Anthropological Society. museum exploration with outside activities. The free do-it-yourself March 2:00 Shell Club. project is designed to acquaint youngsters with animals that have 10, p.m., Chicago made their homes in the concrete "wilderness" of the city. All March 12, 8:00 p.m., Chicagoland Glider Council. and who can read and write boys girls may participate. Journey March 12, 7:30 p.m.. Nature Camera Club of Chicago. sheets available at entrances. Through May 31. March 13, 7:00 p.m., Chicago Ornithological Society.

Saturday, March 16 Coming in April Field Museum's Wolf Workshop for ages 12 through 18, from 930 a.m. to 12 noon in the Lecture Hall. Conservationist John African Arts features Harris will present a two-hour program on wolves. Rocky, the Contemporary Festival, opening April 20, a exhibit of the work of artists, including painters, timber wolf, will accompany Mr. Harris. A film, "Death of a major and fabric as well as Legend," will also be shown. For reservations phone 922-9410, printmakers, sculptors, designers, music, Ext. 351. films, lectures, dances, and other events. Special April programs are:

Special Events Films in exhibit area:

1:30 p.m. April 20 through 26- "The Hazda" Ray A. Kroc Environmental Education activities listed Program and "Bitter Melons." on pp. 14-15. 7:30 p.m. April 26: "Borom Sarret" and "Tauw." Weaving Demonstration by members of the North Shore 1:30 p.m. April 27 through 30: "The Tuareg," "NavKi," and Weavers' Guild at 1000 a.m. to 12:00 and from 1:00 to noon, "Masai Warrior." 3:00 p.m. on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Fridays in the South Lounge. 4:00 p m. April 28: "The Lion Hunters."

Royal African Puppet Theatre Film Program 10:30 and 11:30 a.m. Saturday, April 20 and 27, in the James Simpson Theatre. Ayer Adult Spring Film Lecture Series, at 2:30 p.m. Saturdays in the James Simpson Theatre. The March 23 program will also Ayer Adult Spring Film Lecture Series, at 2:30 p.m. Saturdays be presented at 7:30 p.m. Friday, March 22. in the James Simpson Theatre, The April 13 program will also be presented at 7:30 p.m. Friday, April 12. March 2: "Hong Kong and Macao," narrated by Kenneth ' Armstrong. The bustling British crown colony and more April 6: "Vanishing Africa," narrated by Lewis Cotlow. leisurely-paced Portuguese territory, located 40 miles apart on the fringe of Southeast China, offer a study in contrasts. April 12 and 13: "Aldabra—Island In Peril," narrated by Ley Kenyon. March 9: "Holland," narrated by John Roberts. A look at the picturesque country of windmills, dikes, and Rembrandt, its April 20: "Alaska Wilderness Lake," narrated by ancient and modern cities, and its people. Dr. Theodore J Walker.

March 16: "Canada's Western Frontier," narrated by Dr. Arthur April 27: "Scotland," narrated by Bill Madsen. C. Twomey. Scenes of the great outdoors feature famous national parks, spectacular mountains, a glacier, wildlife, and unusual sports. Hours

March 22 and March 23: "John Muir's High Sierra," narrated 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Saturday through Thursday; 9:00 am. to by Dewitt Jones. Follow the trail of the famed U.S. naturalist, 9:00 p.m. Friday. writer, and explorer during the four seasons to Yosemite Valley, the country of the giant sequoias, and Ml. Whitney. The Museum Library is open 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. Please obtain pass at reception d3sk, main floor north Join us for coffee after the Friday evening. March 22, film lecture presentation and meet speaker Dewitt Jones. Museum telephone: 922-9410. h\

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f"! Field Museum CONTENTS of Natural History Bulletin THE CONTEMPORARY AFRICAN ARTS FESTIVAL Volume 45, Number4 by Maude Wahlman April 1974 CHINESE CAT PAINTING by Berthold Laufer

RAY A. KROC ENVIRONMENTAL 15 EDUCATION PROGRAM Managing Editor G Henry Ottery Editor David M Walsten FIELD BRIEFS Staff Writer Madge Jacobs 16 Production Russ Becker LETTERS 18 Color separations by Mueller Color Plate Co^

CAPITAL CAMPAIGN 19

APRIL AT FIELD MUSEUM: back cover CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS

COVER

Detail of wool and hemp tapestry from Ramses Wissa Wassef Weaving Worl

Photo by Herta Newton.

Field Museum of Natural History Director E Leiand Webber

Board of Trustees

BlaineJ Yarrington, Edward Byron Smith President John M Simpson Mrs B Edward Bensinger Mrs Hermon Dunlap Gordon Bent Smith Harry Bercher JohnW Sullivan Bowen Blair William G Swartchild, Jr. Stanton R Cook E Leiand Webber William R Dickinson. Jr Julian B Wilkins

Thomas E Donnelley II Marshall Field Life Trustees Nicholas Galitzine William Blair Paul W Goodrich McCormick Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin is published monthly, N Field Remick McDowell Joseph except combined July/August issue, by Field Museum of Natural J filelvoin Clifford C 60605. Hugo Gregg History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive. Chicago, Illinois Miller Samuel Insull, Jr J Roscoe Subscriptions $6 a year. $3 a year lor schools Members of the V William H Mitchell William Kahler Museum subscribe through Museum membership Opinions M McBain Charles F Murphy, Jr Hughston expressed by authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect the Jr James L Palmer Harry M Oliver, policy of Field Museum Unsolicited manuscripts are welcome John T Pirie,Jr John G Searle Postmaster Please send form 3579 to Field Museum of Natural S Runnells Louis Ware 60605. John History. Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive. Chicago. Illinois William L Searle J Howard Wood ISSN 0015-0703 The Contemporary African Arts

Festival

By Maude Wahlman

Many people find African art in its various forms startling and think of it as mystical, old, and anonymous. But visitors to the Museum's "Contemporary African Arts Festival," opening April 20 for six months, vj\\\ see African art that is startling, mystical, innovative — and signed. The festival will include a major exhibit at the Museum, a series of educational programs, and a shop offering contemporary African art.

The art exhibit

The exhibit element of the festival presents an anthropological study of change in Africa as interpreted by thirteen artists or groups of artists, each working in a different medium. The study is selective: it does not attempt to include every contemporary African artist. Instead,

Lett Wall hanging, starch resist design on cotton, by Senabu Oloyede. Nigeria, All photos by Herta Newton

Maude Wahlman is consultant in African ethnology at Field Museum.

Field Museum Bulletin his influence merchants. it examines the work ot a few beyond his culture. And kings, and wealthy individuals, chosen because each is widely felt because he and his Today's artists are as well known as plays a different role in a different works remain a central facet of daily those of the past, despite the fact that culture. life in Africa. Daily life continues to the old patrons of the arts can no include the need of the artists' longer afford to support artists to the However, as many arts as possible hand-made products: pottery, extent they once did. Art is now also are included: graphics, painting, pattern-dyed cloth, woven textiles, commissioned by local and national the middle pottery, sculpture, carved calabash, carved calabashes, leatherwork, and governments, by growing weaving, resist dyeing, leatherwork, sculpture. Even pottery, music, and class, and by foreigners. Other art is are a of life. The for sale in and at architecture, music, dance, ^ dance part everyday produced galleries literature, and counter-repousse. The artist, therefore, is very much in the airport shops. However, this festival create emphasis is primarily on the role of mainstream of life, and he influences emphasizes those artists who the artist in contemporary African its course. for both Africans and foreigners. life. Another goal of the exhibition is the The processes of change are not the nor is One aim of the festival is to identification of artists by name same throughout Africa, every demonstrate how the arts of a people whenever possible. Artists are artist equally successful in meeting new change as other aspects of their referred to by the names by which the challenge of new media, culture change. Africa is undergoing they are known in their cultures: for patrons, and new ideas. Some artists are often such as the rapid social and technological example, Yoruba artists, Tuareg of continue change. Until relatively recent times, known by their first names. leatherworkers Niger, many areas of the continent were Traditional African art has so often traditional forms with little innovation. as — a artists themselves in virtually inaccessible to Africans and been presented anonymous Other express mediums. Bruce foreigners alike— the term "dark false impression perpetuated by borrowed has continent" was aptly applied. Today scholars and dealers alike. Artists Onobrakpeya of Nigeria adapted to almost any village can be reached by were known in the past, in their own Western printmaking techniques road. Television, radio, the airplane, communities, for most art was convey African ideas. He and modern automobiles link tribal commissioned from them by priests. communicates through book societies to each other and to the rest illustrations and through color prints of the world. The influences of Islam that comment on Nigerian society. from the East and of Christianity, Skunder Boghossian communicates colonialism, and tourism from the his Ethiopian heritage through his a teacher at Howard West are now a part of daily reality. paintings and as University, Washington, D.C. When cultures are in transition and a change is rapid, it is important to Asiru Olatunde of Nigeria uses new document each phase in its own time, material — aluminum — to continue before the opportunity is lost. One an older art form, that of story-telling means of studying change is through on panels. The potter, Ladi Kwali of artists, their arts, and their role in Nigeria, continues to produce high society. Since art is an expression of quality traditional pottery shapes and society, contemporary African art designs, but she uses a nontraditional reflects both tradition and the stoneware clay that enables her pots changes taking place in Africa. to be glazed and used for tableware. They can also be exported. Ladi Kwali is both a valuable And it is the artist who most keenly preserving heritage feels the tensions between the old and publicizing it. In Sierra Leone, and the new, between tradition and Kadiato Kamara provides innovation. An important aspect of his style-conscious Africans with new textile worn to role is the pulling together of those designs express and a individual experiences that seem most jarring national pride highly emotionally, bringing pieces of the sense of fashion. past and present together in a J L Williams, leader ot African dance manner that makes sense to the rest In Kenya, Peter Nzuki is reviving a workshops lo beheld at Field Museum, wearing — of his culture and perhaps to those dress ot African wax resist cloth fine old Kamba art form the

April 1974 Therefore, carving of calabashes, or gourds. He performances. Africans in the carves traditional and new designs on performances by States and Afro-American calabashes that are sold in Nairobi. In United by that have studied African arts Rhodesia, Thomas Mukarobgwa groups been scheduled. There are also carves stone into innovative shapes, have artistic that can be best some inspired by local mythology. In techniques seeing the process as Egypt, children at the Harrania appreciated by well as the thus, a series of weaving workshop weave designs product; demonstrations Africans in the and scenes of daily life as a part of by United States has been arranged. their schooling. This workshop may Blackmon, the Museum's provide a viable educational model Carolyn coordinator of educational for other cultures. The Egyptian special has these architect Hassan Fathy departs services, organized activities. radically from other contemporary African architects in his plea for The three film series of the festival architecture for the poor. will be comprised of a group of short films shown repeatedly during An artist's right to receive inspiration a series of from any sources has been weekdays; Friday evening films African film maker Ousmane successfully defended by Nigerian by and a afternoon composer Akin Euba. (See Field Sembene; Sunday of feature-length Museum of Natural History Bulletin, showing major films. The films aspects March 1974.) He combines African depict many cultural life in addition to musical elements with his of African and document arts in their experiences as an artist who has lived art, they Kadiato natural contexts. In of the film and studied all over the world. The Tie-dyed cotton cloth, designed by Mrs charge Kamara. Freetown. Sierra Leone series is Ann Prewitt, Department of Dogon dancers of f\/lali have found a Education volunteer. moderate position between the two extremes presented to many African dance groups — the traditional J. L. Williams, Outreach Program versus the theatrical. instructor, will offer an African dance Abrams of the Department of workshop for thirty teenagers from Exhibition; David Pressler, These artists fill different roles in their high schools and community representing the Department of respective cultures. Most are social organizations in the Chicago area. Education; and the author. commentators, such as the Harrania Students who play musical weavers, Asiru Olatunde, Bruce instruments will also be welcomed to Onobrakpeya, and Skunder Educational programs participate in the four six-week Boghossian. None is subsidized workshops. Through the use of solely by governments, tourists, The many educational programs to be ethnographic accounts, films, and kings, or priests. Few artists have a presented in conjunction with the music, students will examine the form religious role today, although all have exhibit are under the direction of Dr. and content of "coming of age" an economic role. In many cases Alice Carnes, chairman of the ceremonies in Africa. Utilizing patronage comes from foreigners in Museum's Department of Education. cross-cultural perspectives, Africa. However, in the long run, the They include performances, participants will then consider the quality of contemporary African arts demonstrations, three film series, phenomena in the urban will reflect the standards Africans set dance workshops, arts workshops, environment. How does a person for them. To produce art valued by and exhibit/kits for Chicago area pass from one age to another? What Africans is the most difficult schools and community are the cultural cues that tell us when challenge faced by the artists, and organizations. (A partial schedule of we pass from one stage of growth to the most significant. activities may be found following this another'' Using information derived article.) from African sources, and with the The exhibit was planned by a thoughts and reflections of the committee composed of scriptwriter Some arts, such as dance, music, participants, students will develop Helen Chandra, designer Robert drama, and poetry, can be fully their own "coming of age" them. Martin, and graphic designer Clifford appreciated only through live ceremonies, and perform

Field Museum Bulletin ;<

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Woven tapestry by Fatima from the workshop of Ramses Wissa Wassef. Harrania, Egypt (.Collection of Betty and Theodore Tieken)

" Counter repousse copper panel by "Big Orange. oil Asiru Olatunde. Oshogbo. Nigeria painting by the Ethiopian painter Skunder Boghossian (Collection of the artist)

6 April 1974 Detail ol Tuareg leather saddlebag. Agadez. Niger

Calabash, carved by Peter Nzuki. Kenya

" "Genre Scene, trorr) the Rannses Wissa Wassel Weaving Workshop. Harrania. Egypt

Field Museum Bulletin Two workshops weekly, each two exhibit. All will be labeled with artists' recommended film series; sessions, on African tie-dye and wax names, places of origin, or with distributors of films on Africa; films by resist dyeing, also will be offered. information about the use of the Africans; and a list of sources of Working under the principle that artifact in African culture. imported African arts that may be modern design is a link to the past, purchased. Also available will be the students will tour the African art color slides of artifacts in the exhibit, for use with the book in exhibit then proceed to the workshop The festival bool< teaching to discuss forms, design, and classes on contemporary African traditional African techniques of arts. A book in tie-dye or wax resist. Participants will paperback published with the entitled design and dye fabrics for wall conjunction festival, Contemporary African Arts, will be hangings, scarves, or costumes. Conclusion at main These workshops invite the available the Museum's and at the festival Its participation of senior citizens, or of bookshop shop. 120 contain 120 If African arts are it is community youth groups for ages pages exciting, black-and-white and 12 because African cultures are nine through the teens. photographs exciting color reproductions, in addition to and dynamic. This, more than on the various art forms else, is the of this Thirty exhibit/kits will be made essays anything message available on a loan basis to Chicago featured in the festival. Appendices festival. The variety, the richness, the area schools and community include lists of African artists high quality, and the innovation one in the United finds in African arts are organizations through the Harris currently residing contemporary Extension Division of the Museum's States, selected African and indicative of cultures that are and and in their Department of Education. They are Afro-American dance, drama, changing evolving own in the United a directions. being developed by David Pressler, music groups States; unique coordinator of the Harris Extension Division, and Cynthia Mark, researcher/assistant. These AFRICAN ARTS FESTIVAL EVENTS, APRIL & MAY educational kits will present some of the arts included in the main exhibit; Educational programs May 18-24 — "Heritage of the Negro" and "In architecture, leatherwork, sculpture, Search of Myself" portray the historical and calabashes, and textiles. Each — cultural background of the arts in Africa April 20 & 27 Royal African Puppet Theatre — exhibit/kit will contain artifacts that demonstrations by Baba Alabi S Ayinla. of May 25-31 "The Creative Person Leopold ' be handled educators and Yoruba For children and adults At10:30& Sedar Senghor and "The Swamp Dwellers" may by in Africa. 11 30 a.m., in the James Simpson Theatre depict the literary and theatrical arts students, a program and activity May 4 — Ayinla Puppet Workshop students' color slides, and exhibit guide, performance At 10 30am intheJames Fridays. 7:30 p.m. panels. Each exhibit/kit is designed Simpson Theatre — Films of Ousmane Sembene to be a self-contained experience. May 11 Batik demonstrations by Samuel 1 1 30 a m , and Nyunuri, of Kenya At 10 30& & 4 — "Barom Sarret'and However, it can also serve as an April 26 May 2 00& in Field Hall 3:00pm,, Stanley "Tauw," both set in Dakar, follow their male introduction to the main exhibit for May 18 — Dance and drum performances by protagonists through a day in their lives, groups planning to visit the Museum. Ladji Camera, of Guinea At 10:30 & 1 1 30 which isalsoadayinthelife of their country. and 2:00 & 3:00 in Field " am, p.m., Stanley May 3& 31 — "Black Girl Hall May 10 — "Mandabi." a comedy telling the story of an illiterate old man who is cheated Filrrts out of the proceeds of a money order by a African arts shop series of corrupt officials (In exhibit area) May 17 — "Em itai," the first African epic, depicts southern Senegal during World War II, Daily, 1:30 p.m. In Hall 27, between the exhibit and and portrays the cruel effect of the French April 20-26 — "The Hadza" and "Bitter the small theater conscription of Africans in a tiny rice and (for films, Melons" depict the disappearing way of life fishing village and of the workshops, demonstrations), hunter-gatherers— there will be a shop devoted April 27-May 3 "The Tuareg," "N aw i," and "Masai Warrior Child of Two Worlds Sundays. 4:00 p.m. to African picture exclusively contemporary the of life in traditional Africa pastoral way Featurefilms arts available for purchase by all — May 4-10 "The Dry Season" and "African — visitors to the Museum. Many of the Village: Guinea" depict traditional village life April 28 "The Lion Hunters," suspenseful in tale of themen of hunt lionswith items will be the work of artists Africa Nigerwho Grand Prize winner. Venice May 11-17 — "Malawi Two Young Men" and bows and arrows featured in the exhibit; however, a Film Festival "Women Up In Arms" show conflicts involved Documentary greater variety of arts will be available in the transition from traditional into modern May 26 — "Benin Kingship Rituals" and in the shop than will be featured in the African societies. "Galede."

8 April 1974 Chinese Cat Painting

by Berthold Laufer

An anonymous sixteenth-century Chinese writer once described the perplexity of poet-statesman Ou-yang Hsiu as he stood silent before a painting of a cat; the animal was shown crouched near a clump of peonies. Ou-yang, however, could see no message or significance in the painting. At last, a neighbor came by, glanced at the painting for a moment, and offered this explanation: "The subject of the painting is midday. Observe that the peonies are fully open and rather dull in hue— the proper condition of flowers at noon. The cat's pupils are thin black slits — just the way they should appear when the sun is brightest."

Field f^useum has a number of Chinese cat paintings, all collected during the Mrs. T. B. Blackstone Expedition to China and Tibet (1908-10), and it is indeed intriguing to study them and to ponder their Milk? poetic symbolism.

Note: The romanization system lor Chinese names used by the author in this article may m differ in instances from current some usage.

Two sleeping cats by Yun Shou-p'ing considered the artist of 'm\ (1633-90). greatest the Ch'ing dynasty. Ink on paper. The caption at upper left reads: The rat has overturned your bowl while you did not look, and now you decline to search for butterflies beneath the flowers, and have fallen asleep — what a sin!

Field Museum Bulletin The preoccupation of Chinese artists Sung Dynasty (960-1 279) the genre combination is regarded as a rebus, with nature scenes, animals, birds, had come into its own. the characters for "cat and butterfly" fishes, and insects was a logical being pronounced the same [mao tie] development as the precepts of Through the centuries cats have as those for "the age of ninety Taoism and Buddhism affected every continued to be favorite subjects for years." The gift of a picture showing facet of Chinese culture, including, of Chinese painters. Tzu Hsi a cat together with one or more course, art. The harmony of man with (1834-1908), the eccentric dowager butterflies was thus intended to wish nature was basic to both empress who was all-powerful in the the recipient a long life [see philosophies. The cat was of twilight years of the Ch'ing Dynasty, illustrations pp. 10, 13]. particular importance as traditional commissioned cat paintings as gifts. guardian of mulberry bushes (the Field Museum's collection includes Early European painters placed cats food plant of the silkworm), although one of these, the bright seal of the in the parlor, near the hearth, or on the plants most evident in cat empress stamped boldly upon it [see the threshold; but always in human paintings are conspicuous flowering illustration p. 12]. company. The domestic character of types such as the chrysanthemum the cat was plainly evident, and the animal of and peony. The first known cat A cat with one or more butterflies has was symbolic homey and ease. paintings appeared as early as the been a popular motif since cat comfort, tranquillity, Chinese cat on the other T'ang Dynasty (A.D. 618-906): by the paintings first appeared. The paintings, hand, never show cats together with man, nor indoors, and rarely in the proximity of human abode. It is the animal itself, for its own sake, that interests the Chinese artist. He

portrays it not as a servile animal, not from the utilitarian point of view as a mouser, but as an exquisite creature of nature, free and independent in a natural setting, and attracted by birds, flowers, or insects. This is not merely an imaginative conception; it rests on accurate observation: cats, especially on a fine summer day, are fond of taking long forays into the woods and fields, basking in the sun, observing with keen eyes, and of course, hunting for prey. It is obvious that they have an appreciation for nature: and it is this quality that the Chinese painters have recognized and commented on in their art.

T'ang Dynasty (618-906)

According to a catalogue of the Emperor Hui Tsung (reigned 1101-1126), compiled about AD.

1 1 62, Wei Wu-tien was the first artist to portray cats. Wei was a renowned animal painter who worked at the court of the Emperor Ming Huang (eighth century). Three of his extant pictures are devoted to cats: "Playing

Cat and butterfly by Yun Yuan-tu (18th cent ) On s/ft Cat No 1 16068 {Photo by Herta Newton)

10 April 1974 A tortoise-shell cat framed by peonies and chrysanthemums peers suspiciously at a rooster above On paper. The painting is a copy of an earlier one by Hua ^ Yen. a seventeenth-century artist: ^ the copyist has modestly omitted his own name. The legend reads: "tJlay you be promoted one grade in your official career' tvlay your steps reach the Phoenix MountainI Painted in the year yi-wei {which may be 1715. 1 775. or 1835. as the cycle is not given), in the last decade of the melon month. Painted in the district of Po-ling. in the inn where the fairies assemble, beneath the east window, in imitation of a subject by Sin-lo shan-jen." Cat. No 1 16080 {Photo by Herta Newton)

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i Cats," "Mallow Plants and Cats," and "Cats Playing in Rocky Hills."

Tiao Kwang, also known as Kwang-yin, is classified by some %.s^ historians as a T'ang Dynasty artist; others assign him to the Five Kingdom period (907-960) on the false assumption that he settled in Szechuan Province in A.D. 936. He XI•V did not, however, move to that region until several decades later. Thus, f7< ^v T iao indeed lived at the end of the T'ang, although his lifetime may have extended into the Five Kingdom are "•i # period. Among his cat pictures paintings of sporting cats with rocks, peach blossoms, or bamboo. f Five Kingdoms (907-960) Perhaps the most distinguished artist of the Five Kingdom period was Huang Ts'uan, A disciple of Tiao Kwang, Huang was at one time represented in the Chinese imperial art collection by nearly 400 works; 1 3 of these portrayed cats. Huang Tsuan's second and third sons were both cat painters. The latter, Huang Ku-tsai, painted nine cat pictures that found their way into the imperial collection.

Other notable cat painters of this period Included LI Kwei-chen, a Taoist priest who also excelled in painting oxen and tigers; and Li Ai-chi, who was mainly a landscape painter. While Ai-chi's contemporaries adhered slavishly to the convention that cats appear beneath flowers, he was the first to paint them amid medicinal herbs and sprouts. Each of the eighteen examples of his brush that have come down to us show kittens rather than

A sassy little pug dog and a black cat. back-arched, exchange felicitations On paper. This is one of numerous paintings that bear the seal of the dowager empress Tz'u-hsi {1835-1908) and which were done by her court painters to be given in her name. Cat. No. 116177.

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A white and black full-grown cats. They are titled cat is by variously "Playing Cats amid Intrigued two butterflies Medicinal Herbs and Sprouts," just out ol reacti- "Sporting Cats," "Mother Cat and on paper. Signed her "Intoxicated Cats," Young," by Shen Chen-Lin "Mother Cat and Young Playing," {died about 1908) "Wasp and Cat," and so on. and dated "On the 13th day of the The Venerable Master Ho (Ho winter month of the Tsun-shi), a prolific painter, was year ting-wei

. . . The represented in the imperial collection (1907). flowers on the by 34 cat pictures. An early account cliff have been describes Ho at some length: asleep for a long time. Alas, that "It is unknown where he came from. the butterflies " In the Lung-te period (A. D. 921 -23) have come back. he lived on the sacred Mountain Heng Cat No. 116112. The Chinese (in Hunan province) without revealing his name. His sole pleasure was to expression for "cat and butterfly" play with brush and ink. He painted IS the same as flowers and rocks, and moreover was that tor "the age an expert at painting cats. These " of ninety years. elicited due praise from his pictures Thus, the gift of a His cats and contemporaries. sleep painting with this wake, walk and sit, congregate and motif carried the play, disperse and run away, watch wish that the rats, catch birds, lick their chops, recipient live to a old The and gnash their teeth — all this found ripe age. fJluseum also has expression in his pictures. The cat's from this artist a behavior was caught by him in a painting of a manner and faultless. unsurpassed Pekinese dog {dated 1862) and "He used to say that a cat resembles two scenes a tiger in all but two respects: the size illustrating of the ears and the yellow color of the incidents in a novel eyes. But what a pity that the {dated Venerable Master did not develop his 1890). talents and did not advance to the subjects. Only one of his paintings century), who is known to have done found its into the at least nine cat two of painting of tigers! He stopped at way imperial paintings, — "Lion-cat on an them this flower. He also painting cats. His actions apparently gallery depicting did not conform witti the conventional Ornamented Garden Seat," which portrayed cats together with was remarkable for the intrusion of flowers, another itinerant hermit, yet I think that his pomegranate love for w/andering and playing has a human artifact. symbol of fertility and child-blessing. parallel with the life of cats." K'i Su was noted as a painter of I Yuan-ki, who flourished in the latter flowers, bamboo, and birds; but part of the 1 1 th century, drew his — — animals from and Sung Dynasty (960-1279) oxen especially fighting bulls and life, rearing kittens were his forte. At one time the studying them in his garden. In this HuiTsung (reigned 1101-1126), the imperial collection included 44 works respect he was unique, for last emperor of the Northern Sung, by this artist. traditionally Chinese artists worked and the most famous artist-emperor, from mental images. is generally believed to have Su Hi, who distinguished himself with executed at least one cat painting. paintings of flowers and insects, was Nearly seven centuries have passed Some authorities, however, doubt represented in the imperial collection since the—end of the Sung that any of the numerous paintings with six cats combined variously with Dynasty the "golden age" of cat attributed to Hui Tsung (and which peonies, bees, butterflies, and painting. It is not improbable that by bear his seal) were actually done by spinach. the end of that era many thousands of him. The Hui Tsung style, in any paintings of this genre had been case, is distinctive for its rather Su Ch'ung-lu, a grandson of Su Hi, produced. Few, unfortunately, have survived. decorative nature, simple style, and showed some originality in painting Typically, Chinese paintings — were done on the small format. cats together with day lilies a flower — most impermanent worn by women who wish to bear of materials silk or The foremost of Sung cat-painters sons. In such cases the cat was paper— materials that were easily in was Wang Ning, who specialized intended as an emblem of fertility. destroyed by water, fire, mildew, and animals. or that deteriorated flowers, bamboo, birds, The theme of the day lily was vermin, simply with the of time. Parrots and cats were his favorite perpetuated by Chao Ch'ang (1 1 th chemically passage

The foregoing essay on "Chinese Cat peoples of the Far East He was skilled in a Painting." by Berthold Laufer (1874-1934), is number of Asian languages, including from a manuscript dating from the 1 920s or Chinese. Japanese, Manchu, Mongol, Pali, Sanskrit, and Persian, early 1 930s that was only recently found Tibetan, Malay. among Dr Laufer's papers His intellectual interests were as far-reaching as his writings were prolific Laufer's most influential work. Sino-lranica (1919), traced One of the most scholars ever to distinguished the migration of cultivated plants from Persia serve the Field Dr Laufer on Museum staff, to China and the contribution of the Persians was curator of the of Department to Chinese culture: it also dealt with drugs, from 1 91 5 until his death in Anthropology animals, and minerals. He regarded Jade 1 934 He had the Museum in 1 907 after joined (1912) — a storehouse of information about with the American Museum of — serving briefly Chinese archaeology and religion as his Natural and Columbia in History University most important work He also wrote on New York City A native of Cologne, matters as diverse and esoteric as Chinese he was awarded a doctorate in Germany, clay figurines, Mongolian literature, the from the of in anthropology University Leipzig prehistory of aviation, the history of the 1897 Between 1899 and 1904 he led pineapple, cricket fighting, pigeon whistles, for the American Museum expeditions among and the history of eyeglasses in China At the tribal of Siberia and North China peoples time of his death he had completed more than Later, for Field Museum, he led two more 800 pages of a work on the history of expeditions to the Far East the Mrs T B cultivated plants, Blackstone Expedition to China and Tibet (1908-10) and the Marshall Field Expedition to "Chinese Cat Painting" was brought to light China (1923) by Dr Hartmut Walravens, of the University of Cologne, who recently spent several weeks at At the time of his death Laufer was generally Field Museum studying the papers of Dr. Berthold Laufer. 1874-1934 acclaimed as the greatest living authority on Laufer.

14 April 1974 Film: "Insect War." A BBC film exploration of research techniques and findings in man's battle with insects for food crops Lecture Hall. 10:30 A. a m to 1 :00p-m Kroc 28 Ray Sunday. April Film: "Insect War" (Repeal) Lecture Hall. 11:00 a m

Environmental Symposium: "Ecological Research at Field Museum." by Field Museum staff Henry Dybas, entomologist, "Cicada Strategy lor Survival", Lorin Nevling, botanist, "Implications lor Change in the American Tropics"; Robert Johnson, ichthyologist, "Aspects of Oceanic Ecology"; Robert Inger, assistant director, science and Education education moderator James Simpson Theatre, 2:00 p m

Saturday, May 4

Film: "Time ol Man." How man adapts to his environment is analyzed and the changes resulting Program from in several adaptation and discovery societies are investigated Lecture Hall. 10 30 a m and 1 00 p m

Sunday, May 5 The Ray A. Kroc Environmental lens reflex camera. Four lectures and two field trips Limited to 40 persons A $10 fee holds Film: "Time of Man" (Repeat) Lecture Hall, 1 1 :00 Education Progrann, Spring 1974, will advance registration, and covers all expenses other a m focus on human on the impact than students' film William Burger, Field Ivluseum, Lecture: "Energy tor the 70s," Philip H Abelson. environment. Topics include land, project director North Meeting Room 2nd floor. editor of Science James Simpson Theatre, 2:00 9 30A M p m populations, pollutants, ecological research, energy, and the future. Film: "Multiply and Subdue the Earth." A Program elements consist of field Saturday, May 11 provocative study of land usage and planning, film trips, lectures, films, workshops, and narration Ian author of the by McHarg, besl-selling Field Trip for Young People: "Hidden City." First courses to inform citizens book with Nature: produced by NBC-TV in designed Design session a series of three ( remaining sessions held Lecture 10 30 a m and about important environmental Hall. 100pm on Saturdays. May 18, 25) Field studies of plant and animal populations in park and lakefront areas questions facing them now and in the Adult field trip: "Planned Communities." Tour of 2 planned communities Four Lakes near the Museum Limited to 1 5 students ages future. This program is being made Chicago-area and Park Forest South Limited to 40* Gunnar 8-12 A $2 fee holds advance registration Gerald possible the A. Kroc Jacob, of leader North by Ray Peterson and Wayne Schimpff, Open Lands Project, University Chicago entrance. 10:00-11 :30a m Environmental Fund, which recently leaders North Parking Lot. 9 00 am was established at Field fVluseum by 20 Saturday. April Saturday. May 18 his friends to honor Mr. Kroc, chairman

of McDonald's on his Field for School Students: Corporation, Trip High "Indiana Adult Field Trip: "Ecological Communities." 70th birthday. Other events of this new Dunes." Introduction to the skills of backpacking, Introduction to variety of ecological communities survival, the landscape, and within Palos Park Forest Preserve Limited to 40 will be in reading ecological program presented coming * relationships Limited to 30 students, ages 15-18*, adults Nelson of Roosevelt and months and Harry University years. James Bland, leader North Parking Lot. 9 30 a m. John A Wagner of Kendall College leaders North Parking Lot. 9 00 am, To encourage participants to translate Saturday. May 25 concern and l

Course: "Urban Streams." First session in a series * 4 will be confirmed when received, A Saturday. April 6 of 6. to be held on successive Saturdays, May Reservations through June 1 Course will include seminars, field $4 fee to cover lunch and transportation also holds Course: "Nature Photography." The first session trips, and research in water flow problems, advance reservation in in a series ol 6 . to be helO on successive Saturdays, resilience of biological populations water, and April 1 3 through May 1 1 The course will cover research techniques in the city Limited to 40 Subsequent programs, through June, will be basic problems of nature photography, exposure, persons, 1 5 years or older A $1 5 fee holds advance announced in the May and June Bulletins. focus, lighting, close-ups, compositon, and trouble reservation and covers all expenses Donald Myers, shooting Designed by amateurs with some Gary Milburn, biologists, EPA: project directors For further information call Carolyn Blackmon, l

Field Museum Bulletin 15 Students See Electron Microscope in Action

They've never seen a microscope like ll^ls one before Fred Huysmans. technician in the Museum's scanning electron microscope laboratory, shows students from New Trier East High School, Winnetka. why the new microscope is such an important research tool at Field Museum These students and their Members' Nights, classmates also toured the Division ol Invertebrates. May 2 and 3

Field Museum's annual open house for all members will be held on Thursday and Friday evenings, May 2 and 3, Scores of interesting activities, exciting displays, and Collegians Translate Museum Guides into Spanish demonstrations will be featured from 6:00 to 10 00 p m, on both evenings

Some events will take members "behind the scenes" in the departments of anthropology, botany, zoology, geology, education, and exhibition; others will occur in public areas. They will include an exhibit of pottery and a demonstration of pottery-making techniques, a lecture and slide show on life as it was more than 600 million years ago, and a stunning display of exotic butterflies and moths.

There will be a weaving and spinning demonstration, a crafts workshop, a surprise children's tour, and a film on the reconstruction of Japanese and Chinese paintings

Staff members of the Botany Department will also show two special projects. "Terraria; From desert to bog — low maintenance in at Six Spanish language majors from Lake Forest {III ) College recently participated an internship program under and "Dwarf gardens glass." the Museum They were responsible lor translating into Spanish the Museum 's visitor guide, a general vegetables — a garden in your window box." information brochure, and two children's journey guide sheets, and devised a self-guided tour highlighting the Museum 's Latin American exhibits Shown working with the students are Prof. George L Speros. chairman of the college's Department of Foreign Languages, and Marie Svoboda. coordinator of the Museum's Raymond A program of entertainment will be presented Foundation The students (I. tor.) are: Rebecca Moore. Middletown. R I : Gari Kaufman. Santurce. Puerto at intervals both evenings regular throughout Rico: Miguel A Guzman. Bronx. N.Y.: Jeanne Erderig. Milwaukee. Wis.. Lisa Savin, Evanston. III., and Terry in Stanley Field Hall Garias. Bogota. Colombia

16 April 1974 Grand Canyon Geology Erratum Relative's Pottery Displayed for Field Trip Members In the article, "Carbon Monoxide-the bright side to the pollution coin" (February 1974 August 16-24 " Bulletin, p 6) appeared the statement if 4 1 billion tons of CO are put into the A few places remain open on this exciting being atmosphere each year, and the steady state river trip focusing on tfie geology of the Grand amount is only 530 million tons, then around Canyon Most of ttne time will be spent on 3 6 billion tons of it are being broken down rubber rafts down the Colorado River " traveling each year and on inner-canyon hikes. The nine-day H course will be conducted by Dr Matthew In order for a steady state to exist, the inflow Nitecki. associate curator. Department of rate and the outflow rate must be identical and Geology 4 1 billion tons must be broken down each year also, not the 3 6 billion tons as stated, otherwise the would Cost of the course is $700, which includes all atmosphere annually acquire an additional 530 million tons I thank expenses (air fare, boat fare, meals, and one Mr J W Knoderer of Bloomington. Indiana, night's lodging— double occupancy) A $200 for spotting this error — Edward J Olsen, is to hold reservation. deposit required your curator of mineralogy Camping supplies (sleeping bags, blankets, Wtiile viewing one ol the Museum s American etc available at destination for an ) are Indian displays, visitor Mrs Norma Ami. a Hop/ additional $20 to those who do not wish to Indian trom Polacca. Ariz . ttiougtit stie recognized a as been made her take them along, but should be requested pot having by grandmother. "Butterfly" Poolie Closer examination confirmed it. prior to departure For further information, please write or phone Mrs. Madge Jacobs, 922-9410, ext 343

Journey Highlights City Creatures

Volunteers Honored at Reception

Animals that have made their homes in the concrete environment ol the big city

' Mr and Mrs Sol Gurewitz. Chicago, chatted with Museum President Blame J are the subject ol the Museum 's Spring Journey for Children. 'City Creatures. a sheet at the Yarrlngton {right) during a reception honoring the Museum's 143 volunteers Mr These youngsters are among many who every day pick up journey ' Gurewitz togged more ttian 600 hours ol work in the Department ol Anthropology information desk and take the self-guided tour ol Museum exhibits. 'City during 1973. Altogether, volunteers gave 27.989 hours ol service. Creatures" continues through May

Field Museum Bulletin 17 ministers over the nation, it should help a Department of Environmental Control. The good many othersalsoThanks for a good tests showed 41 PPM of hydrocarbons and issue, and a generally interesting 2 of one percent of carbon monoxide magazine throughout the year. against the "impossible to meet" 1975 standards of 250 PPM for hydrocarbons William C. Henzllk (Rev.) and 1 5 percent for CO Editor, Today's Ministry Third: Reduction of engine-emitted pollutants need not reduce gasoline Sirs: mileage: on the contrary, since it requires Thank you for (the extra copies) of Dr ETTERS maximum operating efficiency it must be Olsen's article The will be to copies put accompanied by increased mileage per use: our will find Dr good boys especially gallon We drove 1 1 ,500 miles at an overall Olsen's (article) useful One will copy go average of 26 1 mpg I kept a record of to Tanzania, East Africa where my mileage between fills, dividing amount of cousin is with the missionary working fill into intervening mileage, and mpg tribe and a medical doctor in Sonjo helping varied from 23.4 in cities and increasing research Another copy will be sent to altitudes to 30.0 for 1.600 miles of another cousin. Dr. Poulin. aperma-frost decreasing altitudes and some west winds in Bethesda. And still another scientist eastwards out of Los Angeles. copy will go to our friend in the Navy in Here's to smaller cars and cleaner engines Aerospace Then we will hoard a couple without "gadgetry." copies until someone is properly appreciative Sam Hirsch Chicago. Illinois Mrs Robert L Jorgensen Glenview. Illinois Antelope, gerenuk, or gazelle? Sirs- Regarding Mr. Hirsch's first point: After pointing out that man was responsible for On "Carbon Monoxide, the Bright Side ot Sirs: 6 5 of the atmosphere's the Pollution Coin" only percent Heaven forbid that the Museum should be carbon monoxide — "an insignificant First: the as Dr In errorln naming an animal, but In your Accepting figures given by factor" — Dr. Olsen went on to state. "This there Is Olsen. I do not with his statement issue of February 1974, on page 9, agree IS not to say that CO is not a hazard under in the that "The man made production of carbon a picture captioned; "Drought many circumstances Before it disperses monoxide IS an factor in the Serengetl Gazelles strip leaves from low insignificant and it can be concentrated in " decomposes amount of this toxic in the branches Unless I am sadly mistaken, gas toxic or near toxic amounts- Certainly We returned from a the two animals in the picture are gerenuk, atmosphere" recently during rush hours at street level on major tour automobile. In Mexico and the manner in which they are feeding by City, avenues in the canyons of Chicago. New where we for two the IS typical of that species whether or not stayed weeks, York, and other large cities CO can there is a drought. My wife and I were in pollutionwassobadthathalfthetimewe temporarily rise to serious levels Weather saw thesun a all of the East Africa just a year ago, and we saw any through halo, and conditions can occasionally retard the time our smarted and feared from the number of these animals, and this is their eyes dispersal of auto exhaust for several acrid fumes in the air. In Los " normal feeding operation. We thoroughly Angeles (in days. — Ed southern California in in enjoy the Bulletin, and it is fun to catch you general) and in an error. Chicago within a radius of one and one-half miles from State and Madison On Spanish prehistoric art. . . William O. Kurtz streets, the same conditions prevail to a Winnetka, Illinois much lower degree Now. if. as Dr. Olsen Sirs: states, the duration of the carbon in I was very interested in reading the The animals in the photo are. indeed, monoxide molecule is about ten days, October issue your article on Spanish the season and gerenuk. defined in one source as then, except during rainy Prehistoric Art I was interested to read " "gazelle-like antelope. The gerenuk is on windy days, there was always a ten-day about Maria, who was the discoverer of " — accumulation of carbon which also known as "Waller's gazelle. Ed. monoxide Altamira In 1926 I went across Spain was emitted from automobile exhausts, fourth-class on the train and walked to her

along with the acrid fumes, and I do not house in order to have her describe this On Carbon Monoxide. . . call that quantity "insignificant." discovery. Unfortunately she told me Second: Dr Olsen states that "several honestly that she remembered nothing Sirs: yards of pipes and tubes, etc, "were about ifi In the Department of Your new February issue was most helpful needed to reduce engine emitted Anthropology there is a fine series of to me with Its lead article, "Carbon pollutants, and that they affected photographs from the Laguna de la Janda

Monoxide: the Bright Side to the Pollution adversely the engine performance. This where I rode on a pony beside the Abbe Coin." My magazine was one of those has been the insistent argument of the Breuil. also in 1926, and visited many rock which in recent years perhaps automobile industry against the standards shelters and caves. over-emphasized the dangers of carbon to be applied in 1975 and thereafter, which, Henry Field monoxide attendant upon our American they say, will be impossible to meet. I Miami, Florida fascination with the automobile Dr. don't buy that We bought a 1972 Plymouth

Olsen's article gives me great personal Vail Ian t in November of 1971 . Last 's curator of I it it Field was Field Museum relief, and if I can manage to get its September had tuned up and took Henry — message out to United Methodist through the testing lanes operated by the physical anthropology 1937-41. Ed.

18 April 1974 to be Rededicated Museum relating to the building rehabilitation To Meeting Future Needs program and the Capital Campaign

A rededlcalion of the Museum, now The outdoor site of the rededication will undergoing rehabilitation, has been furtherfocus attention on the scheduled for the first week of June, in rehabilitation program, as the stairs are commemoration of the 53rd anniversary of the undergoing waterproofing and rebuilding Museum's opening at its present location prior to the construction of new centralized administrative offices beneath them The The occasion will focus attention on the south entrance stairs, also, are being Museum's current efforts to ensure that its rebuilt

facilities and services will enable it to continue its prominent roles as researcher, Other work in progress includes collector, educator, and exhibitor in construction of eight new emergency exits decades to come and into the 21st century. as well as freight and passenger elevators: The renovation and modernization preliminary work for the conversion of the programs that will make this possible are center west lightwell into new storage, lab. being financed by the Museum's and office facilities tor the Department of $25-million Capital Campaign, scheduled Zoology; and the installation of a new to conclude this fall It is the Museum's security key system first capital campaign, providing the first major renovation programs for its present Among already completed projects are building It will also provide for the new facilities for the Department of preservation of the architecture of one of Exhibition; the installation of the scanning Chicago's earliest and most distinctive electron microscope laboratory; and institutional structures conversion of the coal-fired boilers to natural gas. In recent years especially, the institution has increased special programming and To continue for many years, the ambitious services that respond to the cultural rehabilitation program is being financed enrichment needs of modern urban on a matching basis by the Museum, populations The Museum will rededicate which is soliciting donations, and by the itself to meeting this need and others Chicago Park District, through its bonding authority The Museum must still raise Rededication plans call for removing the nearly $2 million of its $12 5 million share, Museum cornerstone at the north entrance and IS appealing to its members forfurther stairs, and placing within it documents gifts

Western Electric Presents Campaign Gift

Upon presentation of the second installment ol Western Electric s $30,000 gilt to the Capital Campaign. Museum Director E Leland Webber explains construction plans for new passenger elevators to Wyllys E Rheingrover. general manager of Western Electric's Hawthorne Works (center), and Jack Wier. the company's director of industrial relations

Photo by G, Henry Ottery

Field Museum Bulletin 19 APRIL at Field M useum

Exhibits April 27: "Scotland," narrated by Bill Madsen View s of a picturesgue country and Its inhabitants

Opens April 20

Sunday. April 7 Contemporary Alrican Arts Festival, the first comprehensive exhibit of its kind in the Uniled Slates, features the work of artists, including painters, prmtmakers, sculptors, and fabric "Footloose in Newfoundland," free wildlife film narrated by designers, as well as music, films, lectures, dances, and other Thomas A Sterling, presented by the Illinois Audubon Society at 2 in the James Theatre events Through November 3. Hall 27 See p. 8 lor special events 30pm Simpson

Continuing

Edwin Janss Jr. Underwater an exhibit of Photography, exciting Special Events colorprints Through September 8 Hall 9

Ray A. Kroc Environmental Education activities listed on Field Museum's Anniversary Exhibit continues indefinitely "A Program 15 Sense of Wonder" offers thoughl-provokmg prose and poetry associated with the physical, biological, and cultural aspects of nature. "A Sense of History" presents a graphic portrayal of the Demonstration members of the North Shore Weavers' Museum's past; and "A Sense of Discovery" shows examples of Weaving by Guild at 10 00a m to 12 00 and from 1 00 to 3 00 m on research conducted by Museum scientists Hall 3 noon, p Mondays. Tuesdays, and Fridays, in the South Lounge.

Children's Program Meetings Through May 31 7 April 5 30 p m , Chicago Anthropological Society.

Spring Journey for Children, "City Creatures," a do-it-yourself 7 April 9 30 p m , Nature Camera Club of Chicago. protect for boys and girls who can read and write It combines Museum exploration with outside activities which are designed to April 9 8 00 p m , Chicagoland Glider Council. acquaint youngsters with animals that have made their homes in the concrete "wilderness" of the city Journey sheets in English 7 April 10 00pm . Chicago Ornithological Society. and Spanish available at entrances

7 April 10 30 p m . Windy City Grotto, National Speleological Society. Film Program

1 1 April 8 00 p m . Chicago Mountaineering Club.

Ayer Adult Spring Film Lecture Series, at 2 30 p m Saturdays in ihejames Simpson Theatre TheApril 13 program will also be Coming in May presented at 7 30 pm Friday. April 12

Field Museum's H/lembers' Nights, 6 00 to 10 00 p m . Thursday April 6: "Vanishing Africa," narrated by Lewis Cotlow and Friday, May 2and 3 A noted explorer looks at the people andthewildlileofa continent in transition

April 12 and 13: "A Idabra— Island in Peril," narrated by Ley Kenyon Hours Thefilm story of an unspoiled atoll in the Indian Ocean and its diverse animal life 900am to 5 00 p m Saturday through Thursday and 9 00 a m. to 9 00 m Join us for coffee after the Friday evening, April 12, film lecture p Friday presentation and meet speaker Ley Kenyon. The Museum Library is open 9 00 a m to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. Please obtain pass at reception desk, mam floor April 20: "Alaska Wilderness Lake," narrated by Dr Theodore J north Walker The total environment of an isolated region is contrasted with thriving urban centers Museum telephone 922-9410. Volume 45, Number 5 May 1974 Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin Field Museum CONTENTS of Natural History Bulletin

RETURN OF THE Volume 45, Number 5 BUFFALO BY David M. Walslen May 1974

RAY A. KROC ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM 10

PREVIEW OF MEMBERS' NIGHTS 11 Managing Editor G Henry Ottery Editor David M Walsten AN INTERVIEW WITH JOHN WHITE Staff Writer Madge Jacobs Coordinator of Field Museum's 12 Native American Program

BOOKS 16

FIELD BRIEFS 18

CAPITAL CAMPAIGN 19

MAY AT FIELD MUSEUM: back cover CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS

COVER

Skull of young buffalo (6/son bison)

Field Museum of Natural History Director E Leland Webber Photo credits

Cover: Dave Walsten, p. 3: Compix; 4: courtesy Kansas State Historical 11: left, John Society: upper Bayalis, Sr ; upper right, lower left, and Board of Trustees lower G 12: John Jr right, Henry Ottery; Bayalis. ; 14: G Henry Ottery, 18: upper left, David Moore; lower left and right, G Henry Ottery BlaineJ Yarrington, Edward Byron Smith President Mrs Hermon Dunlap Mrs B Edward Bensinger Smith Gordon Bent John W Sullivan Harry Bercher William G Swarlchild, Jr Bowen Blair E Leland Webber Stanton R Cook Julian 8 Wilkins William R Dicl(inson, Jr Thomas E Donnelley II Marshall Field Life Trustees Nicholas Galitzine Paul W Goodrich William McCormick Blair Remick McDowell Joseph N Field Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin is published monthly, Hugo J Melvoin Clifford C Gregg except combined July/August issue, by Field Museum of Natural J Roscoe Miller Samuel Insull, Jr History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive. Chicago, Illinois 60605 William H Mitchell William V Kahler Subscriptions$6ayear;$3ayearforschools Membersolthe Charles F Murphy, Jr Hughston M McBain Museum subscribe through Museum membership Opinions Harry M Oliver, Jr James L Palmer expressed by authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect the John T Pirie,Jr JohnG Searle policy of Field Museum Unsolicited manuscripts are welcome John S Runnells Louis Ware Postmaster Please send form 3579 to Field Museum of Natural William L Searle J Howard Wood History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive. Chicago. Illinois 60605. ISSN 0015-0703 Second class postage paid at Chicago, III Return oftheBuffalo

by David M. Walsten

No longer in danger of extinction, the buffalo today thirives on government preserves and private rancfies

extinction the all ^ The causes which led to the practical {in one which embraced others, was the descent of wild state, at least) of the most economically valuable wild civilization, with all its elements of destructiveness, upon animal that ever inhabited the American content, are by no the whole of the country inhabited by that animal. From the means obscure. It is well that we should know precisely Great Slave Lake to the Rio Grande the home of the buffalo what they were, and by the sad fate of the buffalo be was everywhere overrun by the man with the gun: and, as warned in time against allowing similar causes to produce has ever been the case, the wild creatures were gradually the same results with our elk, antelope, deer, moose, swept away, .... caribou, mountain sheep, mountain goat, walrus, and other animals. It will be doubly deplorable if the remorseless The secondary causes of the extermination of the buffalo slaughter we have witnessed during the last twenty years may be catalogued as follows: carries with it no lessons for the future. A continuation of the record we have lately made as wholesale game • Man's reckless greed, his wanton destructiveness, butchers will justify posterity in dating us back with the and Improvidence in not husbanding such resources .... mound-builders and cave-dwellers, when man 's only known function was to slay and eat. • The total and utterly inexcusable absence of protective measures and agencies on the part of the The primary cause of the buffalo's extermination, and the National Government ....

'.ti» *>:"* :\U *«rt. i An 1874 woodcut showing a typical railroad hide yard Staked hides dry in the bale ol hides ready for shipment Bones piled m the background await shipment to sun Three men in the foreground operate a hide press Stacked at the right is a porcelain and fertilizer factories.

• The fatal preference on the saved the day for the buffalo. years. The breeding season normally part of hunters generally, both white Numbering perhaps 300 head at the occurs in July and August. Calves are and red. for the robe and flesh of the turn of the century, the buffalo has born the following April, May, or cow over that furnished by the bull. been pulled back from the brink of June. extinction and gradually been • The phenomenal stupidity of restored. About 45,000 buffalo are are in the animals themselves, and their currently to be found on federal, state Newborn calves reddish color, but after about three indifference to man. and provincial refuges of the United months the natal coat is the dark brown States and Canada and on private replaced by of the adult. Birth is , The perfection of modern lands. pelage weight 30-70 but calves breech-loading rifles and other pounds, grow and within one sporting firearms in general. The buffalo— or "bison," as it is more rapidly year may as properly called— had recently been weigh much as 700 pounds; the in two-year-old males up to Each of these causes acted against most populous large mammal may weigh 1 ,100 Cows reach a the buffalo with its full force, to offset the history of terrestrial life. pounds. maximum of about 1 after which there was not even one Curiously, the passenger weight ,000 — could well six or seven years; males increase in restraining or preserving influence, pigeon which have been — until nine or ten of and it is not to be wondered at that the most populous bird species was weight years age and the male the species went down before them. slaughtered by man in the groves and average full-grown about 1 The Had any one of these conditions been forests of North America at almost weighs ,600 pounds. buffalo on record was a eliminated the result would have been the same time that the great buffalo largest herds decimated. But bull that reached far less quickly. Had the were being ten-year-old weighed 3,340 in 1 969. and buffalo, for example, possessed those who espoused the rights of pounds Weight vigor were less vocal than the is maintained until the of one-half the fighting qualities of the pigeons normally age the few that about 1 2 to 1 5; some animals grizzly bear he would have fared very buffalo-savers; pigeons may were left were reluctant to live to be 35 or 40. differently, but his inoffensiveness breed, and and lack of courage almost leads one the species passed forever into the last one in 1914. to doubt the wisdom of the economy oblivion, dying Distinction is sometimes made of nature so far as it relates to him. (See Bulletin, Sept. 1973.) between "wood buffalo," which occur generally in woodlands, and — The Extermination of the "plains buffalo," which occur American Natural History in The latter is Bison (1 887) by William T. Hornaday. generally grasslands. somewhat smaller and the head is Buffalo cows normally mate when held at a lower Hornaday's protest nearly a century they are two years old and bear their angle. Some authorities these two animals ago against "remorseless slaughter" first calves, usually singly, at the age regard as ot the buffalo will come as a surprise of three. Cows retain their fecundity separate species. to many who assume that for years and may still bear environmental concern is a very well-developed calves at the age of Buffalo breed readily with domestic recent kind of awareness. 25 or more. Bulls begin to breed cattle, the hybrid being known as Fortunately, the efforts of Hornaday when about three years of age and, cattalo. Females of such a cross are and other early-day conservationists like the cows, remain fertile for many normally fertile, but male cattalo are

May 1974 Extermination of the Buffalo not fertile unless they are at least BOUNDARY OF AREA ONCE INHAC TED BY BISON--,^^ 31 /32 domestic. An experiment RANGE OF TWO GREAT HERDS IN 1B70 .'. conducted by Canada's Department RANGE OF THE HERDS IN 1 %:%; of Agriculture demonstrated that hybridization of the two species is not economically practical.

The fossil record suggests that the American buffalo came to North America via a land bridge from Siberia. Some of the early arrivals had horns with a spread of six feet; some had flat horns like those of the gayal of India; others had short horns like the modern buffalo. Over the centuries the animal gradually wandered southward, eventually reaching what is now Mexico, extending southeastward to Florida, and eastward to New York. Into the Pacific northwest the animals apparently followed valleys and mountain passes. They were found in greatest numbers in the great plains of the Mississippi Valley and from Great Slave Lake in northern Canada to Texas. At their peak (probably before the arrival of Columbus) they may have numbered as many as 60 to 70 million.

Extermination

The buffalo was the backbone of the economy of the Plains Indians. The vast numbers, and buffalo hunting With the southern herds gone, the with meat animal supplied the Indians was the major industry of the region. buffalo hunters turned to the northern and 1 and hides for food, clothing, A St. Louis company bought 250,000 herds, and between 1 876 and 883 Not the buffalo in as well. The hunters shelter. surprisingly, hides in 1871 . In 1873-74, auctions destroyed them also occupied an important place in Fort Worth, Texas, were moving seemingly did not realize that the of these the mythology and arts 100,000 hides a day. buffalo was gone; some stoutly people. When the buffalo eventually insisted that the herds had only were forced disappeared the Indians William F. Cody allegedly killed 4,280 temporarily retreated into Canada were often into new ways of life, and buffaloes in 1 7 months as he supplied and would return. obliged to live on paltry handouts meat for railroad construction crews, Between 1 730 the time the wild from the white man. earning for himself the sobriquet Fortunately, during a and 1830 some reduction of buffalo "Buffalo Bill." Perhaps even more buffalo herds were being destroyed, ever herds were occurred as pioneers pressed spectacular than Cody's performance number of small captive herds the westward. By 1800 the small was that of Sir St. George Gore, an being established. Three of these, east of the Mississippi River had Irish nobleman who believed in Goodnight herd of Texas, the herd of Montana, and virtually disappeared. Systematic hunting in style. His "safari" Pablo-Allard reduction of the Plains herds began contained 27 wagons and carts, the Blue Mountain Forest Association the next five became the about 1830, and during enormous quantities of fine wines and herd of New Hampshire decades the great southern herds foods from Europe as well as a brass primary sources of stock for state were obliterated. bed, a bathtub, and fine rugs. His present-day federal and retinue consisted of forty servants as refuges. end of Hunters often killed as many as 250 well as a scientific staff. At the Some herds in the United States and buffalo a day. American Fur his three-year hunting spree (which Sir St. Canada today are descended from records show that in 1 848 cost him $500,000) George Company Fend' 1 four calves that were saved by the firm sent 110,000 robes and had killed 2,000 buffaloes, ,600 in more than 1 00 bear, and other Oreille Indians from slaughter 25,000 tongues to St. Louis. By 1 870, deer, 1873. The Indians had travelled from trading in hides and tongues reached large game.

Field Museum Bulletin the Flathead Valley (in what is now preserves that have been The spectacular way in which the westernmost Montana) to the plains permanently established in the west buffalo has rebounded from its east of the Rockies for their meat and midwest ensure that the buffalo precarious situation at the turn of the supply; one of them, an Indian by the will never again be threatened with century demonstrates how a name of Wall

May 1974 protected lands in Canada. number of Yellowstone buffalo \ exceeds 800. The first of the buffalo ranges in the United States was Yellowstone Near the turn of the century, William National Park where, by act of Hornaday and other concerned Congress, buffalo-hunting was citizens organized the American outlawed in 1894. In 1902 funds were Bison Society. Together with the New appropriated to buy 21 buffalo from York Zoological Society they pressed private herds and supplement the the government for the establishment park's existing herd. Today the of other protected herds and, as a result of their combined efforts, four national buffalo refuges were created: the Wichita Mountains Refuge, the National Bison Range, the Fort Niobrara Refuge, and the Sullys Hill Refuge. Through public subscription in 1908 the American Bison Society raised funds to buy 34 animals for initially stocking the National Bison Range.

four are Today the refuges operated Buffalo women's society cap. Arapaho-Algonkian. by the United States Department of Collected in 1 903 for Field Museum by George Dorsey. Cat. No. 71981. the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, The Wichita Mountains Refuge (est. 1907), in southwestern the refuge. Sullys Hill National Game Oklahoma, currently has a herd of Preserve (est. 1918), in northwestern some 900 animals; they roam freely North Dakota, provides refuge for over some of the finest grazing land in buffalo on about 2.5 square miles of the United States. To avoid rangeland. Elk, deer, and geese animals are sold overgrazing, surplus share the area with the buffalo. each year by auction or sealed bid. The National Bison Range (est. Smaller groups of buffalo are 1908), in the Flathead Valley of protected in Grand Teton National Montana, has 300-500 buffalo and an Park, Wyoming; Wind Cave National area of about 29 square miles. Elk, Park, in the Black Hills of South deer, bighorn sheep, pronghorns, Dakota; Piatt National Park, waterfowl, and shorebirds also share Oklahoma; and Colorado National the Visitors are on range. permitted Monument, Colorado. the range from June 20 through Labor Day. For many years the main The largest buffalo preserve is Custer attraction of the herd was "Big State Park, a 1 1 2-square-mile area in Medicine," a bull that was totally South Dakota. The Custer herd, white except for a dark brown crown which originated with 25 head in between his horns. "Big Medicine" 1914, is maintained at a population of died in 1 959 at the age of 26. Fort some 1 ,500. Hunts are conducted Niobrara Refuge (est. 1913), in each fall to keep the population at a northern Nebraska, covers about 30 constant level. Some animals are square miles and provides protection sold live. for about 200 buffalo. Texas longhorn chicken, and cattle, elk, prairie The Arizona Game and Fish sharp-tailed grouse are also found on Department maintains two buffalo ranges where hunts are held each Two Assiniboin Indians Running a Buffalo, by October. Hunting licenses are Canadian artist Paul Kane in the (1810-71); paintea a 1840s near Edmonton, Alberta. awarded through special drawing.

Field Museum Bulletin Occasional hunts have also been held in the Big Delta country of Alaska, where introduced animals have easily adapted to the severe environment.

In 1 893 buffalo in Canada were placed under the protection of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, In 1922 Wood Buffalo National Park—a 17,300-square-mile tract—was established in Alberta and Northwest ,. Territories south of Great Slave .A.Sk: .'"§ . just Lake. Today a herd of some 15,000 plains buffalo and wood buffalo ranges in the park's grassy plains, boreal forest, and muskeg.

Illinois buffalo

About 1 85 buffalo are currently to be found in Illinois. Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo has twelve buffalo, Brookfield Zoo two. The National Drawing of buffalo hunt by Plains Indian, ca 1880 Colored crayon on notebook paper Accelerator at Batavia Laboratory Gill of Mrs- A- W Fuller. Cat Wo. 83999 maintains a herd of about 28. Four privately owned herds in Illinois acccount for another 142 animals, Founder-president of the association braunschweiger are sold by the Triple the largest of these consisting of 1 1 is Roy Houck, whose Triple U Ranch, U as well as whole carcasses. The head. with more than 3,500 head, is the ranch also finds a ready market for largest privately owned buffalo herd in mounted buffalo heads, bleached The Metropolitan Sanitary District of the country. Other private herds in the skulls, and buffalo hides. Twenty or Greater Chicago has projected a United States and Canada number more carcasses are sold by the Triple comprehensive "Prairie Plan," which about 400. A number of ranches sell U each year to Chicago's Cafe would include buffalo and other large live as well as slaughtered animals. Bohemia, which serves the meat as animals in its realization of a "living A young bull brings around $475. buffaloburger, steak, or stew. museum of native wildlife." An About 300 American families keep 11 -square-mile area recently buffalo as pets, raising them in Recognizing the commercial potential purchased in Fulton County by the large backyards or on farms. (Buffalo of the buffalo, a western supermarket sanitary district is the presumed site experts warn that the animals are chain recently asked the federal for development of the plan. unpredictable, hence dangerous, and government for the "loan" of its must be approached with caution.) protected animals until the chain could establish from it bigger and

In 1 973 4,000 buffalo carcasses better commercial herds. The request Commercial and herds private were sold to supermarkets — mostly in was denied. the west— and to gourmet In 1966 the National Buffalo restaurants. Animals are butchered The story of the buffalo's near-demise Association, headquartered in Pierre, when two or three years old; the meat is eloquent testimony to thoughtless buffalo is in as beef. human and destructiveness; S.D. , was formed "to help graded the same way greed owners with problems, to disseminate According to NBA's Roy Houck, more important: the animal's information about the animals, and to buffalo meat is higher in protein and subsequent recovery has encourage the propagation of the lower in cholesterol than beef; it is demonstrated that even a small group national resource." The association also coarser and darker than beef, of concerned people can turn the publishes a monthly newsletter, and the flavor is more pungent. tide, can influence federal legislation, Buffalo Cliips, and a quarterly Currently buffalo meat is slightly more and preserve what is worth saving for magazine, Buffalo. expensive. Buffalo salami and buffalo those generations to come.

May 1974 Top right: A buffalo skin painted with geometric

designs - Nineteenth century. Arapaho The symbolism of the design is very elaborate The border as a whole represents a buffalo The lines along the edges symbolize the skin and hair of the animal, its veins: and the diamond-shaped figures. the pulsations of its heart In these figures the central spot [red] symbolizes the heart: and the seven lines [yellow or green] symbolize the seven periods of creation The border as a whole also symbolizes a river on which floats a pemmican [the diamond-shaped figure], this being a reference to an Arapaho legend.

The large oblong figure in the center symbolizes the earth, the line [red and yellow] surrounding it being the horizon A [red] line symbolizes the sun. a [yellow] line symbolizes the day The strip [red. and yellow] in the center of this design green, " symbolizes the "Path of Life The three diamonds represent the eyes of One Above who watches human lives They also symbolize a man. a woman. and animals The field surrounding the triangles represents the Indian race The designs above and below this central band symbolize the division between night and day A long line through the center of each represents the Milky Way The dark triangles containing four white squares symbolize the buffalo lodge, where the buffalo were once kept imprisoned by a white crow The white squares represent the buffalo, but they also represent life or abundance, and the Four Old Ivfen of Arapaho myth. The triangles with a [red] spot in the center represent another legendary lodge in which six sisters, who had been sent away from home for their refusal to marry, lived for a long time The [red] spot indicates the lire in the lodge, the white

around it, the light The long triangular figure below the central design represents a buffalo's tail, the triangles along the edges symbolize hills The [red] line below it represents the Indian 's way of life

In the perpendicular figures at either end of the large central design the light central strip represents a road The triangles at either end of this strip represent tipis: the small spots in it. people. and the lines [green and yellow] connecting them. paths The figures along either edge represent day [yellow], night [black], water and vegetation [geeen], and Indian race [red] The long triangular figures below these bands represent the limbs of animals The unpamted portions of the robe were originally whitened with clay, symbolizing purity Cat No 67758.

Bottom right: Dying Buffalo by George Callin, American [1796-1872] Painted on the upper ivlissouri River 1832. and probably done from sketches made during a buffalo hunt: 21 x 28 inches Cat No 49705 Field Museum has 35 Catlin paintings done between 1831 and 1837,

Field Museum Bulletin 9 Saturday. May 11 A. Kroc Field trip for young people: "Hidden City." Ray Fully booked; reservations closed.

Saturday. May 18

Environmental Adult field trip: Communities." "Ecological Fully booked: reservations closed Education Program Saturday. May 25 Adult field trip: "Kennicott Grove." Fully booked: reservations closed. Listed below are the final offerings in tfie Ray Film: "Insect War." This remarkable BBC film A Kroc Environmental Education Program for examines the various man techniques Saturday. June 1 spring 1 974 A new series of programs will be employs in his battle with insects for * this fall. Field for "Prairie Life." A presented possession of food crops. Lecture Hall. 1 0:30 trip young people: and 1:00 study of the vegetation of Markham Prairie Leaders Phil Hanson and James Bland. Field 27 Saturday. April Museum Limited to 30 students, ages 1 5 Sunday. April 28 through 18 Group will assemble in the north Course: "Urban Streams." First of six Repeat film: "Insect War." Lecture Hall, meeting room, second floor, at 9 30 sessions to be held on successive Saturdays 11 00 through June 1 The course will include seminars, three field trips, and research Symposium: "Ecological Research at Field Saturday. June 8 designed to outline outstanding Museum," featuring Field Museum Adult field Site." characteristics of water, indicate special scientists Entomologist Henry Dybas trip: "Cfiicago Portage Fully booked: reservations closed problems in water quality in an urban discusses "Cicada: Strategy for Survival": environment, underscore the resilience of botanist Lorin Nevling presents "Implications * biological populations, and introduce course for Change in the American Tropics": Field trip for young people "Rocl«y Glen." participants to basic measurement of water's ichthyologist Robert Johnson speaks on Rocky Glen in DuPage County has a wide properties, using inexpensive tools. Project "Aspects of Oceanic Ecology": and variety of ecological communities: pond, river directors Donald Meyers and Gary Milburn. anthropologist Bennet Bronson will explore plain, and stream Field study activities will be biologists, Environmental Protection Agency. "Man and His Environment in Ancient Asia." included in the trip. Leader James Bland, Robert F Field Limited Limited to 40 people, 1 5 years of age or older Moderator Inger, assistant Museum to 30 students, ages A $1 5.00 fee holds your advance reservation director, science and education. Field 1 5 through 1 8 Meet in north parking lot at for iho ^ni;rcp pipjj covers all expenses. Museum James Simpson Theatre, at 2 00 9 30 p m Saturday, June 22

Adult Field trip: "Reserving the Future." 4 Saturday, May Fully booked; reservations closed

Film: "Time ol Man." A reminder to man that he is one of nature's more recent innovations, •Reservations will be confirmed in order of this film also intimates that man may be one of receipt and payment A $4 00 fee covers nature's mistakes since he not only adapts to, lunch and transportation, and holds your but often his environment, changes advance reservation sometimes with deleterious effects Lecture Hall, 1030 and 1:00. Send your choice of program, name, address, phone number — and fee, where applicable — Sunday, May 5

film: "Time of Man." Lecture Repeat Hall, to: Field Museum — Environmental Program 11 00 Roosevelt Rd. at Lake Shore Dr

II 60605 Lecture: "Energy for tfie 70s." Philip H Chicago, Abelson, editor of Science magazine and president of the Carnegie Institution of For further information call Carolyn Washington, DC, speaks on the decade's Blackmon, Field Museum, 922-9410. PhiUp H- Abelson. May 5 lecturer energy outlook extension 361 or 363

10 (^ay 1974 Jgl^J^

"^ Field Museum's Members' Nights will feature many special activities. Shown here is a small sampling of what is in store for visitors on those evenings.

Top letf A demonstration of how large mammal skins are prepared in the tanning area. a in window Top right: A do-it-yourself project: "Dwarf vegetables— garden your box," Bottom left: A discussion of current scientific research on fossil bighorn sheep. Bottom right: A demonstration of pottery-making techniques.

The hours for the open house are from 6:00 to 10;00 p.m. in public areas and from 7:00 to 10:00 p.m. behind the scenes. Duplicate programs of all events, including entertainment in Stanley Field Hall, will be presented during the two evenings.

The cafeteria and lunchroom will be open from 6:00 to 8:00 p.m.

Chartered busses designated "Field Museum" will leave from the southwest corners of State and Jackson, and Michigan and Jackson, at frequent intervals after 6:00 p.m. on these two nights.

For the convenience of those who come by automobile, lights have been installed in the parking lots. members' nights, may 2-3 &n interview witli John white

coordinator of Field Museum's Native American Program

is Editor: John, I understand that your program here a real innovation; in fact, that it's something of an experiment. What was the basis for setting up the program?

White: My coming to Field Museum was—as you say— an experiment, to see if it would be possible to make the Museum responsive in certain ways to the community, and to search for ways to revitalize the present-day North American cultural scene. The W. Clement and Jessie V. Stone Foundation, which is providing about half the funds

for the program, also supported a field trip that I made in 1972 to Europe to study environmental approaches to teaching about a culture. The present program consists essentially of observing various niches in the Chicago community and determining which would be the most productive in the development of educational programs for Native American children. There are now programs at Newberry Library, at Circle Campus, at two Indian centers, at an Indian high school, and at an elementary school —so there are a number of different niches within the Chicago scene.

Ed.: What other organizations in Chicago will you be working with in the program?

White: We are working largely with an Indian elementary school program that is an extension of William C. Goudy School, on the north side. The program will involve maybe 50 to 75 Native American children through the sixth grade; half a day will be spent at Goudy and half a day at the Indian school. Half the children will attend the Indian school, which is a block and a half away, in the morning; the rest of the students will attend in the afternoon. Evening programs are also planned. Goudy chose to become involved because the school had a serious dropout problem.

I hope to be able to develop a mini-museum within a library complex at this Indian school, with changing exhibits of Indian artifacts of various types, each exhibit featuring artifacts of a particular tribe, employing various techniques for material and for different Field Museum 's Native American Program, set up last observing recognizing A new exhibit would be installed year, is an attempt to utilize the Museum as a cultural relationships. perhaps resource for the Indian. Coordinator of the program is John every month. White, who is of Cherokee and Scottish descent. He began The main thrust of this program is to reinforce a positive college at Bacone Indian School in Oklahoma, and for the Indian and we want to received his M.A. in a combined education-anthropology identification children, get in whatever that can be program at the University of Chicago: currently he is a them involved ways meaningful Stanford University doctoral candidate. with respect to Indian culture— to build up that aspect. A

12 May 1974 aim will be remedial. The staff will secondary consist of one In the recent past it was possible to find Indian people in the full-time teacher and two teachers' aides. All the staff community who could recite incredibly detailed accounts of will be Indian. The is for persons program strictly voluntary historical occurrences of more than 1 50 years ago—even the students. There will also be a buddy day. One day a going back before the American Revolution — accounts week a student can bring a buddy and that will be the marked with great detail, great richness. These included mechanism by which non-Indians will be able to see what religious accounts, creation stories, origin myths of one the is all program about. sort or another concerning various animals. But today, accounts of these same events are usually greatly

I have been a Native American art and culture teaching abbreviated. The reason for such truncation is that where course for the Indian at Circle of program Chicago Campus traditional communities have broken up, actual attempts

the of Illinois, I one a week University spend day have been made to achieve such a fragmentation: for for over there and have the students at the Museum example, Indian children have continually been sent away one day each week. Right now we are making to boarding school and kept there for as long as ten years composition replicas of Indian masks in the Field Museum or more. Usually these children had left home speaking no collection. These masks will go out as a kit, which will English at all would eventually return to their parents include a set of Northwest Coast stories. These will be speaking only English. This is a highly effective method of presented in such a form that they can be used by a destroying the natural means of transmitting one's narrator and the masks can be worn by students in acting heritage. What amazes me is not how things have out the stories. There will also be some audio-visual deteriorated in so many ways, but that any of the Indian

material — a three-minute tape, for example, and perhaps heritage has managed to survive at all !

slides, and so on. What I am interested in is injecting material in a way that gives people an appreciation of a

particular culture as well as some conception of the Ed. : I understand that work is being done on preparing a context—a true, meaningful context. catalogue of the Museum's Indian artifacts. How will it be used in your program''

Ed. : There is an interesting variety in the program's White: Native American dimensions. Could you comment on requirements students from Circle Campus and non-Indian volunteers are you may have for staff to assist in these various areas? currently working on the catalogue. Essentially it will consist of a card file: the cards are being typed from the Department of White: Recently I had a long discussion with a woman who Anthropology acquisition catalogue and will be arranged to noticed that I was with the Museum's Native American according tribe. After the is set we will determine to Program. She said that she had been a collector of Indian catalogue up what extent the material will be supplemented basketware and jewelry, knew a lot about it, and had taught by photographs of individual items. We will then decide how to in the Uptown area where she had had Indian students. She make that material available. Most Indians are interested in wanted a job with our program and wondered if there were knowing what examples of craftwork from their tribe are in any positions open. I said, "Yes, I have a spot for a teacher the Museum's collections. Until now museums have not and one for a half-time secretary, but I am searching for an served those people whose culture is entombed there. Indian for the positions." The woman got very upset and said, "You mean just because I'm not an Indian I couldn't

I think it's to the fact that the Museum qualify'' It looks like racism in reverse." So, we got into a important recognize can be as an of European culture: how rather lengthy discussion. I tried to explain to her that the regarded expression the labels are how the material is and so Indian students need role models^models they can follow. written; put out, If to the where their is People model themselves to a very great extent on persons forth. you get people point identity secure then can view exhibits as the who they have to deal with in their day-to-day activities. enough, they though material simply represents extremely fine examples of traditional arts and crafts. The manner in which museum Ed.: What were your reasons for becoming involved in the Museum program? exhibits are usually set up is extremely revealing for it shows the way in which European Americans become cultured. It's not random: it's of a cultural White: Basically it was my own growing concern with the part patterning. value of traditional Indian culture and the importance of Indian culture is past tense like the Neanderthals and the recirculating the traditional values^so that these elements dinosaurs. may enhance the individual's self-esteem as well as enrich It's been revealed to me more and more that there are the cultural scene prevailing in the Indian communities. — What has been happening to Native American culture for whole areas of expertise insights that anthropologists in cultures that 1 50 years or more could be compared to vandals coming have developed their study of various really into a library and stealing the best books. bring home the basic problems

Field Museum Bulletin 1 3 within American society. But there is actually no integration into any of this. Anthropology is seen as the study of bizarre cultures— some other place, some other time. I went —into anthropology for a far-out thing to get spiritual power. Because it's part of Cherokee tradition — which is my heritage — that one studies and learns as much of different cultures as he can. Everyone views the world through his own eyes and no one can hope to gain more than a fragmentary picture. If he wants to develop himself he's got to be exposed as much as possible to other cultures. I have gone into anthropology not only for what it can help me to understand about my own cultural background but about other cultures as well.

Ed.: Your academic background of anthropology combined with education is rather unusual. In what ways does this particular approach enable one to be more insightful in dealing with social problems^

White: I have been impressed with the fact that, with very few exceptions, human beings do things in culturally patterned ways, and this applies to all cultures, including contemporary American culture. We are conditioned to believe that only other people have superstitions, but we have sc/ence! Our way is the right way. Others have just stumbled along in an empirical way. Usually the adjective "empirical" is a put-down.

If a person really knew what he was doing he would be able to project it beforehand, rather than just deduce what was happening afterward. So, it seems to me that one can't even begin to face the problems of subcultural groups wiihin a place like contemporary United States without realizing that when children (or adults) are coming into school they should be made aware that what they are being taught is a particular cultural bag; it's a particular John White demonstrates weaving techniques of the Salish Indians (British Columbia) to members ol the a ' configuration of cultural patterning, North Shore Weavers Guild. He has also scheduled Museum workshops in weaving techniques that were way of looking at the used in northern Europe during the Iron Age.

14 May 1974 world, a way of looking at other people. And it's very Ed.: What is your interpretation of the rather recent different from anybody else's. What happens is that kids phenomenon of Indian culture catching on particularly with come into programs set up by those of other cultural groups young non-Indians? and very quickly are convinced that their whole way is inferior, that there is something wrong with them.

There's a community of Indians in northern f\/lexico who White.: During my first several months as a graduate in 200 years ago were the Great Lakes area. A Kickapoo student at Stanford I had inquiries from literally dozens of are an Eastern Woodland tribe — now group, they — students who were trying to satisfy their personal needs by numbering perhaps 900 who left the United States for identifying with Indian culture. I said, "Look, you're never Mexico around 1 830 to get away from the European going to be an Indian. Put your roots down in your own settlers. They still live in a wigwam village and their culture tradition — everybody's got them. If you want to have a is as close to intact as you could possibly hope to find situation where you're as close to the environment as you anywhere. Kickapoo culture has done very well in enabling can get, where you're producing your own sustenance, the people to move from a wild rice-growing area in the where you're taking part in all these activities, instead of north to fvlexican desert conditions. Their language, destroying it — All you have to do is investigate your own culture, religion, are all still strong, and it's an incredible culture of four or five generations back and you're right in thing. The group visits continually with a Kickapoo group it. And then it will be genuine. But any attempt to mimic or back in Oklahoma and has had a conservatising influence borrow in this way from Indian culture can only result in on them. So it would be better to compare that community something artificial. with the Chippewa community, say, in northern Minnesota, where essentially traditional religion, culture, crafts have I feel that mankind's cultural roots are of great importance, completely fallen apart. The fact that it hasn't occurred that they can be a source of great strength. We have come with the transplanted group throws out the window the idea to put down the past, we think it is a millstone hanging that cultural decay is a natural matter of course— it's not. around our necks, the cumulative sins of our grandfathers. When people stop speaking a language, it's not because We search for a time when man became differentiated from they no longer need it or because it's no longer functional, the animals because we are afraid of the animal within us. or anything like that. It's because the language had a We try to run counter to nature's laws rather than to flow negative value placed on it. Speaking that particular with them; our ancestors knew better. We have become language had low status. People picked up on that and a clever people but we have lost the wisdom and strength stopped speaking the language. No language dies; it's that enabled our forefathers to survive many ice ages. For killed. And it's not a natural state of affairs. It's a state of that we should honor them, not ridicule them. The sad thing affairs that occurs in an unnatural situation. is that we have come to ridicule without knowing it.

RECENT FIELDIANA PUBLICATIONS

Fieldiana Geology: Fieldiana Botany: Fieldiana Zoology:

"Osteology, Function, and Evolution of the "Flora of Guatemala." by Johnnie L. Gentry, "Eupomacentrus diencaeus Jordan and Trematopsid (Annphibia: Labynnthodontia) Jr and Paul C. Standley. Vol. 24, part X, nos. Rutter A Valid Species of Damselfish from Nasal Region." by John R Bolt Vol. 33. no. 2 1 and 2 the Western Tropical Atlantic," by David W. Greenfield and Loren P. Woods. Vol. 65, no. 2. "Notes on the Genua Hygrolembidium "Chesterian (Upper Mississlppian) (Hepaticae)," by John J. Engle. Vol. 36, no. 7. Gastropoda of the Illinois Basin," by Myint twin Thein and Matthew H Nitecki. Vol. 34.

"The Structure and Evolution of Teeth in Fieldiana publications may be ordered directly Robert H Denison Vol 33. Lungfishes." by from the Field Museum Division of no. 3. Publications^ Prices available upon request.

Field Museum Bulletin 1 5 transported, and cared for them before they Museums of Natural History were finally placed on exhibit. Museum and the who Work in them People curators, educators, and exhibit designers By Patricia M, Williams often devote their working lives to studying or 1 collections Collections of are St. Martin's Press; 20 pp, , $5.95 using objects what museums are all about.

there are about 5,000 museums in the Today Using the organizational framework of the from United States Collectively they employ Field Museum, the author explains in detail 1 5,000 to 20,000 full-time professional the roles of the various people in the At least 400 of these institutions are workers anthropology, geology, botany, and zoology A recent natural history museums publication departments These are the scientists, or of American Association of Museums the curators, who collect, care for, and study the educated recruits for states" that better collections, perhaps assisted by a needed in a museum employment are period conservator who prevents or retards the characterized new of rapid change by deterioration of specimens and repairs them such as technological developments, when necessary These are also the people records of multimedia computerization of who answer questions from the public, who and new attitudes toward exhibits, by are involved in research, writing scientific that show keen awareness of each museums monographs, teaching and serving as and social needs." community's educational consultants to students, or speaking before It further states that there are creative and ladies' luncheons talented young people available if only they can be reached and informed of the And there are other nonscientific personnel opportunities open to them at museums. who are essential to a large natural history museum: taxidermists, scientific illustrators, Williams' book is an excellent means of Mrs preparators. secretaries, accountants, and informing young people of the variety of many more Of increasing importance in in These careers available museums. today's museums are the education institutions are now in a good position to departments The educational responsibility of of in compete with institutions higher learning museums is vast, complex, and touches every With the current recruiting for staff positions aspect of our intellectual life. Among the shortage of teaching jobs, many graduate programs and services available at large students have decided to museum film A Manual of Mammalogy investigate museums for various age groups are careers field with Keys to Families of the World series, guided tours, workshops, trips, and much more By Anthony F. DeBlase and Rotiert E. Martin. Drawing on twelve years of professional bound. Wm. C. Brown, publisher; 329 pp.; spiral experience at Field Museum, the author has The book concludes with a 31 -page listing, by $7.95 created a concise, nontechnical, and state, of the country's major natural history humanistic picture of museum people, past museums, with brief descriptions of each, Dr. DeBlase, who is Field Museum's chief of and present; they are viewed as integral parts their university affiliations, collections, and, in security and visitor services, as well as a of a functioning museum The book is some cases, special programs. mammalogist. and Mr Martin, of Texas Tech particularly valuable as a behind-the-scenes University, have produced a manual unique in tour of Field Museum Mrs Williams includes — Sue Maxwell, instructor in museology lor the natural the mammalogical literature. It is not only a a brief definition and description of Gifted Program Otfice ol the Chicago Board ot the handy guide for the student and generalist, it history museums in general, and traces Education. is the first family key of worldwide scope to history of museums from private collections, to appear in such a format. or "cabinets of curiousities," moderately Athapaskan Adaptations: Hunters and cluttered houses of and to their things, finally Fishermen of the Subarctic Forests The 79 comprise a remarkably emergence as important community centers opening pages James W. VanStone concise introduction to mammalian anatomy. of education and research By Aldlne Publishing Co.; 145 pp., Following sections on systematic methods deals with cloth $7.50, paper $2.95 and methods of keying are equally lucid and The main section of the book well presented. The volume also has chapters collections "the true wealth of a museum." of of This a noted anthropologist at the on "Identifying Mammal Sign," "Recording These collections consist objects study by Field Museum is the first full-length book to Data," "Collecting," "Specimen Preparation aesthetic, historical, or scientific importance. all of the Northern Athapaskans and Preservation," and even chapter-length As survivors of the past or as extensions of the encompass It is a brave venture and a highly successful discussions of methods for collecting present, they can tell us much about the — — one based of archival and field if about the upon years parasites of mammals, cranial natural world or artifacts The theme the measurements, and how to find what you're people who created them There is an research running through called of book involves the adaptive strategies by which looking for in the scientific literature. An intangible something "spirit place" of a various Athapaskan groups have ample bibliography— mostly of publications that denotes the uniqueness landscape, — in this case a museum. accommodated to the natural and social within the past decade— and a 1 5-page civilization, or place environment in times and I felt this term was pre-contact glossary of terms round out the fringe benefits have always that historical It is a in I have the period study of the manual. The keys, 127 pages in length, appropriate for certain museums that throughout with cultural in the Worlds of Man series also contain hundreds of black and white visited, and it must have something to do ecology edited Walter Goldschmidt Although illustrations and information on fossil forms the collections, and the knowledge that these by issues of theoretical importance and distribution. A remarkably comprehensive are linked mysteriously to a chain of generally raising many - to the of hunters and in and attractive manual Ed anonymous people who found, studied. study gatherers

16 May 1974 of the general, it is. as VanStone notes, designed to European diseases had far-reaching effects highly specialized knowledge suit the needs of undergraduates and on socio-economic organization leading to environment This flexibility, VanStone professionals alike While relatively short and trading post dependency, reduced mobility, cogently argues, accounts, in part, for necessarily general, the book presents a and individualism in social relations. While deep-rooted cultural-ecological similarities considerable amount of information. VanStone's analysis of the effects of the fur found throughout the Northern Athapaskan trade on Indian culture is very good, his area. The common language stock of Northern periods do not conform to the data he Athapaskans serves to define the parameters presents His early contact period In the appendix. VanStone stresses the need of the western Subarctic, an area stretching (1700-1850) and stabilized fur trade period for more intensive field studies to provide from Hudson Bay to central Alaska. While (1850-1940) are much too long, at least for basic ethnographic and linguistic data which there are ecologically-derived cultural the eastern half of the area Actually, early are lacking For purposes of historical variations within this immense area, there are contact and indirect trade ended when traders research, and perhaps unknown to VanStone, also numerous and likely ancient similarities began moving into the interior during the I add that there remains an enormous quantity common to all groups After a long period of 1 770s to establish direct trade relations. The of archival materials available in the records adaptation in central Alaska and the Yukon. period between the 1 770s and 1 821 marked of the Hudson's Bay Company This latter type Athapaskan-speakers spread rapidly in a another era involving trade company rivalry, of research is still in its infancy and when in the combined with field studies of the southeasterly direction after 700 B,C . and while the period between 1821 (when type the process accommodated to a variety of Hudson's Bay Company absorbed the mentioned, may help provide answers to the in this environments Given this fact, it is not Northwest Company) and the time of treaties many important issues raised study. surprising that the western Subarctic forms a perhaps marked another era. It would then cultural continuum where precisely defined have been better had shorter periods been In sum. this is a very valuable book which will tribal entities are lacking Although five defined reflecting changing adaptive help raise Northern Athapaskans from the ecozones can be defined for the area at large, strategies VanStone's discussion of Northern obscurity which they have too long suffered. It VanStone is careful to point out that there Athapaskans in the modern world based upon is valuable not only for its insights on adaptive but also because it have been significant floral and faunal first-hand field experience at Snowdrift and strategies among hunters, changes within the historical period Some of elsewhere, however, is excellent corrects several misconceptions about the these were caused by climatic shifts but nature of social organization. Finally, it is an the others were brought about by the ravages of The final chapter is a summary of adaptive important study since VanStone pinpoints further research. the fur trade and the introduction of firearms. strategies The key to understanding crucial issues still deserving Athapaskan survival techniques in a changing The first five deal with the world is to be found in a flexible and chapters — Charles A. Bishop situation Following a discussion based upon a pre-contact accommodating organization Department of Anthropology of subsistence practices and their settlement State University of New York at Oswego correlates. VanStone launches into the important issue of social organization. Indians near 1868 Although band size and organization are Alhapasl

In discussing the history of contact. VanStone gets maximum returns from the historical data. The tremendous impact of the fur trade has been consistently underestimated in most studies of Subarctic Indians but not in this one. For instance, one learns that trade goods were carried far beyond the range of face-to-face relations with Europeans through Indian middlemen The wholesale slaughter of beaver and other game during the period of rivalry between the Northwest Company and Hudson's Bay Company combined with

Field Museum Bulletin 1 7 field briefs

Blaine J. was saluted book is not of interest to those Rocky Meets Steven personnel. Yarrington solely upon being elected president of the Museum; concerned with Japanese coastal fauna. The and Mrs, Anthony DeBlase and Mrs, Alice English text is 1 1 4 pages (Including Schneider were honored for their hundreds of bibliography) Two color plates and 16 black hours of volunteer work at the Museum during and white plates of photographed specimens 1973 and many line drawings supplement the text.

Join Us at Grand Canyon Starfish IVIanual There's still time to reserve for the Hirohito your place by Emperor members' geology field tnp to the Grand Canyon, August 16 to 24 The exciting and have Kings, queens, emperors nine-day study of the area, while floating Field in occasionally visited Museum person down the Colorado River on rubber rafts, will books that Less frequently they have written be conducted by Dr Matthew H Nitecki, in That is have ended up the Museum library. associate curator. Department of Geology, what with A Book of has happened, however, Total cost is $700 Call Mrs Madge Jacobs, the Sea-Stars of Sagami Bay by Japan's 922-9410, for details Emperor Hirohito, a widely recognized amateur marine The book is a to zoologist. gift African Arts Book the Museum from the Japanese ambassador Ready the Rocky the timberwolf and Steven Gonzales, to the United States on behalf of emperor. Riverside, met during the Museum's wolf workshop An earlier book by him on the seashells of Robert Plant Armstrong's interview with Akin In March Rocky accompanied conservationist John Sagami Bay was also recently added to the Euba, in the March Bulletin, with an who the that also Harris, presented program Museum library. introduction based on the "Contemporary included a film The was a program Raymond African Arts Festival" exhibit script by Helen Foundation presentation The new work describes 85 species collected Chandra, was extracted from the book. by the emperor during the years 1927-1972 Contemporary African Arts, by Maude from the waters of Sagami Bay (a body of Wahlman Published in con|unction with the water several hundred square miles in area festival, the 120-page book is comprised of WAIT Radio Honors Three illustrated with 1 just south of Tokyo-Yokohama) , and from many articles,— 32 other coastal waters It is a technical treatise, photographs 1 2 in color The book may be Radio station WAIT, which daily salutes primarily of interest to collectors and purchased for $5 00 at the main Museum persons for outstanding contributions to their zoologists, but since many of the species bookshop or at the festival shop adjacent to community, recently cited three Ivluseum discussed occur elsewhere in the world, the the exhibit.

Examining African Festival Shop Artifacts Museum Entertains the Entertainers in

When actor Farentino and his actress MIchele Lee, their son Three members of the Women's Board, part of the committee for the Dinner and James wile, — brought Festival of Contemporary African Arts held April 18, examine artifacts available at David, 5, to Field Museum recently, the Museum's stars mummies, dinosaurs, the festival shop. From left are Mrs Maurice P Geraghty; Mrs. B. Edward and cave men — fascinated them all But for them the big attraction was the Bensinger, Women's Board president, and Mrs. Robert C. Gunness. committee taxidermy studio, where they observed a deer in the process of being mounted. chairperson.

18 May 1974 €»

2 of — of in these endeavors is a noble enterprises tor the benefit mankind measure success Edward G Mason tribute to its founders, leaders, employees, and supporters Edward G, Mason, president of the Chicago Historical Society, reclaimed his chair on the And to these aims the Museum has always platform President Ayer then arose, and with directed its financial resources, even to the raised said, "I now declare the Field point of neglecting the building in which they gavel " Columbian Museum open The invited guests were tirelessly being carried out. The and spent the remainder of the afternoon among 53-year-old edifice is showing its age, the collections must be renovated to meet the increasing demands of scientific study and public — those Now, eighty years later, the origin and the utilization the demands of today and purpose of this institution are foremost in the of the 21st century. And it is to these demands minds of Museum officials as they prepare to that the Museum will be rededicated. rededicate Field Museum On June 4, another platform will be constructed at the Museum's In order to build for the future the Museum, in at the funds for renovation and north end (the of course, was 1971 , began raising 80 Years original, Words Spoken Ago north end of the Museum's original home, in rehabilitation, the first capital campaign in the Museum's The Ring True for Rededication Jackson Park), dignitaries will assemble, program history words will be spoken, and assembled guests Museum set as its goal the acquisition of $25 Half The day was June 2, eighty years ago The will depart with the knowledge that Field million during the three-year campaign. scene was the north steps of the Museum, Museum will, more than ever, be able to meet of that amount is being raised by the Museum where a platform had been erected to support what Skiff called "the demands of progressive through private donations; the other half is " persons whose names would be inscribed humanity being generated on a matching basis by the forever in the history of this institution At 2 30 Chicago Park District through its bonding E, led a must still raise $1 .4 p,m Museum President Edward Ayer Another effort is inaugurated to carry forward authority The Museum small procession onto the platform The this purpose, to meet the growing needs of a million of its share When the building's to the truths receive dignitaries looked out at the seats occupied by highly developed people, gather up original cornerstone is opened to the of the Museum trustees and employees below the of the sciences and triumphs documents pertinent to the current renovation industries and preserve them as a perpetual platform They looked further out over the program, attention will be called to the need benefit to mankind As Columbus devoted his life assemblage of eight to ten thousand for general support from the community, to the exploration and extension of the world, so a divine blessing by Rev Frank W including the Museum's members, to bring Following does this {dedication] ceremony vitalize an Gunsaulus, extended a cordial welcome, the to a successful conclusion this Ayer analogous idea, a broader knowledge and more campaign Frederick J V Skiff and Museum Director penetrating vision. — Frederick J. V. Skiff September delivered his dedication address.

It . . , It means much at the present means Throughout the eight decades since its There has been head in this western more for the future — Edward G tvlason gathering dedication. Field Museum has existed to land of ours during the more recent period of its increase and to disseminate knowledge of history a mighty power for civilization Neither with the its And this future can be assured only modern times a natural history in the world at large through ancient, medieval, nor present the Museum's friends. collections its continued support by wider intellectual horizon, a period so alive to research and And, through their and financial it has Without understanding the demands of progressive humanity The exhibit and educational programs, assistance this of renovation, annals of centuries do not contain such striven to enhance in individuals the during period culture and rededication of the Museum to this future evidences of a quickened higher knowledge of and delight in natural history. been be uplifting o( education forces as have That the Museum has achieved no small would impossible. evoked within the past few years on the shores of the lake that sweeps this park — Frederick J V. Skiff

In the great halls of the building behind these gentlemen the extensive collections, which had been donated by World's Columbian Exposition exhibitors or secured by purchase, stood in scientific and systematic arrangement, their installation sufficiently complete in detail Everything was in readiness for commencement of the preliminary work for which the Field Columbian Museum had been established, " "great work unselfishly performed

As an example to be followed it must also have an enduring influence The spectacle of a great work unselfishly performed incites to like undertakings The knowledge of what men have A festive air done lor the community in which they live prevailed on impels others to do as well in other directions . opening day in the hereafter of the Museum . Not only in our time but long will men tell the story of the origin and the at its original purpose of this institution with that quickening of home in the soul which is fruitful of great results While it Jackson Park. 1894 shall endure it will De the well-spring of other June 2. MAY at Field M useum

Exhibits Special Events

Continuing May 2 and 3

Contemporary Atrican Arts Festival, the first compretiensive extiibit Field Museum's annual Members' Nights feature a special program of Its kind in tfie United States, features the work of artists, including of entertainment, films, and behind the scenes activities in the painters, printmakers. sculptors, and fabric designers, as well as scientific departments from 6 00 to 10:00 p m music, films, lectures, dances, and other events Through November 3 Hall 27 Ray A. Kroc Environmental Education Program activities listed on p 10

Special f^lay programs are: Through May 31 Films in exhibit area:

Daily at 1 30 p m Weaving Demonstration by members of the North Shore Weavers' fvlay 1-3 "The Tuareg." "Nawi." and "Ivlasai Warrior" Guild at 10 00 a m to 12 noon, and from 1 00 to 3:00 p.m. on May 4-10 "The Dry Season" and "African Village Guinea" Mondays, Tuesdays, and Fridays in the South Lounge. May 11-17 "Malawi Two Young Men" and "Women Up in Arms" May 18-24 "The Ancient Africans" and "In Search of Myself" May 25-31 "The Creative Person: Leopold Sedar Senghor" and "The Swamp Dwellers" Meetings

7 May8, 00pm , Chicago Ornithological Society Fridays at 7 30 p m 7 8, 30 m , Grotto, National 3 Black Girl" May p Windy City Speleological Society May 2 May 12, 00 p m , Shell Club May 10 Mandabi" Chicago 1 4 7 May , 30 p m , Nature Camera Club of May17 Emitai" Chicago May16,800pm , Chicagoland Glider Council May 24: Borom Sarref and "Tauw" May 31- Black Girl"

Sunday, May 26, at 4 00 p m Hours "Benin Kingship Rituals" and "Gelede" 9 00am to 6 00 pm Saturday through Thursday and 9 00 am to - Ayinia Puppet Workshop Students' Demonstration 10 30 am . 9 OOp m Friday 4 May , James Simpson Theatre The Museum Library is open 9:00 am to 4:00 p m.. Monday through Batik Demonstration by Samuel Njunuri of Kenya at 10:30 and Friday Please obtain pass at reception desk, main floor north

1 1 11 30 am and at 2 00 and 3 00 pm Saturday. May , Stanley Field Hall Museum telephone 922-9410

Dance and Drum Performance with Ladji Camara of Guinea at 10 30 and 1 1 30 a m and at 2:00 and 3 00 p m Saturday. May 18, Stanley Field Hall

Edwin Janss Jr. Underwater Photography, an exhibit of exciting color prints Through September 8 Hall 9

Field lUuseum's Anniversary Exhibit continues indefinitely "A Sense of Wonder" offers thought-provoking prose and poetry associated with the physical, biological, and cultural aspects of nature: "A Sense of History" presents a graphic portrayal of the Museum's past, and "A Sense of Discovery" shows examples of research conducted by Museum scientists Hall 3

Children's Program

Through May 31

Spring Journey for Children, "City Creatures," combines Museum exploration with outside activities The free do-it-yourself project is designed to acquaint youngsters with animals that have made their " in homes the concrete "wilderness of the city All boys and girls who can read and write may participate. Journey sheets available at entrances. Guinean drummer Ladji Camara performs m Startley Field Hall on May 18 Volume 45, Number 6 June 1974 Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin Field Museum CONTENTS of Natural History Bulletin

JOURNEY INTO TIBET Volume 45, Number 6 Letters from Berthold Laufer, 1908-09 June 1974 WILDFLOWER GUIDES tor the Chicago area 8 by William C. Burger

THE STORY OF A FISH QUARRY 10 Managing Editor G. Henry Ottery by Kattierine Krueger Editor David M. Walsten Staff Writer Madge Jacobs OUR ENVIRONMENT Highlands on the China-Tibet border. Inset, Berthold Journey into Tibet Lauler as a young man. pluck and persistence win out in a young curator's struggle to reach the mountain fastnesses of a hostile people

and now for ". . , There is now available a fund Asian ethnology, Berthold Laufer, history, religions nearly fifteen continued Laufer 32 which I can devote to ethnological assistant at the American Museum of years," (then of investigation in the Philippines. . . . Natural History. The year was 1906. years age), and am thoroughly familiar with all the in the field I am very anxious that you should tal

. . . different tribes. . . . there is no reason Dorsey he replied that he could only explored. England, France, Russia vie with one why you should not at once enter upon accept a position in an "East Asiatic Germany, and the work." George A. Dorsey, then department." another in expeditions to that region, Field Museum's curator of anthropology, while only this country remains inactive. not wait .... was writing to a young specialist in "I have studied Tibetan language, Americans should certainly

Field Museum Bulletin Impressed by Laufer's credentials (a Anglo-Indian Government for a passport first roads are occupied by Chinese Ph.D. from Leipzig) and experience granting me free movements in Sikkim, troops, on account of rebellions in (two recent expeditions to Asia), Dorsey as a passport of the local Government eastern Tibet, which do not allow succeeded in raising support for an subjected to many restrictions is foreigners to pass, I have decided to expedition to Tibet and Chiina. Thie required. Following is a copy of the choose the third road which is very little sponsor: Mrs. T. B. Blackstone, widow reply sent by "The Deputy Secretary travelled, but somewhat out of the way of a railroad magnate. Her initial to the Government of India in the and difficult. ... At all events 1 am sure guarantee for the venture was $18,000. Foreign Department" to the U.S. that nothing will discourage me in my

Consul-General of Calcutta: attempt. If I find the roads blocked from

Meanwhile, Field Museum saw fit to this province, I shall march straight offer Laufer a permanent post as . . . The Government of India, regret, ttiat northward to Sining in Kansu Province to visit Bhutan cannot be assistant curator in Asiatic ethnology. permission and try by way of Kokonor. accorded, and the permission to visit Laufer accepted the proposal and, on Sikkim is given only on the understanding he left New York January 7, 1908, by that Mr. Laufer will make no attempt steamship. The "Mrs. T. B. Blackstone to enter either Tibet or Bhutan. . . . Ta-tsien-lu, Expedition to China and Tibet, 1908-10" May 27, 1909 was underway. On the receipt of this letter, I decided to abandon my original plan, and not to Laufer's time in China and Tibet was to Mr. dear Dr. Dorsey, risk the funds of the Museum in a be with the fraught physical hardships, venture which might have been liable I have now reached the point when the intransigence of local officials, thievery, to result in a failure. I did all that could plunge into the unknown has to be and even bite. But it dog through all, be done under the circumstances in made. I am on the border of Tibet, and his letters brim with confidence, good Darjeeling and neighboring territory, within a week 1 hope to jump into Tibet. cheer, and enthusiasm for his mission. closed my work there, and shall sail And not that, I have hopes The hundreds of items that Laufer only good from here on June 30 for China to work to reach Lhasa within about two months. the Blackstone acquired during my way through the interior of China to I met a Norwegian missionary, Mr. expedition remain one of the most the frontier of Tibet, and I am fully Sorensen, who is a trip to collections of Tibetan and planning important confident of a final success in this Lhasa, and I have arranged to join his Chinese ethnological materials in the manner. . . . party. The plan is based on an world today. agreement which he made with the In China. Laufer Tibet from The following selected letters, written to approached head of a Nepalese embassy . . . who the as Dorsey and to Mr. F. J. V. Skiff, then northeast, collecting antiquities promised him safe conduct to Lhasa. he traveled. a choice director of Field Museum, reveal some He secured We are going to meet this embassy at of the triumphs—and defeats—that selection of Ming and K'ien Lung bronzes, Chamdo, Eastern Tibet, about one Laufer experienced as he sought but it was necessary to conserve funds month journey north-west from here. antiquities and other artifacts in and for purchases in Tibet. Up to this point, however, we travel on near Tibet. a different road to avoid all suspicions.

1 leave on the 29th of May, and Mr. Sorensen will follow two later. In Calcutta days

Lhasa we to be all I to June 28, 1908 Cheng-tu fu, Szechuan hope right. hope

remain there as as . . . Dear Mr. Skiff: May 4, 1909 long possible, gathering as much material as I can, ... intention was to reach then return northeast to the Kokonor My original Dear Dr. Dorsey: Tibet by way of Darjeeling and Sikkim. and Sining in Kansu (about 10 weeks' This plan, however, was thwarted ... It was with some difficulty that 1 journey from Lhasa). It may certainly be through the Anglo-Indian government could hire pack animals here to that our plan will meet with a failure; the which not only refused to grant me a continue my journey; after ten days' Chinese or Tibetans may stop us and passport for the visit of Tibet, but even search, a caravan of eight mules is force us to retreat. They are awfully

I an forbade me expressly and officially to brought together, and hope to make suspicious and watch every foreigner cross the boundaries between Sikkim early start tomorrow morning for here with greatest care. I am daily and Tibet, and even to cross from Ta-tsien-lu, 12 days' journey from here. besieged by soldiers and other spies Sikkim to Bhutan. Without making any This city, 9,000 feet high, is entirely who report all my doing to the merition of my intended visit to Tibet, I Tibetan, though still in Chinese territory; Magistrate. 1 have already had a applied through the medium of.the from there, three roads lead into diplomatic exchange of notes with this

U.S. Consul-General of Calcutta, to the Tibet. ... As I am informed that the two gentleman, and taken pains to assure him that I have no designs on Tibet.

I do not nnal

Under all circumstances, I beg you to consider this letter as strictly confidential and private, and not to give out a single word of my plan to the press or to any outsider, as this news would then reach England, and the British Government may wire straight to Syangtse to stop me or put me in trouble, and this might give a blow or a sudden end to my work. For this reason,

I should not even have to send letters from Lhasa to the British P.O. of

Syangtse but I will entrust Mr. Sorensen with letters who is going down to Darjeeling.

I collected about 100 Tibetan specimens here, some fine old paintings, silver ornaments, and brassware; this border town with a mixed Chinese and Tibetan population is not a very favorable field for collecting. Nothing is manufactured

here; it is merely the centre for the Chinese tea-trade with Tibet.

I am sending this letter to my brother at Cologne [Germany] who will forward

it to you. I fear that my mail outgoing from here may be tampered with by the officials, especially if they see that a letter is addressed to the Field Museum which they know is my place of business. ... >

Right, Wlh-cenlury Tibetan painting collected by Berthold Lauler in 1909. Only the letl panel ol a pair was acquired. The painting depicts a 9lh-century Buddhist monk, Abhayakara Gupta, and one ot the many legends concerning him. On one ot his journeys he visited a king (left center) who was about to sacrifice 100 humans in honor ot a deity. Moved by the sullering ot the intended victims, the monk (right center) invoked Buddha lor their deliverance. Suddenly a cobra wrapped itselt about him, aiming his tangs at the terrified king. Without hesitation the king set the 100 men free. (Cat. No. 121277.) Chamdo, East-Tibet July 19, 1909 12,000 feet high

My dear Dr. Dorsey:

I have been "stopped" here officially by order of the Chinese Government through their representative official of this place, and am forced to return to

China, as hard as it is after all the

efforts I have made. But I am satisfied

inasmuchas I have made a route never undertaken before by a foreigner and entered places never seen heretofore by a white man. Indeed I am the first to have advanced so far and come to this tow/n, to the greatest surprise of all

Chinese and Tibetans. I have also secured good and highly interesting collections all along the road. I return tomorrow to Derge, and have not yet decided how to proceed from there. It will depend on a deliberation with the in Tibet was not all Here Lauter is at tea in a nobleman s home officials there. The present political Travel hardship. guest situation is very grave, there is a war going on in the state of Derge, and another war seems to be soon imminent

southward from here. The fact that I Sungpan, North-Szechuan, West-China, ten to twelve various grades of silver am from proceeding to Lhasa prevented November 15, 1909. are distinguished, each place may have

not mean that I am does certainly as many various kinds of taels will suffer discouraged, or that my work differentiated to the Dear Dr. Dorsey: according quality, in The whole east and north- any way. the more or less pure composition, of east of Tibet still lies before me, and third In herewith submitting to you my the metal; Peking, e.g., has no less than there is of work to be done there plenty account, I beg to apologize for the long 7 different taels, also at variance with for me the next months. As soon during delay which has been caused in the each other in regard to weight, and it

P. I as I reach the nearest Chinese 0., to excursion transmission of it, due my depends upon the nature of the shall send a detailed you report regard- into the wildest parts of Eastern Tibet, transaction, the character of the goods

the whole affair. I have three ing lasting over six months. Now that I have in question, and the agreement of the Chinese documents to it, a relating reached, two days ago, the first parties concerned, as to what sort of instruction issued the printed by Chinese place which offers postal tael may be used. In going from of Szechuan ... in to Viceroy regard my communication, I hasten, above all, to province to province, therefore, a loss humble self, and a letter of the official send in to you my account. . . . in exchange is naturally involved; here explaining the circumstances and is To make [it] intelligible to one who further small losses arise from the

his action toward me. I am to going not familiar with the intricate currency weighing off of silver owing to the many send these documents to the American system of China, I wish to note that the different scales and to the pretension

of . . . legation Peking, standard money used throughout of the people of every village that they China is the Tael which, however, it are just the only ones on this earth in of the correct ideal The journey from Taysienlu to this must be understood, is not a coin, but the possession and of and that the balance place (172 months) was splendid, a fixed weight (1 Chinese ounce) balance, buyer's a be and moreover I think I have learned something about lump-silver. As each locality has must certainly wrong,

it the of silver into small Tibet and Tibetans. I am doing well and different standard of weight, hence from change in good spirits, and continue to "work follows that there are as many different copper-coinage (so-called cash). Every rules and customs and not to despair." taels of local value, and further as from province has special

June 1974 concerning this business which depends on two facts, the ever varying price of silver and the supply of copper coins. In large centers of commercial activity, the exchange may reach 1400-1500 copper-cash (less some percentage for the banker's commission), in out-of-the-way places and villages where a copper stringency is apt to be quite frequent, 12-1300, and may be at bad times as low as 900/1000. Nobody, therefore, in China, can say with mathematical certainty what his money is worth, the purchasing power of the tael fluctuating every day and in every locality. All this difficulty is enhanced by the introduction of silver dollars, of which there are three kinds, Mexican, Hongkong, and Chinese issued by provincial mints; they are generally used in the treaty ports only, but not in the interior, and abhorred by the mass of the people. Each place has a preference for a special kind of dollar and discounts the others with 10 per cent and even more or refuses at all to accept them; a Szechuan provincial dollar, e.g., is no good in Peking or elsewhere. It is a sad, but true fact that in travelling over China you may be liable to change a hundred dollars so many times, till not a cent of your money is left. . . .

Sungpan, Nov. 16, 1909

Mr. dear Dr. Dorsey:

... I have not had any chance to write

to you since I left Chamdo; it has been a very trying and arduous journey full of incidents and adventures provoked not by me, but by the aggressiveness of

the Tibetans. I have trodden many Altar ot the Buddhist Gama nine incties Collected in Tibet by unbeaten tracks and had a most image deity (Mahakala). Clay, high. Lauler in 1909. Catalogue No. 122139. On exhibit in hall 32, case 3. interesting experience in visiting five independent Tibetan States ruled by

their own Kings. ... My collections . . . illustrate the whole culture-life of the

East Tibetan tribes. I have gathered a and art, and am prepared to write a [include] ... a dozen large mass of personal information, as well as monograph on this region which will matchlockguns with ornamented silver,

. . of these had Tibetan and Chinese documents bearing comprise at least three volumes. . brass, or iron work. One on their languages, religion, history, The choice pieces in this collection (Continued on p. 12)

Field Museum Bulletin wildflower guides

for the Chicago &re& by William C, Burger photos by the author

In early spring, before the leaves expanded, meaningfully about them. Once we know the For the person with little background in our woodlands showed off their fine new names we can readily determine whether botany the easiest book for flower carpet of wildflowers. Now, as the forest the plants in question are rare or common, identification is probably A Field Guide to * floor grows darker with shade, the native or introduced, edible or poisonous, Wildflowers by Roger Tory Peterson and spectacle of flowering moves into meadows and so forth. But names can be problems. Margaret McKenny (Houghton Mifflin, and fields. Many lawns and vacant lots What is known as "marsh marigold" in 420 pp., $5.95). The flowers are arranged have already been covered by a blaze of one area may be called "cowslip" by color and the 1,344 illustrations are

yellow dandelions, which soon transform somewhere else; and so it goes with "trout simple and easy to compare.

into a stubble of naked stalks, their lily" versus "dog tooth violet," "blue flag" parachuted seeds having joined the wind. versus "wild iris," and so on. Sometimes the For someone who already knows the plant But in our native prairies the passing unpronounceable scientific names are families quite well but is unfamiliar with our months provide a continuing spectacle. little better. They are supposed to be the midwestern and northeastern flowers there Each week sees new species presenting a same all over the world, but that doesn't IS The New Field Book of American Wild new display, while flowers that have already keep one scientist from calling the plant a Flowers* by Harold William Rickett bloomed begin to build the seeds that species of Azalea while another calls the (Putnam's, 414 pp., $4.95). This guide has must themselves bloom in years to come. same plant a species of Rhododendron. more than 700 drawings of plants, 96 in full color. Thanks to widely available books on plants This visual spectacle is one of the many there is more uniformity now than ever Wild Flower Guide* by Edgar T. joys of summer. The sight of beautiful before, and there are a great number of Wherry (Doubleday, 202 pp., $5.50) flowers also can present a challenge—the books which can help-us to find the describes more than 500 species; 236 are illustrated in black and challenge to identify and learn the names of common as well as the scientific name for white drawings, 192 these flowers. Plant names are what we the wildflower that has caught our eye. in full color. The above three guides are need to know in order to communicate Here are just a few: all concerned with plants of the northeastern and midland states.

The wood lily (Lilium philadelphicum), with its bright orange and yellow petajs. graces wet meadows Smaller, less expensive books with and open woods in late June and early July, {'h natural size) narrower coverage and fewer illustrations are Illinois Wild Flowers* by John Voss and Virginia S. Eifert (Illinois State Museum, 256 pp., $2.25, paperbound) and Flowers that Bloom in the Spring* by V. S. Eifert (Illinois State Museum, 48 pp., 400, paperbound); the latter is also concerned iust with the Illinois flora. All of the above books will fit into a larger jacket pocket and so are easy to take along on a nature walk. The former illustrates each species with a black and white photograph; the latter illustrates each species with a black and white drawing.

If you should come across a plant that is difficult to identify, and you find yourself looking for a thorough reference, you should probably be prepared to visit your school or public library and be ready to wade through a welter of technical terms. My personal favorite of such comprehensive

Dr. William C. Burger is associate curator, Department ot Botany. reference works is the three-volume New Britten and Brown Illustrated Flora ot the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada by Henry A. Gleason (Hafner, $40.00). In this massive work every species of higher plant that is discussed is also illustrated; and not only are the "flowers" included, but also grasses, sedges, trees, and shrubs. The illustrations together with technical keys and descriptions usually tell you what you are looking for. By way of

contrast, I find it very difficult to use a book that many consider to be the last word in the northeastern flora: Gray's Manual ol Botany. 8th ed, (American Book Co.. 1,632 pp.) The difficulty is the lack of

illustrations to let you know if you have used the keys correctly and if you are on the right track.

Another large, comprehensive work is Wild Flowers ot the United States* by H. A.

Rickett (McGraw Hill), of which the two-volume section "The Northeastern Queen Anne's lace, or wild carrot (Caucus is a European immigrant that covers In our area the prickly pear (Opuntia compressa States" ($65.00) concerns the flora of our carota), roadsides and disturbed tields in summer. var. on sand dunes microsperma) grows only area and presents summary descriptions and behind the beach. The flowers are C'/2 natural size) together with attractive color photographs. bright yellow. Spiderwort (Tradescantia virgmiana) blooms in with late and summer, olten along Wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) is a native Persons who are concerned solely spring early lilac or roadsides, on gravelly banks, or on edges plant that olten covers tields with pale Chicago-area plants will find A Guide to ol wend'-. natural whitish llowers in late summer. (Twice size) the Flowering Plants ot the Chicago Region, by Floyd Swink (160 pp.), of interest

if they are lucky enough to locate a copy in their library. The book is nearly out of print and can now be obtained only from Mr. Swink. who is plant taxonomist at Morton Arboretum. A revision of his more comprehensive Plants ol the Chicago Region (445 pp.) is soon to be published.

When one knows the name of a particular plant he is in the advantageous position ot then being able to explore a great variety of other books and publications to learn more about a particular wildflower. Books such as Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants, by Hardin and Arena (Duke University Press). Using Wayside Plants, by Coon (Hearthside Press), and Edible Wild Plants ot Eastern North America by Fernald and Kinsey (Idlewild) may be of special interest to many people. However, eating wildflowers and other wild plants is something you should do only if you are lost and starving or if you are really serious about losing that extra weight in a hurry.

* Available at Field Museum Book Shop (10% discount to members).

Field Museum Bulletin 9 The Story of a Fish Quarry

by Katherine Krueger

For most people, spring is a time for cattle, were more than happy to have a What did all the others do at the romance, gardening, or house-cleaning. quarry dug on their land. They would quarry? The bulk of the labor fell on field workers: But for the geologist, the advent of use it for a pond when the work was the three "permanent" warm weather means a return to the done. In addition, they were enthusiastic Dr. Zangerl, Gilly, and Mike. The shale in the of a field, where he gathers the specimens about having a scientific venture going was exposed only V tiny that are the core of his livelihood. What on practically at their doorstep. stream running through a narrow had to the great fun it seems to go off each year valley. The men strip topsoil, a National for a month or more, to work under blue The project was funded by the glacial cover, and some drab shale Science Foundation which made skies, away from the crowded vistas grant, of Pennsylvanian age from the valley of field assistance from in order to the black and cacophony of the city. Fun it is, but possible plenty walls, expose individuals the on either side of the how many people realize that it is also many throughout shale thoroughly duration. Mike a hard physical labor, often performed project's Williams, stream. A bulldozer and later a slip the of under adverse weather conditions? Ph.D. candidate from University scraper (a road-building rig) were on Kansas, is, like Dr. Zangerl, working used for this project. Mr. Gerald What really goes on during an cartilaginous fishes of the Garrard, a friend of the Museum who expedition? Each field party faces Pennsylvanian black shales. Under the had helped to excavate Logan Quarry somewhat different obstacles, but let NSF grant, he was a full-time field hand. (also in Parke County) in 1957, us follow the history of a field project Four other students offered their supervised the excavation ot Hesler that began in April of 1973, and services as volunteers and were able Quarry. The space to be cleared was terminated the following September— to work briefly on the quarry: Kathy about 30 by 20 yards in area; the that of Hesler Quarry in Parke County, Elbaum of the University of Chicago, project took about two weeks of west central Indiana. Mickey Indianer and Jeff Davison of full-time hard labor. The "waste" soil Antioch College, and Bill Krueger of from the stripping project was used to Dr. Rainer Zangerl, chairman of Field the University of Illinois at Chicago build a dam for the Hosiers' future of has Museum's Department Geology, Circle. Orville "Gilly" Gilpin, Field pond. A culvert was placed along the done a great deal of field work in Museum's chief preparator of fossils, stream path before the dirt was and is familiar with Parke County, very was at the quarry from April to dumped, in order to keep the quarry the paleontology and stratigraphy of September. Dr. Eugene Richardson, well drained. Later Mr. Hesler would the black shales in that Pennsylvanian curator of fossil invertebrates, Mike put a standpipe (an elbow-shaped around for region. While scouting Williams' wife Ortrud, and I each did a attachment) on the culvert, to regulate he outcrops that might contain fossils, week's stint at the site. Dr. Bertram the pond level. noticed some fossilized fish in the rock Woodland, curator of igneous and outwash from a series of lured gullies. metamorphic petrology, was also Qnce the shale was exposed, more Suspecting that the hill from which the there for a to an of day, investigate backaches lay ahead. The layers ran bore more of the same, he of cone-in-cone gullies interesting seam shale had to be pried apart (shale is questioned the proprietor of the farm, concretions with (calcareous naturally fissile; that is, it tends to Mr. Bennie Hesler. Such is standard characteristic conical or partly conical broken split along its bedding planes), procedure in the field — to secure Behind the scenes but structures). up into pieces that could be handled, permission from a land owner to work Dr. wife Ann indispensable. Zangerl's and resplit for careful examination. on his property. The Heslers, who have and cooked shopped, gardened, huge The top layers of the shale exposed by dinners for the crew, the entire Katherine Krueger is custodian ot collections. during the bulldozer were not fossiliferous 24-week to be Paleontology. period. (fossil-bearing), so they had — completely removed before the would turn up a rare event that made fortunately didn't reach the generator, productive layers could be reached. all the hours of fruitless labor suddenly perched safely on the worktable, which (Dr. Zangerl knew this from previous worthwhile. was on higher ground. The power saw stratigraphic work in the area; thus in its metal case floated off and filled with he saved the crew from wasting hours The specimens were each marked with water. The crew's only recourse splitting much unproductive shale.) a yellow pencil, to indicate their level was to enter the water — chin-deep at — Chisels were wedged between layers of of occurrence. At the end of the day the center and to poke around for shale wherever there was a gap, and they were given tentative identifications the culvert with a shovel. Once the sledge hammers drove them deep into and field collection numbers. This culvert was found and cleared, the the bedding planes. Then a pickax was information was logged in a notebook. pond drained in two hours. But there used to pull up a sheet of shale. Then the specimens were wrapped in was still trouble ahead. The saw had in the old for Sometimes natural joints rocks newspapers, shipping. to be dismantled for cleaning, and for would cause a to come off in a piece a long time afterward it remained that didn't In April the crew worked in manageable slab, but when mornings temperamental. A thick patina of pollen, a with the bitter cold and in summer happen, whack sledge everyone fuzz, fallen leaves, and clay coated fried in the heat of the sun. The black hammer would provide man-made the shale exposures and had to be shale held the heat and made an oven "joints." A crowbar was used to push scraped off before operations could of the up slabs so they could be carried to a pit, where a breeze was seldom resume. worktable. Rubble from the top layers effective. Field time is limited and therefore so of unproductive shale was shoveled into precious; weekends were On good days, one could enjoy the because rain meant a wheelbarrow and hauled off to the workdays, always buzz of cicadas, the blue sky, a view of a forced dam. A broom served to keep the holiday. the surrounding forest, and the clean quarry surface clean. air. Cattle would wander up to drink at Twice the summer, torrential rains during a nearby water hole, providing turned the into a Fancy field equipment included a quarry prematurely noon-time diversion for the workers. used to pond. Plant debris the culvert gasoline-powered rock saw, clogged At the top of a nearby hill lay an ancient and the small area filled make accurate cuts into a slab when up overnight. graveyard with tumbled-down, eroded water covered the tools but irregular breaks might have risked Murky headstones. Reconstructing in our >- damage to a specimen. A generator-powered vacuum cleaner gathered up the black dust produced by the saw. Once the shale is exposed, more backaches lay ahead. The layers ot shale had lo be pried apart, broken up into pieces that could be handled, and resplit lor examination. The crew built a wooden worktable, benches, and a shed for the equipment. Slices of productive (they hoped!) shale

were carried to the table, and split into extremely fine sheets, in the search for specimens. Brick hammers were used to drive series of knives into the slab. These knives were converted into thin Nir chisels specially for the black shale quarry work. The end of a blade was first broken off, then the squared-off tip was honed to a sharp edge. The knives were positioned around a block to make it split evenly. The rewards for all these efforts were fragments of cartilaginous fishes from 300 million years ago. According to Dr. Zangerl, decomposition by bacteria had rendered them nearly flat in appearance, even before the great weight of overlying sediments had been deposited. Sometimes an entire fish

Field Museum Bulletin 11 . . .The suffers from the imaginations the history of these TIBET (from p. 7) foreigner daily of the and their long-dead settlers was one of our won such a great reputation among the suspicion people in towards summer pastimes. Lunches consisted of Tibetans that in many places to which animosity general foreigners to which are their hearty sandwiches, fruit, and hot I came the people flocked from near they instigated by and the idiotic Chinese officials. peppers from a local grocery, all and far and asked my permission to see Lamas washed down with fresh spring water. and admire this gun; all competent With Lamas, 1 have had very bad us out of their The noon fare rarely varied much, but judges were unanimous in the opinion experiences: they keep and refuse to sell books or by mid-day, we were all so famished that it presents the best specimen of a temples do not even refrain from that everything was delicious. Tibetan gun ever made. Then I have a images; they their mastiff at a large coracle, a boat consisting of a setting powerful dogs

or stones at him. I This crew enjoyed many unusual fringe yakhide stretched over a wooden frame foreigner throwing who wish to invite the advocates of the benefits, thanks to the Zangerls, which is the only kind of boat known in in Parke that the white race rules the have some rural property Tibet and used in crossing big rivers. theory in a world, to a visit of Tibet to County. We stayed century-old For the purpose of transportation, it had experience their a that the white man finds less farmhouse on land, just to be taken to pieces, i.e., the hide to be so than a five-minute drive from the quarry, separated from the frame, and even consideration there dog. or was these are a fierce commuting rising unduly early then I experienced great difficulty in Altogether, people covered and violent armed to the no problem. The famed finding suitable porters willing to carry lot, always up all about teeth and ever to draw their bridges of Parke County were the two pieces on their backs, because ready to from our work. swords or to make use of their us as we drove and of their weight and capacity. . . .* guns.

In springtime, ripe strawberries and In one case, I have been openly raspberries were everywhere for the attacked by a whole gang with well water, which brandished knives in front of a royal picking. Truly savory *The coracle is on permanent exhibit flowed from rocks of Pleistocene age, in hall 32. palace at broad daylight, for no other was used for drinking. But as it was in short supply, we bathed and washed dishes with water from a different, sulfurous source. Mrs. Zangerl grew all sorts of vegetables throughout the summer and supplemented our tightly budgeted meals with these delectables.

Evenings were free from care. After meals we would help to clean up, then chat, while admiring the marvelous variety of insects that were attracted to our lamps — kelly-green katydids, and all sorts of delicate moths. Country sounds surrounded us while a brisk blaze in the fireplace warmed us in the chill summer evenings. Sometimes there were parties wtih neighbors. Mike Williams even got free guitar lesssons from one of them!

The field trip was a success. Fifteen hundred specimens were recovered — from it all contributing to the story of Pennsylvanian life 300 million years ago. When trimmed, tidily labeled, catalogued, and set into boxes for our storage cabinets, they will hardly call to the and chisel mind rugged hammer ever rcadv to these people are a fierce and violent lot, always armed up to the teeth and in that their days when we were working draw their swords or to mal

12 June 1974 ^., ;> .

reason, because I politely expressed the and, therefore, fits in splendidly with

wisti to see the King and held presents our Tibetan collection, in that it is for him in my hands; it was only due to suggestive of the eternal struggle going my cool-bloodedness that the affair had on between these two antagonistic no serious consequences. The nations, China and Tibet, and even symbolical of the political conditions of hatred of foreigners goes so far that The writing is considered by they even refuse to sell food to him or nowadays. Chinese scholars as one of the finest fodder for his horse. The principle is to of that starve him out to make him leave the calligraphic specimens period.

1 secured the stone at the price of 100 country as soon as possible. And Tibet

local taels , . . from the present owner, is really a land of hunger. During the a Chinese Christian. Considering local last four weeks of my journey, I have valuations, this is somewhat been in a desperate situation, provisions price high,

but as this man . . . intends to were all exhausted, and nothing, not employ this sum for the founding of a Chinese even an egg, could be bought; only school on and Christian roasted barley-flour kept us alive, and girls' foreign

lines, 1 felt I should act in the of the portions had to be meted out at spirit Mrs. Blackstone, if I expended this starvation rates. . . . amount towards this charitable and

educational purpose. ... I have not Despite these exciting six last months, received any mail now for eight months. I am in the best of health and spirits. I am keeping well, and my work affords The resistance of so many powers has me ample satisfaction for any hardships not shattered my energy, but doubled it. I have to endure. Kindly pardon this I have now learned to be as tough as a pencil scribbling, ink has become a Tibetan. My next plan will be to conquer ^^3 costly material with me. . . . Tibet in an airship, as soon as I shall get it. In the meanwhile I will conquer as much land as I can. My journey to 4

Hsining will take over 30 days, I shall A year later, tlie Mrs. T. B. Blacl

value. . ., dated A.D. 749. T'ang Dynasty." The nothing artistic about it, but the inscription relates to the recapture at the city ot is of immense historical inscription Shih-pao, an ancient Chinese stronghold on value. It is dated A.D. 749, T'ang the Tibetan border. Pillar inscriptions are very scarce in China, the usual lorm being the Dynasty, ... It relates the conquest of stone tablet. This pillar, about live teet in height, this town by a Tibetan army at that time. IS on view in hall 24. Catalogue No. 121938. ^?;

Field Museum Bulletin 13 our environment

and the desert normal gill-clearing process in these fishes crane, the Okaloosa darter, Bald Eagle Population Survey also increases. Biologists at the U. S. slender salamander. stable populations of the bald eagle (Hali- Environmental Protection Agency's National were in six list have "threat- aeetus leucocephalus) reported Water Quality Laboratory in Duluth, Minn., Some species on the been United States outside regions of continental are monitoring the levels of these and other ened" by the encroachment of man, some by Alaska 1973, to the others eradication of their of during according pollutants by means of a polygraph-like de- pesticides, and by and US, Department of the Interior's Fish vice which records "cough" frequency. natural prey. Wildlife Service. These areas included the

northern interior regions of Minnesota, Mich- Robert A. Drummond, aquatic biologist in the igan, and Wisconsin, Chesapeake Bay charge of the project, believes that the ulti- area, and sections of Florida and the Pacific mate result of these observations "could be Northwest. tabs on concentrations a system for keeping Parks Planned for of industrial wastes entering lakes complex Animals The number of active nests actually observed and streams from waste treatment plants Breeding Shy with more than outside of Alaska was 627, and industry. A sudden increase in fish A number of scarce animal species simply total number of not in 500 young produced. The coughs within a given body of water could will not breed in captivity, at least for the area was about David's nests estimated trigger an alarm to warn plant personnel that conventional zoos. The Pere deer, bald in Alaska 1,000. The eagle population potentially damaging effluent is leaving the native to China, breeds most successfully

1973 estimated between 30,000 it to in with during was plant, when is able interrelate groups and 55,000. normal age and sex ratios. Male antelopes We're currently looking at the short-term need ritual fighting over a female as a pre- In Minnesota 104 active nests were observed, effects of 10 heavy metals and pesticides, liminary to pursuing her. had with 113 young produced; Wisconsin and will be comparing the results with the a feder- 108 active nests, with 107 young produced; already computed long-term effects. If the^ In response to such idiosyncracies, and 66 Ohio into 35-acre sec- Michigan had 83 nests young; comparisons are favorable for this group, we ally funded farm, divided Minnesota had 7 nests and 2 young. The feel the cough frequency test may be valid tions, is being developed at Front Royal, Va. population appeared to have posted a gain for other chemicals." Under conditions as near normal as pos- as Pere during the year. sible, it is hoped that species such David's deer and the scimitar-horned oryx, Areas of population decline included the native to the Sudan, will do what comes nat- Northeast, the Great Lakes shores, the South- urally — and incidentally, provide new gen- east (except for parts of Louisiana and erations for conventional zoos. Florida). Iowa, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri. Eight Added to Threatened List Buffalo Meat Marketed in Three mammals, three birds, one amphibian, Chicago and one fish have the list of Threat- Almost simultaneous with publication of the joined — ened Wildlife of the United States — bringing May issue of the Field Museum Bulletin

the total to 109 species. The list, determined which featured an article on the "Return of — by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in- the Buffalo" one of the nation's largest 'Coughing" Fish Aid cludes 53 bird species, 31 fish, 17 mammals, retail grocery chains began marketing buffalo Pollution Studies and 8 reptiles and amphibians. meat in the Chicago area. National Tea Com- A natural response of various fish including pany placed 100,000 pounds of the meat on to cer- trout, salmon, bluegills, and sunfish The new members of this exclusive "club" sale at its retail outlets in and near Chicago. to of the tain chemical substances is being utilized are the northern Rocky Mountain wolf, the It was the first time since the turn of that monitor water pollution. As the amount eastern cougar, the Utah prairie dog, the century, reported company spokesmen, in- in Chi- mercury, copper, and other substances Santa Barbara song sparrow, the Puerto the commodity had been available a creases in the water, the frequency of Rican whippoorwill, the Mississippi sandhill cago stores.

June 1974 field briefs

All Aboard for Grand Canyon! Erich Eilers has been appointed purchasing agent for the Museum. He is a native of Chi-

If you want to be among the lucky Grand cago and a graduate of the American Asso- Canyon explorers, August 16 to 24, sign up ciation of Industrial Management. now; thiere are only a few spaces left. Most

of this exciting trip (reserved for Field Mu- Phillip Cotton, from Buffalo, New York, re- seum members) will be spent on rubber cently joined the Department of Education as rafts coursing down the Colorado River, Half- an instructor. He has a B.S. in art education day geoiogicai inner-canyon hil

Recent Appointments Contemporary African Arts Festival

for Field Museum's Field Museum's new coordinator of printing April 20 was opening day African art. production is Oscar Anderson, He is a native new exhibit of contemporary of Jamestown, New York, and a 1970 gradu- Among the distinguished visitors who toured Dr. ate (B.A.) of the University of Chicago in the exhibit during opening week was Near Eastern languages and civilization. Ignacio Bernal, director of Mexico's National

Grand Canyon

Right, Saidu Na'Allah. Nigerian potter, demon- strates techniques in Stanley Field Hall on Sat- urday, June 22, Irom 10:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.

June 1974 Bernal Museum of Anthropology. At rigtit, Dr. Dr. Donald Collier, Field (rt.) is shown with Museum's curator of Middle and South American archaeology and ethnology, as they Skunder view paintings of Ethiopian artist Boghossian.

Rededication Reset for June 25

Because of unavoidable delays in the recon- struction of the Museum's north entrance

steps, rededication of the building, originally scheduled for June 4, has been rescheduled for Tuesday, June 25, at 11:00 a.m. The rededication ceremonies will take place on

the north stairs, where the Museum's corner-

stone is located. The cornerstone will be opened to receive documents pertinent to the current $25-million rehabilitation pro- gram. The month of June marks the 80th anniversary of the Museum's original open-

ing, in Jackson Park; it has occupied its present building since 1921.

New Women's Board Officers

The new president of Field Museum's Women's Board is Mrs. Thomas E. Donnelley

II, elected at the board's annual meeting, May 14. Mrs. Donnelley succeeds Mrs. B. Edward Bensinger, who was elected in 1972. Other new officers elected at the meeting were Mrs. William D. Searle. second vice president; Mrs. Charles Fenger Nadler, re- cording secretary; and Mrs. Charles S. Potter, corresponding secretary.

Continuing in their respective offices are Mrs. Frank D. Mayer, first vice president; Mrs. Harold F. Grumhaus, third vice presi- dent; Mrs. Robert E. Straus, treasurer; and Mrs. Edward F. Blettner, assistant treasurer.

Newly elected members-at-large are Mrs. Robert C. Gunness and Mrs. Henry W. Meers. Mrs. Henry P. Wheeler, Mrs. Edward McCor- mick Blair, and Mrs. Philip K. Wrigley are continuing as members-at-large.

Shown at right are the new president, Mrs. Donnelley, and her husband. Mr. Donnelley is a vice president of Field Museum's Board of Trustees.

17 Field Museum Bulletin behavior In the wild; thus, more than eye on Clod the entire time he cowered and Battling Chameleons likely I If I left reinforcing them. The same day I got my thought there might be trouble a friend obtained a single male the defeated male In the cage. tVly decision The following letter was directed to pair, jacksoni, which he named "Clod." After a to remove the defeated chameleon was Dr. Robert F. Inger, assistant director, Clod wasn't as as based on the theory that he might just cower science and education, who is a noted month, looking vigorous two specimens and had been getting there in the direct sunlight until it herpetologist. The subject ot the letter, my him in. little sunlight. I suggested boarding him with did Jackson's chameleon, is a spectacular East chameleons for awhile to see if African lizard that sometimes measures a my sunlight and some company with his own kind For persons who wish to set up conditions foot or more in tength; extending forward would him in which the same I from its snout are three "horns." perk up. phenomena photographed might occur, I would suggest male and a female after putting Clod in the cage, I the following: Obtain a Sir: Shortly discovered the two males face-to-face on that have matured in the wild. Put them In a Enclosed Is photographic evidence thai Ashley's branch where they were doing the cage no more than three feet long, two Jackson's chameleon uses Its horns in broadside leaf-shake number. They rushed feet wide and high, with bright sunlight and established It would combat: 13 color transparencies of two large each other (slowly) and locked horns. I an territory. probably males In various stages of combat. This is documented the "battle" with both standard be wise to allow the pair to establish some in reference to your statement on page 94 and macro photographic equipment. The sort of relationship for about a month a male. When of your excellent bool< Living Reptiles ot the fight consisted mostly in the two reptiles before Introducing strange Worfd [by Karl P. Schmidt and Robert F. pushing each other back and forth on the you Introduce the second male to the cage Inger; Doubleday, 1957]: "The rather dull branch, twisting around the branch, and (at noon on a midsummer day) place him male's favorite branch. fact Is that there is no evidence that the definitely trying to debranch each other, on the established

I think that heat in the form of natural horns are used in fighting." Well, here's the which Ashley finally succeeded in doing to evidence: Clod. Clod made no attempt to resume the sunlight Is very important here. It has been battle and appeared exhausted at the end. my experience that reptiles in general are battle more to revert to wild I the While living In Florida, kept ... a pair of At no time during was there likely extremely behaviors when In an outdoor adult jacksoni (which I named "Ashley any serious biting. kept in such a can Montagu" and "Ruth Benedict") in a terrarium; setting they get Into the hot sun whenever the mood rooftop cage. Half of the cage top was Neither animal seemed Interested in actually strikes them. covered with a board [the top being a hurting Its opponent. One slide shows the hinged screendoor type]; the other half defeated Clod with very dark coloration received direct sunlight part of the day, and and in a definite posture of submission. Rod Crimshaw when the angle of the sun changed [the He remained in that position for what Portland, Oregon light was filtered through a tree]. The seemed a very long time, and fearing for

season was summer. The specimens were his welfare I removed him from the cage. Scientists are often indebted to

newly Imported from Africa, and I would Ruth Benedict remained at the opposite end nonprofessionais for their chance guess had been in captivity less than six of the cage during the entire happening, observations of natural phenomena. Our

months. . . . They had certainly been able and seemed unconcerned If not totally gratitude to Mr. Crimshaw for his carefuf to establish their genetic patterns as oblivious to the occurrence. Ashley kept an reporting. —Robert F. Inger

l-lorns interlocked, "Ashtey Montagu" and "Clod" struggle tor possession o( a branch.

June 1974 Members Asked to Participate In Rehabilitation Program

Museum Members who have seen the barricades and construction equipment, heard the sounds of jacl

The north and south entrance stairs will be smooth and level; there'll be a ground-level entrance; and there will be eight new emergency exits. New restroom facilities and modern dining areas will make longer visits more comfortable. Large, modern passenger elevators will make floor-to-floor touring easier. Well-lit, air-conditioned exhibi- tion halls will invite closer inspection.

And there's every possibility that a Museum Member can turn to those accompanying him on a Museum tour, and say, "It's great, isn't it?

And I helped make it possible."

"Before the end of the summer, we expect to have given each Museum Member the opportunity to participate in renovating the 53- year-old building," said Nicholas Galitzine, general campaign chair- man. "We intend to contact each Member for assistance in bringing our three-year, $25-million Capital Campaign to a successful con- clusion in September."

The campaign, begun in September 1971, needs an additional $1.4 million to meet its goal. Private gifts in the amount of $12.5 million are being raised by the Museum; a matching sum is being provided through the bonding authority of the Chicago Park District. The Museum has raised $11.1 million of its share, from foundations, busi-

nesses, and private gifts.

According to Galitzine, pledges will be solicited that Members may elect to honor over a three-year period. "Preparing the Museum for an exciting future is the reason behind our Capital Campaign," he said, "and it is only fitting that its Members share in that excitement in a very personal way." A section ol the north portico gets -a new base as Iresh concrete is hosed in. As part ol the Museum's rehabilitation program, storage He urges Museum Members to think of their gifts in terms of not only areas currently under the portico and Iront steps will be converted the Museum's and visitor updating physical plant providing improved into administrative ollice space. comforts, but in meeting the increasing demand placed upon the Museum's scientific collections and research, and its educational and exhibit programs.

Field Museum Bulletin JUNE of Field M useum

Exhibits Children's Program

Continuing Begins June 1

Contemporary African Arts Festival, the first comprehensive exhibit of Summer Journey for Children, The Artist's Zoo." a free self-guided Its kind in the United States, features the work of artists, including tour of Museum exhibits, focuses on animal designs used by Native painters, prinlmakers, sculptors, and fabric designers, as well as music, American and African artists to decorate objects. Youngsters will be films, lectures, dances, and other events. Through November 3. Hall 27. given a sketchbook in which to draw and design their own motifs as part of the project. All boys and girls who can read and write may join Special June programs are: in the activity Journey sheets in English and Spanish are available at entrances. Through August 31.

Films In studio in exhibit area: at 1:30 m. Daily p Special Events June 1-7: "Gelede," "Africa Dances." and "Heartbeat of Africa" June 8-14: "New Images." "Abuja Pottery." "East African Wood Ray A. Kroc Environmental Education Program Carver." and "Talking Drums" June 15-21: "The Hadza" and "Bitter Melons" Saturday. June 1 June 22-28: "The Tuareg." "Nawi." and "Masai Warrior" June 29-30: "The Dry Season" and "African Village: Guinea" 'Field trip for young people: "Prairie Life." The group will visit Fridays at 7:30 p.m. Gensburg Markham Prairie to study its animal and plant life under Bland Field June 7: "Mandabi" the leadershiD of Phil Hanson and James of Museum June 14: "Emitai" Limited to 30 students, ages 15 through 18, Group will assemble in the June 21: "Borom Sarret" and "Tauw" north meeting room, second floor, at 9:30 am. June 28: "Black Girl" June at 4:00 m, Sunday. 30. p Saturday. June 8 "Liebalala" and "Under the Men's Tree"

•Field trip for young people: "Rocky Glen." The trip provides an opportunity to explore a wide variety of ecological and geological Saturday. June 1 areas at the DuPage County site under the leadership of James Bland "Coming of Age in Chicago," a ceremony performed by teenagers from of Field Museum. Limited to 30 students, ages 15 through 18. Group high schools and community organizations who have participated in leaves from Museum's north parking lot at 9:30 am. Field Museum's Contemporary African Arts Anthropology Workshop 10 30 am and 2 30 p.m.. Stanley Field Hall 'Reservations will be confirmed in order of receipt and payment. A $4 00 fee covers lunch and transportation Send check with name, address, Saturday. June 8 phone number, and choice of program to: "Music as a Bridge Between Traditional and Contemporary Cultures," a demonstration by Phil Cohran of the Black Music Workshop Field Museum— Environmental Program 10:30 and 11:30 am, and 2:30 and 3 30 pm. Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive III. 60605 Stanley Field Hall Chicago.

Saturday. June 15 Meetings African Songs and Folk Tales by Selina A. Ahoklui of Ghana 10 30 and 1 1 30 3 m and 2 30 and 3:30 p.m. June 7. 7:30 p m . Chicago Anthropological Society Field Hall Stanley June 7. 7:30 p.m.. Chicago Astronomical Society June 9. 2:00 p.m.. Chicago Shell Club Saturday. June 22 June 11. 7:30 p.m. Nature Camera Club of Chicago Pottery Demonstration by Saidu Na'Allah of Nigeria June 12, 7:00 p.m. Chicago Ornithological Society 10:30 a.m. to 3:30 p m. June 12, 7:30 pm Windy City Grotto, National Speleological Society Stanley Field Hall June 13. 7:00 pm Chicago Mountaineering Club

Saturday. June 29 Marimba Ensemble Performance by Dumisani Abraham Maraire (Shona) of Rhodesia 10:30 a.m. and 2 00 p.m. Hours Stanley Field Hall

9 00 am. to 6:00 p m, Saturday tfirough Thursday and 900 a m to 9:00 pm. exhibit of Edwin Janss Jr. Underwater Photography, an exciting color Friday. prints Through September 8 Hall 9 Beginning June 22 and continuing through September 1. the Museum will be open from 9:00 am. to 900 p m on Wednesday. Friday. Saturday and Sunday. Field Museum's Exhibit continues indefinitely. "A Sense of Anniversary on these will remain until 730 p m. " The cafeteria evenings open Wonder offers thought-provoking prose and poetry associated with the and cultural aspects of nature: "A Sense of physical, biological, History" The Museum Library is open 9:00 a m. to 4:00 p m lyionday through Friday- presents a graphic portrayal of the Museum's past; and "A Sense of Please obtain pass at reception desk, main floor north. Discovery" shows examples of research conducted by Museum scientists Hall 3 Ivluseum telephone: 922-9410

Field Museum CONTENTS of Natural History Bulletin THE TIMBER WOLF ON TRIAL by Joyce M. Brukoff and David M. Walsten Volume 45, Number 7 July/August 1974

Managing Editor G. Henry Ottery Editor David M. Walsten Staff Writer Madge Jacobs the timber wolf on trial

by Joyce M, Brukoft and David M Walsten

The residentsof Gubbio, an Italian village, were terrorized by a wolf and afraid to venture from tfie village. St. Francis of Assisi, who had a way with animals, reproved the wolf and it promised to mend its ways. The animal meekly followed St. Francis into Gubbio, where it took up >

Joyce M Brukoff is an Evanston writer with a special interest in environmental problems

Field Museum Bulletin ancient legends reinforce the image. A myth which remains current, and which has a serious bearing on the public attitude, is that wolves attack man without provocation. Literally hundreds of such stones are known in Europe, none of them substantiated, however, A single documented case of unprovoked attack is known for North America: In Canada in 1942, a railroad worker on a handcar was pursued down the tracks by a wolf, knocked from the vehicle, and attacked for some 25 minutes before three other workers came to his aid. Eventually the wolf was killed, but its persistence in the face of such odds strongly suggests that the animal was rabid. Wolves are, in fact, extremely shy of man and sedulously avoid him.

Geographic range Until recent times the timber wolf has been one of the most widely occurring of all mammals; within the North temperate zone there is hardly a region where the species has not been found at one time or

another. As recently as a century ago, it ranged over most of the North American

continent, where it was the dominant

predator. Intelligent, strong, courageous, the wolf had the added advantage of a highly developed social way of life.' The wolf pack as a coordinated team could bring down large herbivores such as moose, elk, and buffalo that would have Po!'^uf}ing /7d5 bijvn one ot Ihv nio^t ctloctive means oi sldughtunng wolves The 27 wolves that appear to be been inaccessible to the lone predator. taking their ease in the bacl

July August 1974 The borzoi, or Russian wolfhound, is descended from the Arabian greyhound and was first used to hunt wolves in the early 1600s The breed is slill so employed in the Soviet Union, but poisoning, trapping, den destruction, and aerial hunting are the more common methods of destroying the animals A decade ago 1 7,600 professional and amateur wolf hunters were involved in eradication programs in that country. In 1963, the last year for which figures are available, 8,800 wolves were killed there

Current population estimates for Canada density. In Japan, wolves formerly decrease in number, although they are range from 1 7.000 to 28,000. with wolves occurred on the northern island of protected in a few areas such as Kafka found generally throughout the dominion Hokkaido and on the main island of Zapovednik, a government preserve except in the Maritime Provinces, Honshu On Hokkaido, the last wolf was in the Caucasus. Newfoundland, southern Saskatchewan, seen in the late 1880s; Honshu reported southern (Vlanitoba, and in those areas of its last wolf in 1904. In France, during the seventeenth century, Ontario and Quebec that are more densely a provincial official known as the grand inhabited by man. A top figure of 25,000 is In northern Nonway. Sweden, and Finland louvetier was responsible for keeping currently estimated for Alaska. there are reportedly less than three dozen down the wolf populations. At that time, wolves: about ten are thought to occur wolves were found in every province of The animal formerly occurred throughout along Finland's eastern frontier. Some France. Curiously, a lieutenant de Europe and all of Asia, except in southeast are found in the mountainous regions of louveterie is still appointed in some of the

Asia and southernmost India. The Italy, Spam, Czechoslovakia, and Poland French departments (which have distribution over that continent apparently They also occur in the Balkans, where replaced the provincial division) although has not diminished during the past attempts are being made to control them. the wolf may now be extinct in that century, but there has been a drop in In the Soviet Union, wolves continue to country. >

Field Museum Bullelin A few centuries ago the wolf was a serious scourge of sfieep flocl

At that time wolves were still prevalent throughout North America, but by 1850the animal had virtually disappeared east of the Mississippi, Within another half-

century it had vanished from the eastern tier of states. In 1915 the federal government initiated a program to eliminate animals detrimental to agriculture. The result was a death sentence for the western wolf, which has since been wiped out, except for those apparent stragglers in Yellowstone and Glacier. Wisconsin conservationists succeeded in obtaining statewide protection for the wolf in 1957, but the move came too late. The animal has been extinct there for more than a decade.

As recently as 1965 the state of Minnesota was offering a $35 bounty on wolves and. during the mid-sixties, as many as 250 wolves were being slaughtered each year. But by 1969 the bounty system had been greatly modified, thanks to a greater public concern for the future of the wolf.

Relationship to other canids

Like the mountain lion, the wolf is known by a variety of names, depending on the locale. Common local names in addition

" to "timber wolf" are "grey wolf, "tundra When the world In Scandinavian mythology Fenns the wall is the brother ot Hel (death) and Midgard (a snake) wolf," and "lobo," The species is a his hand so that Fenns comes to an end he devours the sun The god Tyr. sword in hand, has sacrificed own member of the family Canidae, within the can be tied up Illustration from an ancient edition of Scandinavian myths orderCarnivora. So it is cousin to the cats, bears, weasels, raccoons, and other

animals that are primarily, if not exclusively, carnivorous. More closely related are the coyote, the jackals, the

(Continued on p. 12)

July'August 1974 for the

by Philip H Abelson

decades the United States has become heavier and less efficient. understand the seriousness of our energy

and that it believes will be Forbeen a land of abundance. Science Particularly in demand was natural gas, a problems they that with and technology combined with this wealth very clean fuel used to heat more than solved in a few years. The fact is us world We became half of the homes in this our rate of motion we could find gave leadership. country. present * accustomed to an ever-increasing ourselves enduring uncertainties of of standard living. The successful program Suddenly it became evident that we were of exploration of the moon contributed to a in danger of exhausting this fuel. Gas

The Arabs performed a great service for In 1970, at the moment when domestic the American people by demonstrating Dr. Abelson, editor of Science and production had begun to decline, sudden that there are limits to the availability of oil- magazine president of the Carnegie Institution of new demands were placed on oil. The But with the end of the embargo many Washington, addressed an audience at Field wanted cleaner air Oil and natural resumed their wasteful habits. public people IVIuseum this spring as part of the Museum's Ray gas had displaced coal as a source of Some recent opinion polls published in A Kroc Environmental Program. This article is from his address. heat in power plants. Automobiles had Science show that the public does not adapted

Field Museum Bulletin supply, inflation and economic peasants, each cultivating his own little development of Texas and the Gulf States dislocations for a decade or more. garden and riding to work on the bus, or owed their existence to oil and natural even on an electric streetcar. Somehow gas. this seems less than a Oil and Its products are essential to our plausible desperate to find new sources of to existence in many ways, but a crucial attempt energy For the next decade it is likely that we will sustain our factor is gasoline. Studies have sfiown knightly mobility,"* go on much as we have been, but if we that half of gasoline consumption occurs are to avoid a long period of discomfort, in trips of three miles and less. It appears In addition to the emotional factors, there we will have to approach our problems that when faced with the prospect of are some practical reasons why the more decisively than we have been. walking a little distance or taking public automobile has a strong hold on the transportation, many people chose to American public. During the past twenty First, the public must understand that there spend hours in line waiting for gas. years this country has built an economy IS no easy way out. Because the American largely based on the assumption that public has previously experienced only unlimited amounts of gasoline would be abundance, it cannot accept the fact of available. Agriculture is based on the scarcity. At least part of the public wants to tractor and other uses of hydrocarbons. believe that the energy crisis was alia hoax. ". . .Strip and mining Intercity truck traffic now carries most of They prefer to think that by chastising the oil the goods Industrial establishments, great companies our problems would all be underground mining shopping centers, and housing have all solved. The oil companies are not can be conducted in been located on the assumption that the blameless, but they also are not magicians. automobile would conveniently supply They cannot produce oil where none exists. In recent a tin at is environ- transportation. years, way construction in this country has been at fact is that over the last decades the level of $1 GO billion a year. Without the Thethe resources of the United acceptable'.' petroleum mentally automobile, much of the construction States have been largely discovered and

investment of more than $1,000 billion of consumed. In spite of considerable drilling the past twenty years would be nearly activity last year, new discoveries of oil in worthless Getting people to cut down on their use of the lower 48 states were practically gasoline will not be accomplished by mere inconsequential exhortation. In an article published in Most of us have not thought very deeply of Science, Kenneth Boulding says: the role that energy utilization plays in If we are to work our way out of the establishing the structure of the economy difficulties, we must either lessen our and in this for oil , , from "The automobile . is remarkably living patterns. Early century, demand or increase production the source of on the farm oil in addictive. I have described it as a suit of primary energy coal and shale. An increase the armor with 200 horses inside, big enough was horse. Given that central fact, production will be slow. Our quickest way to much of the of rural is conservation. to make love in. It is not surprising that it is shape society ease problems through We followed, the fraction of attached the popular. It turns its driver into a knight with including large have seen how deeply public devoted to the mobility of the aristocrat, and perhaps population farming. Today, take IS to its automobiles, but the cars need not some of his other vices. The pedestrian away hydrocarbons and farm machinery be the huge specimens that Detroit has and most of and the person who rides public us would be starving. been making, Europeans have long used transportation is by comparison a peasant and enjoyed smaller automobiles which looking up with almost inevitable envy at Another pattern that was established early consume about half as much gasoline. Detroit is hard to the knights riding by in their mechanical in this century was a mass transportation Already working produce are efficient steeds. Once having tasted the delights of system based on trains and on the electric such cars. On the way more a society in which almost everyone can streetcar. The existence of such motors and lighter cars. Even when such dictated the of autos are available, however, it will be a be a knight, it is hard to go back to being transportation development long of time before their is felt. peasants. I suspect, therefore, that there cities, a convergence transportation on presence fully Many must before the old cars could will be a very strong technological center city, and the location of shops and years pass In will those pressure to preserve the automobile in businesses there. be replaced. addition, there be who insist on some form, even if we have to go to buying huge gas-guzzlers. nuclear fusion for the ultimate source of Furthermore, the location of much of power and to liquid hydrogen for the industrial activity was determined by face, then, a difficult problem in substitute. The alternative would a reduction in gasoline energy considerations. That is, the great Weachieving seem to be a society of contented industrial activity of Pittsburgh and the consumption of gasoline. In this matter, Middle West rested on the foundation of we could learn a lesson from the 'Science. Vol, 184, No 4134. April 19, 1974 coal. Later, the great industrial Europeans We could cut demand by

July August 1974 in a way that is environmentally acceptable. What IS required is appropriate laws and regulations, and effective enforcement of them Such laws can be enacted.

At current rates of consumption of energy, the United States has coal reserves

sufficient to meet its needs for about 600 years. Its shale reserves would be sufficient

for a comparable period also. However, it is well to consider other means of meeting needs over the longer term.

The three major potential methods are to use thermonuclear reactions, breeder reactors, and solar energy.

who have pushed Thosethermonuclear energy have painted an impressive picture of the resources of deuterium of the oceans. In the last two decades, there has been considerable progress toward obtaining the kinds of plasma temperatures and pressures required to attain an output of energy "The stop-the-reactor people have won a few battles, but they have lost the war For every reactor they have " than stopped, ten have been authorized They have mainly succeeded in causing extensive delays Commonwealth greater input. However, the best Edison's Dresden Nuclear Ill Power Station near Joliel. . which in (above), started producing early the 1960s, devices are far from that goal. In addition, was the nation's first full-scale, privately financed nuclear power plant a recent engineering feasibility study conducted at the University of Wisconsin shows that the facilities needed in a thermonuclear reactor would be very costly per unit output. The point is that raising the price. To cut demand most effective method is through large magnetic fields must be maintained substantially would require prices for Theincreased costs. Already the higher over a huge volume. At the same time, the gasoline in the neighborhood of one to two price of oil is having a profound effect on feasible energy density in that volume is dollars a gallon. One way of proceeding industry, and many companies are low. Thus, even if the thermonuclear would be to enact a tax of a dollar or more devoting great effort to achieving quick people achieve their goal of net per gallon for gasoline used by motorists. energy savings. production of energy, costs for it will be With sharply higher prices, a drop in very great. consumption would occur, and the However, getting industry to replace oil by would take in about government $50 other forms of energy such as coal is likely billion in taxes. This could to Another long-term source of energy is the be used to be more difficult. But if industry were breeder reactor. But this has not been finance a major Project Independence, or, placed on notice that in the future the yet proven entirely practical: it entails very for instance, to cut our income tax. burning of oil and natural gas for heat was large inventories of plutonium, and is costly. In a going to encounter a large and escalating day when terrorists are abroad, the breeder tax. there would be great further activity in Another area in which substantial reactor is not an attractive bet. major conservation of energy and moves toward altogether conservation could be achieved is industry. replacing oil and gas with coal. This activity consumes over forty percent of third source, that will certainly An the total energy this country uses. A important key to management of the A provide at least part of our future energy- substantial fraction of oil and natural gas is energy problems of the next decade is the needs, IS the sun. We will harness the used by industry merely to provide heat for question of how to deal with coal There are sun's energy both directly and indirectly— boilers and for processing. Hydrocarbons the environmental effects of mining. There for example, directly through home are too valuable to burn in this way, and IS the problem of sulfur oxides produced in heating, solar panels, and so on: and

industry should be put under pressure to burning coal. I believe that both strip mining indirectly by use of energy inherent in reduce its use of and mining can be conducted hydrocarbons. underground (Continued on p. 15)

Field Museum Bulletin our environment

Kennicott Grove notify the director. US Fish and Wildlife Monfort of Colorado. Inc . the world's largest Service. DC. or call 343- cattle feed also has a May Be Saved Yet! Washington. (202) supplier, large slaughter- 6025- Written statements from the public ing and beef-packing operation — a by-product should be sent to the director To the extent of which is 450.000 dry weight tons of manure One of the last remaining prairie groves in that time permits, the committee will hear from Its feedlots each year According to Illinois may still be saved from the hands of real oral statements from the public at the comple- company spokesmen. 4.000.000 cubic feet of estate developers, if local conservationists tion of the agenda provided written copies are methane could be produced from the manure have anything to say about it. Kennicott Grove, provided for the record daily. The fuel value of this amount would be a 240-acre tract that lies within Glenvievi( Park equal to the quantity of natural gas required to District, north of Chicago, is the subject of just heat 10.000 homes. A Denver engineering firm a bill introduced April 17 before the Illinois has been granted an option by Monfort to state The bill, proposed by Rep legislature- produce the methane, which in turn would be John E Porter (R-Evanston). would authorize Pollution "Threatens" used by Monfort to heat its packing plant, the Illinois Department of Conservation to ac- Florida Coral Reef provide fuel for its tallow-rendering works, and quire the land for a state park. Porter estimates steam-cook corn that is used for cattle feed- the land would cost about $4,500,000 The Hen and Chickens Reef — a coral structure received the endorsement of bill has already covering a few square miles |ust off the Florida Solar heat would be used to heat the manure to the and Natural Resources Com- — Agriculture Keys appears to be dying a slow death, the propertemperature for bacteria growth The mittee of the House according to Lee Purkerson. Everglades bacteria chemically break down the manure, National Park The reef, which lies in Several large companies in the Kennicott Grove biologist producing methane 20 feet of water 75 miles south of Miami. area have indicated an interest in providing about IS 80 dead. Colonies of coral- funds for purchase of the land as a public tract, already percent Park forming polyps — which make up the remaining if such funds are needed. The Glenview Cloud Seeding Used as 20 — are killed man. District has also interest in acquiring percent slowly being by expressed U.S. in S.E. Asia Purkerson, Silt from activities Weapon 100 to 125 acres; such amove would be deter- says dredging and the of favor the mined by referendum (For more on the history dumping sewage growth of on the coral, which is then of Weather modification, as a military weapon, of Kennicott Grove, see the September. 1973. algae deprived and food Death for a reef also means was used by the U.S. Air Force from 1 966to1 972 Bulletin.) light death for the myriads of creatures that live on over North and South Vietnam and Laos, the of Defense admitted At a and around it Among these are commercially Department recently. important lobster and yellow tail snapper March 20 briefing, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee was given a detailed report of checks of other reefs that make the 1 60- officials Mili- Public Meetings Held on Spot up military cloud seeding by DOD mile arc of the Florida Keys reveal that Hen and officers at the that cloud Migratory Bird Hunting tary briefing reported Chickens is not the only imperiled coral reef seeding had reduced the infiltration of North While some appear still healthy, other reefs are Vietnamese troops along the Ho Chi Minh The first of two annual public meetings to set nearly dead Trail, especially in June 1971. They denied, migratory game bird hunting regulations for the however, that cloud seeding had been 1974-75 season was held in Washington. DC, responsible for the massive floods that oc- on June 25 Proposed migratory shore bird and curred in North Vietnam later in that year upland game bird hunting regulations were Quieter Jets Sidelined discussed- A second conference to discuss by Fuel Shortage waterfowl hunting regulations will be held on August 6 Air Fuel shortages brought on by the energy crisis— Chicago The June 25 conference heard reports from may be adding to the giant energy headache Getting Cleaner wildlife biologists on the status of mourning literally According to a recent study by the doves, woodcock, bandtailed white- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), some pigeons, The amount of airborne dust over Chicago is winged doves, rails, gallinules. and common major airlines have replaced fuel-hungry 747s — about 30 percent less than what was measured snipe. The conferees also discussed a with more economical — but noisier 707s and 5 years ago. According to the Department of set of regulations setting seasons DC-8s on certain routes proposed Environmental Control, a daily average of 120 and limits for these birds- Conference bag micrograms of atmospheric dust per cubic participants included regional and state fish meter occurred during 1969. compared to an and game officials plus representatives of Gaseous Fuel from Manure average of about 84 micrograms in 1973, (In the International Association of Game. Fish, and 1966 a seasonal high of about 133 micrograms Conservation Commissioners, the Wildlife had been recorded) dried cattle manure is new — Society, the National Audubon Society. Fuel from nothing in Since 1969 a in the atmos- National Wildlife Federation. Izaak Walton It has been so used many parts of the world progressive drop has a new dust has been noted- What these figures League. Outdoor Writers Association, and the for centuries Modern technology put pheric A to is this: At the rate of air cleanup Wildlife Management Institute twist, however, on this ancient resource, point present air will meet the federal Colorado firm has come up with a commercially it appears that Chicago The public is invited to attend the August 6 feasible method of extracting methane gas from air quality standard set for 1975- The target meter- waterfowl meeting- Those interested should the manure, and using it to replace natural gas level IS 75 micrograms per square

July Augusl 1974 the two nests in vivors could be processed into pet food they Non-Lethal Poison Deters At the time of the transplant Maine each contained one egg that had addled, had a stay of execution Today 18 adults of the Coyotes herd and one foal are held near Sheep-Killing or spoiled These were removed and analyzed original being Idaho Falls, Idaho, until official can by U.S, Fish and Wildlife Service biologists disposition meat officials will Conditioned aversion to poisoned ap- Examination revealed that neither egg would be made of them State and federal of the horses are. in- pears promising as a method controlling have hatched in the wild. The shell of one was decide whether captured to a team of entitled to federal A June 26 sheep-killing coyotes, according 31 percent thinner than healthy eagle eggs— deed, protection, California Conven- was scheduled in to deter- University of psychologists. the consequence of pesticide ingestion by the hearing Washington of these mine if the 1 971 Wild and Horses tional methods eliminating predators female parent The contents of both eggs Free-Roaming lethal and of was enforced. have been bounty hunting, poisons, showed no embryonic development The Act 1971 being but these methods do not distinguish to the traps; biologists attributed this condition According to government sources, the ranchers other between sheep-killing coyotes and of residues of dieldrin, one of the presence used a helicopter and snowmobiles to round up carnivores most potent of the chlorinated hydrocarbon the horses — both methods in violation of federal Pesticide residues in bald Psychologists John Garcia, Walter G, Hankms, insecticides. eagles law Nevertheless, the animals eluded several areas have and Kenneth W Rusiniah were able to develop of Maine and certain other seriously earlier attempts to capture them. The alleged conditioned aversion to lamb and rabbit meat altered the birds' reproductive capability. purpose of the roundup was to remove the in seven coyotes after lacing it with lithium horses from public lands (thus leaving more Biologists were fearful that the disturbance of chloride The amount of the chemical placed grass for grazing cattle), then slaughter and the egg-switch might prompt the foster parents in the meat was sufficient to produce illness in process them into canned pet food According to desert the nests, but this fear was not to kill them, fortunately and burros coyotes that ate it, but enough to the 1971 act. unbranded horses the not borne out by the experiment The parent A single trial was enough to discourage that run free on western public lands are pro- eagles in Minnesota were left with plaster-filled coyotes from feeding again on lamb or rabbit tected from such roundups. goose eggs to maintain their interest in the flesh. However, it did not necessarily discour- nests. If they continue to incubate these dummy age them from attacking the prey in question. eggs, they will be provided a young bird from a condi- Hands off Emission The researchers propose two-phase a Minnesota nest that hatches more than one "In phase one, the flavor of Control Devices tioning process: eaglet, for many times there is a four-to-six day aversive after one illness, [but food becomes interval between hatching of multiple egg

still . attack ... Phase two the An Fla , dealer was fined coyotes] may clutches; and the youngest, or runt, may die Orlando. auto recently occurs when the auditory, visual, and olfactory a US District Court for because it can't compete for the available food $500 by "rendering with the cues from the prey become associated inoperative" a 1972 auto's emission control aversive flavor, thus subsequent attacks are device. Tampering with such a device by a of the mother Tussock Moths and Weevils inhibited ... The feeding habits manufacturer or dealer is in violation of the be transmitted with coyote averted to sheep might to be Fought DDT Clean Air Act The fine was the first such action via flavor which her diet to to her pups, imparts taken under the new regulation. with her milk, and by their early experience Limited use of DDT has been approved by the she to the den." prey brings EPA for pest control in Washington. Idaho, and is to be Oregon. In all three states the chemical EPA Bans Vinyl Plant" Successful used against the tussock moth. The insecticide Eagle "Egg Chloride Pesticides will also be used against anticipated pea leaf weevil infestations in Washington and Idaho Two bald eaglets have hatched in the Maine Actual use of the chemical will be allowed only Aerosol pesticides that contain vinyl chloride, nests to which they were transplanted as eggs where field surveys indicate that infestations of have been suspended from further distribution in early May; they were obtained from nests in the insect could significantly damage dry pea by the EPA. The action taken in late April affects Minnesota, This was the first such transplant crops. at least 28 products used in food handling es- experiment with the bald eagle. The original tablishments, hospitals, homes, and other en- plan called for six eggs to be transplanted from closed areas. Minnesota, where the eagle population is healthy, to six nests in Maine, where pesticide The basis for withdrawal of the chemical is the pollution has affected eagle hatching in recent Fate of Wild Horses: occurrence of cancer in industrial workers three were taken from to the substance. Twelve men involved years. Only eggs Freedom or Pet Food? exposed Minnesota because of the onset of weather that in the conversion of vinyl chloride to polyvinyl was not conducive to tree-climbing. The three chloride, a plastic, have been found to have In January and February, 1973, a herd of about were delivered to Maine and planted in nests angiosarcoma, a rare type of liver cancer. Lab- 60 wild horses was driven to the of a edge animals to chloride have the next day One egg broke as it was being oratory exposed vinyl cliff near Howe, Idaho. Seven animals stam- placed in the nest also developed angiosarcoma. peded over the cliff to their deaths. Others, stated that "while to an official had Russell E. Tram, EPA head, The two eaglets hatched out on May 16. At last according government report, the health to chloride r throats si it the ranchers who were round- public implications vinyl report the foster parents seemed convinced that thei by bursts are them some had their amputated from short pesticide undetermined, the young birds are their own offspring, and are ing up. legs link and the cancer is sus- with a Cham saw. About 30 horses were shipped the between the gas caring for them normally with daily feeding and to it in Nebraska; while there, pected strongly enough make prudent close guard of the nest area against possible to a packinghouse to ban further use ..." enemies. several died of their injuries. Before the sur- policy

Field Museum Bulletin WOLVES (from p 6) red wolf, and of course, tfie domestic dog (all members of the same genus, Canis). The fox, which is commonly looked upon as a smaller version of the wolf, is more distantly related and belongs to the genus Vulpes. Wolves are most clearly distinguished from dogs by the skull structure, particularly the so-called orbital angle — an angle formed by a line passed through the lowerand upper rims of the eye

socket and a I ine passed across the skull's top. In dogs the angle is 53° to 60°: in

wolves It is 40° to 45° - The close relationship between dogs and wolves is borne out by the fact that the species readily interbreed, producing offspring that are fertile.

The closely related red wolf {Canis rufus. formerly called C. niger) appears to be intermediate in many respects between the timber wolf (C. lupus) — which is — and the —usually larger coyote (C. latrans) which is smaller. It occurs in Social organization among wolves is among the most usually complex in the animal world and. in many ways, is southeastern and south-central United similar to the social organization ol man and other States. Some studies suggest that primates Above, active submission is displayed by one wolt toward other pack members by rolling onto hybridization occurs between the red wolf its back. a dominant wolf is mobbed lower- Below, by and the coyote; other studies point to ranking pack members who nibble him affectionately between the the This occurs when the leader returns after a brief crossing coyote and wolf absence or when the pack awakens The dominant resulting in a hybrid that has mistakenly wolf be either male or female may been called the red wolf. The so-called maned wolf {Chrysocyon brachyurus), ot Paraguay, southern Brazil, and northern Argentina, has been described as a "giant fox on stilts." It has extraordinarily long, black legs and is the largest member of the dog family (Canidae) except for the true wolves.

Thirty-two subspecies of Canis lupus are recognized by most authorities, although the exact number continues to be a matter of debate. Twenty-four subspecies are recognized for North America, eight for Eurasia. Determination of the precise number is complicated by the fact that subspecies will readily interbreed, or intergrade. Differences in characters such as coloring and body measurements between subspecies are often subtle, and in crosses between subspecies these differences are even less pronounced.

Population studies

Because of the natural shyness of wolves

July August 1974 with rangers, trappers, and game wardens. Olson estimated the population at about 250 for a 2,500-square-mile area, or about one wolf per ten square miles

In the late 1940s and early 1950s M. H Stenlund was among the first to use aerial observations in arriving at a mean estimate of 240 wolves over a 4,100-square-mile area, or one animal for every 1 7 square miles

Studies L, D. by Mech and Frenzel, Jr , from 1964 to 1969 made use of aerial tracking of radio-tagged wolves. Their data showed a probable increase in wolves since Stenlund's observations, A 1972 report by V Van Ballenberghe, which also drew upon data from radio-tracking, showed 79 wolves for a 720-square-mile area, for an average density of one wolf per 9.1 square miles.

The most recent, and probably the most thorough, wolf census for Superior National Forest includes data collected as recently as June, 1973, by Mech and

Frenzel. It shows an estimate of 9.9 to 1 0.9 wolves per square mile.

Other figures of interest in the 1973 Mech report^ were a mean pack size of 5.9 to 6.8 wolves, with a maximum pack size of 13 Some wolves had separated from their pack to lead precarious, solitary lives. But in the Superior National Forest, says Facial is an means of communication in the wolf Sixteen expression important expressions, including threat, Mech, "the lone wolf is an insecure and submission, suspicion, and anxiety may be recognized The animal's true emotions, say researchers, are never member of the hidden by a false masl< temporary population, having a much lower survival rate than permanent pack members." and their habit of traveling over great wolf population varied from 15 to 28 In Minnesota a wolf pair will mate in distances in a short period of time, animals during the period 1959 to 1970. February, with an average of five or six populations for any given area are The wolf population of a 20,000-square- pups being born in late April. If conditions extremely difficult to determine. A single mile area of south-central Alaska had the are favorable, the survivors are full-grown wolf pack on Isle Royale has been remarkable variation of 12 individuals to by fall. They remain with the parents observed to traverse the entire 21 0-square about 450 during the years 1953 to 1967 the winter, and do not mile area of the island for each of three through normally go their separate ways until a second litter consecutive winters, A pacl< may travel 80 The first appears the following April. As early as miles or more in a single night systematic attempt to assess the or even wolf population in Superior National February, sooner, pups may from the Recent attempts to determine wolf Forest was made by the distinguished separate parents. populations in North America have been nature writer and environmentalist Sigurd F Olson in made only on Isle Royale; in parts of 1938. On the basis of During the second winter the pack Alaska; in Algonquin Park, Ontario: and in observations made during his extensive consists of the parents, the new pups, and Superior National Forest, Isle Royale's travels through the forest, and interviews whatever yearl ings that have not dispersed

Field Museum Bulletin or died. Each year the cycle is repeated — new pups being born, older pups dispersing — but with the paci< size remaining about the same from one year to the next.

The primary prey in Superior National Forest is the white-tailed deer (Odoco/teus virginianus): a secondary prey is the moose {Alces americana). Studies in 1 959 showed a deer density of 166 per square mile in a 213-square-mile section of the forest close to Lake Superior. The estimated wolf population for the area

The tiny radio transmitter (above) attached to the wolf by means of a collar, transmits an interrupted "beep" was one pack wolf per 5.3 square miles, monitored from an aircraft to 35 miles A the size of a that can be up away typical battery, pen-light battery, may or about one wolf for every 880 deer. Ill supply power for as long as 18 months The units are manufactured by AVf\/l Instrument Co . of Champaign.

A decline in the wolf population during A wolf near International captured Falls, Minn . receives an ID tag. attached to the ear. before being released 1971-72 is Mech as in /Michigan's Upper Peninsula interpreted by

linked closely to a general decline in numbers of deer that is occurring throughout

, midn'orthern and northeastern United States and south-central and southeastern Canada, apparently caused by maturing forests and in increasing predominance of conifers.

Although a gradual decrease in the deer population of northeastern Minnesota has been underway for two or more decades, the most drastic decline in recent years took place in the winter of 1968-69, when the area experienced the deepest snowfall on record. The drop in wolf numbers from 1971-72 to

1 972-73 was most apparent in the area of the forest that was historically the poorest deer range, primarily the eastern half of the

Boundary Waters Canoe Area. . . During the winter of 1971 -72 there were virtually no deer present in some 300 to 500 square miles of the Superior National Forest and in an even larger area in 1972-73''

Mech contends that "even with relatively high deer populations in SuperiorNational Forest wolves will not increase beyond a density of approximately one wolf per 9.9 " to 10.9 square miles in early winter. . .

The maintenance of peak wolf numbers, he asserts, is to be predicated on restoration of higher deer densities. This, in turn, depends on the rejuvenation of forests; that is to say, replacement of some of the coniferous growth by edible broad-leaf understory — smaller trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants.

I'' July/Augusl 1974 At last the four animals had ENERGY (from p 9) Wolf "transplant" report traversed a large part of the peninsula. such geophysical phenomena as winds, In a funded the Huron Mountain project by Time will tell whether they can, indeed, tides, and the Gulf Stream. Initially, at Wildlife Foundation, tfie National Audubon and the adjust to the new territory, raise pups, least, people will need to supplement and Northern Society, Michigan University, develop a viable, self-sustaining pack. solar energy with fossil fuels. Ultimately, two male and two female wolves have successful, the civilization could be If the experiment proves though, a satisfactory been to Michigan's Upper transplanted prospects will be favorable for restoring based on solar energy. in an to Peninsula attempt permanently the wolf to other areas where man, out of in that area. David reestablish the species it. ignorance and fear, destroyed During the next decade we will move further Mech and William Robinson, professor of but in utilizing a number of energy sources, biology at Northern Michigan University, at present progress is slow. A significant are the conducting experiment is directed to part of the present delays 'See Behaviour of Wolves. Dogs and Related environmental concerns. For example, The wolves were trapped this past & Row Canids. by Michael W Fox, Harper construction of the typical power reactor December and January near International (220 pp), 1971 today requires ten to eleven years. In Japan, Falls, Minnesota, and flown to Michigan time is four I am 2The most authoritative work on the wolf is the corresponding years in March. Before being released in the Mech's The Walt: The Ecology and Behavior of no advocate of nuclear power and, indeed, Huron Mountain area near Lake Superior, an Endangered Species: Natural History Press lean to use of coal instead. As a bystander, it the wolves were vaccinated against 384 pp. (1970). is my opinion that the stop-the-reactor rabies, distemper, leptospirosis, and people have won a few battles, but they and blood were taken. ^Wolf Numbers in the Superior National Forest hepatitis, samples war. For reactor of Minnesota: USDA Forest Service Research have lost the every they The animals were also given penicillin as Paper NC-97 (1973). 10 pp have stopped, ten have been authorized. a infection and dosed precaution against They have mainly succeeded in causing with vitamins. Their ears were tagged and 'Wolf Numbers in the Superior National Forest extensive delays. the animals were fitted with radio collars. of tJlinnesota. p 8

Now, no thoughtful person could want a dosed return to the of a The four wolves transplanted from Minnesota to Ivlichigan are weighed, measured, vaccinated, and ruinous practices with vitamins before their release. generation ago. We must safeguard the environment, but that does not mean "Stop everything!" Indeed, those who follow such a line are the most dangerous foes of the

environmental movement. It seems impossible to obtain energy materials or to use them without some environmental impact. One of the great challenges of this next decade will be to evolve a better method of decision-making in such matters as energy vs. the environment.

We ought to be embarking on a crash basis to construct several prototype plants to obtain clean fuels from coal and shale. An investment of five to ten billion dollars could teach us fast how best to proceed in achieving real energy independence. Atthe same time, we should be prepared to take realistic steps to cut wasteful burning of hydrocarbons by drastic increases in taxation of and costs for such fuels.

We have in abundance the technical talents and the natural resources to work our way out of the current morass. But the public must understand the enormous magnitude of the problem, and realize that there are no shortcuts or easy solutions. CLIP COUPON AND RETURN TODAY! Take Four Vacations This Summer field museum's summer evening slide lectures For $5.00 Each!

COME JOURNEY WITH US— to the Beginning of Life — to the Depths of Lake Michigan

— to Melanesia and its Art July 24 program: The Beginning of Life — to the Mountains of Ethiopia

No. of persons attending ,

This IS an opportunity for members of Field Museum to chat informally with our curators, July 31 program: journey with them on their varied explorations, and to have dinner in the pleasant am- Changing Lake Michigan bience of the exhibit halls. Make your reservations now for our festival of summer evening No. of . persons attending slide lectures

• H. curator of fossil invertebrates, will discuss history as August 7 program: Dr Matthew Nitecki, associate Art in Me/anesia: New freiand recorded in ancient sedimentary rocks. Fossils of the oldest known organisms are the most Even the record of early life is difficult to study, No. of persons attending . among fascinating. though recent research has demonstrated that there were forms of life on our planet at least three billion years ago August 14 program: Natural History of the Highlands • Mr. Loren curator of fishes, has studied the fish and other aquatic life in Lake of Eastern Ethiopia Woods, for more than and has had the unique advantage of studying No. of persons attending Michigan thirty years these forms of life from the decks of commercial fishing vessels. He will speak on the deterioration of fishing in the Great Lakes.

Member's name will lecture on the • Dr Phillip Lewis, curator of primitive art and Melanesian ethnology, art of New Ireland, a large island m Melanesia. Since the early 1 950s Dr Lewis has made Street a specialty of the art of this region. He has made two extensive field trips to New Ireland, and has studied the collections of museums in Europe and the Pacific area, as well as collections in the United States. City State Zip various

with • Dr William C. Burger, associate curator, vascular plants, completes the series (dai/time) (evening) an illustrated color slide program on the mountainous areas of eastern Ethiopia, which

rise to an elevation of 1 1,000 feet. The different climate zones of the mountains support Amount enclosed: $ distinctive ecosystems. Each zone has its characteristic plants and animals. The life styles of the people living there are adapted to these various zones.

The four programs are scheduled for four consecutive Wednesday evenings (July 24, 31; All reservations will be confirmed. August 7, 14), beginning at 6:30 p.m. and concluding around 9;00 p.m.

For further information call Dorothy Roder. Reservations will be accepted on a first come, first served basis. Applications should Field Museum. 922-9410. ext 206 or 219. be accompanied by full payment of $5,00 per person, covering dinner and the program. Children twelve years of age and older are invited: guests of members are also welcome.

July Augusl 1974 field briefs

Above, left during a recent Museum tour, actor Cesar Romero and Bob Kosturak. an exhibit designer for ttie Department of Exliibition. cliatted over a portion of ttie extiibit model for the "Man in His Environment" program, scheduled for presentation at the l^useum in 1975

S. discuss witii Above, right: Field- Associates tJIr. and Mrs. William Street forthcoming expedition possibilities F. chief of and visitor Museum staff members Shown (I. to r ) are Mr Street: Dr Anthony DeBlase. security services: Mrs Street: Dr Rupert L Wenzel. chairman. Department of Zoology: Dr Luis de la Torre, curator of of mammals: E Leiand Webber. Field Museum director. Dr Lonn I Nevling. Jr.. chairman. Department returned from Botany: and Dr Robert F Inger. Assistant director, science and education. The Streets recently on behalf of the Museum a zoological expedition to Nepal This was their fourth such venture undertaken is about the Earlier, they conducted two expeditions to Iran and one to Afghanistan Much of what known mammals of this part of the world is due to the continued support by these loyal friends of the Museum

Field Museum's Contemporary African Arts Festival will be highlighted in July by performances of the Osibi cult Dance Group (July 13) and Tanawa (July 27) The Osibi. from Ghana, will perform warrior dances, dances, and harvest festival dances, as well as recreational dances Victor Clottey. of the Osibi. is shown traditional below. Tanawa. a Congolese family group of dancers, singers, actors, and musicians, will do and contemporary interpretations of Congolese folklore A Tanawa drummer is shown at right

Field Museum BuHelin which would one day be called Fieldiana title of F/e/d/ana -dated 1895 or — in the Mu- as "the medium of presenting to the world ANY, 1974 can be examined FIELDIANA of the research and investi- seum All that are not out of are the results library. print gation conducted under the auspices of available for purchase. is a continuing the Museum, . . ." Since then, more than 1,200 issues of Fieldiana have been series of scientific published and papers monographs this age of imperative relevance, with dealing anthropology, botany, INFieldiana is relevant It describes and geology, and zoology intended interprets our world and its inhabitants as

it was and is. For conservationists of both primarily for exchange-distribution series has reflected not only the and of Field human and natural resources, Fieldiana to museums, libraries, and uni- THEgrowth development Museum, but of the various sciences as provides a record of what was so that we versities, but also available for im- well. For example, anthropology was just can measure what we have changed, purchase. emerging as a professional discipline in proved, or destroyed. Fieldiana has been the United States at the time of F/e/d/ana's pure science as well — irritating to those mtroduction and some of the most im- who demand "But what can you use it lELD Museum's Annual Report of the portant early anthropologists contributed for?" but inspiring to those who appreciate

Director for 1 895 introduced tine series to the series. and desire knowledge for its own sake

RECENT FIELDIANA PUBLICATIONS

Paul C Fieldiana Anthropology Fieldiana Geology "Flora of Guatemala," by Standley, Louis 0. Williams, and Dorothy Nash Gibson; 322 pp., 88 figs Vol 24, part X, nos. 3 & 4. no 1187* "Nushagak An Historic Trading Center in "Osteology, Function, and Evolution of the Publication Southwestern Alaska." by James W VanStone: Trematopsid (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia) R Bolt; 30 5 93 pp , 16 plates, 5 figs Vol 62, publication Nasal Region," by John pp., tigs. no. 1145 $4.25 Vol 33, no. 2, publication no. 1178. $1.25 Fieldiana Zoology

"Chesterian (Upper tvlississippian) Gastropoda "Eupomacentrus diencaeus Jordan and Rutter. "Paleoecology of Hay Hollow Site, Arizona," by the Illinois Lwin Them and A Valid of Damselfish from the Western Vol. no. of Basin," by Myint Species Vorslla L Bohrer; 30 pp , 6 figs. 63, 1, Matthew H, Nitecki; 238 pp., 103 figs Vol 34, Tropical Atlantic," by David W Greenfield and publication no 1144 $1 25 publication no, 1179 $11 50 Loren P. Woods; 12 pp , 5 figs. Vol. 65, no. 2. Publication no 1182 $1 00

"Ttie First Peary Collection of Polar Eskimo "The Structure and Evolution of Teeth in Lung- Material Culture." by James W. VanStone; fishes," by Robert H, Denison, 28 pp., 15 figs 'Myoproctaiges surinamensis. a New Genus 63, no 2; Vol. 33, no 3; no 1180 $1 25 and Species of Mite Parasite on the Acuchi 50 pp , 12 figs Vol publication publication no 1156. $2,00 Myopacta acouyctiy from Surinam (Psorop- tidae, Psoralginae Sarcoptiformes),"by A Fain and F. Lukoschus; 17 pp.. Vol 65. no 3,

Publication no, 1 185,* "V, S, Khromchenko's Coastal Explorations in Southwestern Alaska, 1822," James W Fieldiana Botany "Preliminary Key to the Turtles, Lizards, and VanStone, editor: translated David H. Kraus. by Amphisbaenians of Iran," by Steven C. 95 pp , 5 figs Vol 64; publication no. 1172 no 4 Publication Anderson; 17 pp , Vol 65, $4,25. "Flora of Guatemala." by Johnnie L Gentry, Jr no 1186* and Paul C, Standley; 151 pp., 20 figs. Vol 24, *Price 10 be announced 1 00 partX, nos 1 & 2, Publication no 184 $6 "The Fauna from the Terminal Pleistocene of Cave, a Zarzian Occupation Site in Palegawra Orders for Fieldiana should be directed to Field Museum's F. "Notes on the Genus Northeastern Iraq," by Priscilla Turnbull and Hygroiembidium Oflice of Publications Members are entitled to a 10 percent 7 , 2 Charles A Reed, 66 pp., 10 plates, 10 figs (Hepaticae)," by John J, Engle: pp tigs discount Standing orders accepted Please specify number wlien Vol, 63, no 3 Publication no 1183' Vol 36, no. 7. Publication no 1181 $0.75 publication ordering

July/August 1974 ^^'% ^«

^^ya^^

Counting on Members to Push Capital Campaign Over the Top

The $25 Million Capital Campaign for renovation of Field Museum has thrived for nearly three years. During this exciting time of bringing the Museum's story about its modernization needs to prospective donors, many Museum members have in some way become involved in the campaign.

Recently, the Capital Campaign general chairman, Trustee Nicholas Galitzine, reported that $11.1 million of the private

gift share of $12.5 million has been pledged. Private gifts for the campaign are being matched with public funds through bonding authority of the Chicago Park District.

The trustees. Women's Board members, and other close friends of the Museum have been a great help in bringing the campaign to within nearly 10 percent of its goal. According to Chairman Galitzine. all Museum members will be solicited during this summer. They may elect to pledge their gifts over a three-year period. It is our hope that every Museum will a of this once-in-a-lifetime effort. Funds from Field Museums Capital Campaign will be member become part used to make the Museum barrier-free. "Plans include The funds will be used to the a ground-floor entrance, special parking facilities for Capital Campaign update tfie handicapped, wide lavatory stalls, and low phone Museum s physical plant and will help the Museum meet the booths and drinking fountains Large elevators will increasing demands being placed upon its scientific easily accommodate persons on crutches and in wheelchairs. Stair-climbtng for the handicapped will col lections; its research, educational, and exhibit programs. be a thing of the past. We hope that every Museum Member in future years can turn to those joining him on a Museum tour and honestly say,

"It makes me feel good to know that I helped make it possible."

Field Museum Bulletin JULY- AUGUST a, F^eldMuseum

EXHIBITS

Continuing

Contemporary African Arts Festival, the first comprehensive program of its Saturday August 3 in una the U S , features the work of and painters, printmal^ers. sculptors, Thumb Piano Music Demonstration by Elkm Sithole (Zulu) fabric designers, as well as music, films, lectures, dances, and other events. 10.30 and 11 30 2 am. 30 and 3 30 p m . Stanley Field Hall Through November 3 Hall 27 Saturday, August 10 "Textiles and African Fashion." a demonstration, with Special July and August events are: Angie Ihejirika of Nigeria 11 10 30 and 30 a , m 230 and 3 30 , Field Hall Films in studio in exhibit area: pm Stanley

Daily at 1 30 p m Saturday. August 17 Liberian Dance and Song Demonstration with Tednyma Kumah 10 30 and 2 11.30 . July 6-12 Malawi: Two Young Men and Women up in Arms am . 30 and 3 30 p m Stanley Field Hall July 13-19 Ancient Africans and In Search of Myself July 20-26 The Creative Person: Leopold Sedar Senghor Saturday. August 24 and 31 and The Swamp Dwellers "Coming of Age in Chicago." (see July 20. above)

1 1 10 30 and 30 . 2 July 27-Aug 2 Gelede. Africa Dances, and Heartbeat of Africa am 30 and 3:30 p.m , Stanley Field Hall Aug 3-9 New Images. Abuja Pottery. East African Wood Carver. and Talking Drums Aug 10-16 The Hadza and Bitter Melons Edwin Janss Jr. Underwater Photography, an exhibit of exciting color prints Aug 17-23 The Tuareg. Nawi. and Masai Warrior Through September 8 Hall 9 Aug 24-30 The Dry Season and African Village: Guinea Aug 31: Malawi: Two Young Men arid Women up in Arms Field Museum's Anniversary Exhibit continues indefinitely "A Sense of Wonder offers thought-provoking prose and poetry associated with the physical, biological, Fridays at 730 p m.: the films of Ousmane Sembene and cultural aspects of nature; "A Sense of History" presents a graphic .portrayal

" of the Museum's past: and "A Sense of Discovery shows examples of research 12 Emitai July conducted by Museum scientists Hall 3 July 19 Borom Sarrel and Tauw July 26. Black Girl August 2: Mandabi SPECIAL PROGRAM August 9 Emitai August 16 Borom Sarret and Tauw Guided tours of Museum exhibit areas leave north information booth at 2:00 August 23 Black Girl p m daily. Mon through Fri . July and August, except Thursday. July 4. August 30: Mandabi

4:00 m Sunday, July 28, p The Hunters CHILDREN'S PROGRAM Sunday, Aug. 25. 4:00 p m To Live with Herds

Through August 31 Summer for The Artist s Zoo.' a free self-guided tour of Saturday, July 6 Journey Children, Museum exhibits, focuses on animal used by Native Amehcan and Contemporary African Arts Lecture Series, co-sponsored by Field Museum and designs African artists to decorate objects are given a sketchbook in Chicago State University, begins at 1 1 00 a m for 8 consecutive 5-hour Youngsters which to draw their own motifs as of the All and Saturday sessions. The credit course, intended for teachers of African art part project boys girls who can read and write join in the activity. Journey sheets in English md music on a preregistered, cost basis, is free to the public. Studio. Hall 27 may and Spanish are available at entrances

^..Viurday July 6 Poetry and Music Demonstration with Dennis Brutus of South Africa and Njokl of the Cultural Workshop of North Chicago MEETINGS 10:30 a.m. and 2 30 p.m.. Studio, Hail 27 July 5. 7:30 p m . Chicago Astronomical Society

July 10, 7:30 p m . Windy City Grotto. National Speleological Society Saturday, July 13 August 2. 7:30 p m . Chicago Astronomical Society Dances of Ghana, by Osibi Dance Group 14, 7:30 . Grotto. National Society ID 30 a August p.m Windy City Speleological m and 2 00 p.m . Stanley Field Hall

Saturday. July 20 HOURS Coming of Age in Chicago." a ceremony performed by teenagers from high schools and community organizations who have participated in Field Museum's 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p m fvlonday. Tuesday, and Tfiursday. and 9 00 a m to Contemporary African Arts Anthropology Workshop 9:00 p m. Wednesday. Friday, Saturday, and Sunday On evenings when the 10:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m.. Stanley Field Hall t\/1useum has late closing hours the cafeteria remains open until 7 30 p.m.

The lyluseum is Saturday. July 27 Library open 9:00 a.m. to 4 00 p.m. Iwlonday through Friday Please obtain pass at reception desk, main floor north Dance and Drum Performance by Tanawa Congolese Ensemble in 30 a m and ? 30 p m Stanley Field Hall Museum telephone: 922-9410 September 1974 Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin Field Museum CONTENTS of Natural History "PHARAOH" HATSHEPSUT Bulletin History's First Liberated Woman by Gerda Frank Volume 45, Number l September 1974

Managing Editor G. Henry Ottery

Editor David M. Walsten

Staff Writer Madge Jacobs Production Oscar Anderson "PHARAOH" HATSHEPSUT

History's First Liberated Woman

by Gerda Frank

indeed, as critics of the age proclaim, IFwe are suffering from a deartfi of hero figures, this is an appropriate time to put a great female ruler of ancient Egypt, Queen Hatshepsut, back into the limelight. Even though she liberated only herself, without concern for her "sisters," Hatshepsut should be of particular interest to women's lib advocates.

Hatshepsut ruled Egypt from 1 490 to 1469 B.C., during the New Kingdom (dynasties XVIII-XX). Her grandfather was the founder of dynasty XVIII —a high point in culture and the arts—which ended with the death of the boy-king Tutankhamen.

The first pharaoh of dynasty XVIII was

Ahmose (1 552-27). He was succeeded in by his son Amenophis I, who died 1506, leaving no direct heirs. Next in line of succession was his sister, also named Ahmose, who was married to a military man— possibly a relative—named Tutmosis (or Thutmose). According to custom. Princess Ahmose was not expected to rule in her own right, so her husband— by virtue of his chief wife's full royal bloodline—was crowned

Tutmosis I. He proved to be a strong ruler and conqueror, and is renowned >

Gerda Frank, a specialist in Egyptology, is a volunteer lor Field Museum's Raymond Foun- dation and formerly a docent tor the Oriental Institute ot the University ot Chicago. The Metropolitan Museum ot Art. Rogers Fund and Contributions from Edward S. Harlfness. 1929.

Field Museum Bulletin Bust ol Tulmosis III, in case 43, hall J. Replica ol the original in the Turin Museum.

Turin, Italy. Cat. No. 31358.

two Nefrure and for having his tomb hewn m rock in a family, Hatshepsut was married when daughters, Merytre. — Nefrure seems to have died in remote valley of the west bank of the very young to a half-brother also childhood; — another crisis threatened Nile at Thebes; there it would be less named Tutmosis who was the son of thus, dynastic — the accessible to the kind of desecration Tutmosis I from a secondary wife, and considering king's precarious was married that had befallen the pyramid tombs of therefore not of full royal blood. He health. Merytre, therefore, at a to II. very early her half-brother, yet his predecessors. The valley chosen by ascended the throne as Tutmosis The age another who was the son of Tutmosis became the burial site of many condition of his mummified body Tutmosis, Tutmosis II a concubine. When his subsequent rulers and is today known as shows that he had been weak and sickly. by father died, this last Tutmosis was only the "Valley of the Kings." Certainly he was overshadowed by the ten but he had strong-willed royal women; his mother- years old, already been in-law, Ahmose, and his wife, the great probably appointed co-regent by

Tutmosis I died at about without his father. He now succeeded to the age fifty, Queen Hatshepsut. a heir his male by chief queen. Of the throne of Egypt as Tutmosis III; and several children born to her, only one Hatshepsut, still a young woman, was survived: a daughter, Hatshepsut. In Like the king before him, Tutmosis II had appointed to rule for him until he order to keep the royal power in the no male heir. Hatshepsut gave him only attained his majority.

September 1974 tomb of II Tutmosis and his justified her actions by claiming divine funerary temple fiave botfi been descent. THEfound. Tfiey were so devoid of adornment and so obviously neglected The pharaoh, it must be remembered, fMSM that it is reasonable to assume that was on a par with ancient Egypt's chief Hatshepsut had but little affection for god, Amon of Thebes. Unlike her mother, her weak husband. She also seems to Ahmose, who had bowed to tradition, have resented Tutmosis III —her — stepson, Hatshepsut often proclaimed her right to son-in-law, nephew now the only the throne, for only she was of full royal obstacle to the fulfillment of her blood. In her great temple at Deir-el- ambitions. Like her mother, Ahmose, Bahri she had reliefs carved that show could attain in Hatshepsut only the status of Amon the form of Tutmosis I visiting a queen. Among her titles were "King's her mother's couch in order to beget Daughter," "King's Sister," "God's Hatshepsut. This relief is followed by Wife," and "King's Great Wife." Being another depicting her own divine birth. relegated to playing second fiddle seems The fact that she also claimed descent to have irked and she acted from her actual Hatshepsut, father, Tutmosis I, posed on a bold decision that might well qualify no contradiction for her. In fact, she often

" her as history's first "liberated woman: joined her own cartouche (the royal About two years after her husband's name carved in hieroglyphs within an death, Hatshepsut donned male attire, oval line) to that of her father, ignoring attached the false beard of male royalty the fact that he had not been of pure to her chin, seized the throne, and royal blood himself. But then, she simply proclaimed herself king! When Tutmosis seems to have preferred her father to III came of age, she refused to relinquish Tutmosis II and III. the throne to him and continued to rule virtually alone under all the titles of male royalty, except "Mighty Bull of Egypt"! the other hand, Hatshepsut was Never before or since in the history of smart enough to put her own Egypt was there another female who ONfeminine charms to good use: posed as a man.' After asserting that she was engendered by the deity, Hatshepsut continued to record that after she, the "divine E can only conjecture what princess," had grown up, her father, his office to might have been the feelings Tutmosis I, entrusted royal nowhere and that she was acclaimed as W1of Tutmosis III, who her, expressed them in writing. Tutmosis 111 "exceedingly good to look upon, with the was unlike his father—as he later form and spirit of a god ... a beautiful proved — in that he appeared to be maiden, fresh, serene of nature, . . . strong-willed and ambitious. Both altogether divine."^ Hatshepsut's many Hatshepsut and later Tutmosis III dated resurrected statues bear out her claim their respective reigns from the that she was lovely. Throughout her beginning of their somewhat lopsided lifetime of about 59 years she had herself co-regency. During her 21 years' reign, portrayed only in the full bloom of youth. Hatshepsut proved that she was a woman who could rule as well as— if not better The matter of Hatshepsut's descent has than—most of her male predecessors. long been a subject of controversy But since she lived nearly 3,500 years among Egyptologists. Early in this ago, Hatshepsut could not yet use the century, Edouard Naville, a Swiss who Sandstone sculpture ot an official ot Queen Hat- modern argument of sexual equality. first excavated Hatshepsut's temple, got shepsut. About 18 inches high. On view in case into such violent with the * Being a daughter of her own time, she arguments 40, hall J. Cat. No. 105184.

had two 'Egypt ottier queens prior to Hat- 'When Egypt Ruled the East, by George but shepsut, Hatshepsut was the first queen Steindorfl and Keith C. Seele, University ot to assurr>e the role ot king. Chicago Press (1965), p. 41.

Field Museum Bulletin German Egyptologist Kurt Sethe about mlllenla. Certainly, the men of ancient temple, hewn into the eastern flanks of her succession, that the two of them Egypt could not view Hatshepsut's the high cliffs on the west bank of the refused to speak with one another and display of "equal rights' with equanimity. Nile at Thebes. It was approached by a could not even bear to be in the same In the king lists following her rule, long ramp leading up from the river, and room. Hatshepsut's name has been omitted consisted of several levels fronted with and the 21 of her magnificent colonnades, fashioned after On one occasion, while both men were altogether, years reign the assigned to Tutmosis I, II, or III. nearby, much more modest temple working at Delr-el-Bahrl, the ground variously The authors of these lists of Mentuhotep (dynasty XI). caved In under Naville's field house, and king obviously Hatshepsut's felt justified in assigning this temple strikes the observer as an early the kitchen— including pots, pans, and to oblivion. In forerunner of the Greek the astonished cook—tumbled Into the embarrassing queen-king Temples. our own time many equal-rights pit. Madame Naville was so distressed advocates would brand these ancient —no matter that she urged her husband to Obviously, no woman alone recorders as "male chauvinist pigs." —could have Immediately pack up and return to how willful and brilliant Switzerland. The Sethes, however, accomplished all this without the support offered to share their own field house But the efforts of those who tried to efface of powerful men around her. Outstanding lieutenants while repairs were made, on condition the record of Hatshepsut ultimately among Hatshepsut's male —a that Hatshepsut was not to be mentioned. proved futile. The forgotten hieroglyphs were her principle official Senmut The Navllles accepted, and the two were deciphered by Jean Francois commoner, his brother Senmen, and one of the few extant couples spent a delightful Interlude Champollion with the aid of the Rosetta Nehery. One portrait is on view in hall J, together. But as soon as the Naville's Stone in 1 823. (A replica of this Important statues of Senmut kitchen was back In working order, they stone Is on view in hall J.) case 40. returned to their own field house, and the Hatshepsut feud resumed. Thanks to the Rosetta stone and the brilliant work of Champollion, the science of Egyptology was born, and tomb of Senmut's father and widespread study and excavations mother contain inscriptions that A FTER Hatshepsut proclaimed followed. Hatshepsut's great temple at THErefer to them respectively as "the and of a House." £\ herself king, she no longer Delr-el-Bahrl was cleared of the sand Worthy" "Lady Despite # % considered her first tomb to be and rubble that had concealed It for the rather humble origins implied by adequate. Accordingly, she ordered a mlllenla, and her sculptures and texts these designations, the handsome attained under new tomb carved Into the rocks of the again came to light, in the 1 920s the Senmut somehow Valley of the Kings, an unheard-of act for American Egyptologist Herbert E. Hatshepsut a position of unprecedented a woman. The entrance was hewn Into Winlock excavated the quarries north of power and great wealth. Among his his chief title the cliffs just behind Delr-el-Bahri, In an the ramp leading up to Hatshepsut's twenty or more offices, obvious attempt to have her burial temple, and discovered under the rubble was "Steward of Amun," which gave chamber penetrate beneath her mortuary a profusion of smashed stone which, him control of the enormous wealth of temple. But this idea was abandoned after being reassembled, proved to be the temples. He is also believed to have when the rock proved too crumbly. The portraits and sphynxes of Hatshepsut. been Hatshepsut's chief architect. It was unfinished tomb, discovered In 1903, (Many of these are now on view at the extraordinary for him to be entrusted contained two sarcophagi, "one altered Metropolitan Museum of Art In New York with the office of "Great Royal Nurse" (a of traditional sex as an afterthought to receive the body of City.) Obviously, a concerted effort had startling reversal the with of Tutmosis I which she apparently planned been made to destroy them. roles) and charged the tutelage to remove from his own tomb so that they little Princess Nefrure, then next In line might dwell together In the Netherworld. for the throne. (Nefrure is last mentioned

It is uncertain whether this aim was ever in the eleventh year of her mother's achieved."^ has and seems to havei died In Hatshepsut's mummy for a minor raid into Nubia, reign, never been found childhood. Her younger sister Merytre Egypt's foreign affairs under eventually succeeded to the throne as EXCEPTHatshepsut were peaceful. In the of modern attitudes, we the chief wife of Tutmosis III.) light may Could the reputation of this formidable guess why feelings concerning woman have discouraged outlying ran so Human nature of which Hatshepsut high. provinces from rebelling? The queen Field Museum's statue Senmut, has not over the him Princess Is basically changed prided herself justly on the large number shows holding Nefrure, treasures. of magnificent building projects one of the Museum's great carried out her rule. Most The black statue, about 20 ^Egypt of the Pharaohs, by Sir Alan H. Gardi- under granite ner. Oxford University Press (1969). p. 787. renowned is her Delr-el-Bahri mortuary (Continued on p. 12)

September 1974 Black granite statue ol Senmul, Queen Hatshepsut's chiel ollicial, holding her daughter Nelrure (Nelerure). IS one ot Field Museum's great treasures In hall J, case 40: about 23 inches high The partial view ol the statue's right side (above) shows the tront view ot the young princess. The royal insignia appears on her forehead: in her hand she holds a scepter. Senmut's name has been effaced (the first character to the left in the first and third rows ot hieroglyphs). Cat No. 173800

The on the statue be translated: Given as a favor from inscription may the king [to] the hereditary noble, count and steward of Amon. Senmut, A boon which the king gives to Amon, Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands, that he may give all that is issued from his offering table in the course of every day to the ka of the hereditary noble, guardian of the shrine of Geb, great confidant of the Lord of the Two Lands, favored of the Good God, overseer of the double granaries of Amon, Senmut. He says: "I was a dignitary, beloved of his who was familiar with the behavior of the of the lord, Lady Two Lands (i.e.. Hatshepsut], for he had aggran- dized me before the Two Lands and appointed me to be master of his house, one who rendered ludgmen' in I the entire land inasmuch as was efficient in his opinion. I reared the eldest princess, the god's wife

It [Nefrure]. may she live. was as 'Father of the Goddess' that I was appointed for her inasmuch as 1 was serviceable to the king."

Chancellor of the Lower Egyptian King. Senmut: hereditary noble, guardian of the Shrine of Geb. master of the servants of Amon. Senmut, justified. It is the steward, Senmut, who has come from the flood, to who- inundation has been given, so that he has power over it as the Nile-flood.

(Translation by Edward F. Wente, professor ot Egyptology,

ol 1 tjniversity Chicago. ^ i.

Field Museum Bulletin 7 Department of Education new and continuing programs

As students and teachers return to the and dance programs at the Museum as • The Ayer Illustrated Lecture Series classroom this fall, there is a renewed well as at schools and community will resume in October and continue sense of excitement and anticipation of centers. Teacher programs offer through April. The theme for this year's the year ahead. For many teachers, plans suggestions for learning about African series is "Expeditions Unlimited." Field for the year will Include one or more visits culture in the Museum and in the Museum curators will present slides and to Field Museum. In preparation for these classroom. Through school and Museum films of their experiences in the field. visits, a tempting variety of new programs activities, school groups are involved in Because of building improvements and as well as old favorites has been readied an ongoing realization of the African renovation of the west entrance, the by the Education department staff. These cultures. series will be given this season in the are described in the floor lecture hall. 17 programs fully ground (See p. ) brochure Resources tor Learning, copies of which may be obtained free by writing • North Shore Weavers Guild members the Raymond Foundation, Field Museum. will weave on the Mexican loom in the Continuing programs South Lounge on Mondays, Wednesdays,

Many school and community groups in and Fridays from 1 0:00 to 1 2:00 noon, the Chicago area have instituted • The Ray A. Kroc Environmental beginning September 30. Spinners will programs in conjunction with Field Education Program, "Natural and also demonstrate techniques of the drop Museum's Contemporary African Arts Managed Environments," offers a fall spindle on first and third Mondays, also Festival, which opened in April and is series of field trips from September 1 4 beginning September 30. scheduled to close in November. The through October 13 (for details see Museum has provided crafts workshops page 23), • The Contemporary African Arts Festival features a film festival each day of the week as well as on Friday evenings. Demonstrations by African artists are being offered on Saturdays until the end of September.

Contemporary African Art programs

The George Howland Elementary School, 1616 S. Spaulding, in Chicago, has produced its own Contemporary African Arts Festival in connection with its Follow Through Program, a federally funded activity for 200 Howland children in grades kindergarten through third. The children have learned about contemporary African arts and African life by selected reading, by viewing slides and films, and through other

Barbara Reque, Musuem resource consultant, with two children Irorn Howland School

September 1974 Museum's Education staff observed pre-trip and post-trip activities as well as what took place in the Museum. Many useful approaches were thus developed for planning and implementing a successful Museum visit. All this

first-hand information is to be found in

outlines of the six trips, and in the book's planning section, "Teacher's Survival Kit."

Field Trip is loose-leaf bound, so that sections may be easily removed for photocopying. Since none of the

material is covered by copyright, it is thus available for reproduction in any quantity.

The Education staff hopes that more trip models will supplement the original six, and that teachers will feel free to FIELD TRIP: A MUSEUM IDEA BOOK contribute their ideas for making the FIELD TRIP: A MUSEUM IDEA BOOK Museum an even better resource for FIELD TRIP: A MUSEUM IDEA BOOK FIELD TRIP: A MUSEUM IDEA BOOK learning. FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION classroom activities. They have created Trip: A Museum Idea Book, now available their own counterparts of African arts, from Field Museum's Office of Volunteer opportunities transforming aluminum pie plates, for Publications for $3.00, postpaid. example, info counter-repousse panels— Field Museum currently has i80 just as Nigerian artist Asiru Olatunde has The book is comprised of six "model volunteer workers, donating their time, done with aluminum and copper sheets. field trips"—each offering a different skills, and effort in virtually every area of Olatunde depicts Yoruba folk tales in his approach to Museum learning—and a Museum activity—exhibition, education, panels; so the children, accordingly, "Teacher's Survival Kit." The models, curatorial assistance, and so on. Each have included contemporary American which cover a variety of topics, were volunteer gives a minimum of one day folk heroes in their own pie-plate panels. developed and tested by teachers from per week. Their dedicated efforts are the The children also made beads, masks, the Chicago area, and have been source of a deep, personal kind of tie-dye and starch-resist-dye materials, designed for a wide range of age groups. satisfaction —the satisfaction of giving pottery, and tapestries. Masks made by freely within the stimulating ambience of the children are on view in an exhibit the Museum The Museum, in turn, gains case at the entrance to the Museum's "What's That Made Of?," a model trip invaluable assistance; many programs Contemporary African Arts Exhibit hall. for primary age children, encourages simply could not exist without the support children to explore ways in which of these dedicated workers. Teachers who "come different peoples use various materials " on their own in the fashioning of necessary articles. children use materials At school the A case in point is the current rock in What about teachers who bring students such as clay, leather strips, and Contemporary African Arts Festival. to the Museum on their own? Although the actual creation of these same articles. Volunteers have been involved in initial more teachers each year request staff-led When they visit the Museum, the children researching of source information for the programs, only about 30 percent of can relate their own experiences with festival; photographing and cataloguing to artifacts see requesting school groups can thus be these materials that they of artifacts, artworks, and shop accommodated; this is because of space on display. merchandise; creating jewelry from and personnel limitations. In order to African trade beads; teaching children's assist those teachers who do come on In order to develop each model, a teacher groups in the exhibit; illustrating the their own, the Museum's Department of or team of teachers was invited to "do a journey "Artists Zoo"; writing Education has recently published f/e/d field trip and let us watch." The descriptions for festival films; and any ».

Field Museum Bulletin number of other specialized activities^ Volunteers are also flexible and able to adapt to cfianging needs in Museum programs. Now that the African exhibit has been set up, those volunteers who are not involved with ongoing projects have been relocated to other volunteer assignments within the Museum.

Currently there are volunteer opportunities in a number of areas, including key punching, cataloguing, foreign language translation, specimen maintenance, and membership. A weekend volunteer program designed to give Museum visitors improved service will be instituted in October.

Museum members who wish to participate in the volunteer program may call Carolyn ext. 361 or Blackmon, 922-941 0, , write her at Field Museum for an appointment.

Native American program

The ancient Egyptians had a ceremony in which they would breathe the breath of life back into something that was apparently dead. We have need of such a ceremony today. Native American culture exists in several forms; there is the culture which has survived in the hearts and minds of traditionalists within

the Indian community. There is, in addition, a great store of native culture which over the years has migrated out of the community. The artifacts now seen within the Museum's collections are representative of this phenomenon.

Accounts that appear in obscure anthropological publications are often the words of wise men now long dead, men who wanted their story written down for the sake of their great-grandchildren

Museum Volunteers: (lop. I. to r.) Came (Mrs. Peter) Anderson and Idessie Bowens assist in the

Division ot Publications: (bottom. I. to. r.) Laurie (Mrs. Richard) Norby and Julie (Mrs. J. Thomas) Hurvis help out in the Division ot Invertebrates.

10 September 1974 to come. They had the vision to see what and meaningful or seeming alien and Cultural Native American material is was happening, and to know what would bizarre, like the appearance of Christmas being reintroduced to the contemporary be needed years in the future. Native in Los Angeles to one with memories of a scene by means of presentations in the American culture was crushed beneath snowy climate. The program is Owaiyawa Indian Program of the Gaudi the iron-shod hooves of the pony soldiers attempting to obtain support for projects Elementary School on Chicago's North and starved to death by the grafters who ranging from the construction of a Side. Ancient war shields and painted became Indian agents. The generation Pawnee earth lodge within the Museum rawhide parflesches (large carryalls), for that survived feared what the future would to the erection of a small village of example, have been used in the Owayawa bring, but they conspired to thwart the wigwams in a secluded rural area. The program to illustrate discussion topics fates. There was a hope in the heart of the Pawnee earth lodge would provide an ranging from the nature of spiritual

old ones that if their words were written environmental context within which thirty experience to men's and women's roles down, they would be saved. So they used or forty people could be exposed to and relationships in traditional Indian the strange field workers who first various aspects of Native American society. Through the anecdotal accounts wandered through Indian country looking culture: upon entering the lodge, the that accompany many specimens in for myths and legends to write down. museum and the twentieth century would museum collections, voices long stilled Thus, their words would be saved for a be left behind. In the village, groups of can speak again. A wealth of oral history time when they would be needed by Native American youth, teachers and can thus become a part of living tradition. generations yet unborn, and unwittingly their families, or selected non-Indian the white strangers would help them. students would live for a week within the context of a living culture with traditionalists and their families as The Leiooska Carvers, a group of Native Our task is to dig up those words and resources. American woodcarvers from the state of give them life again. Traditional culture is Washington, will be at Field Museum today like a picture puzzle whose pieces There is a that September 23 through 27 to demonstrate have been scattered. It is surprising how poem says traditional and much has survived within native woodcarving silverworking. In addition, will communities, but there are many pieces Across the years they present a program showing Indian which have been lost. Some of them are Our grandfathers speak to us ceremonial masks in use. For the gone forever, some have been It we but listen. Owaiyawa program and at Little Big Horn misplaced. We must search them out and High School—a Native American breathe into them the breath of life. If we all work at it, perhaps the voices of extension of Senn High School—the our ancestors will once again be heard. Leiooska Carvers will also demonstrate

I feel that it is important for all people to I would welcome the thoughts of anyone and teach their craft. know their roots, to delve deeply into concerning the revitalization of —John White those roots and derive sustenance and traditional culture. Native American Program strength from them. As our society is not noted for venerating the past, this is no "When a young man, lasting lor power, saw a vision ol a easy process. There is no simple spiritual bear charging unharmed into a solution. are in a time We living when hail ol bullets, it meant many many of the old Indian values are things. It was a promise ol protec- tion Irom the supernatural world. desperately needed. For example. Native It was also the setting ol a lite Americans called this earth Our Mother; goal, a commitment to instantly rise to the detense ol the helpless yet, how difficult it is to feel that kmship ones. As the spirit bear charged How can we do it? the today. We, living out ol Its den into what looks like creatures on this planet, are all equally instant death, so the young man, now a warrior, must delend his the creator's work—that should give us community. It was not what the all pause for thought. shield was made ol that was im- portant, but what it represented." -John While. The task of the Native American program, as I see it. is to explore ways to make traditional culture interesting and A Wth'Cenlury Crow war shield is used to illustrate important as- accessible. Context is extremely pects ol traditional culture in the for it in important, is the universe program lor young Native Ameri- miniature that sets the stage for empathy. cans at the Owaiyawa School, the Indian extension program ol It can mean the difference between the Gaudi Elementary School in words of a holy man appearing "right" Chicago's Uptown. Cat. No. 71832.

Field Museum Bulletin -'=*!... jr^ -.^- i//

•» , j^

* '^•«f

Replica o( relief discovered in Oueen Hatshep- sul's mortuary temple. Commemorates the queen's expedition to Punt (on the Red Sea coast of present-day Ethiopia).

of the Bedroom" this unfinished tomb when he unearthed HATSHEPSUT (Continued from p. 1) and Royal suggests that he also may have been Hatshepsut's Hatshepsut's broken statuary there. A in floor beneath the inches high, was acquired in 1925 from lover. Certainly he claimed an unusual hole the fragments at its far a Luxor antiquities dealer and selected relationship to his ruler by insinuating led into a long, steep staircase; the decorated burial by the famed Chicago Egyptologist portraits of himself into her mortuary end was chamber, James Henry Breasted. Ernest R. temple. These were carved into hidden immediately below the front platform of Carved on one wall Graham and Stanley Field provided niches; four of them have escaped Hatshepsut's temple. the of before funds for purchase of the piece. It is one deliberate destruction. was figure Senmut, bowing written in of only ten Senmut statues known, and the names of Hatshepsut one of six showing him with Nefrure. Most remarkable was Senmut's attempt hieroglyphs. The unfurnished tomb had to have himself buried in a crypt under never been used. Part of it was carved, The princess wears the lock of childhood Hatshepsut's temple. Early in his career, and part of it only blocked out in paint. earlier on her right temple and the royal insignia he had a large gallery tomb, containing The sarcophagus in Senmut's with on her forehead. The name of Senmut, a quartzite sarcophagus, carved high up cliff-tomb was found smashed, the about. His like which appeared twice on the right side into the cliffs. Later, in an obvious attempt fragments strewn mummy, of his robe, twice on the base, and once to be joined again with his queen after Hatshepsut's, has never been found. on the back, can be clearly seen to have death, Senmut secretly built a second been hacked out. tomb. The entrance to this structure It is possible that Senmut eventually fell descended from the bottom of the'quarry out of favor with his queen. The last we Senmut's official title of "Superintendent in which Hatshepsut's broken statues hear of him was in the sixteenth year of of the Private Apartments, of the Bath, were later found. Winlock encountered her reign; from that point he disappears

September 1974 from history. It is not known whether his hieroglyphs have been deliberately the Euphrates. He was the first pharaoh desecrated images and tombs were the effaced. after nearly a hundred years to have a wrath or that of objects of Hatshepsut's son (Amenophis II) from his chief queen Tutmosis III. Hatshepsut's end, like that of Senmut, is (Merytre-Hatshepsut) survive him and unknown. By the time of her death, ascend the throne after his death.

Also on view in Field Museum is a Tutmosis 111 was over thirty, and it is Hatshepsut's dynastic line thereby replica of a section of the reliefs found in reasonable to assume that by then he continued to reign. A copy of the head of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple (hall J, had become somewhat impatient with his Tutmosis 111 (from the original in the opposite the large wooden funerary aunt, stepmother, and mother-in-law Turin Museum) is on view in hall J, boat). These reliefs commemorate Hatshepsut. Some scholars have case 43. Hatshepsut's great expedition to the land suggested that Tutmosis 111 may have of Punt, organized by Senmut, and led seized the throne from her and been Tutmosis III could safely embark on his by Nehery. Hatshepsut sent five ships responsible for the thorough destruction far-flung conquests because Hatshepsut carrying presents from Egypt, to be of her records and images, although this had firmly consolidated the country traded for potted myrrh trees and other theory continues to be a matter of during her own long, wise rule. But plants destined for her terraced temple debate. perhaps he was largely spurred on to his gardens. Ebony, ivory, gold, baboons, extraordinary achievements by twenty leopards, and cosmetics were also When he finally ruled alone (1469-36), years of frustration and inactivity under received in trade. Field Museum's Tutmosis III became the greatest Hatshepsut; perhaps he felt compelled to portion of the relief shows the precious conqueror in Egypt's history. His empire outdo the woman who had humiliated cargo being loaded. In several places eventually stretched from the Sudan to him. a

Field Museum Bullelin natural history museums, tropical diseases, and taxonomy

by Bengt Hubendick

was once a young zoologist the pulmonate snails. He examined reputation in this narrow field. At least he THEREwho was laboring diligently on his specimens already in the museum's thought so when a letter arrived on his doctoral dissertation. It was tedious work, collection and borrowed other material desk from the World Health Organization and one day he left his laboratory for a from museums abroad. Before long, he (WHO), in Geneva. The letter invited him few minutes' break. He strolled through had gathered a substantial body of to participate in a survey team in the the invertebrate storeroom, glancing information on the subject and written a Philippines; there he would evaluate the casually at shelf after shelf of preserved rather lengthy paper. bilharziasis situation and suggest measures for control of the disease. specimens. One jar, he noticed, contained samples of a type of The paper was accepted tor publication This was an exciting development pulmonate snail (which breathes by by a scientific journal and the author indeed. The young zoologist had trained means of a lunglike sac), which he knew distributed reprints of it to other snail himself to do curatorial work on museum in — collections and to out research— was still anatomically unknown. His specialists an entirely— different field carry — scientific curiosity was suddenly tropical medicine specialists who were predominantly taxonomic research aroused, and he was taken with a desire particularly interested in a serious based on such collections. Now his to discover the internal structure of this tropical disease known variously as hard-gained competence might very well mollusk. So, as a sideline, he began bilharziasis, schistosomiasis, and snail prove useful in solving problems studying its anatomy. Some curious and fever. The young zoologist suddenly connected with a disease that afflicted unexpected observations resulted; realized that his snails were of great millions of people. before he could pursue them further, importance as vectors, or transmitters, of this disease. however, the young doctoral candidate common So he went to the Philippines, became again had to devote himself entirely to his familiar with many aspects of bilharziasis dissertation. He continued his study of freshwater and its control, did ecological field work, snails, their anatomy, taxonomy, and collected material for subsequent research in his own In due course, after gaining his degree, variation, distribution, and ecology. In the taxonomical six months after he was appointed to the department of museum laboratory he worked on museum. Less than invertebrates at the principal natural preserved specimens and, during the history museum in his country. This was summer months, studied live snails. He just what he had always dreamed of. Half found that he had become rather of his time was to be spent on curatorial knowledgeable in an area that had once work (cataloguing, arranging, and been just his sideline. Perhaps he had otherwise caring for the collection) and even acquired a certain international the rest of it on research. Now at last, he Reprinted (wltti emendations) by permission would have time to resume his study of ol Unesco from tlie quarterly review MUSEUM. XXV: '/2, © Unesco 1973, on sale at Unesco Seng; Hubendick is director of the Natural Publications Center, P.O. Box 433, New York, History Museum, Goteborg, Sweden. N.Y. 10016.

September 1974 returning home he was to leave on — collections, our zoologist continued to another trip —this time to Venezuela to work on his identification guide. Thanks work out the taxonomy of the snails that to the availability of museum collections transmit bilharziasis in that area, and to in many countries he was, together with give a course in his field of research. some colleagues, at last able to create a workable identification tool for health and Back at his museum once more, he malacologists, public workers, other in bilharziasis control. worked out the body of material that he engaged had gathered in Venezuela. The outcome was a taxonomic paper; he also Zoological classification, or taxonomy, produced a manuscript for a snail based on zoological systematics and identification guide mainly to be used by dependent on zoological nomenclature, public health workers trying to control the is often denigrated as a sort of scientific disease. The manuscript was not "hobby" or as a nonreputable specialty of limited interest and But published, but later it was sent to WHO. significance. in a Ultimately, it did lead to the establishment pure zoological systematics is, fact, of the "Pan American Health most important discipline, because the Organization/World Health Organization zoological system is based not on Working Group for the Development of zoological types, but on natural Guidance for Identification of American phylogenetic relationships between Planorbidae"(!). In the meantime the animals and groups of animals; thus, it zoologist—no longer very young—was presents a picture of organic evolution sent to the west African countries of that has already taken place. In taxonomy Gambia and Sierra Leone by the British the principles of systematics are applied Medical Research Council, and to Puerto for the purpose of identification and Rico by WHO forfurther work in medical classification. Reputable or not, this is an malacology (the study of mollusks). In indispensable process in many areas of addition, from time to time, he attended zoological research. various professional meetings and congresses. The taxonomic worker relies heavily on reference material, such as type The working group with the specimens, for comparison. He may also name a extraordinarily long required be dependent on extensive series of body of basic information for its work. So, specimens within a species, race, or in due course, our was sent zoologist by strain. These series may exhibit WHO/PAHO to London, Paris, Brussels, significant variations in developmental Frankfurt am Main, Philadelphia, stages or in sexual dimorphism or Washington, D.C., Ann Arbor, and other polymorphism; intrapopulation or cities to examine type specimens* and interregional variations may also be other materials in museum collections. expressed. Such studies were essential for ironing out problems of taxonomy and nomenclature—difficulties that had In environmental research, ecology, heretofore made the identification and parasitology, economic entomology, in of vector snails naming virtually virtually any branch of zoology, correct impossible. During meetings, taxonomy is basic as well as essential. discussions, and visits to North Europe, If man is to fully understand the and South a America, through vast ecological system to which he with correspondence colleagues around contributes and on which he depends, the world, and most of all further through if he hopes to fully utilize renewable of in various museum study specimens natural resources, if he wishes to defend himself effectively against his ecological

competitors, if in fact it is his intention to 'Individual specimens on which delinitive des- continue this then he criptions ot a species, genus, or other group inhabiting plant, are based. must apply his knowledge of taxonomy. >

Field Museum Bulletin 15 And this includes the taxonomy of plants museums for much of his research. and microorganisms as well as of These institutions also provide a animals. taxonomic service to other scientific institutions and agencies. This service, which is truly indispensable, involves a man has a taxonomic Today good wide range of techniques in morphology, of the malarial understanding parasites morphometry, histology, and even that affect him—the microscopic serology. Some museums provide a as well as the sporozoa mosquitoes taxonomic service based partly or which transmit the This sporozoa. entirely on histological and/or knowledge was a prerequisite before biochemical methods. effective defense against the parasites was possible. Researchers have also The natural history museum, then, is today found that the schistosomes as well as much more than a repository of the disease-transmitting snails in specimens, where one can spend a bilharziasis form intricate complexes of delightful afternoon viewing stunning different races and strains, each with its exhibits of exotic specimens. It is a vital own unique behavior. Susceptibility and part of the world's scientific community, resistance vary between these races and helping in its unique way to advance the strains, and such characteristics may be frontiers of science. determined by not just one gene but several. So the taxonomy of these So our young zoologist, fascinated years organisms must, perforce, concern itself ago by some curious preserved with the most subtle distinctions between specimens, was led into vital taxonomic closely related forms. Similarly, it is research— research that proved important to have taxonomic knowledge valuable in man's fight against a serious of other protozoa, flukes, tapeworms, and disease. And still later it was our roundworms that are parasitic in man or zoologist's fate to become a museum in his domestic animals, or which ruin his Cliflord H- Pope administrator, and in that role it was food supplies, or which are harmful to quite appropriate that he write this him in other ways. brief d essay, keeping and feeding a young Indian python into a means of educating his neighbors out of their prejudices against snakes and into an Specimens that are studied by the Clifford H. Pope, 1899-1974 excellent popular book, Giant SnaAes. taxonomist must be kept as documentary material. In time, these specimens may Clifford H. Pope, formerly Curator of Clifford had such a nice facility at this kind of have to be reevaluated. New discoveries Amphibians and Reptiles, died at his educational activity that he decided, quite and further research may reveal retirement home in Escondido, California, sensibly, to end the commuting hassle, retire information that supersedes previous earlier than early in June. He joined the staff of Field from the Museum at an customary observations. in nature And changes Museum in June, 1940, and retired in age. and devote himself to popular writing. itself, spontaneous or man-made, may December, 1953. The authorof numerous When he a friend in the make comparisons between collections scientific publications. Pope was considered died, writing Escondido Times-Advocate, said she from different periods of time highly to be the expert on Chinese amphibians and Daily That stature was a result of his was certain that Clifford, wherever he had significant. Where reliable taxonomic reptiles. having

. . in his low five in China the 1920s as passed on to will. ". set about information is spent years during wanting, zoological manner a member of the famous Roy Chapman keyed, tongue-in-cheek debunking investigation often becomes valueless. If, all the about the Andrews expeditions. But he was best known myths serpents being on the other the material is hand, of evil and the cause of sin. as the authorof several remarkably successful symbols original properly documented, specimens can be popular books on reptiles. His Snakes Alive accurately identified as a matter of as he did for a lifetime on earth, he has probably been read by more young —and "Just long routine. material of this the children to the side of Documentary some not so young —would-be herpetologists will quietly convert kind is seldom available at universities or the snakes, and then demonstrate to the than any other book in the last tony years. of the most other institutions with scientific worried mothers . . . that a snake, freed him, is the child's friend, to It is the natural prejudice against departments. history It was perhaps typical of Clifford (it is be and handled gently." almost which is the respected museum, exclusively, impossible for those who know him well to — repository of such material. The refer to him in a more conventional, formal Robert F. Inger, assistant director, taxonomist, therefore, relies on such mode) that he converted his interest in science and education

16 September 1974 Vii^^ ^l'

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Edward E. Ayer Illustrated Lecture Series

The theme for this year's Friday and Sat- November 8, 9 "A Native American Lool(S f\/larch 7. 8 "The Tunguska Explosion: at Comet, or Black urday Ayer illustrated lecture series is Anthropology" Meteorite, John White. Na- Hole?" "Expeditions Unlimited 1974-75." Field Speaker: tive American program Speaker: Edward Olsen, Museum curators will present slides or curator, mineralogy films to illustrate their presentations. The will at 7:30 November 15, 16 "Lost Cities of Indonesia" Friday programs begin p.m.; March 14, 15 "Wet Snails in Dry Des- Bennett the Saturday programs will begin at 2:30 Speaker: Bronson, erts" assistant curator, Asiatic p.m. All programs will be given in the Speaker: Alan Solem, cur- archaeology and ethnology ground floor lecture hall. Attendance — ator, invertebrates which is free — is limited to 225 persons. To accommodate those who attend Fri- March 21,22 "Veracruz, Mexico: Green day evening programs the cafeteria will November 22, 23 "To Inca Land and Beyond Grow the Lilacs" remain open on those dates until 7:30. for Birds" Speaker: Lonn Nevling, Speaker: Emmet Blake, chairman and curator. De- Reservations be made curator emeritus, birds may by calling partment of Botany 922-9410, ext. 230.

7 "Grand December 6, Canyon Expedi- March 28, 29 "Frog Ecology in the tion" Congo" Matthew Nitecki, October 18, 19 "Contemporary African Speaker: Speaker: Robert Inger, as- Artists" associate curator, fossil in- sistant director. Science Speaker: Maude Wahlman, vertebrates and Education consultant, African ethnol- ogy February 21, 22 "The Changing Alaska April 4, 5 "Collecting Mosses in Eskimo Culture" Southern Chile" October 25, 26 "In Search of Sea Ser- Speaker: James VanStone, Speaker: John Engel, pents" chairman. Department of Richards visiting assistant Speaker: Harold Voris, as- Anthropology; and curator, curator, bryology sistant curator, amphibians North American archaeol- and reptiles ogy and ethnology April 11, 12 "Ancient Ecuador: Culture, Clay, and Creativity" November 1, 2 "Endangered Cloud For- February 28, "Natural History of Deep Speaker: Donald Collier, ests of Costa Rica" March 1 Sea Fishes" curator. Middle and South Speaker: William Burger, Speaker: Robert Johnson, American archaeology and associate curator, botany assistant curator, fishes ethnology

Field Museum Bulletin our environment

Anti-Cowbird Program warblers' areas last spring, and a nest survey Twelve of the captive flock at Patuxent have Aids Kirtland's Warbler showed that not one warbler nest had been been paired off in separate areas because invaded in three of the seven areas. A they have themselves shown indications of The trapping of brown-headed cowbirds population increase of eight percent was pairing. In spring of 1975 an artificial lighting (Mololhrus aier) may be an important key to recorded. This year the number of traps has situation will be set up to achieve synchrony ultimate survival for Kirtland's, or the jack been increased to 23. An upturn in the warbler in the male and female cycles. Continual light pine, warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii). Long a population to 432 for 1974 suggests that the at normal breeding time tends to stimulate rare species, the warbler nests only in jack warbler restoration program is having its hormonal activity which leads to breeding. pine forests of Michigan's lower peninsula, desired effect. where it is parasitized by the cowbird. The Crocodile Shoes cowbird lays its eggs in the nest of the Foster Homes for Confiscated by Feds warbler (among other species). The cowbird Young Whoopers fledglings, larger than those of the warbler, About $35,000 worth of imported men's shoes get priority at feeding time: the young warblers One of the rarest of North American birds, the were seized recently by government agents starve to death. whooping crane (Grus americana), may well when it was determined that the shoes were A 1971 survey showed a warbler population be saved from extinction by a current project made from the hide of an endangered species of only 400—a 60 percent decline from a of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Only of crocodile. More than 390 pairs of shoes decade earlier. In an effort to combat this forty-eight of the species are known to survive were confiscated, all made from the hide of precipitous trend, a three-pronged program in the wild. The birds breed in Canada's Wood the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus nilolicus. one was begun in 1972 jointly by the U.S. Forest Buffalo National Park, in the District of of six crocodile species that is listed by the Sea/ice, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Mackenzie, Northwest Territories, and spend U.S. Department of the Interior as the Michigan Department of Natural the winter on the Texas coast, mainly in endangered. The shipments, intended for two Resources, and the National Audubon Aransas National Wildlife Refuge. importers in Maine and Massachusetts, were Society. The program entails management of seized by special agents of the U.S. Fish and For five years in a row, whooping crane eggs forest lands to Wildlife a action was also provide young jack pines, have been taken from the nests and Service; penalty establishment of additional forest land for the initiated against the importers. transplanted to Patuxent Wildlife Research warbler, and cowbird control. Center in Laurel, Md. Seventeen birds have Identification of the species was determined In spring, 1972, 15 decoy traps baited with been successfully raised from eggs taken in by zoologists who studied the texture of hide sunflower seeds, fresh water, and live previous years. In May, thirteen eggs collected used in the shoes and compared samples cowbirds were set on seven warbler nesting in Canada were also taken to the research with museum specimens for the presence or areas. Over 2,200 cowbirds were trapped and center. The eggs were removed only from absence of bony material in the scales, and warbler egg losses dropped in three of the nests that contained two eggs. (The removal the number and size of the scales. areas from 65 percent to 6 percent. The of one of a pair of eggs does not seem to number of young warblers reaching the wing materially affect the number of young cranes The forfeited shoes were destined for retail that year nearly tripled. In 1973, 19 traps were arriving at the Texas wintering ground. Few outlets in the United States, with an average set in the seven warbler areas. More than families arrive there with more than one chick price of $90 a pair. The shoes will be 3,000 cowbirds were removed from the even though two eggs had been laid.; temporarily placed in a government

Adull whooping cranes (Grus amencana)

18 September 1974 Publication cost of thiis section on "Our Environment" tias been underwritten by ttie Ray A. Kroc Environmental Educa- tion Fund. warehouse along with other forfeited wildlife products which have been illegally imported into this country by commercial firms, tourists, and hunters. Most are made from endangered species and cannot be sold. Twenty-seven species and subspecies of crocodiles are generally recognized by herpetologists. Six are now on the Secretary of the Interior's endangered species list, which also includes the American alligator

(Alligator mississipiensis).

A profitable world trade in crocodile hides flourishes in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, A large percentage of these hides funnel from hunters on these three continents through wholesale export firms to tanning firms in such countries as France, which process, dye, and burnish the hides. The hides are then shipped to Italian manufacturers for the world shoe, belt, handbag, watchband, golf bag, briefcase,, and luggage market. Commercial processing of these hides is legal Aerial photo ol Reserve Mining Company's Silver Bay (Minnesota) plant on Lake Superior. During a normal some 67.000 tons ot taconite tailings-which contain asbestos libers-are dumped into in Europe. Some countries in Latin America, day's operation, the lake. Africa, and Asia have recently outlawed or ing April, with U.S. District Court Judge Miles limited commercial harvest of crocodilians. Asbestos-loaded Residues Lord closing the Silver Bay plant on April 20. Others are investigating regulating the harvest Dumped in Lake Superior The guiding force behind the court's decision The Nile crocodile, which grows up to was its determination that the asbestos fibers feet has been hunted to the a "serious health hazard." eighteen long, In 1947 the Reserve Mining Company filed for are indeed extinction in Africa because its hide brink of permission to dump residue from its process- suited to the manufacture of In a memorandum. Judge Lord stated that is particularly ing of taconite, a low-grade iron ore, into Lake the extent of the hazard could not be shoes and other accessories. It has less while bony Superior, The proposed mining of taconite —and not for material in its scales than most other immediately evaluated perhaps belly was generally hailed as a godsend to north- are the ten or twenty more years—thousands of per- crocodilians of that area. Those only eastern Minnesota, where the depletion of to a used for Hunters have sons were being daily exposed known parts manufacturing. higher-grade iron ores was threatening the on Nile carcinogen. concentrated taking younger region's economy. A few dissenters, however, crocodiles of six to nine feet in before length warned that dumping taconite tailings into Three following the court-ordered shut- too days the scales grow large. Lake Superior would threaten fish life as well down, the eighth U. S. District Court of Ap- of fills niche as the as contaminate the water supply Duluth, The crocodile an ecological peals stayed Lord's closing for seventy days. Minnesota, and other communities. major predator of the waters it inhabits. Its nearby Meanwhile Reserve was ordered to find an removal from an area greatly disturbs the alternate dumping site on land. The company In Reserve was to its balance of life. In areas of Africa where the time. permitted operate proposed a dumping site in the Palisades taconite at Silver and Nile crocodile no longer ranges, for example, processing plant Bay, Creek area S'/z miles from its Silver Bay plant. in the mid-1950s it to the yield of food fish for human consumption began dump 67,000 This plan, however, was rejected by Minne- the tons of into the lake each has gone down dramatically because tailings day. sota state officials, arguing that the Palisades slower-swimming, rough, or bottom-feeding area was one of unsurpassed beauty and not more concerned about fish that were the main diet of the crocodile Environmentalists grew to be desecrated as a dumping ground. have multiplied to the point of forcing more the possible hazard to human life, pointing stated that it could halt the desirable fish out of those waters. The Nile out that fibers of asbestos, a known carcino- In July, Reserve into the lake within 28 crocodile once ranged over the southern gen, were present in the taconite residue, and dumping of tailings currents months. In the meantime, if opera- two-thirds ot Africa, including Madagascar. that these were carried by lake many company Nile miles from the site. What was to be- tions continue, some 200,000 Lake Superior Today it is restricted primarily to the dumping in area residents will continue drinking the as- River drainage system because man has come the longest environmental trial history the follow- bestos-contaminated lake water. moved into much of its former range. began in August 1973 and ended

Field Museum Bulletin 19 The crowd above—and about 200 other per- On hand to honor the Museum's accomplish- ministrative assistant to Alderman Free B, sons—turned out at the Museum's north ments and benefactors, with brief remarks, Roti; and Carol Saper, 9 (in photo, below left), entrance on a cold June 25 to celebrate the were Colonel Jack Reilly, director of special winner of the Museum's cornerstone contest, Museum's 80th anniversary and current $25- events in the office of Mayor Richard J. Daley, whose illustration depicting a time when all million renovation program at a ceremony who presented a $50,000 contribution from races will live in harmony now rests perma- rededicating the 53-year-old building. It was the City of Chicago to the Museum's Capital nently in the new cornerstone. a joyous affair that opened with the happy Campaign: Rev, H. Robert Clark, super- sounds of a dixieland band and closed with intendent of schools, Archdiocese of Chi- Participating for the Museum were President a gala picnic luncheon for invited guests in a cago; Patrick L. O'Malley, president of the Blaine J. Yarrington and Director E, Leland red-and-white tent on the north lawn. Chicago Park District; Frederick C. Roth, ad- Webber (congratulating Carol Saper in

20 September 1974 photo, above right); Trustees Marshall Field, Nicholas Galitzine, and Thomas E. Donnelley

II: Mrs, Donnelley, Women's Board president

(in photo, right): and Anthony Patteri, stone mason, who worked on the construction of the present building and continued sen/ice to the Museum for fifty years before retiring in 1971. Mr. Patteri (in photo, below) symbol- ically sealed the new cornerstone into place. Also in the crowd were reporters and pho-

tographers liuiii live Chicago newspapers, and a television film crew. They jockeyed for the best views as program participants placed documents into the cornerstone that included Congressional Record statements from U.S. Senators Charles Percy and Adiai Stevenson and U.S. Congresswoman Cardiss Collins: resolutions from the Chicago Board of Educa- tion, the Board of Commissioners of Cook County, and the Illinois General Assembly; a proclamation from Mayor Daley calling for all citizens to contribute to the Museum's Capital Campaign; and many other documents of recognition.

When in the future the cornerstone is again opened, these documents will attest to the Museum's ever-increasing importance in and impact on the worlds of science and educa- tion.

Happy Anniversary. Field Museum'

Field Museum Bulletin field briefs

Unusual Birthday Gift for Field Museum

In celebration of its eightieth anniversary in June, Field Museum received an unusual gift from D'Arcy-MacManus & Masius, world wide advertismg agency. The firm is devoting its creative services to develop an advertising campaign which will complement the Mu- seum's public relations efforts. Television an- nouncements, newspaper public service ads, and Museum membership promotional mate- rials are being developed by the firm.

William T. Raidt, president, D'Arcy, Division of D'Arcy-MacManus & Masius, commented, "We hope that this advertising campaign will make more Chicagoans aware that one of the world's leading educational, cultural, and sci- entific centers is right on their own lakefront."

Upper left: Kwasi Badu, ol Ghana, and his drum troupe will perlorm in Stanley Field Hall on Sep- tember 21 at TO. 30 a-m. and 2.30 p.m.

Lower lett: Patty Fawn demonstrates traditional Northwest Coast silversmilhing techniques at Field Museum September 23 through 27.

Below: When singer-actor John Davidson brought his tour-year-old son. John Jr.. to the Museum the recently, tanner Keith Carson had to convince youngster that the laws ol this wall weren't going to nip his nose.

22 September 1974 Ray A. Kroc Family Trips Two trips for families, each limited to forty individuals, will explore the farm and forest. On 21 a Environmental Saturday, Sept. , pro- duce farm and a dairy farm will be visited, with an examination of how each functions as an ecosystem. On Saturday, Education Program Oct. 12, a walking tour will be made through Warren Woods, in Michigan. It will provide an opportunity to become Junior-Senior School Natural and High aware of skills for making family trips to Managed Field Trips natural areas more interesting and en- Environments joyable. These two all-day trips are strenuous and not recommended for Forest preserves and other natural areas Trip topics include "Shorelines and small children. show us what Chicago and its environs Slopes" (Saturday and Sunday, Sept. 14 once looked like. Farms, factories, water- and 15) to Rocky Glen, DuPage County; Morning Programs tor Young People ways, and recreation sites show us what "Formations of Sand" (Saturday and has become of the land. How are natural Sunday, Sept. 21 and 22) to the Indiana — an Environmental Six are to be areas faring in the face of megalopolis? Dunes; "The Farm separate program topics How do managed ecosystems interact Experiment" (Saturday, Sept. 28) to offered for grades 4 through 6; some in- with their surrounding environments? Pleasant Valley Farm, near Woodstock; volve field trips near the Museum, others The Ray A. Kroc Environmental Educa- and "Searching for Evidence of the Coal are workshops in the building: They in- to a clude "Our Environment: and tion Program for fall, 1974, provides op- Age" (Saturday, Sept. 28) nearby Large All are limited to a portunities for all ages to explore natural strip mine. trips thirty Small," walking trip (Saturday, Sept. for or senior Senses: An and managed environments in and near students and all are junior 14); "Using Your Ecology which indoor-outdoor tour Chicago. Special attention will be given high, except the "Coal Age" trip, Workshop," an "The Lake and to natural phenomena, the interplay of is for junior high. (Wednesday, Sept. 18); Its a visit to the lake- biological systems, and management Inhabitants," nearby shore "Who Lives of particular ecosystems. Field trips for (Saturday, Sept. 28); an introduction to and ani- teen-agers, adults, and family groups, Here?" plant mal life near the Museum with a take- and Museum-based experiences for Adult Field Trips younger people are offered in this series. home project for studying neighborhood Some favorite trips from earlier programs environment (Sunday, Sept. 29); "Weeds," how to identify local plants are repeated. Seven trip topics for Wednesdays, Satur- and are to be offered for (Saturday, Oct. 5); and "Naturegrams," This is made the days, Sundays program possible by of of or adults. in- a workshop for making photograms A. Kroc Environmental Education groups forty fifty Topics Ray and animals and Sun- clude "The Last Glacier" (Saturday and plants (Saturday Fund, which was established at Field Oct. 12 and Wednesday, Sept. 14 and 18), to Palos days, 13). Museum by his friends to honor Mr. Kroc, Park; and Lake Michigan" chairman of McDonald's Corporation, on "Waterways (Saturday, Sept. 28) —a boat trip along his 70th birthday. Other events of this Lake Michigan's southwest shore and program will be presented in coming Cal-Sag Canal: "Carvings of a River" months and years. (Sunday, Sept. 29) to Starved Rock; There is a $4.00 registration fee for all "Sand and Steel" (Wednesday, Oct. 2) to programs except the Morning Programs a steel mill and the Indiana Dunes; "An for Young People, for which the fee is Ancient Environment" (Saturday and $2.00, Reservation is by advance regis- Wednesday, Oct. 5 and 9) to a strip mine tration only. Environmental Education and reclamation sites; "Varied Environ- Program brochures are available by writ- ments of Starved Rock" (Saturday, Oct. ing Carolyn Blackmon, at Field Museum, 12) to Starved Rock; and "Are Lake or by calling her at 922-9410, ext. 361 Shores Disappearing?" (Sunday, Oct. or 363. 13) to the Dunes.

Field Museum Bulletin 23 SEPTEMBER at Held M useum EXHIBITS continuing

Contemporary African Arts Festival, the first comprehensive pro- Weaving Demonstration by members of the North Shore Weavers' gram of Its kind in the United States, features the work of artists, Guild at 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon on IVIondays, Wednesdays, and including painters, printmakers, sculptors, and fabric designers, as Fridays. Spinning will also be shown on the first and third Mondays well as music, films, lectures, dances, and other activities. Through of each month. South Lounge. Begins September 30. Novembers. Hall 27. The Leiooska Carvers from the State of Washington present demon- strations and dances in Stanley Field Hall as part of Field Museum's Special September events are: Native American Program. Films in Studio in exhibit area September 23 through 26:

9:30 to 10:15 a.m. Daily at 1:30 p.m. Demonstration of Northwest Coast woodcarving and silversmithing Sept. 1 -6: Malawi: Two Young Men and Women Up in Arms Sept. 7-13: Ancient Africans and In Search of Myself 10:30 to 11:30 a.m. Sept. 14-20: The Creative Person: Leopold Sedar Senghor Traditional Northwest Coast dances showing the use of ceremo- and The Swamp Dwellers nial masks Sept. 21 -27: Gelede. Africa Dances, and Heartbeat of Africa 1:00 to 5:00 p.m. Sept. 28-30: New Images. Abuja Pottery, East African Wood Demonstration of Northwest Coast woodcarving and silversmithing Carver, and Drums Talking '® September 27: ^ r 'Vj Fridays at 7:30 p.m., the films of Ousmane Sembene 9:30 am. to 5:00 p. m ^|^twH7 6: Emitai Sept. Demonstration of Northwest Coast woodcarving and silversmithing Sept. 13: Borom Sarret and Tauw 20: Black Girl Sept. CHILDREN'S PROGRAM Sept. 27: Mandabi

Sunday, Sept. 29 at 4 p.m. : Begins September 1 The Nuer Fall Journey for Children, "Fossils in the Floor." a free, self-guided activity, studies ancient animals that are preserved in the Museum's Saturday. September 7 permanent structure. All boys and girls who can read and write in the program. Journey sheets in English and African Drum Carving by Musa may participate Spanish available at entrances. Through November 30. 10:30 and 11:30 a.m., and 2:30 and 3:30 p.m., Stanley Field Hall

Saturday, September 21 MEETINGS

African Drum Performance by Kwasi Badu Group of Ghana September 6, 7:30 p.m., Chicago Astronomical Society 10:30 am. and 2:30 p.m., Stanley Field Hall September 10, 7:30 p.m., Nature Camera Club of Chicago

1 1 September , 7:00 p.m., Chicago Ornithological Society 28 Saturday, September 1 1 7:30 National September , p.m.. Windy City Grotto, Speleological Society Kora Demonstration by Alhaji Bai Konte of Gambia September 12, 7:00 p.m., Chicago Mountaineering Club 10:30 and 11:30 a.m., and 2:30 and 3:30 p.m., Stanley Field Hall

COMING IN OCTOBER

Field Museum's Anniversary Exhibit continues indefinitely. "A Sense of Wonder" offers thought-provoking prose and poetry associated with the physical, biological, and cultural aspects of Ray A. Kroc Environmental Education Program field trips continue. nature: "A Sense of History" presents a graphic portrayal of the of shows of Museum's past; and "A Sense Discovery" examples Ayer Illustrated Lecture Series resumes with "Expeditions Un- scientists. Hall 3. research conducted by Museum limited 1974-75," in Lecture Hall. (See p. 17.)

"In Beauty It Is Begun," an exhibit of the art of Native American children. Through December 1. Hall 9. Begins October 1. Through Septembers

Edvirin Janss Jr. Undervi/ater Photography, an exhibiKof exciting MUSEUM HOURS color prints. Hall 9

Open 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Sunday, September 1; 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Monday, September 2 (Labor Day); and 9 00 am, to 5:00 p.m Saturday SPECIAL PROGRAMS through Thursday and 900 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Fridays during remainder of month.

The Museum Library is open 9 00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. Ray A. Kroc Environmental Education Program resumes with a Please obtain pass at reception desk, mam floor north. series of field trips for adults, family groups, and children. (See p. 23.) Museum telephone: 922-9410 Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin

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s :^j ^ > «-r IV 1 ^VA, % Field Museum CONTENTS of Natural History Bulletin FUTURE OF THE CONDOR: Recovery or Extinction by Sanford R. Wilbur Volume 45, Number 9 October 1974 OUTREACH: The Reach Long 7 by G. Henry Ottery

Managing Editor G. Henry Ottery REBIRTH OF A PRAIRIE Editor David M. Walsten 11 by Joyce Marshall Brukoff Staff Writer Madge Jacobs Production Oscar Anderson OUR ENVIRONMENT 14

IT IS BEGUN ..." -i r> "IN BEAUTY " New Exhibit of Art by Native American Children

FIELD BRIEFS 18

CAPITAL CAMPAIGN 19

OCTOBER AT FIELD MUSEUM back cover Calendar of Coming Events

COVER

Field Museum of Natural Indian History "Butterfly." drawing by Marcia Tuplin, 8-year-old girl Director E. Leland Webber (Mic-Mac) of Massachusetts and otfier works of art by Native American children comprise the exhibit "In Beauty It Is Begun," opening at Field Museum October 1 See pp 16-17,

Board of Trustees Photo credits David M Walsten Page 3. Carl Koford, from National Audubon Society, 4, Edward Smith both Sanford Blaine J. Yarnngton, Byron 5, William L, Finley, Irom National Audubon Society; 6, photos. Linda Larson; 17, President Mrs Hermon Dunlap r' Wilbur; 7, 9, G Henry Ottery, 15, Robert Chesness, 16, William E Salyards. Gordon Bent Smith upper left, lower left, lowrer right, Linda Larson, 19. Sullivan Harry O Bercher John W Bowen Blair William G, Swartchild, Jr, Stanton R. Cook E. Leland Webber William R. Dickinson. Jr. Julian B. Wilkins Thomas E. Donnelley II Mrs. Thomas E. Donnelley II Life Trustees Marshall Field Nicholas Galilzine William McCormick Blair Paul W. Goodrich Joseph N, Field Cliltord C. Gregg Remick McDowell Field Museum 0/ Natural History Bulletin is published monthly, Samuel Insull, Jr, of Natural Hugo J Melvoin except combined July/August issue, by Field Museum Miller William V. Kahler Illinois 60605, J, Roscoe History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Hughslon M, McBain of the William H. Mitchell Subscriptions; $6 a year; $3 a year for schools. Members James L, Palmer Charles'F. Murphy, Jr, Museum subscribe through Museum membership. Opinions John G. Searle reflect the Harry M. Oliver, Jr, expressed by authors are their- own and do not necessarily John T, Jr, John M, Simpson are welcome. Pirie. policy of Field Museum, Unsolicited manuscripts Louis Ware John S, Runnells Postmaster; Please send form 3579 to Field Museum of Natural L, Searle J, Howard Wood Illinois 60605, William History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, ISSN: 0015-0703 Future of the Condor recovery or extinction?

by Sanford R. Wilbur

THE ADULT CONDOR lay on the grassy going to bed at 4:30. It wandered up and behavior. It abruptly flew off, circled ledge, neck bent over its shoulder, down the grassy ledge, pulling at grass, once around the ledge, then landed at preening its back. Although it was only picking up sticks and rocks, seemingly one of two prominently "whitewashed" 4:30 on this warm March afternoon, the looking for some kind of action. Not pinnacles. The caked excrement wind had dropped, the midday thermals finding any, it returned to the dozing showed that condors regularly used had disappeared, and the soaring day parent's side and pecked lightly at the those two perches. The youngster, left was over. It was time for a rest. bare orange neck. The adult lunged alone, also took off and circled the rock.

halfheartedly at the youngster, and it Still apparently not ready for bed, it retreated a moment, then came back landed at the mouth of the whitewashed

But the young bird nearby wanted no and tried another little peck. Same cave where it had hatched ten months part of that. Approximately ten months reaction! Here apparently was the fun earlier, looked around there a bit, then old and just learning to get around by it had been looking for, and like a flew to a grassy spot not far from the itself, this youngster had no intention of mischievous child, it returned time after now dozing adult. In one last attempt to time to nip at that tempting neck. prolong the day, the young bird flung itself at the same small pinnacle on Sanford R. Wilbur is a wildlife biologist for the U. S. Fisfi and Wildlife Service and fias which the parent slept, almost knocking made a special study of tlie California con- After ten minutes the adult obviously both from the perch. But the adult was dor and ottier endangered species. tired of its troublesome offspring's not to be moved, so the young bird >

Field Museum Bulletin hopped to the next pinnacle, tucked its After I had discussed this situation at a The California condor (Gymnogyps cali- head under his wing, and went to sleep. recent meeting, a waggish newsman fornianus) today nests in only a small wrote that condor had section of southern California, although reproduction declined because the old birds have as recently as 1855 it nested in Shasta County, in northern California, and three We untucked ourselves from under the lost their interest in sexl He was being in decades earlier was common Oregon bush where we had crouched for the facetious, of course, but in a much It has the largest wingspread of any past four hours, and made our way oversimplified way he was partially North American land bird, one specimen back down the hill to Two and correct. A combination of in measuring out to 9 feet 7 inches. The camp. changes average adult weighs about 20 pounds one-half days of sun, poison oak, bugs, condor habitat has apparently affected The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) often and silent watching had paid off this basic condor biology to make the birds but has a weighs considerably more, less inclined to nest. much shorter wingspread The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), of South Amer- California condor that ica, has a slightly greater wingspread young (about 2 inches wider) and averages U. S. Forest Service biologist Dean We don't completely understand these

1 about pound heavier THECarrier and I watched that March changes, but studies of various birds afternoon did not realize its uniqueness. and other animals suggest that certain California condors usually do not breed The only condor known to have hatched activities will occur only if the animals before the age of six. Ordinarily one egg in 1969, It is one of only about eleven receive necessary stimulation. If such a is laid every two years. The average life reared from 1968 1973. No stimulus, or "releaser," fails to function span is about twelve years. Under nor- through mal circumstances, then, one bird may matter how we evaluate this and other normally, expected behavior will not about three in its life- produce young condor-related facts, it is an almost occur. For instance, a pair of condors time The preferred food is beef (freshly inescapable conclusion that the condors not in close contact with other pairs of killed): sheep, ground sguirrel, deer, are not condors (social releasers, in this case) horse, and coyote are also favored. The simply producing enough young birds may range as far as 25 to 30 to sustain their population. The problem may not be stimulated to begin miles from the nesting site in a single is especially complicated because it courtship. Condors with an day in their search for food. There is no isn't a matter of eggs failing to hatch, undependable food supply might not evidence that the California condor ever or young birds failing to reach maturity. be "released" to begin nesting. Perhaps attacks living mammals. The species has It's of most adult condors short of food far from but one natural enemy: man — Ed. entirely a case forage condors failing to nest. traditional nest sites. Their drive to mate

Egg of the Calilorma condor {third largest), shown with eggs of other bird species {smallest to largest) . ruby-throated hummingbird (Arilochus colubna), chicken, condor, ostrich (Slrultiio camelus), —and Aepyornis, or elephant bird {plaster cast) an extinct form.

October 1974 Remarkable early photo, taken in color, by William L Finley in 1906 or 1907 A pet ot Finleys the condor appears here in luvenile plummage, in a typical "sunning" pose and nest may fail to be "released" that the more aggressive, established food (like garbage-can bears), and so because of insufficient stimulation by birds keep lower-order condors from condors lower on the peck order can thie chiaracteristics of thie nest site itself. utilizing the limited food supply that feed on carcasses not being used by does exist. the more dominant birds at favored sites. We hope this will lead to more two releasers tfie Possibly — (if concept nesting, more successful nests, and a applies to condors) food supply and We are attempting to solve the problem reestablishment of now partially broken nest site—are currently malfunctioning. of food shortage in critical places by a traditional ties with the nesting areas. Food near nesting areas has been supplemental feeding program. Each scarce in recent years, and, at least week throughout the year, we place partially in response to this scarcity, animal carcasses (the natural food of Supplemental feeding is only one of a some condors have been displaced into condors) at protected sites within the number of protection and management less suitable nesting habitat. Food normal feeding range of the nesting measures, either in effect or being shortage is probably also combining birds. Two or more sites are used planned, to improve the status of the with a normal social dominance ("peck simultaneously so the birds will not have California condor population. A number >> order") within the condor population, so to rely on only one location for all their of interested organizations including the

Field Museum Bulletin U. S, Fish and Wildlife Service, U, S. Forest Service, National Audubon Society, California Department of Fisfi and Game, University of California, and U. S, Bureau of Land Management, are currently preparing and implementing a comprehensive "condor recovery plan." This document outlines all actions believed necessary to return this species to a more secure status, and provides an orderly timetable and priority list for getting the necessary jobs done. Three basic groups of needs

— protecting the fifty to sixty condors remaining, increasing their reproductive rate, and preserving enough living space for a secure population—are proposed or are being satisfied through an integrated program of land acquisition, land use planning, food supply enhancement, conservation education, restrictive regulations, law enforcement, and continued basic research into the needs of the species. All the organizations listed above, plus other interested individuals and groups, are actively involved in implementing these actions.

Can we save the condors? At this point, we honestly don't know. We appear to have made great strides in slowing the

decline of the species, but right now I believe the condor population is at its lowest and most critical point. The success or failure of our "recovery plan" may be evident within as short a

time as five to ten years. It is vital that we get the entire plan operational in the shortest time possible. Equally two and one-half hours of waking up important is the need to continue to by our subjects, condor style— look for other ways to protect and preening, sunning, moving from perch preserve the condor. Even as we to perch—we saw adult and immature implement our current plan, we are drift out of sight to the north. The young attempting to formulate emergency bird flew erratically compared to the action to be taken should the population parent bird, but it was well on its way to continue its decline. The job is far from independence. Only if it survived the finished. next five or more years, however, would

it begin to share in perpetuating its species because the birds require at

Next morning Dean and I were both least five years to reach maturity. We

crouched under our bush at 7:30, just know it will take much special effort by in time to see the first signs of stirring many people if this bird and the rest of at the condor roost. A 10 o'clock, after the condors are to make it through, d

October 1974 III- In addition to their creek study near St Charles, . Field Museum Lecturer Jim Bland's students sampled the fish fauna of a small lake. Seining are Julie Yamaguchi (left) and Anita Bellik. laxonomist and volunteer instructor. OUTREACH The Long Reach

by G. Henry Ottery

NEAR SUBURBAN St. Charles—this past human feet, formed dark clouds that At their on-site field station and in summer, five hardy teenagers insect flowed lazily yet menacingly Field Museum labs and specimen repellent on exposed skin, old sneakers downstream. storage areas, the students are on their feet, and voices chorusing "Old answering those and many other MacDonald Had a Fish Farm"—spent What chemicals and living organisms questions, under the guidance of several days plodding through and were in the water? What accounted for Museum staff. They will make their beside a three-mile-long creek. Vials the unexpected presence of northern answers available for publication and were plunged into the water, then pike'f' What were the sources of the to the community along with specific glistened in the sun as analytical eyes pollution? What changes had taken recommendations for the preservation peered at their contents; fish swished place during the twenty years since a of the creek and its wildlife. Their past, defying the students' seining nets; Field Museum scientist last studied the findings may also be fed into a data silt on the creek bottom, churned by stream? bank in Toronto, Canada, and be madei

Field Museum Bullelm available to area scientists. Thus, one small exhibit cases to schools, followed by a dance popular in urban of the program's unique characteristics sometimes with descriptive materials," Africa today, the "high-life." Students — in one school is that it has scientific interest and Dr. Carnes continues. "This was and were so inspired by Ms. — useful service. 'Williams' that utility. still is an important and workshop they presented In fact. Field Museum's Harris Extension an African festival for the entire school currently distributes such materials to and community. Thus, her activities The program is remarkable in other 440 Chicago area schools, libraries, and combine tradition with today in a ways, too. It is not often that students community organizations. However, meaningful learning experience. are able to study fish in creeks; and museums are now discovering that they the study is a rare documentation of can serve the community in other ways. changes in fish fauna for the Chicago In addition to their collections, museums One Museum division can claim to have had Its own area. It will also provide communities are making available their staff and Community Outreach with the information they need to expertise, and are sending these out to program for more than sixty years. David improve their natural water systems. It schools and organizations." Pressler, program manager of The N Harris is a program that a natural history W Public School museum, with its unique combination of Extension, points out that his division's technical equipment and staff is Consequently, Bland may be wading familiar glass-enclosed cases, that exhibit a eminently qualified to sponsor. in a creek with high school students wide variety of natural history one day, and be examining garbage materials, were first created in 1912. with sixth-graders in their classroom This collection, of some 1,200 portable For the participants, the study provides the next. By comparing refuse from their units, has been circulated continuously, a solid introduction into the manner in contemporary environments with the free of charge, throughout the Chicago which Field Museum scientists conduct kind of refuse discovered at the sites school community. The program is research and interpret the results for of Stone Age man, the students are currently operating at full capacity, with publication; it also gives the students actively involved in a meaningful approximately 4,000 deliveries annually. a working knowledge of Illinois fish demonstration of how modern man fauna and the important basics of places enormously greater demands on ecology. This year's pilot program may his environment and natural resources. But The Harris Extension, too, is caught be expanded next year to include thirty Next, Bland might be watching students up in the new spirit of Community students with the emphasis on urban turn red-faced as they test their lung Outreach. Pressler has designed and streams. capacities to learn the effects of various developed a new program that takes pollutants on physiological functions. Museum artifacts and specimens directly into the classroom as part of a

This unusual Museum activity, under the contemporary exhibit package. Called leadership of Museum Lecturer James While Bland's students are happily "Field-Pac," the new educational Bland, is one of the varied Community involved in environmental pursuits, exhibit-kit is especially created to Outreach programs that have excited those of Museum Lecturer J. L. Williams promote participation by encouraging and stimulated members of the who dances under her professional children to touch and explore objects Department of Education since name, Djalal —are discovering the and make first-hand discoveries. Each Outreach's inception about two traditions and cultures of their African exhibit-kit contains real specimens or years ago. ancestors. Anansi the spider, an arrogant artifacts that can be handled as well as African folk tale character, figures arranged to create a classroom or library prominently in one of Ms. Williams' exhibit. There are also large, colorful "Naturally we're excited," declares workshops for city children. As she photo panels designed to set the stage Dr. Alice Carnes, chairperson of the reads the story, the children —their for discovering new things by visually department. "It's new, and it has arms, legs, and facial muscles used to changing the classroom environment. contemporary relevance. Community exaggerated effect—mime the actions In addition, Field-Pacs contain: Outreach takes the Museum's vast of the characters. And with the audio-visual materials that provide resources to communities outside the opportunity to wear authentic African further descriptions or explanations of Museum, where they often have their hats, rooster feathers, sheepskins, and the exhibit materials; background most profound effect. colorful woven fabrics, the students information for the kits' use that need little encouragement to join in. teachers can utilize to customize Following this, they learn games and programs to their pupils' own needs, "For many years, museums have been songs from three Nigerian tribes (in the abilities, and desires; plus suggestions serving their communities by sending Ibo, Yoruba, and Hausa languages). for activities and projects that will make

October 1974 afterwards. To accomplish this, the resource sheets—some of which are translated into Spanish—suggest activities and projects to be done both at home and at the Museum. They zero in on specific topics, with titles such as "The Insect Hunt," "The Seasons," and "Visiting People of Other Places, Other Times."

With the materials for a program which Mrs. Reque has titled "Animal Insides and Outsides," children, directed by a parent or group leader, would look at pictures of skeletons, then feel their own bones and draw pictures of their own skeletons, before coming to the Museum, They would be shown the Museum's skeleton exhibits and encouraged to visualize and draw entire animals on the basis of their skeletons.

The children compare and draw features such as legs, observing different Tom Snakespeare. an Arapahoe historian from the Wind River Reservation m Wyoming, examines an locations of the knee, ankle, and heel; Arapahoe tribal artifact, collected by Field Museum anthropologists more than fifty years ago Members of the Wind River Reservation's Shoshone and Arapahoe tribes studied Museum collections this past summer. They and they make a comparative study of

' Will use of the artifacts and of field notes in tribal books photos copies early anthropologists preparing history teeth, to determine whether an animal and curriculum materials for the tribes' school programs This project is another way in which John White, was a meat- or Field Museum 's Native American Program coordinator, encourages the use of Museum artifacts in education plant-eater. Suggested programs of Native American communities. after-visit activities include making charts or books with their drawmgs each Field-Pac a source of personal takes place behind the scenes at Field and making skeleton models. discovery and expression for every Museum. pupil. Slide programs for adults show how Although Dr. Carnes admits to being preschoolers can learn at the most excited about those Outreach Museum; and how children visiting the is of an African Arts" The Field-Pac project part programs designed to be fully realized current "Contemporary ongoing program of research and beyond the Museum's walls, her exhibit can produce similar art in their development within The Harris enthusiasm for those that wholly or classrooms. Another program presents Extension. In order to learn how these partly take place within the Museum is an exercise in how to look at Museum new materials are utilized in the fired by a recognition that they are exhibits. community and how they can be further important, effective, and in some ways refined, comprehensive field testing is unique. being carried out under Pressler's Mrs. Reque's office is also the source of direction. Currently being field-tested is In an office adjacent to Dr. Carnes, for printed instructions on various African the Field-Pac entitled "Selected African example, Barbara Reque, Museum crafts such as tie dyeing, and on how Textile Design." Others in the series on resource consultant, develops "resource children can set up mini-museums in African arts deal with jewelry, sheets" for teachers, community group their homes with items they make or leatherwork, and calabashes. Now being leaders, and parents— including special collect. They might choose to make "A developed are Field-Pacs on materials for parents of preschool Museum About Myself." environmental studies, the microscopic children. These materials are designed world, and fossils. Under consideration to increase the value of a Museum visit are Field-Pacs for explaining the use of by encouraging people to begin their A new program being offered this fall color in nature, masks from various learning experiences before they come coordinates learning experiences for cultures around the world, and what to the Museum, and to continue them persons who plan to visit both the >

Field Museum Bulletin Lincoln Park Zoo and the Museum, Like in contacted an effort to obtain this vital be produced for schools, organizations, another program already offered in assistance, with the gratifying result that and the media. cooperation with nearby Shedd approximately 190 persons are currently Aquarium, it enables visitors to benefit participating in the volunteer program. from certain features in studying living If realized, this experience for Native animals, then taking a closer look at Americans would be the most ambitious these same structures in preserved, Through the efforts of John K. White, Community Outreach program to date. Mrs. is nonmoving specimens. Reque part Cherokee and the Museum's But only financial aid can turn dr-eams also in the of engaged development coordinator of Native American and good intentions into reality. Funding these programs. programs, cultural materials from the for the various Outreach programs so Museum's collection are being far has come from sources such as the reintroduced to the contemporary scene National Endowment for the Arts, the In addition to some Outreach programs with presentations in Chicago's Ray A. Kroc Environmental Fund, the there is another that already noted, Northside Indian community. He is Illinois Arts Council, the N. W. Harris utilizes the Museum's collections. In attempting to integrate and perpetuate Public School Extension fund, the less than one year, 231 craft workshops, the traditions revealed in these artifacts Wieboldt Foundation, the Woods directed Crafts Instructor by Phillip with today's Native American traditions. Charitable Fund, Inc., the Albert Cotton, have been presented to 4,158 Kunstadter Family Foundation, and the urban children and senior citizens and W. Clement and Jessie V. Stone 462 group leaders. Participants in the But much of White's energies and Foundation. Government grants usually which consist of two workshops, thoughts these days are focused on a have been matched with money from the two-hour sessions, the study designs site about sixty miles northwest of Museum's operating fund. But, as of in Museum artifacts, and learn about the Chicago, There, he sees an Eastern September 1, funds were still being of the and the cultures origins designs Woodland Indian village of reed mat- or sought to continue the African and that created them. then create They bark-covered wigwams and longhouses, crafts workshop this fall. The Native their own in designs pottery, weaving, and a ceremonial building. Nearby, American program, too, is threatened tie or batik. Cotton's dye, workshops are Native Americans are tending squash, with termination unless funds become still another which means by the corn, and bean crops under a gentle available. Museum reaches out to ensure that its sun, thinking ahead to the Green Corn resources are made available to greater Dance they will perform when the "It is unrealistic to be confident that these numbers of people. community corn crop reaches the sources alone will provide all the support "roasting ear" stage. White hears the needed for our continuing and hoped-for shouting and laughter of others engaged Outreach projects," Dr. Carnes says. Outreach also includes a Community in the sports of stickball and shinny. At "We do realize that this support is that has benefited both the program the log trading post, he sees visitors considerately and generously provided; Museum and the for community many buying craftwork made in the village. but at the same time we feel the need, we years. The volunteer program has have the ambition, and we have the tools not provided only much-needed for making a much greater impact on assistance for virtually every Museum A scene from America's history? Yes, the community for which this Museum but it has also department, given many although this particular village never exists. We could not have progressed senior an persons, including citizens, existed, and may never except in as far as we have with Outreach had it to in opportunity engage productive White's mind. The Museum is still not been for our current supporters, activity and be of service to the Chicago seeking funds for his ambitious and this continuing support is crucial to These community. volunteers contribute three-year project called "Native the program. But if Outreach is to grow their time as instructors, clerks, typists, American Culture of the Eastern significantly, new channels of support cataloguers, and research assistants. Woodlands." Native Americans would must be found and opened." They may be preparing insects for the participate in an integrated program of or study collection: leading a group seminars, workshops, field trips, and tour: or typing a scientific report; or other activities, and construct the Nonetheless, the Museum's ambitious souvenirs in selling the shop; or village. They would live in the village, Community Outreach program is already photographing and cataloguing too, much as their ancestors did, a long reach toward providing the artifacts. Under the direction of Carolyn becoming proficient in crafts, performing services a contemporary community Blackmon, coordinator of special rites and ceremonies, and tending the has come to expect from the institutions educational services, dozens of communal garden. Through this project, it supports, which in turn are dedicated community and social agencies are numerous educational materials would to their ultimate benefit, d

October 1974 -t-.

The main ring of National Accelerator Laboratory encloses 664 acres, which one day may become the largest reconstructed prairie In the United Rebirth ofa Prairie States, by Joyce Marshall Brukoff

prairie Is coming back to a It won't be easy. The first step is the curator of the herbarium at Morton full of land that has seen the cycle establishment of a ten-acre seed nursery Arboretum ; and Robert Betz, a biology THEhuman encroachment upon a at the From this lab professor at Northeastern Illinois laboratory. facility, virgin enrivonment. personnel and volunteers hope to bring University (and associate curator at Field forth, in the middle of the giant, circular Museum), now on a sabbatical leave to accelerator, the second largest prairie in study prairies. The two serve on an A 664-acre parcel of land owned by the the state. (The largest is Goose Lake advisory committee to FermiLab, along federal government— a part of the Fermi Prairie.) The nursery will help to provide with Cindy Stein and John Taggart of the National Accelerator Laboratory, or the seeas to start the prairie. The nursery Illinois Chapter of the Nature "FermiLab." near Batavia — is on its way plants, themselves, will be grown from Conservancy. FermiLab personnel and to becoming the largest reconstructed seeds gathered from the Morton volunteers provide the necessary labor prairie in the United States. Long ago, Arboretum, from existing prairies in the for collecting, processing, and planting the area, 35 miles west of Chicago's Chicago area, and from along railroad the tens of thousands of seedlings. Loop, played host to Indian and settler; tracks where prairie plants can still often followed in turn by suburbanite and be found. Seeds are being collected from within a corporate developer. Now, in a rare and 75-mile radius of the Laboratory. All of wise gesture, FermiLab administrators the plants, then, will be native to the have decided to restore the land to the All this requires a great deal of time and way it was before the coming of the effort. the dedicated workers Among Joyce Marshall Brukoff, a frequent contributor in pioneers, and to reestablish a instrumental development of the to the Bulletin, Is an Evanston writer with a midwestern prairie. FermiLab prairie are Ray Schulenberg, special interest in environmental problems.

Field Museum Bulletin Robert Betz (rt. ). a botanist who has been instrumental in the development of FermiLab Prairie, works with volunteers as they transplant prairie flowers Here, shooting stars are being removed from a prairie remnant in nearby Calumet City prior to relocation to FermiLab.

The French evolved earlier area. In 1 975, it is hoped that several species, including for example members day. term acres will be seeded from the nursery. of the Compositae family (asters, from the Latin Pratum, which referred to Each year thereafter, additional land will sunflowers, goldenrod, coneflower, and treeless, grassy tracts common in be seeded, until the entire circular area blazing star), and the Graminae (grasses) oak-pine forests near the Mediterranean. has been planted. Within the prairie will and Leguminosae (pea) families. Weedy be a core of white oak woods—a haven plants, as a rule, do not occur on virgin for animals, plants, and even insects prairies, and it is hoped that once The meadows as seen by those early indigenous to the region. established, the tight root systems of French travelers are now almost gone. prairie plants will prevent weeds from Few pristine grasslands exist, and those growing. With few exceptions, prairie only in remnants. The midwestern The land within the accelerator's plants are relatively long-lived prairie — also known as the tall-grass, perimeter is partly rich topsoil and partly perennials. The prairie will also be large eastern, or "true" prairie — is only one of "raw" subsoil exposed by construction enough to support various bird and several types. Other North American work on the accelerator rim. Although the animal species, such as prairie grouse, prairie types include the mixed-grass remnants of virgin prairies in Illinois are upland plover, and Franklin's ground prairie of the high plains, the palouse usually on good soil, they occur for the squirrel — all of which require extensive prairie of the Pacific Northwest, the most part on steep hillsides, along open areas. valley grassland of California, the coastal railroads, in pioneer cemeteries, or other prairie of Texas, and the arid locations not suitable for cultivation or for southwestern prairie known as desert building construction. Betz believes that The word "prairie," which derives from plains grassland. Generally, the North a large prairie on "first class" land will be the French for "meadow," was first American prairie has been described by important to scientists of the future, applied in the 1600s by French explorers Betz as a "natural North American enabling them to conduct specialized who came upon the large grasslands grassland, composed of native perennial ecological studies and to gauge man's west of Lake Michigan. Some of the grasses and other herbaceous plants, in impact on the environment. place names given by those early which the grasses contribute much of the travelers, such as southwestern vegetative cover." Wisconsin's Prairie du Chien ("Dog It is hoped that the FermiLab prairie wil Meadow") and Prairie du Sac ("The Sauk support a variety of flowering plant Tribe's Meadow "), have continued to this After the Indians had roamed the

12 October 1974 prairieland of the Middle West for overturned. Public awareness, until alternately burned and seeded ; thousands of years, with little or no effect recently, has been reduced to a level eventually the native vegetation began to on the native vegetation, the arrival of where unsightly front yards and urban dominate, and Curtis's experiment White settlers presaged its doom. Crops lots overgrown by this "immigrant" demonstrated that it was indeed possible replaced primeval vegetation. In some vegetation are carelessly called prairies. to recreate a prairie. Morton Arboretum's areas, plowing with a wheel-mounted Ray Schulenberg began a similar study in plow pulled by as many as eight to ten 1962 on fifteen acres of old farmland. oxen "broke" the prairie. Other prairies But for those who have seen and who Ten years after he began his experiment were "grazed out" and trampled by large know the beauty of a prairie as it swells he had produced a ten-acre tract of high numbers of confined cattle. Towns through the season in two high periods of quality grassland. More recently, David developed, then cities, and finally the magnificent bloom, the restoration of a Blenz — the late director of Camp in a in the sprawling metropolis ; most areas large grassland has a special aesthetic Sagawau, preserve Cook County native prairie became only a memory. value. In the early spring, flowering forest preserve system — restored several plants are usually no more than several acres to high quality prairie by means of a inches high, but by late summer, those in seeding machine. The destruction of the grassland was flower may stand five or six feet tall. rapid, especially after Illinois inventor John Deere introduced his steel plow in Of course, none of these attempts the late 1830s. As early as 1909, Henry From the diminutive yellow star-grass yielded a virgin Illinois grassland, nor will Allen Gleason, a botanist and (Hypoxis hirsuta). a spring bloomer only a the FermiLab project achieve that goal environmentalist, remarked. few inches high, to the six-foot-high within the immediate future. As John "Unfortunately for the ecologist, the spikes of prairie dock (Silphium Taggart observes, "For a truly native prairies of Illinois were converted into terebinthinaceum) that burst forth late in grassland to be formed, hundreds of cornfields long before the development of the season, the prairie continues to be an years would be necessary for the ecology and phytogeography in America, unforgettable sight. components (plants, animals, soil, etc.) thus forever prohibiting satisfactory to arrange themselves naturally within investigation." Obviously, the condition the created environment." Yet, the of our native grassland has not improved Groups and individuals have already FermiLab restoration will be a sizeable since then. attempted, with varying success, the link with Illinois' past. restoration of prairies — albeit on a small

scale. In the 1 930s, James Curtis of the Grasses such as big blue stem, northern University of Wisconsin used a Justification for saving a prairie seems drop seed, and Indian grass have been hundred-acre tract of mostly bluegrass ample in a civilization which imbeds itself carried in replaced by plants deliberately (commonly grown today in lawns) to in artificiality. As a rare wild place in a or accidentally from Europe and Asia. determine if a weedy tract could be world of manmade contrivance and Such annual weeds readily adapt restored to a prairie-like condition. For a complexity, it is something to be visited, themselves to earth that has been number of years, the tract was studied, and cherished, d

Transplanting the liny plants to their new FermiLab home IX back-breaking work Each year, several additional acres will be seeded or planted.

Field Museum Bulletin our environment

in winter- Lake Superior Lampreys lake trout abundance to pre-lamprey levels dant, are not ordinarily caught the stocks of burbot and suckers Continue Decline in a few areas of Lake Superior, the trout are time. Natural in lakes than in the just now showing faint signs of becoming are greater Canadian self-sustaining. Naturally produced trout in Great Lakes. Long the scourge of commercial fishing in Lake Superior now make up 5 to 6 percent alewives are used for oil and tfie Great Lakes, tfie sea lamprey. Pelro- of the catch. Additional reasons for optimism Currently only trout in meal for animals. Suckers are sometimes myzon marinus, Is far less common in Lake exist with the recent evidence of lake "fresh water mullet," Superior today tfian thirteen years ago when spawning in Lake Michigan marketed as controlled population study was initiated. A record low catch of 1.911 adult lampreys for Total eradication of the lamprey from the Lakes methods is early April through mid-July. 1974. compares Great by—present unlikely, with nearly 51,000 trapped during the same since lampreys notorious for their ability to — Aldrin Suspended by EPA period in 1961. Catches for each year since adapt to unfavorable conditions are able to then have averaged 7.200. The lampreys— maintain their life cycle in bays and inlets the aldrin or which parasitize lake trout and other large The manufacture of pesticide on species—are trapped at barriers near the While lamprey populations have been greatly its metabolite dieldrin was suspended mouths of streams, which they enter for the reduced, the remaining ones are getting big- August 2 by the Environmental Protection purpose of spawning. ger, reports Bernard Smith, director of the Agency (EPA). On the basis of tests with lamprey eradication program centered in laboratory animals, EPA Administrator Rus- The sea lamprey is originally a marine fish, Marquette, tVlich. "They're larger than any- sel E. Train has determined that "the pres- but in historic times the species wandered thing we've ever seen before, even when they ent estimated average human dietary intake to into Lake Ontario, where it easily adapted first came into the lakes in the 1930s and of dieldrin subjects the human population said Smith, cancer risk." the freshwater habitat. It was first observed 40s," to an extremely high in Lake Erie in 1921. In 1934 it was found in Lake St. Clair, in 1936 in Lake IVIichigan. As a result of the suspension, production in 1937 in Lake Huron (although presumably of some 10 million pounds of aldrin — In "Trash" Fish for Cheap Protein — it had entered Huron before Michigan). scheduled for sale in 1975 has been 1945 the first lamprey was caught in Lake halted. The chemical has been used prin- and are Superior and by the following year it was As trout, whitefish, walleyes strug- cipally against corn pests. known to occur in all parts of all the Great gling for a comeback against the lamprey, that underutilized Lakes, researchers have found The aldrin ban is the first such action such as suckers, burbot, and alewives fish, against a pesticide upon an "imminent haz- The The lamprey feeds on host fishes by attach- can be made acceptable for consumers. ard" determination and without complete three are not because ing to them by means of an oral sucking latter species popular hearings of petitions to permanently ban a or taste. Suck- disc; within the disc are sharp teeth. Saliva they often have muddy fishy the chemical, "To await the twenty to thirty burbot are also considered dissolves the tissues, which are then ab- ers and "ugly," years of exposure to dieldrin necessary to too bones to sobred by the lamprey Even if a victimized and suckers simply have many determine the ultimate effect is only to wait the fish survives the attack, it remains perma- suit average palate. until the damage to an entire generation of nently scarred and unfit for market humans is complete," remarked Train. "We But food scientists at the of Wis- University reject the 'body count' approach to protec- these In 1946, after Lake Huron's lake trout pop- consin have discovered that unpopular tion against cancer or other long-term ulation had been severely reduced by the species are rated as "very acceptable" by threats to public health," or parasite, the IVIichigan Conservation Com- consumers when canned, smoked, pick- mission ordered a thorough investigation. led, or when processed into frozen fillets or . continue into . . but asbestos dumpings TFI\/I, a chemical that selectively kills lamprey fish sticks. Lake Superior larvae was first tried in Lake Superior's trib- D, utary streams in 1958; within three years the Wisconsin researchers R. C. Lindsay, Meanwhile a known carcinogen—asbestos adult lamprey population in that lake was Stuiber, and V. L. Carlson found that smoked —continues to be dumped into Lake Su- reduced 80 percent. By that time lake trout and pickled suckers were rated as "quite ac- thus the water sup- re- perior, contaminating had virtually disappeared from Lakes Michi- ceptable." and suckers with the bones plies of some 200,000 area residents. The gan and Huron, and in Lake Superior had moved were popular when minced and pollutant is present in residues from the been reduced by 90 percent Whilefish, deep- smoked or as fish sticks. Burbot was accept- processing of taconite —a low-grade iron water ciscoes, and walleyes were also se- able as frozen fillets, fish sticks, and poached ore that is being processed at Silver Bay, verely affected by the lamprey, (In more re- chunks. Smoked alewives are comparable Minnesota, on Lake Superior's north shore. cent years, the overabundance of alewives is to sardines, the researchers found. Reserve Mining Company is owner of the largely attributable to the drop in populations is of asbes- The availability of these species, however, plant. The effects of oral ingestion of lake trout and other species that prey on seasonal. Burbot and suckers can generally tos fibers has not been demonstrated, al- alewives.) fibers the be harvested only during spring spawning. though it is known that the have walls of the Although lamprey control and heavy plant- Burbot are common only locally, as in the ability'to pass through the gas- ings of hatchery-reared stock have restored Green Bay area, Alewives, which are abun- trointestinal tract.

Oclober 1974 Publication cost of this section on Our Environment has been underwritten, in part, by the Ray A. Kroc Environmental Ed- ucation Fund.

Leit. coyotes have lillle fear in allacking the seemingly invulnerable porcupine, one ol their chief prey Ouills are commonly found in the stomach lining ol coyotes, but infection seldom occurs.

Museum of Natural History. Parasitic damage to the whales' inner ears. Mead reports, interferes with their echolocation systems; they may thus wander onto beaches or into shallow tidal basins where they are trapped when the tide goes out.

Masses of roundworm parasites (Nasitrema and Stenurus species) were found by Mead

in the sinuses and ear cavities of sixty pilot whales that had beached themselves on the Carolina coast Mead suggests that the para- sites infest fish and squid that are eaten by the whales. The worms then cluster in the inner ears of the new host.

Wolf Transplant Project Threatened Persecuted Coyotes Noise as Shark Repellent Continue to Thrive The wolf "transplant" to the woods of Michi- Sharks can be repelled by certain low- gan's Upper Peninsula, reported in the July/ Although the coyote has been "persecuted pitched sounds, reports a University of Mi- August Bulletin (p. 15), has suffered two seri- in ous setbacks The two male wolves, more than any other animal the United ami marine biologist. A. A. Myrberg, Jr , of recently. States." according to a wildlife biologist, the University's Rosenstiel School of Ma- of the four animals transferred to Michigan "they are now probably more widespread rine and Atmospheric Science, has found from Mmnesota last winter, are both dead. " than at settlement time Bob Chesness, area that sounds similar to a cow's "moo" will The first male was struck and killed by an game manager for the Minnesota Department repel sharks; but, he adds, the sounds can automobile, the second was shot. The body of Natural Resources, describes the coyote also attract them. of the latter was discovered near Sagola, in as "the most adaptable predator in the na- Iron County, where it was presumably taken tion." At a distance of 15 miles offshore, research- after being killed, A $1,000 reward for infor- ers played tape recordings of various low- mation leading to conviction of the wolf's In f\yiinnesota. the coyote's range is reversed freqency sounds for the silky shark, which killer has been offered by Dr, Harry Frank, from that in the early 1900s, While their num- is abundant off the Florida coast. Certain of Flint, Mich, bers decreased in southern Minnesota prai- sound combinations repelled the sharks, ries, they expanded into the northern woods while other combinations attracted them. The Meanwhile. William Robinson, coordinator of after fires and logging operations opened up reasons for these reactions are still un- the wolf transplant project, is awaiting ship- At last new areas for them. known, says Myrberg, and he adds that it ment of another male from Minnesota. may be years before sound can be used as report the two females that were flown to In recent years between 750 and 1.000 coy- a reliable shark repellent. The whir of heli- Michigan in March were still roaming the for- otes are trapped annually in Minnesota, Un- copter blades, he noted, might serve as a est, but in separate areas. til 1965 an average of some 1 ,400 were taken shark attractant and thus complicate rescue annually. In that year a coyote bounty was operations at sea. discontinued. Chesness's studies refute Erratum claims that coyotes have an effect on overall deer mortality Although 48 percent of the "The Timber Wolf on Trial," which appeared 925 Whale "Suicides" coyote stomachs examined by Chesness in the July/August Bullelin, contained (p. 13) contained evidence of Due to Parasites? deer, most of the the statement ". . data collected as recently flesh had been carrion. consumed as The — as June. 1973, by Mech and Frenzel . . . other animals most commonly eaten by coy- The mass "suicide" of whales by stranding shows an estimate of 9.9 to 10.9 wolves per otes were mice, porcupine, livestock, and themselves in shallow coastal waters—has square mile." This should have been trans- " hare. Less than 5 of the A percent coyote long puzzled zoologists. plausible explana- posed to read . one wolf per 9 9 to 10.9 tion for the stomachs contained sheep or poultry, re- phenomenon has now been put square miles." Our thanks to Museum Mem- forward ported Chesness by James G. Mead of the National ber F, B, Hubachek for pointing this out. —Ed.

Field Museum Bulletin "In beauty it is begun."

Horses cated representation of a hawk by a fifteen-year-old Seneca boy.

They were the fastest animal the "In It Is That roamed on the prairies The title of show, Beauty from traditional They roamed as free as the Begun," is taken Navajo the Na- Wind in numbers like flowers poems and prayers and evokes belief in the need for man to live All over the prairies with colorful vajo in balance and har- Coat and shiny hair blowing the correct way, with Nature. It also the High on the hills, but where mony suggests freshness and of the Have all the prairies with horses gone? particular clarity young Native Americans' expressions which form this collection. —This poem by thirteen-year-old Jo- seph Romero, a Navajo boy from Taos, Mexico, is a collection of New among The traveling exhibit was organized by other art works poems, paintings, and Native North American Artists in coop- children that will by Native American eration with the Metropolitan Museum be on view at Field Museum beginning of Art, is being circulated by the Smith- entitled "In October 1. The exhibit, sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition

It is the of its Beauty Is Begun," largest Service, and has been funded by Xerox kind ever Media include produced. Corporation, Native North American of Above "White Cloud Kachina." by Dominic drawings, paintings, prints, examples Artists was formed in 1970 to promote New Mexico: left: and the Arquero. age 15, Cochiti, beadwork, poetry. Among American Indian art, and its primary Dancer." Lambert Pino, age 15. Laguna. Eagle by " are Iroquois, Cher- Na- New Mexico: below right: 'Beadwork Rosette. by groups represented activity has been to bring together Mic-Mac, Wanda Bekis. age 13. Navajo. Colorado. Page 17. okee, Ojibwa, Winnebago, tive American artists and their works lop left: "Flowers." by Shelly. Eskimo. Alaska Navaho, Pueblo, and left: Arapaho, Hopi, for exhibitions and workshops. {Alaska State Museum Collection ), Lower Eskimo. The works range from a de- "Girl." by Roger. Eskimo. Alaska {Alaska State Museum Collection ), lower right "The Bird." by self portrait, "Me," lightful stick-drawing Joseph P Romero, age 14. Taos. New Mexico: " to "In It Is is on view in by a five-year-old Seminole girl Beauty Begun" top right Bird of Prey. by Don Conklin. age 15. 1 December 1. Seneca. New York "Bird of Prey," a remarkably sophisti- Hall 9, October through

October 1974 !>?/

Field Museum Bulletin 17 field briefs

The Case of the Screaming Mummy

Gerda Frank's article on "Pharaoh" Hatshep- sut, which appeared in the September, 1974, Bulletin, brought to mind the following inci- dent related by Henry Field, a Field Museum curator in physical anthropology from 1926 to 1941:

"Those who work in museums have strange experiences. One wintry night the guard making the rounds was startled by a blood curdling scream in the Egyptian Hall in the basement. He switched on the lights in the hall and blew his whistle for help. The guards came rushing downstairs No one was in the hall,

"They walked about flashing their lights into Stanle'^ Field the sarcophagi. In one deep case, about 125 feet long, a line of mummies is chronolog- Born in England, Stanley Field came to ically arranged. A single door gives access. Chicago in 1893 to work at Marshall Field &

it this uncle founder It is always locked; was locked on Company, of which his was and night. To prevent moths or other pests from president Although he remained associated destroying the mummies, this case is air- with the company for the rest of his life, Field vice of the store in 1918 tight and always kept poisoned. resigned as president to allow himself more time for the Museum. "One of the guards peered into this case. He Having been made a Museum trustee in 1906, shouted, "Look here, this mummy is off its he was elected president two years later. It base." One of the naked withered bodies had was during his tenure that the Museum, a

fallen from its base and was lying face down small and relatively unknown institution when its to and on the linoleum inside the poisoned case. I he began guidance, grew maturity worldwide distinction. His to studied it carefully the next morning. The monetary gifts base extended at leas't four inches on each the Museum exceeded $2 million, but he gave of in even measure. side of the dried skin and bones. No living himself greater person could have entered the poisoned Field assumed for case. No vibration in the building could have The largest responsibility the Museum was the construction of the knocked it off the base without rending the which was to the walls, for the museum floats on an island of present building, opened in 1921. When his uncle's concrete, there being no hardpan on the public original of $4 million to be far short of filled-in land along the lake front. bequest proved the amount required, Stanley Field personally "There is still no explanation of the scream assumed the responsibility of securing the or of the fallen mummy It is just one more additional funds required. Later, when he saw example of things we cannot explain." an outstanding need at the Museum for which funds were not available, he often authorized — The Track ol Man, by Henry Field, Double- the expenditure and paid the cost out of his ® day & Co., 1953, p. 233. own "pocket,"

Today, more than half a century later, the Stanley Field (1875-1964) Museum is again faced with the need for enlarged, improved facilities: and it is toward October 28 will mark the tenth anniversary of this end that the Museum's $25 million Capital the death of Stanley Field (1875-1964). who Campaign is directed. So it is a good time to served as president of Field Museum for more reflect on how one man gave of himself than 56 years. As its chief administrator toward the Museum's betterment. Stanley during that extraordinary length of time, he is Field's gifts to the Museum, as well as his Mummy ol Harwa, overseen ol the storehouses ol a the wisdom and influence, will be felt asi wealthy estate: 22nd dynasty (9th-8th century. recognized as most important single guiding 31839. in as the institution endures. B C ). Cat No individual the institution's development. long

October 1974 Museum Members Urged to Help Bring Capital Campaign to Successful End — The Museum's $25 Million Capital Campaign campaign At several note-writing sessions at the homes of Mrs. Is "heading home" — In more ways than one. at the Museum and Thomas E Donnelley II and Mrs. William A Brown Jr. — they have penned personal notes friends the Museum's It was announced recently that the Museum to their on Membership has raised $11,3 million of Its $12.5 million roster, urging them to help In bringing the share (to be matched with $12.5 million from campaign to a successful conclusion. the Chicago Park District, through Its bonding Thus, with $1.2 million to be authority). yet Women's Board members who wrote notes to raised by the Museum before the year's end, Museum Members are: Mrs. Bowen Blair, the three-year drive is In the home stretch. Mrs, William J. Bowe, Mrs. Arthur S. "Bowes, Mrs William A. Brown, Jr., Mrs. Robert Wells Of the funds already obtained, almost half has Carton, Mrs. Herschel H. Cudd, Mrs. Elliott Mrs. been raised by members of the Corporate and Donnelley, Mrs. Thomas E. Donnelley II, Foundation Division of the campaign, headed R Winfield Ellis, Mrs. Gaylord A. Freeman, Harold F. by Museum President Blame J. Yarrington, Mrs Robert C Gunness, Mrs, and the balance by members of the Grumhaus, Mrs. Burton W. Hales, Mrs. Individuals Division, co-chaired by Marshall Corwith Hamill, Mrs. Chapin LItten, Mrs. Field and William Mitchell. Frank D. Mayer, Mrs. Henry W. Meers, Mrs. expanding the Museum's research and John T. Moss. services, which Improvements to the building will make possible," said Galitzine. "I |ust But that last million dollars Is the hardest. wish I could personally talk to each Member to the Is Its Also: Mrs, Charles F. Nadler, Mrs. Patrick L. Thus, Capital Campaign directing tell him of the importance of his contribution — to the and Its Mrs. Charles S. Potter, Mrs, efforts Inward home Museum O'Malley, to this effort." Members. The effort to contact Members and Howard C. Reeder, Mrs, Frederick Roe, Dr, explain the Museum's needs has been Muriel S Savage, Mrs, Leo H, Schoenhofen, Arthur Mrs. William L. Intensified. During the past month, the Jr , Mrs, W. Schultz, campaign's general chairman, Nicholas Gal- Searle, Mrs. John R, Siragusa, Mrs. Edward Itzlne, has brought the Capital Campaign Byron Smith, Mrs. Hermon Dunlap Smith, needs to the attention of all Museum Mrs. Gardner H. Stern, Mrs. Joseph L. Members. Each Member has received a Strauss, Jr., Mrs. Edward F, Swift, and Mrs. proposal and a request for his personal Henry P Wheeler. Among Women's Board members wtio wrote support. personal notes were [from left] Mrs. Leo H. "We are hoping to convey to every Museum Schoent)olen, Jr.. I\^rs Robert C Gunness. Mrs. the Harold F Grumtiaus, and Mrs Wallace D Members of the Women's Board, too, are Member that all gifts, from the smallest to and Mackenzie participating in this final stage of the largest, are Important for continuing

Field Museum Bulletin OCTOBER a, Held M useum

EXHIBITS

Opens October 1 than In Beauty It Is Begun, a display of more 150 drawings, paint- ings, beadwork, and poetry by Native American children, (See p. 16.) Through Dec 1 Hall 9

Continuing

Contemporary African Arts Festival, the first comprehensive pro- gram of Its kind in the United States, features the work of artists, as including painters, printmakers. sculptors, and fabric designers, well as films, and a shop Through Nov 3, Hall 27,

Films in Studio in exhibit area

Daily New Images, Abuja Pottery. East African Wood Carver, and Talking Drums The Hadza and Bitter Melons The Tuareg. Nawi. and Masai Warrior The Dry Season and African Village: Guinea Malawi: Two Young Men and Women Up in Arms Ancient Africans and In Search of Myseff The Creative Person: Leopold Sedar Senghor and The Swamp Dwellers Gelede. Africa Dances, and Heartbeat of Africa New Images. Abuja Pottery, East African Wood Carver, and Talking Drums

film, Emitai 4. 7:30 p m . Ousmane Sembene's November 1974 Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin Field Museum CONTENTS of Natural History COYOTE Bulletin by Cleveland Amory

Volume 45, Number 10 November 1974 OUR ENVIRONMENT 8

Managing Editor G. Henry Ottery THE GREAT GATOR TRANSPLANT by David M. Walsten 10 Editor David M. Walsten

Staff Writer Madge Jacobs ARMS AND ARMOR OF THE GILBERT ISLANDS Production Oscar Anderson 12 By Christopher Legge

FIELD BRIEFS 16

A GIFT FOR ALL SEASONS 17

'PHOTOGRAMS" 18

CAPITAL CAMPAIGN 19

NOVEMBER AT FIELD MUSEUM back cover Calendar of Coming Events

COVER

Field Museum of Natural History Flowers of Bomarea in a pendant umbel. These climbing plants, Director E. Leiand Webber \Nh\ch are members of the amaryllis family, commonly occur in the cool cloud forests of mountainous regions in Central and South America, They usually grow at forest edges in low shrubbery and in second growth. Photo by William Burger, associate curator of botany and president of the Nature Camera Board of Trustees Club of Chicago, On November 1 and 2 Dr. Burger will deliver an illustrated lecture on the endangered cloud forests of Costa Rica, Blaine J. Edward Byron Smith Yarringlon. as part of the Ayer Illustrated Lecture Series. For details, see President Mrs. Hermon Dunlap "November at Field Ivluseum," back cover. Gordon Bent • Smith Harry O. Bercher John W. Sullivan Bowen Blair William G, Swartchild, Jr Art and credits Stanton R. Cook E. Leiand Webber photo William R. Dickinson, Jr. Julian B. Wilkins Cover. William Burger; p 3, UPI Compixi 4, 5. Warren Garst/Tom Stack Thomas E Donnelley II & Associates, 6, UPI Compix. 9. drawing by Marion Pahl, 10. UPI Mrs. Thomas E. Donnelley I Life Trustees Compix; 12 (rt.), D Walsten. 17, drawing by Gene Olson Marshall Field Nicholas Galitzine William McCormick Blair Paul W. Goodrich Joseph N. Field Remick McDowell Clifford C. Gregg Field Museum ol Natural History Bulletin is published monthly, J. Melvoin Samuel Insull, Jr. Hugo combined July/August issue, by Field Museum of Natural V. except J. Roscoe Miller William Kahler History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605. William H. Mitchell Hughslon M. McBain Subscriptions: $6 a year; $3 a year for schools. Members of the Charles F. Jr. James L. Palmer Murphy, Museum subscribe through Museum membership. Opinions M. Oliver, Jr. John G. Searle Harry expressed by authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect the John T. Pirie, Jr. John M. Simpson policy of Field Museum. Unsolicited manuscripts are welcome. John S. Runnells Louis Ware Postmaster: Please send form 3579 to Field Museum of Natural William L. Searle J. Howard Wood History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, ISSN: 0015-0703. Second class postage paid at Chicago, III. CChOTE! by Cleveland Amory

My favorite animal? I'll take the coyote. Pronounce him "ki-oat" or "ki-o-tee,"

either is correct, and he won't care. But mark him well, and do not allow the mystery and marvel of him to be lost in familiarity.

All right, he is familiar. He has been located in virtually every state in the Union and he even appears regularly, usually along with the Late Late Show, in Los Angeles' backyard.

He is famous the world over as perhaps the most "American" of all wild animals — indeed, he sometimes seems the very symbol of the American West — but, like so many other animals nowadays, he needs your help and he

needs it now.

Highly photogenic, with an eerie, never-to-be-forgotten howl —one with which he sings to the sun, to the moon and in heartbreaking relays to his own

kind — he is the little brother of the wolf,

yet a close cousin of the dog. If, on the one hand, he is incredibly quick, sharp-witted, cunning and resourceful — no other animal has all

three senses, sight, smell and hearing as keen as his —on the other, he is loyal,

playful, humorous and even philosophical, v

— from MAN KIND? Our Incredible War on Wildlife Copyright ® 1974 by Cleveland Amory: Harper & Row, publishers.

Cleveland Amory is chief critic for TV Guide and "Curmudgeon at Large" for Saturday Review/World He is the author of The Proper Bostonians, The Last Resorts, and VJtio Killed Society'' In 1967 he founded The Fund For Animals, an anticruelty society, of which he is the president.

Field Museum Bulletin carcass on his barn, literally covering its entire front.

In the old days, the coyote was hunted for his pelt. Then, when pelts dropped in price, he was hunted because he was supposed to be a cattle killer. Then, when

it was proven he wasn't a cattle killer — he lives almost exclusively on mice, moles, rabbits, insects and snakes, and even eats fruit for dessert — he was hunted because he was

supposed to be a sheep killer. Finally, when it was proven he wasn't a sheep killer, he was hunted because he was a lamb killer. And when even that was found to be enormously exaggerated, he was hunted because he was supposed to

kill what man wanted to hunt. Not hunt to eat, of course, but for "sport" hunting. The coyote is classed, simply, as a "varmint." — As such, there is no season on him for on him it is always open season. Virtually alone among all animals too, for him there are literally no rules of even basic decency, let alone fair play. He is hunted by land, he is hunted by air and, if he ventured on the sea, he would undoubtedly be hunted here. Again, virtually alone among animals, he has learned that the air can be dangerous, and when he even hears a plane, let alone sees he takes cover and, like Basically monogamous, coyotes mate, if coyote is, after all, far too smart to be, by one, — a trained not for life, for long periods. And, if two human standards, "brave" the fact guerrilla fighter, camouflages

if himself. unmated males are figfiting for the same remains that he is, not the most unmated female, after it is all over sfie is of all animals, the intelligent certainly The coyote is regularly jack-hunted, by likely to choose, not the one who won, cleverest. He would have to be light, by night —something forbidden by but the one who lost. law for most animals. Not, however, in the case of the coyote. "Most hunters," When the pups come, they are taught to Man has made his very name suspect. says one hunting magazine about the hunt, at the age of two months, not by the The second definition for the word "sport," "clamp a powerful light directly mother but by the father. And discipline is "coyote" in the new American Heritage to their guns and keep it on at all times." '

. hunt the severe. It is not unusual, for instance, to Dictionary is, . , "contemptible sneak. In. the winter, snowmobiles see a father coyote returning to his den For two hundred years, the coyote has coyote down, with the hunters signaling In the and his pups rushing out to meet him, faced a steadily increasing campaign to to each other by walkie-talkies. run him but, no matter how far away the father is, eradicate him from the face of the earth. summer trained hunting dogs at a certain invisible line — obviously the Many animals have faced such down in relays. Often, indeed, the coyote greatest distance they are permitted to campaigns, but against no other animal is chased by dogs riding in — to go from the den — the pups will stop save possibly the coyote's big brother, automobiles then, when he begins short. the wolf, has the campaign reached such tire, the automobiles stop and the dogs heights of insane cruelty and brutality. are released. "Next to God," goes the Mexican saying, Some time ago, for example, in Liberty, that the will eat "the coyote is the smartest person on Kansas, one T.G. Castleberry caught 553 It has been said coyote ' — eat him first. As we earth. Even if this is exaggerated— the coyotes in 59 days then draped every anything that doesn't

November 1974 have seen, this is not true. But courage pups. A coyote in Colorado existed for the coyote gasses himself to death. Or he has, and far more than that with which more than a year missing two feet — the perhaps just blinds himself. he has been credited. Curiosity is his left front and right hind. In New Mexico a Achilles heel, wariness his secret coyote got along, somehow, with both This Coyote-Getter is, by coyote-getting— weapon. Stones of coyotes outwitting feet missing from his right side, and still standards, actually humane at least

in . . hunters are legion. Coyotes will work managed to raise a family. . compared to the more general way of teams, alternately resting and running to killing coyotes. That is, plainly and escape dogs set upon them. They have I have on my desk something called a simply, by poisoning them. Texas alone, even been known to jump on automobiles "Humane Coyote-Getter," which is for example, put out in one recent year and flat cars to escape dogs. And they advertised as the "Marvel of the 20th 300,000 strychnine tables — tablets which have also successfully resisted bombing. Century," Humane? It is literally a trap are slipped into an inch square of sheep Lewis Nordyke reports that, once when a gun. A bait is soaked in urine and suet. The—death from strychnine is slow favorite coyote haunt in Texas became a covered with a jacket, then placed over a and cruel and the people who put it practice range for bombing, the coyotes bullet cartridge, the whole being set in down admit that at least 70 percent of the — "other left temporarily. Soon they were back the ground. When the coyote baits are picked— up by to investigate, and finding that the investigates, the bullet is set off by a animals" but it goes on. bombing at least kept people out, spring and shoots the coyote in the mouth decided to stay, meanwhile learning the with sodium cyanide. This in turn, on Even strychnine, horrible as it is, is as bombing schedule and avoiding the contact with the coyote's mouth, or eyes, nothing compared to the dread bombs as well as possible. or wherever it hits him, releases gas, and Compound 1080, or sodium

Some coyotes have gotten along with their lower jaws shot off. Joe Van Wormer reports that an agent in Idaho captured a coyote whose mouth had been cruelly wired shut. It was able to

open it only half an inch, but nonetheless had been able to survive. A coyote in Montana also had her jaw wired shut — she was used by a hunter to "train" his dogs. And a female coyote killed in Tule Lake in northern California was found to have four healthy pups in her den. She had managed to fend for them although she herself had been shot in both eyes with a shotgun and was totally blind ....

When the coyote is not hunted, he is trapped. For the coyote, there are especially horrible traps — to match his ingenuity. So-called "passion" bait is soaked in a piece of wool and put under a pan. When the coyote investigates, the slightest pressure releases the deadly steel leghold.

Once the coyote is caught, he will often gnaw off his leg rather than remain in the trap. Literally thousands of coyotes have existed for life on three legs. But there are thousands more, too, amazingly, two-legged coyotes. One female coyote in Michigan had only stubs for front legs —she ran like a kangaroo—and yet, when killed, was bearing five unborn

Field Museum Bulletin The advent of the airplane proved a real boon to the coyote /(///ers The hunter above displays 132 coyotes and foxes, killed with a shotgun as they ran ahead ol his plane In their helicopter, the hunters at left fly over fleeing coyotes and dangle a rope. Instinctively, the coyotes bite the rope, then continue to hang on as they are lifted from the ground. At about 100 feet they are dropped to their death.

November 1974 monofluoroacetate. This is a poison so then turn him loose for his dogs to tear to man who has, literally, written the book. I lethal that there is no known antidote. It is pieces. Stories of skinning coyotes alive would like your permission to place into in chain reacting — thus, when a meadow are common ; coyotes have also been testimony and put the record his entire not mouse eats it and is in turn eaten by a scalped alive. In Washington State book." larger animal who is in turn eaten by a long ago a case was reported to coyote who is in turn eaten by a mountain Raymond Davis in the Defenders of My request was granted It was a book lion — well, 1080 will have poisoned them Wildlife office of some men who had entitled Slaughter the Animals. Poison all. trapped a coyote and then burned it alive. the Earth, and it was written by a man In the same state, Les Boyd, a Whitman named Jack Olsen, well-known author Perhaps the most horrible thing about County farmer, finding a dead coyote and senior editor of Sports lllustrated- Compound 1 080 is that it is administered nailed to a fence post, posted a sign to Mr. Olsen is a rugged six-foot-twoer who at that lived a in in small doses.— Not because it is the same fence. "Attention," he wrote, time on mountain top it it is from whence he could expensive unfortunately is not ; "This semi-tame coyote, who was Colorado, — survey cheap. But It is administered in small eradicating mice from the fields, is the vast stretches of land land on which, as doses so that the coyote will get as far victim of a thoughtless act by his book described in an utterly away from the bait as possible before he man —which is supposedly a reasoning unforgettable way, the United States dies, and thus not be able to warn, by his animal." Government was engaged in a poison body lying there, other possible victims. program of such dimensions that even to Coyotes have been known to travel as far Farmer Boyd was not joking. Research read about it and not do anything to help as twenty miles to die — in incredible by wildlife management student Peter stop it seemed a criminal offense. I finally corralled Mr. . Olsen and agony. . Black at the University of Idaho indicated by telephone clearly that mice, not sheep, was the asked him to come first to New York and The coyote has had its defenders. coyote's favorite food. Black's coyote then to Washington. "Listen, bud," he Montana State Senator Arnold Rieder autopsies turned up as many as told me, "there's only one way I'll come early came to the aid of what he called twenty-seven mice in one coyote, and his to New York, and that's handcuffed to a

"this gallant little animal." "We findings revealed that of the stomach Federal marshal. Since I discovered wonder," he asked, "if this creature of contents of coyotes examined mice fresh air, I don't even like talking to New the It's . York on nature was not meant to have a fairer life. constitute 90 percent. . . telephone. By a twenty-five-to-one ratio, the contaminating. coyote's deeds have been beneficial to Senator Gil "When live at nine thousand feet, man." So did Oklahoma's On December 15, 1971 , under the you Graham, who spent a lifetime among chairmanship of Senator Gale McGee of you don't get many animals," Mr. Olsen Indians and animals. "I consider the Wyoming, a hearing was held on the told me. "But some nights we get as coyote," he said, "the most unjustly subject of this poisoning. I was merely many as eleven coyotes that come accused of all animals." Paul fvlaxwell, one of a dozen or more witnesses against around. I put out Purina dog chow for

them and turn out for it. another coyote friend, not only aided It, but, testifying for both The Fund for they really orphaned and wounded coyote pups in Animals and the Defenders of Wildlife, as Racoons come too. They love Purina. his own house but also quoted his friend well as for the World Federation for the People should know that if they live in

I wild even where there aren't Jimmy Siebert. "I ranched sheep for fifty Protection of Animals, achieved at least places,

" if out years," Siebert told him, "and I never one distinction. "Gentlemen, I began, many animals, they'd put maybe " five had a single sheep killed by a coyote "on the question before us . . ." Senator bucks worth of food a month, they'd Then too there was Texas rancher Arthur McGee stopped me. "I think," he said, get plenty of animals. And, particularly

for the it would them in Lytton, who for forty years ran a "you could be accused of undue coyotes, — help twenty-thousand-acre spread. "I would influence on the chairman of this their tough periods those starving never," he said, "allow a predator to be committee." At this the sheepmen in the times. killed on my land. They are necessary for rows behind stirred comfortably. They "There's one about the balance of nature. Kill them and were certain that I would be brought up thing coyotes, — so smart. If to you're in for nothing but trouble from short. I did not know what was coming. though. They're you try get

it click the rabbits and rodents and everything." "Last night," continued Senator McGee, out to see them, even you re even "my daughter attempted to shake me front door, t hey gone Once they

went when I clicked camera from But the vast majority of the sheepmen down for fifty cents for a button for your my \he house." Mr. Olsen He turned deaf ears to such voices. Their organization. Furthermore, I paid."' inside paused. fury against the coyote knew neither was obviously thinking about his coyotes.

bounds nor even sanity. Frank Dobie told At this the sheepmen became very quiet" "Yes," he said slowly, "smart. I guess that"s the story of a sheepman who liked to saw again. I thanked him and continued. "On why they"re surviving."

the lower jaw of a trapped coyote and this question,'" I proceeded, "there is a (continued on p. 15)

Field Museum Bulletin our environment

Third of Four Wolf Transplants shot for ducks was again nearly identical Too The sluggish manatee is a night browser of few were included in the to not it Is Killed in Upper Michigan geese samples aquatic plants Although yet proven, show significant differences between lead and believed that manatees must return to fresh steel shot. The results, however, suggest that water to drink Except for the relationship The attempt to restock Michigan's Upper lead was more effective as 124 geese were between mother and offspring, manatees do Peninsula with a self-sustaining wolf popula- dropped per 1 ,000 shots fired with steel and not have strong bonding instincts. Males tion Is close to failure. Of the two male and 163 geese per 1 ,000 shots of lead. travel in groups during the female's breeding two female wolves flown to Michigan from season, but following this season the groups northern Minnesota last winter, only one Public hearings on steel shotgun ammunition disperse and the mammals lead a solitary female survives. The first male was struck and will be held In St. Louis on November 4 in the existence. killed by an automobile. The second male was county library auditorium, and In Denver on presumably caught in a trap then shot. The November 6 in the Denver Post Office resemble manatees, but have a female was caught in a snagline trap intended auditorium Hearings are also to be held in Dugongs broadly notched tail. They are found only in for coyotes, then shot. The trapper stated that Washington, D.C. and in San Francisco. the and coastal waters of he had killed the wolf out of self-defense. tropical subtropical the Indian and Pacific Oceans, on the east Under federal regulations self-defense is the coast of Africa and along the northern coast of only legal justification for killing a wolf. The Manatees and Dugongs Faring Australia. Unlike the manatee, dugongs transplant project is funded by the Huron Poorly, Despite Protection travel in with as as Mountain Wildlife Foundation, the National occasionally groups many Manatees and and SIX members. In centuries past, they moved Audubon Society, and Northern Michigan dugongs, large odd-looking marine mammals of the Atlantic, Indian, and about in large herds of several hundred University Pacific Oceans and several major continental animals. are not as well as should in In Minnesota, an endangered species act rivers, faring they areas. accidental For decades, hunters manatees 1 many Poaching, netting pursued went into effect on August , following which and law hunts, and three wolves were taken in areas where wolf during large-scale fishing operations, during night using harpoons guns. enforcement difficulties all contribute to their Manatees were killed primarily for their meat, predation on livestock was allegedly a but also for their hides, which were used to problem The state endangered species act plight make crude shields and, in later years, allowed the taking of wolves only for the " Of the three of manatees, the Florida machine belts and water hoses. Currently, "prevention of injury to persons or property species manatee seems to be least manatees have legal protection worldwide, On September 6, however, the state law was population troubled A 1972-73 aerial of Florida's consequently, hunting has declined. superseded by the Federal Endangered survey coasts and rivers found the Species Act. population numbering between 800 and 1,300 — a figure Dugongs were hunted throughout their range that has remained stable for several years also. Their meat is similar to veal or pork and

" Steel Shotgun Ammo with some local increases. No figures on the "keeps tor a long time. Dugongs have also other are but oil similar to cod liver oil and leather Being Field-Tested species available, historically provided manatees were seen in tens of thousands of hide especially suitable for sandals. Today, Tens of thousands of ducks and geese die areas where they are rarely seen today. hunting pressures have been greatly reduced, each year from lead poisoning, caused by the in part due to the dugong's decline and also ingestion of spent shotgun pellets. The most The dugong, native to the coastal waters of because it is protected by law in most of its practical solution yet suggested for this the Indian and Pacific Oceans, seems faced currently inhabited areas. problem is the substitution of steel for lead in with near extinction. Although once abundant the composition of the shotgun pellets enough to support a large commercial dugong Both manatees and dugongs are plagued by fishery, its numbers have declined drastically boats, particularly those with large keels and This fall the new ammunition is being in recent years Stable populations exist only propellers which inflict mortal wounds to field-tested in twenty-four national wildlife near the coast of northern Australia The thousands each year. To date the only positive refuges located in each of the four migratory dugong has been completely extirpated in action taken to prevent such accidents is the waterfowl flyways (Atlantic, Mississippi, cen- separate coastal areas of western India and is regulation of boat speeds in Florida in a tral and Pacific). Smaller-scale tests were now rarely seen in the Red Sea and nearby manatee wintering area. A high death rate is held in some refuges in 1972 and 1973 gulfs. also attributed to accidental nettings which cause the air-breathing mammals to drown. In 1972 the number of birds bagged by each There are three subspecies of manatees— the The use of herbicides to control weeds in hunter using steel shot was very close to the African, Amazonian, and Florida All are congested waterways, as well as accidental number expected if lead had been used. subtropical, plant-eating mammals, whose industrial pollution, not only deplete the food Downed but unretrieved birds occurred with range includes the coastal waters and rivers supply but can be directly responsible for about the same frequency as expected for of Africa, North America,and South America. many of these marine mammal deaths. lead shot. There were indications that more Appearances vary, but In general manatees shots were fired for each bird bagged with are spindle-shaped, heavy-bodied creatures Although manatees and dugongs are pro- steel loads than would have been the case sometimes weighing nearly half a ton. They tected by law in some areas only regulated with lead. have blunt heads with prominent, whiskered hunting is allowed in others, poaching is still a noses and flippered forelimbs. Instead of hind major problem and their meat continues to In 1973 the effectiveness of lead and steel limbs they have a flat, rounded tail show up in foreign markets.

November 1974 Publication cost of tiiis section on Our Environment has been underwritten, in part, by thie Ray A. Kroc Environmental Ed ucation Fund. J The use of manatees tor weed control has Bad weather conditions, poorly set nets, ecological compatibility with the ocean been suggested as a possible solution for poorly trained operators, and old equipment environment plant-infested waters. The domestication of have been blamed for the high casualty rate. manatees for meat also has been suggested, Stone, Buchanan, and Steinle estimate that but reduced populations and a low reproduc- The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, nearly a billion old tires could be used to build artificial in off tive rale make this prospect unlikely. which imposed a moratorium on the killing, reefs waters the east coast of capture, and harassment of marine mam- the United States to attract fish. This is mals, granted a two-year exemption to predicated partly on the fact that more than California Pelicans commercial fishermen who catch porpoises 200 million tires are discarded each year in Staging Comeback "accidentally" during their fishing operations. this country, posing a waste disposal problem for most communities. Use of large numbers California's only colony of brown pelicans of scrap tires to build reefs appears to offer at {Pelecanus occidentalis). which appeared to Lake Erie Fish Catch least a partial or temporary solution to the while fisheries resouces. be in serious trouble as recently as 1970, is on the Increase problem benefiting apparently responding to efforts in its behalf. While of reef will The Wildlife Management Institute reports thai The commercial fish catch from Lake Erie was the economics construction the costs of reef 305 brown pelicans were hatched at the a rather impressive one in 1973, considering vary among localities, construction to colony in 1973, compared to 1 in 1970. The the lake has been variously described as appear compare favorably with fees at landfills colony's nesting sites are located on West "dead" or "dying." The total commercial fish disposal being charged for tires tire) Until more Anacapa Island, Santa Cruz Island, and other catch from the lake in that year was 48 million (0.25-$1.00 per efficient methods are for the nearby islands generally south and southeast pounds: 40 million pounds were netted by proven recovery of Santa Barbara. Canadian fishermen, about 8 3 million pounds of energy or materials for tires, artificial reef construction now to be a viable by Americans. The total catch compared to a appears method of tire It seems The nesting success is attributed to recent 1972 harvest of about 39 million pounds— an disposal. likely, that tires will in a few action by the National Park Service, closing increase of more than 20 percent. however, scrap years too valuable for chemical reclama- West Anacapa to public access during mating become tion or as fuel to be used in reef construction. season; diminished ocean pollution by DDT Yellow perch and smelt are the predominant may also be a factor. The insecticide affects species caught by Erie's north shore fisher- nesting success by reducing eggshell men— 35 million pounds, collectively, in thickness- 1973. The commercial catch of white bass, largely by US, commercial fishermen, was 2 4 million pounds That amount was double the catch of for this 200,000 Porpoises Killed any previous year species. The western section of Lake Erie, Annually by Tuna Fishermen including Sandusky Bay, supplied 6.1 million pounds (74 percent) of the total U.S. landings Regulations that will determine the fate of m 1973, reflecting the relatively high produc- more than 200,000 porpoises killed each year tivity of this small area of the lake by tuna fishermen are currently being considered by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS).

Be Kind to a Fish Since the 1960s, fishermen operating in Today: the eastern Pacific have caught yellowfin tuna Give Him an Old Tire " by fishing "on porpoise This technique was developed because the tuna swim with Old tires make good fish reefs, especially in a schools of porpoises, mainly the spotted salt water environment, report T.B. Stone, porpoise {Stenella grattmani) and the spinner C C. Buchanan, and F W Steinle, Jr , of the porpoise (S. longirostris). Fishermen in National Marine Fisheries Serivce. Scrap tires motorboats herd hundreds of porpoises into a are cheap, abundant, easily-handled, non-

tight, circling school, then set a purse-seine toxic, last more or less indefinitely in net on the school, trapping porpoises and tuna seawater, and provide excellent substrate for alike. As the net is drawn together, the rapid development of lush growths of porpoises panic, tangle in the net, and drown. attachment organisms. Auto tire reefs have

It is estimated that between 200,000 and also been shown experimentally to cause, by 400,000 porpoises died this way annually from the latter means, net increases in biological 1970 to 1972. production (carbon fixation) in sea water. Because of their relatively inert chemical Despite the use of nets with "safety panels" nature, and of their properties as suitable for the porpoise and a method for allowing substrate for attachment organisms that lead them to escape over the nets, approximately to rapid encrustment and early camouflage by 200,000 of the animals were killed in 1973. nature, scrap tires have a high degree of

Field Museum Bulletin The GteatGatorJansplant

The storied exploits of feet long, were captured by wildlife and vanished. Areas to be restocked include "Bring-Em-Back-Alive" Frank Buck conservation specialists of the National public and private lands in six Arkansas seem not nearly so spectacular wtien Audubon Society. They were then counties and twenty-three Mississippi compared to a recent gator-catching trucked to Mississippi and southern counties. spree on the Louisiana coast. On several Arkansas for subsequent release. The nights in mid-July, 500 thrashing purpose of the project was to restock In addition to Louisiana, Mississippi, and American alligators {Alligator areas where the natural population of this Arkansas, the American alligator occurs mississipiensis). ranging from two to ten endangered species had declined or today in eastern Texas, southeastern

November 1974 believed to survive. Curiously, the Violators Arrested in Illegal International Trade Commission places Shipment of Alligator Hides the American alligator in a more endangered category than the American One of the biggest arrests ever made in crocodile. the illegal shipment of American alligator hides occurred on September 17 at the Marsh Island Refuge, in Cameron Parish, Adams Tanning Corp., in Newark, N.J. and Rockefeller Refuge, in Iberia Parish, Six persons were arrested and more than were the sites of the capture operations, 500 hides seized by special agents of the directed Jr. US Fish and Wildlife Service. On by W. Carlyle Blakeney, , Audubon s southeastern regional August 18, a similar operation in New representative (Atlanta). In addition to Orleans resulted in criminal charges Audubon personnel, Louisiana, being filed against three men and the Arkansas, and Mississippi state wildlife seizure of about 260 alligator hides. agents also assisted in the project. The American alligator is protected by The alligators were caught from boats by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, means of pole snares and with bare which prohibits the interstate transporta- hands. Their snouts were then banded tion or sale of endangered animals. The with strong rubber bands and the animals Lacey Act also prohibits the interstate tagged, marked, and placed in moist transportation of illegally taken wildlife. burlap sacks to prevent dehydration Violation of the Endangered Species Act during the long trip north. carries a maximum penalty of one year in jail and a $20,000 fine for each violation.

About 200 of the captured alligators The hides seized in the Newark case had averaged 4V2 to 5V2 feet long. About 300 been transported to New Jersey from averaged about 3 feet in length. The sex New Orleans. The skins averaged five ratio was approximately 1:1. Despite the feet long and were estimated by the great care taken by the captors to government agents to be worth more safeguard the alligators, three of the 500 than $45,000.

animals died from injuries ; nevertheless, this was an extremely low mortality, The shipment seized in New Orleans was considering the hazards of the operation. valued at more than $15,000. Agents Equally remarkable was the absence of also seized a 40-foot refrigerated tractor- injuries among the men who caught the trailor which had been used to carry the

reptiles : one man suffered a slightly hides from North Carolina. The two bitten thumb. principles in the New Orleans case were

charged with a total of 1 8 counts each for Previous alligator transplant operations violations of the Endangered Species Act included a joint three-year program of the and the Lacey Act. Both men are liable U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the for a $300,000 fine and 18 years in Georgia Game and Fish Commission, n prison.

by David M. Walsten

Oklahoma, Alabama, Georgia, North and South Carolina, Florida, and possibly Virginia. A 1970 alligator census showed a population of about 50,000 alligators in six southeastern states. The alligator's close relative, the American crocodile {Crocodylus acutus) occurs just in Florida, where only about 300 are

Field Museum Bulletin \^

by Christopher Legge

As you turn a certain corner in Hall F of Field Museum's ground floor, you may suddenly find yourself eyeball-to-eyeball with a six-foot Micronesian warrior. He

grips a shark-tooth dagger that is long enough to skewer your liver, and his resolute gaze would frost the heart of the

most intrepid Ivluseum guard. ^j,^. But, rest assured, he stands immobile, forever imprisoned in a glass case.

As if further reassurance were needed, this stalwart warrior, dressed in the curious battle garments of the Gilbert Islands, is made of wax.

The Gilbert archipelago, consisting of sixteen coral atolls, straddles the equator Line in just west of the International Date

the Pacific. It has been aptly described by H.E. Maude, a Pacific historian, as "the very citadel-heart of the South Seas, the least known, least visited, and least exploited of all the major groups of the Pacific." Other observers have often described the natural beauty and tranquil appearance of these islands. One is therefore surprised to learn that in the Museum's Gilbertese ethnological collections, weapons and pieces of 1941 and two later they came armor greatly outnumber those used in years under control of Allied forces. peaceful pursuits. The first detailed observation of arms and armor was by The Gilbert archipelago is named after Gilbertese the Wilkes in 1841 , visited Thomas Gilbert, a British sea captain Charles who, as commander of an official who sailed through the group from islands States a Australia to Canton, China, in 1 788. Little "United Exploring Expedition"— attention was paid to them, however, trom the until World War II, when they suddenly Christopher Legge recently retired of collections, assumed a strategic importance. The position of custodian islands were seized by the Japanese in anthropology ^

12 November 1974 warrior has a number of of fibre or skin was often worn about four-year venture that took its members Gilbertese ray all remarkable features. The extension of the waist, over ; sometimes around the world : gauntlets the cuirass, which forms a protective were worn. The complete suit weighed The arms and legs of a large proportion shield for the back of the neck and head, from fifteen to twenty pounds and made of the natives exhibited numerous the wearer so that each scars, many of which were still is unique. Apparently, the main purpose unwieldly unhealed. These had been made with of this extension was to protect the armored man was attended in battle by

shark's-teeth swords. . weapons which wearer against misdirected chunks of an unarmored squire, who passed him are calculated rather to make severe coral thrown by the women who attempted weapons and otherwise aided him." gashes than dangerous wounds. The to the as stood behind spears are equally formidable, and four pelt enemy they rows of shark's teeth are inserted in their men. Although this explanation may Adjacent to the case containing the some are of the uncommon them: seem far-fetched, it is the one offered by coir-suited warrior is another which of twenty feet, but they are length the Gilbertese themselves. displays various types of Gilbertese usually about eight or ten feet long, and weaponry. It is not for the faint of heart. have prongs projecting from their sides cuirass The and are . feature of the also armed with teeth . In order to Another noteworthy swords, daggers, spears effect of guard against the destructive IS that it is decorated with human hair embellished with rows of gleaming had invented a kind of these arms, they woven into horizontal rows of black shark's teeth or with sharp-pointed snail armour, which was almost an effectual diamonds, which are, in fact, stylized shells designed to inflict the most defence against their weapons, and of wounds. In the midst of accounted at once for their arms and dolphins. gruesome is a rather legs being the only parts where scars these instruments of mayhem This consisted of a sort of — were seen. In place of the porcupine fish head fetching necklace fashioned of human cuirass, covering the body as far down covering described by Commander teeth. as the hips, and rising above the back Field Museum's warrior of the head three or four inches. This, Wilkes, displays a into the when taken off and set upon the deck, a skull cap of plaited coir twine vaguely The weapons are glimpse somewhat resembled a high-backed reminiscent of an early aviator's helmet. Gilbert Islands' past. Today the chair. It was made of cocoa- plaited Tufts of human hair are woven into the Gilbertese are peace-loving and nut-husk fibres, woven into as solid and top and in front of the ear guards. domestic. Among the arts which they compact a mass as if it had been made have retained is a of of board half an inch thick, and was as vigorous style

— it their stiff as a coat of mail. For the legs and According to Ralph Linton, formerly a dance as fulfilling, is hoped, as have also a of arms, they covering Field Museum ethnologist, "a broad belt martial arts of yesteryear. netted sennit of the same material,

which they put on. That for the legs left Gilbertese warriors stalking the enemy Tne spears and dagger are armed wiin shark's teeth The man at of such as resembles a pair overhauls, wears a helmet made from the skin of a porcupine fish (From Charles Wilkes. Narrative of the United States with over the sailmakers use, straps Exploring Expedition, 1845.) shoulders. The coverng for the arms is drawn on in like manner. The appear- ance of the body was as if it were clothed in pantaloons and jackets of a deep brown colour This they must find a very inconvenient covering for their hot climate. However singular the body-dress is, that of the head is still

more so: it consists of the skin of the procupine-fish, cut open at the head, and stretched sufficiently large to admit the head of a man It is perfectly round, with the tail sticking upwards, and the two fins acting as a covering and guard for the ears: its colour is perfectly while, and by its toughness and spines affords protection against the native weapons.

Robert Louis Stevenson, who spent

several months in 1 889 in the Gilbert

Islands, wrote : "In the last decade many

changes have crept in. . .and, fire-arms being introduced, the spear and the shark-tooth sword are sold for curiousities."

The costumery of Field Museum's

Field Museum Bulletin 13 This style of Gilbertese armor afforded marvelous protection tor the face and head, but greatly limited the warrior's vision.

(From Friedrich Ratzel. Volkerkunde, 1885-88 )

Natives ol the Caroline Islands, far to the west o/ (he Gilberts, wore b.jllle costume sliikmgly similar to that ot the Gilbertese (From Alphonse Bertillon. Les Races Sauvages. 1882.)

November 1974 no one in the would COYOTE (continued from p. 7) thousands of coyotes. None of it extermination, pound

worked , do the job. Today the coyote is still the . . . One remarkable defense of the mascot of the pound and regularly visits coyote occurred in —of all places — the In Nevada we put out more than one which killed schools and colleges for educational State of tvlaine. In 1973, State million poisoned baits, other animals too, and we clubbed purposes. Representative Roswell Dyar, a hardware hundreds of coyote pups. There was no and a bill hunting-goods storekeeper, put significant reduction. Still another answer, some believe, is to into the Maine Legislature asking for a meet the coyote literally halfway. Have $50 bounty on the coyote. It was, In California, we spent $8,000 to trap one covote. And we could spend $15 him, in other words, as he is, half pet and seemingly, the right state for it. In t\/1aine, million in the state of Maine and we still halt wild. One who believes this is Los so strong is the "hunting ethic" that even could not exterminate the coyote Gerald Coward, a man who, on were not Angeles' bounties on bears challenged population a lonely walk up a canyon a few years until out-of-state hunters began valuing friend of Our department is against bounties ago, managed toTnake a lasting the bears more as trophies than as game. now, all our previous experience tells a coyote. Coward, a photographer and The state has had a bounty on bobcats us they do not work. It is an archaic 1 at it his from that since 922 ; $1 5 per cat, had paid practice And with the growing forces writer, gave up job and day out more than $400,000 for dead in this coutry against the blood sports, on, for two and a half years, he walked up with the eco-awareness of the bobcats. What chance then for the '70s, his canyon. And every day, for two and a enacting a bounty would only accele- half years, his coyote faithfully met him. coyote? rate those forces and hurt the hunter All day they played, romped and explored— It soon appeared he had much chance. Something that would hurt the hunter! together, learning about each other and "Dyar and Company," wrote John Cole, Obviously the bill would have to be then, at the end of each day, they said editor of Maine Times, "had badly defeated. In the long run, some coyote goodbye. When the coyote mated, he underestimated both the number and the friends believe the only answer is to make even brought his companion to Coward at variety of the state's coyote defenders. a pet of him —and there has been signal the same rendezvous. It was a The new voices were from success in this the remarkable that existed until the coming regard, coyote's idyll — quarters that Dyar and his people had charm and loyalty overcoming all terrible Los Angeles fire when Mr. never anticipated. The formerly difficulties save one. This one, Coward saw his coyote no more. "The invincible, rural, agricultural, hunting, unfortunately, is the law itself. In Kansas coyote," he said, "is the greatest animal fishing, farming Maine citizen — the City, for example, when young Greg there is." n descendant of the settler, the clearer of Rhodus brought home a baby coyote the forest and the builder of barns and whose mother had been killed by a plow, bridges — this patriot was being contested the Rhodus family fed it from a bottle and in his own land. Incredibly a varmint was raised it with, among other things, Ownership and Circulation being defended : a four-legged outdoor poodles. The coyote never acted wild or demon had been recast as a sympathetic bit anyone and when partly crippled by Filing date: Sept. 6, 1974. Title: Field Museum of hero." Fighting for his bill on the floor of being hit by an automobile, even came Natural History Bulletin Frequency of publication: monlhly except combined July/August issue the Maine House, Dyar shouted, "These through that. The only thing that finally Ollice Roosevelt Rd. at Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, — I I anti and when anti, mean hurt it was a law the Rhodus did people say family III 60605 they are anti war, anti motherhood, anti not know existed. A conservation officer — Publisher: Field Iwluseum of Natural History Editor: work, and anti you-name-it they are all appeared, seized the coyote and shot it. David M Walsten Known bondholders, mortga- this The Rhodus learned, too late, that against legislation!" family gees, and other security holders: none Nonprofit wildlife can be kept legally as pets only if status has not changed during preceding 12 months But, as Cole makes clear, it was not the purchased from a licensed wildlife "anti" voices that proved most effective breeder and a "wildlife hobby license" is

in killing the bill. Rather it was an elderly, purchased from the state. Otherwise weatherbeaten gentleman named Frank anyone who rescues a wild animal has, at Gramlich, Maine State Supervisor— for the least according to the Missouri Division of Wildlife Services the very Conservation—Commission, three government agency which had for so long alternatives he can turn it loose, place been entrusted with the attempted official it in a zoo or destroy it. extermination of the coyote in the West. Mr. Gramlich's testimony was delivered Or, presumably, he can take it out and in quiet, clipped tones; hunt it and injure it again. In my case, the Kansas City Dog pound refused to abide such When a arrived at For fifty years, my service has shot, cruelty. coyote poisoned, trapped and clubbed tens of the pound and was slated for field briefs

Bennet Bronson, Asian Curator, finding the Srivijayan capital (it is a critically Geology at Harvard University, has been Returns from Sumatra important negative discovery) as he is at appointed assistant curator of invertebrates. finding his prehistoric cave. Harold Voris, She is originally from Baltimore and got her assistant curator of reptiles and amphibians, bachelor's degree at Bryn fulawr. Most Bennet Bronson. assistant curator of Asiatic IS equally pleased since Bronson also recently, Ms Jones taught at Tufts University. archaeology and ettinoiogy, has recently managed to locate several patches of virgin completed a three-month archeological pro- ram forest containing large numbers of Virginia T. Elmer, who was recently manager ject in Sumatra, a part of Indonesia which is lizards, snakes, and frogs. Voris will make of Kroch's and Brentano's at Oakbrook is the as famous among naturalists and ethno- collections in some of these places during his Museum's new Book Shop manager. Joseph graphers as it is unknown to archeologists. own Sumatran expedition scheduled to begin D Taylor has been named assistant to The purposes of the expedition were (1) to in December. building superintendent Norman Radtke. locate the capital of the great ancient sea-kingdom of Srivijaya, known from his- torical writings but never actually found, and (2) to obtain data on relationships between Recent Staff Appointments man and the rain forest environment during prehistoric times Bronson reports that the Galapagos Program excavations were highly successful with Among Field Ivluseum departments with new for Nature Camera Club respect to this second goal. The group under personnel are the Department of Zoology, the his direction discovered and excavated a Book Shop, and Building Operations. John J. splendid early cave site high in the jungle- Pizzimenti, who was awarded a Ph. D. in The November 12 program of the Nature covered mountains of central Sumatra, But in evolutionary biology this year from the Camera Club of Chicago, which meets at terms of the first goal, he describes the University of Kansas, has been named 7:30 p.m. in the Museum, will feature a project as "an utter, if fascinating, failure." assistant curator of mammals. He is a native special program by world traveler Lester While a whole series of previously undis- of New York City and received his under- Peterson. His "Wildlife of the Lava Islands of

" covered ancient cities was located, none of graduate degree from California State Univer- Galapagos is the result of three trips them were nearly old enough to be Srivijaya sity, Northridge, Cal. Peterson has made to the islands. He spends about six months every year photographing Bronson claims to be almost as pleased at not Carol C Jones, a doctoral candidate in wildlife around the world.

Native American Cfiildren's Art on View in Hall 9 tfirough December 2

16 November 1974 Announcing The Christmas Gift

For All Seasons!

A Membership in Field Museum

A Field Museum membership, wliether it Members also receive: be Annual ($1 5), Associate ($1 50), or Life ($500), is a partnership that becomes • A subscription to The Field Museum of • A 10 percent discount on Fieldiana even more valued and meaningful to the Natural History Bulletin— ^^ issues per year, publications. Field Museum's continuing a 1975 calendar with series of scientific Member as it is used. When you give a including appointment monographs. nature in color Field Museum membership you are spectacular photos to giving the recipient an opportunity • A portfolio of beautiful full-coJor prints of a of • Tickets to a Members' enjoy variety stimulating programs: gala Night Party birds, by the distinguished American artist out-of-state local field and tours, trips, featuring entertainment, refreshments, Louis Agassiz Fuertes. illustrated lecture series featuring re- visits to beind-the-scenes areas—w/here ex- nowned scientists, handicraft demonstra- hibits are created, scientific research con- ducted, and most of the Museum's 13 million • all tions, and numerous other educational, A to percent discount on purchases specimens are kept. made at the Museum's crafts and book cultural, and scientific programs. Per- shop. haps most important of all: Field Museum members have the satisfaction • Free admission to the Museum at any time of belonging to one of the truly great for the Member, family, and Member's • Invitations to special previews of new scientific institutions of the world. friends. exhibits.

Clip and mail this coupon or facsimile

to Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Rd. at Lk. SHore Dr., Chicago, III. 60605

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n Annual $15 D Associate $150 Life $500 n Annual $15 D Associate $150 D Life $500 D Checif enclosed payable to Field Museum Send bird prints to gift recipient: or Please bill D Send bird prints to gift recipient; or D me D Send bird prints to me D Send bird prints to me D Send gift card announcement in my name

Field Museum Bulletin 17 "Photograms" Courtesy of Workshop Participants

Among the children's workshops offered by Field tVluseum's Department of Education has been one which uses natural objects, such as those shown here, in an intro- duction to the basics of photography. The technique is remarkably simple. The ob- of ject is placed on a sheet photographic contact paper in the dark, a light is turned on, and the paper is then developed in regular photographic solutions. By means of this technique, the simplest object found on the lawn or in the garden can take on a magical new beauty. Normally photograms appear white on a black background; those reproduced here have been reversed.

November 1974 Your Participation in Capital Campaign Needed Now

The Capital— Campaign has drawn to within— $800,000 of its $12.5 million goal. The full amount through private subscription must be react^ed in order to qualify for an #'*'l/^^ additional $12.5 million from the Chicago Park District Bonding Authority. To achieve I/>« this, your help is needed now.

The response to a proposal recently sent to all Field Museum members was encouraging, but more contributions are necessary if the Capital Campaign goal is to be 2 reached by the end of 1974, now just several weeks away. If you have not yet made your contribution, please write your check or make your pledge now. Pledges may be paid over a three-year period. ^%^<^^ Projects that have already been completed • Scanning electron microscope laboratory under the Museum's $25 million rehabilit- ation program include the following: • Tuckpointmg

• Division of Invertebrates: new offices,

laboratories, library, and storage areas • Jade Hall

• f\/lalvina Hoffman sculpture displays • Department of Exhibition

• Interior freight elevator Construction in progress: For the immediate future:

• Lock security • Outside stair renovation Contract bidding for the major renovation of the ground floor is now in progress, with work • Eight new emergency exits • Hall 18, with new floor areas above scheduled to begin early in 1975. A new cafeteria, new administration offices, theater • Boiler room renovation • Group passenger elevator renovation, a new west entrance for school groups, and new education areas are included • Heating system conversion • Electrical renovation of entire building in the ground floor rehabilitation plans.

At left, workmen complete the steel framework tor the renovation of Hall 18 The hall's new ceiling provides the flooring for new working space on the well. The third floor ; formerly this space was a light new space is to be used for offices and laboratories in the Division of Insects, and lor maior storage areas and a lecture/class room for new educational programs.

Field Museum Bulletin NOVEMBER ai Held M useum

EXHIBITS CHILDREN'S PROGRAMS

Through November 3 Saturday, November 16

Contemporary African Arts Festival, the first comprehensive "Lizards, Snakes, Toads, and Salamanders," an all-day pro- is 12-18 at program of its kind in the United States, features the work of gram featuring live animals, offered youngsters ages of the Lincoln Park Zoo. artists, including painters, printmakers, sculptors, and fabric Field Museum with the cooperation designers, as well as a shop. Hall 27. Events include: 10:00 am, live anima! demonstration and film; 1:00 p.m., workshop, "The Evolution of Reptiles"; and 1:00 as Pets." Attendance Is Continuing: p.m., workshop, "Reptiles by preregis- tration only. For information phone Field Museum, 922-9410, In Beauty It Is Begun, a display of more than 150 drawings, Ext. 351. paintings, beadwork, and poetry created by Native American children. Through December 2, Hall 9. Through November 30

Field Museum's Anniversary Exhibit continues indefinitely. "A Fall Journey for Children, "Fossils in the Floor," a free, self- Sense of Wonder" offers thought-provoking prose and poetry guided tour, routes youngsters to Museum areas for a fascinating associated with the physical, biological, and cultural aspects of study of ancient animals. All boys and girls who can read and nature; "A Sense of History" presents a graphic portrayal of the write may participate in the program. Journey sheets in English Museum's past: and "A Sense of Discovery" shows examples of and Spanish available at entrances. research conducted by Museum scientists. Hall 3. MEETINGS

November 1, 7:30 p.m , Chicago Astronomical Society SPECIAL PROGRAMS November 8, 8:00 p.m. Chicago Anthropological Society Club November 10, 2:00 p.m , Chicago Shell November 12, 7:30 p.m. Nature Camera Club of Chicago Ayer Adult Illustrated Lecture Series, "Expeditions Unlimited November 13, 7:00 p.m. Chicago Ornithological Society 1974-75," at 7:30 p.m. Fridays and 2:30 p.m. Saturdays in Lec- November 13, 7:30 p.m Windy City Grotto, National ture Hall. Seating is limited to 225 persons. For reservations call Speleological Society Field Museum, 922-9410, Ext. 230. November 14, 7:00 p.m. Chicago Mountaineering Club November 26, 7:30 p.m. Nature Camera Club of Chicago November 1 and 2: Cloud Forests of Costa William "Endangered Rica," by Burger COMING IN DECEMBER

November 8 and 9: Ayer Adult Illustrated Lecture Series continues with "Expedi- "A Native American Looks at Anthropology," by John White tions Unlimited 1974-75" at 7:30 p.m. Fridays and 2:30 p.m. in Lecture Hall. is limited to 225 For November 15 and 16: Saturdays Seating persons. reservations call Field Museum, 922-9410, Ext. 230. "Lost Cities of Indonesia," by Bennet Bronson

December 6 and 7: November 22 and 23: "Grand Canyon Expedition," by Matthew H, Nitecki "To Inca Land and Beyond for Birds," by Emmet Blake

' Winter Journey for Children, "Cats, the Graceful Hunters begins December 1 Weaving Demonstration by members of the North Shore Weav- ers'Guild from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon on Mondays, Wednes- MUSEUM HOURS days, and Fridays. Spinning is also shown on the first and third Mondays of each month. South Lounge. Open 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday througti Thursday, 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Friday, and 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Saturday and Sunday. December 26, 27 and 30 The Museum Library is open 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. Please obtain pass at reception desk, main floor north. Guided tours of Museum exhibit areas leave from north infor- mation booth at 2:00 p.m. Museum telephone: 922-9410 • > • o • o • o Q m o o • o o o o • o rn' «> o« I )»o • :>*o[#jo»o <•>• ^ • o • o [V] o • o r«~J <•/" £T] <£^ 't- December t974 Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin ^

c^^^^f^ ^.t^,U

Volume 45, Number 1 1 December 1974 ENDANGERED FAUNA OF THE UNITED STATES 4

Managing Editor G. Henry Ottery THE WAR AGAINST DUTCH ELM Editor David M. Walsten

Staff Writer Madge Jacobs ON THE ROAD TO RECOVERY? Production Oscar Anderson 7 by David M. Walsten

CAPITAL CAMPAIGN 11

APPOINTMENT CALENDAR FOR 1975 12

DECEMBER AT FIELD MUSEUM back cover Calendar of Coming Events

Field Museum of Natural History Director E. Leiand Webber

Board of Trustees Photos Edward Smith Blaine J. Yarnngton. Byron Stack Page 7, Ron Church/Tom Stack & Associates, 8. Tom Myers/Tom President Mrs Hermon Dunlap and Associates, 9, Tom Stack, 10, UPI Compix Gordon Bent Smith Harry O. Bercher John W. Sullivan Note Belated thanks to Tony Frelo and Tony Donaldson, wnose line Bowen Blair William G Swartchild, Jr. photographic work appeared in the October. 7974 Bulletin Mr Frelo's R. E. Leiand Webber Stanton Cook Ill aerial photo of the National Accelerator Laboratory, at Batavia. . was R. Jr. Julian B Wilkins William Dickinson, 11 s of Fermilab volunteers reproduced on p , Mr Donaldson photos Thomas E. II Donnelley appeared on pp 12 and 13 Mrs. Thomas E. Donnelley II Life Trustees Marshall Field Nicholas Galitzine William McCormick Blair Paul W. Goodrich Joseph N. Field Clifford C. Gregg Remick McDowell Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin is published monthly, J. Melvoin Samuel Insull, Jr. Hugo except combined July/August issue, by Field Museum of Natural V. Kahler J. Roscoe Miller William 60605. History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois William H. Mitchell Hughslon M. McBain Subscriptions; $6 a year; S3 a year for schools. Members of the James L. Palmer Charles F. Murphy, Jr. Museum subscribe through Museum membership. Opinions M. Oliver, Jr. John G. Searle Harry expressed by authors are their>own and do not necessarily reflect the John T. Pirie, Jr. John M. Simpson policy of Field Museum. Unsolicited manuscripts are welcome. S. Runnells Louis Ware John Postmaster. Please send form 3579 to Field Museum of Natural William L. Searle J. Hov^ard Wood Illinois 60605. History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, ISSN: 0015-0703. Threatened, Endangered, and Extinct Fauna: Key to Cover Illustration

1. Mexican Grizzly Bear {Mexico) 2. Walla Ibex {Ethiopia) 3. Eskimo Curlew {Canada to Argentina) 4. Giant Panda {China and Tibet) 5. Labrador Duck {extinct) 6. Steller's Sea Cow {extinct)

7. Dodo (extinct) a. Bighorn {North America) 9 Spanish Lynx {Spain) Passenger Pigeon {exinct) n. Tasmanian Wolf {Tasmania) 12. Great Auk {extinct) 13. Southern Bald Eagle {North America) 14. Peregrine Falcon {North America) 15. Ivory-Billed Woodpecker {North America) 16. California Condor {North America) 17. Kirtland's Warbler {North America) 18 Snow Leopard {Asia) 19. Rhinoceros {Africa, Asia) 20. The Great Whales: Blue, Bowhead, Finback, Gray, Humpback, Right. Sei, Sperm {Oceanic) 21. Gorilla {Africa) 22. Sonoran Pronghorn {North America) 23. Orangutan {Indonesia) 24 Manatee, Amazonian and West Indian {South America, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico) 25. American Alligator {North America) 26. Giant Otter {South America)

27. Cheetah {Africa) 28. Tiger {Asia) 29. Eastern Timber Wolf {North America) 30. Northern Kit Fox {North America)

31 . Whooping Crane {North America) 32 Black-Footed Ferret {North America) 33. Mediterranean Monk Seal {Black Sea, Mediterranean) \r~^j^^^^-^r^^ 34. Devil's Hole Pupfish {North America)

COVER

Patricia J- Wynne, of New York, rendered this montlis cover illustration in Miss Wynne's work is represented in permanent collections in Chicago, recognition of trireatened, endangered, and extinct animal species In this Detroit, and other cities She has exhibited at the Art Institute of Chicago recreated Peaceable Kingdom her animals, too. gather around a tree, and at numerous other galleries and art centers in the United States and perhaps in hopes of better times ahead Canada

Field Museum Bulletin Endangered Fauna of the United States and International The number of vertebrate animal species the following changes: the law now Endangered Species of the animal U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, currently listed as "endangered" by ttie encompasses all species Activities, of D.C. 20240. U.S. Department of the Interior is about and plant kingdoms; two categories Washington, 3 are established — "endan- 106, including 31 fish, 4 amphibians, endangerment The animal species listed below are and 51 birds which are in danger of reptiles, 17 mammals, (26 gered" species, arranged phylogenetically by class and are to be extinction all or a significant endangered U.S. bird species throughout order, and alphabetically within each 25 of their and "threatened" found only in Hawaii, the remaining part range, order by their common names. The are to become occur in the continental states). The list species, which likely taxonomic terms "class" and "order" include within the foreseeable future below does not endangered endangered are used merely for organizational animals confined all or a part of their whale species or other throughout significant purposes. The common names used are to a marine environment. range. those which are associated with a given species most often, but these have no The list of endangered and threatened legal significance. The legal identification The Endangered Species Act of 1973, species is subject to frequent modifica- of each animal listed is the scientific which supersedes the Endangered Spe- tion. Information about such modifica- binomial or trinomial that appears after cies Conservation Act of 1969, includes tions may be obtained from the Office of the common name.

BONY FISHES (Class Osteichthyes) Sticklebacks, Pipefishes, and Relatives Order Gasterosteiformes

Stickleback, Unarmored Threespine Gasterosterus aculeatus williamsoni Sturgeons and Paddlefishes Order Acipenseriformes

Slurgeon. Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum Perches and Relatives Order Perciformes

Darter, Fountain Etheostoma fonticola Darter. Maryland E sellare Trout, Salmon and Relatives Order Salmoniformes Darter. Okaloosa E okaloosae E nuchale Cisco, Longjaw Coregonus alpenae Darter, Watercress Blue Stizostedion vitreum Trout, Arizona (Apache) Salmo sp Pike, glaucum Trout. Gila S g//ae Trout. Greenback. Cutthroat S clarki stomias Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat S clarki henshawi Trout, Paiule Cutthroat S clarki seleriins AMPHIBIANS (Class Amphibia)

Order Carps, Minnows, and Relatives Cypriniformes Salamanders Order Urodela

Bonytail, Pahranagat Gila robusta lordani Desert Slender Balrachoseps aridus Chub, Humpback G. cypha Salamander, Santa Cruz croceum Chub. Mohave Siphateles mohavensis Salamander, Long-Toed Ambystoma macrodactylum Texas Blind rathbuni Cui-ui Chasmistes cuius Salamander, Typhlomolge Dace, Kendall Warm Springs Rhinichthys osculus thermalis Dace, Moapa Moapa Coriacea Order Anura Squaw/fish, Colorado River Ptychocheilus lucius Frogs Woundlin Plagopherus argentissimus

Toad, Houston Bufo houslonensis Silversides, Topminnows, and Relatives Order Atheriniformes

Gambusia. Big Bend Gambusia gaigei Gambusia, Clear Creek G heterochir Gambusia, Pecos G nobilis REPTILES (Class Reptilia) Klllifish. Pahrump Empetrichythys lalos Pupfish. Comanche Springs Cyprinodon elegans Crocodiles Order Crocodilia Pupfish, Devil's Hole C diabolis Pupfish, Owens River C radiosus Pupfish, Tecopa C nevadensis calidae Alligator, American Alligator mississipiensis silus Pupfish, Warm Springs C nevadensis pecloralis Lizard, Blunt-Nosed Leopard Crolaphytus tetrataenia Topminnow, Gila Poeciliopsis occidentalis Snake, San Francisco Garter Thamnophis sirtalis

December 1974 BIRDS (Class Aves) Perctiing Birds: Sparrows, Larks. Ttirushes, and Relatives Order Passeriformes

Crow. Hawaiian (Alala)* Ccrvus tropicus Albatrosses, Petrels, and Relatives Order Procellariiformes Honeycreeper. Akiapolaau* Hernignathus wilsoni Crested Palmeria dolei Pelrel. Hawaiian Dark-Rumped* Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis Honeycreeper. (Akohekohe)* Honeycreeper. Hawaii Akepa (Akepa)* Loxops coccinea coccinea Honeycreeper. Kauai Akialoa* Hernignathus procerus Maui Parrotbill* Pseudonestor Pelicans Order Pelecaniformes Honeycreeper. xanthorphrys Honeycreeper. Maui Akepa (Akepuie)* Loxops coccinea ochraceu Honeycreeper, Molokai Creeper (Kakawahie)* L maculata llammea Pelican. Brown Pelecanus occidentalis Honeycreeper. Oahu Creeper (Alauwahio)' L rnaculata maculata Honeycreeper. Ou' Psittirostra psittacea Honeycreeper. Palila* P. bailleui Ducks, Geese, Swans, and Relatives Order Anseriformes Honeycreepers. Layson and Nitioa Finches* P cantans Honeycreepers. Kauai and Maui Nukupuus* Hernignathus lucidus Anas wyviUiana Duck. Hawaiian (Koloa)* Honey-eater. Kauai Oo (Go Aa)* Moho braccatus A- Duck. Laysan* laysanensis Sparrow. Cape Sable Ammospiza maritima mirabilis Mexican A diazi Duck. Sparrow. Dusky Seaside A maritima nigrescens Canada Branta canadensis leucopareia Goose. Aleutian Sparrow. Santa Barbara Melospiza melodia graminea Hawaiian B sandvicensis Goose. (Nene)' Thrush. Large Kauai* Phaeornis obscurus myadestina Thrush. Molokai (Olomau)* P. obscurus rutha Thrush. Small Kauai (Puaiohi)* P palmeri

Eagles, Falcons, Vultures, and Relatives Order Falconiformes Warbler. Nihoa Millerbird* Acrocephalus l

Condor. California Gymnogyps californianus Warbler (Wood). Kirtlands - Dendroica kirtlandii Eagle, Southern Bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus Falcon. American Peregrine Faico peregnnus anatum Falcon. Arctic Peregrine F peregrinus tundnus Hawk. Hawaiian (lo)* Buleo solitanus MAMMALS (Class Mammalia) Kite. Florida Everglade (Snail Kite) Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus

^^'^ Order Pheasants, Grouse, Curassows, and Relatives Order Galliformes Chiiroptera

Prairie chicken. Attwaler's Greater Tympanuchus cupido attwaleri Bat. Hawaiian Hoary Lasiurus cinereus semotus sodalis Quail. Masked Bobwhite Colinus virginianus ridgwayi Bat. Indiana Myolis

Rodents Order Rodentia Cranes, Rails, Bustards, and Relatives Order Gruiformes

Coot. Hawaiian* Fulica americana alai Kangaroo Rat. Morro Bay Dipodomys heermanni morroensis Crane. Mississippi Sandhill Grus canadensis pulla Mouse. Salt Marsh Harvest Reittirodontomys raviventris Crane. Whooping G americana Prairie Dog. Utah Cynomys parvidens Gallinule, Hawaiian* Gallinulachloropus sandvicensis Squirrel. Delmarva Peninsula Fox Sciurus niger cinereus Rail. California Clapper Rallus longirostris obsoletus

Rail, Light-Fooled Clapper R longirostris levipes ^ ^ _. ^ Carnivores Order Carnivora -,„„, D , ; Rail, Yuma Clapper R longirostris yumanensis

Cougar. Eastern Fells concolor cougar Ferret. Black-Footed Mustela nigripes Plovers, Snipes, Gulls, and Relatives Order Ctiaradriiformes fox. San Joaquin Kit Vulpes macrotis mutica Panther. Florida Felis concolor coryi Curlew. Eskimo Numenius borealis Wolf. Eastern Timber Canis lupus lycaon Hawaiian* knudensi Stilt. Himantopus himantopus Wolf. Northern Rocky Mountain C lupus irremotus Tern. California Least Sterna albifrons browni Wolf. Red C rulus

Parrots, Parakeets, and Relatives Order Psittaciformes Dugongs and Manatees Order Sirenia

Parrot, Thick-Billed Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Manatee, West Indian (Florida) Trichechus manatus

Woodpeckers, Puffbirds, Barbets, and Relatives Order Piciformes Even-Toed Ungulates Order Artiodactyla Woodpecker. Ivory-Billed Campephilus principalis Woodpecker, Red-Cockaded Dendrocopus borealis q^^, Columbian White-Tailed Odocoileus virginianus leucurus Deer. Key O virginianus clavium *Hawaii only, but may also occur outside U.S. Pronghorn. Sonoran Aniilocapra americana sononensis

Field Museum Bulletin THE WAR AGAINST DUTCH ELM

Not much headway has been made against Lester did controlled hybridization experi- obtained by writing the Shade Tree and Dutch elm disease, that scourge of parks, ments on progeny derived from the seeds, Ornamental Plants Laboratory, P.O. Box 365, boulevards, and shaded lawns, which began concluding that they represented a hybrid Delaware, Ohio 43015. attacking elms in North America about between U. pumila and U. japonica. the forty-five years ago. The disease had first Japanese elm. The common name they gave been described in the Netherlands in 1921, the hybrid is Sapporo Autumn Gold. treatment and is thought to have been brought to this Fungicidal continent in a shipload of lumber. Not too The tree derived from the Japanese seed is sixteen old and is to A known as or Benlate, many years ago it struck Champagne-Urbana, now years expected grow fungicide benomyl, full duPont, has been shown to be of III., with dramatic intensity. In its first year to a height of about sixty to sixty-five developed by in of Dutch elm there the disease destroyed more than 4 feet — intermediate between the height of the some value the control disease. It is to the leaves or is percent of that city's elms; by the second parents. It is densely foliated and has a applied into the trunk under the year 15 percent of the trees had to be vase-shaped crown similar to that of the injected pressure, has not been removed. By the eleventh year, only 100 of American elm (U. americana). The tree is latter method, however, yet the Environmental Protection the city's original 20,000 elms survived named for the tall leaf color, described by approved by Smalley and Lester as a "vivid, semitrans- Agency (EPA). Only trained arborists may the chemical In 1973 the City of Chicago planted 40,000 parent, pale greenish yellow. . .to light apply elms to replace those stricken; this year greenish yellow (which) often holds well for The value of Benlate is as a disease about 30.000 will be planted Meanwhile, the many days prior to leaf drop." primary Curative effects can be achieved disease is working its way further westward preventive. if less than 5 of the tree's crown and northward. In 1972 it made its first major Smalley's and Lester's tree "began flowering percent shows the characteristic and penetration of Minnesota; the following year, intensely at five years of age, somewhat yellowing Benlate is more than 3,000 elms were known to have earlier than is expected for either plant wilting. An important advantage of

that it is less toxic than been killed. This year there was an increase of species." (American elms usually do not the fact "considerably " to the of about 20 percent in the number of trees flower until they are ten to fifteen years old.) aspirin, according University Extension Service, stricken in that state. For now, cuttings from the hybrid are Wisconsin Cooperative

ill wildlife have been available only to experiment stations, but by and no effects on The insect vector, or carrier, of the fungus 1975 they may be available to the public from observed. that causes the disease (Ceratocystis ulmi) is commercial sources. the elm bark beetle. There are two species, elm — the so-called Urban Sex attractant the European bark beetle (Scolytis multi- Another hybrid — with an resistance to striatus) and the native bark beetle (Hylur- Elm apparent strong is in Is aimed gopinus rufipes). The European form is the Dutch elm disease, being tested various Another weapon against the disease— important vector in Illinois and most other parts of the United States, including Massa- at the fungus vector, or carrier the bark affected parts of the United States, The native chusetts, New York, Ohio, North Dakota, and beetle. This is a sex attractant, used to lure bark beetle is the more common vector in Illinois. The Urban Elm is descended from bark beetles to their death. In nature, the northern areas, including Minnesota, northern three species; Ulmus hollandica. U. carpini- attractant is released by virgin females as Wisconsin, and Ontario. Advances against the tolia. and U. pumila: seedlings have been they bore into the elm wood. The chemical is disease are being made on three principal tested since 1958. termed an "aggregating pheromone" because

fronts; development of resistant elms, control it attracts both sexes for the purpose of of the fungus, and control of the beetle. This elm is characterized by a profuse upright mass-attacking the host tree, breeding, and branching habit; it has dense foliage and a feeding. compact crown. The leaves are intermediate Disease-resistant elm hybrids in size between that of the parents, dark green One type of beetle trap consists of a square and smooth. Unlike Sapporo Autumn Gold, section of coarse-meshed screen and a vial. Perhaps the most encouraging news is from the Urban Elm retains its foliage and dark The beetles are attracted by a small amount of horticulturists who have been developing elm green color until relatively late in the season pheromone placed in the vial, and they hybrids with some degree of resistance to the The trees growth rate has been described by —become permanently attached to—the screen disease. In 1958, two University of Wisconsin Its developers as moderate to rapid. They also coated with a sticky substance when they botanists, E.B. Smalley and D.T. Lester, claim that it has a wide range of environmental approach. The pheromone was first synthe- received some elm seeds from Hokkaido adaptability. A fourteen-year-old Urban Elm sized and tested by scientists at the State University, in Japan. The seeds had report- had attained a height of twenty-five feet and University of New York, at Syracuse, and by edly been taken from a Siberian elm {Ulmus had a form which appeared suitable for tree researchers at the U.S. Forest Service pumila) growing in Hokkaido University's lawns and planting next to buildings. Propa- Northeastern Forest— Experiment Station, botanical garden, at Sapporo. Smalley and gating material for the Urban Elm may be Delaware, Ohio. Ed

December 1974 herds are close to extinction. In many regions the walrus continues to thrive, in the Barents. Kara, and White Seas, however,

by David M, Walsten

THE WALRUS, the sea otter, and the as the early 1950s, it is estimated there Eskimo and native kill of Atlantic walrus is polar bear — all of which have suffered are now about 140,000, and biologists now about 2,700, and the reproductive greatly from human intrusion into their believe these numbers are increasing. rate is estimated to be just a little more habitats —appear to be staging a They warn, however, that this will not than that, at around 3,000 to 5,000 a comeback, according to the U.S. Fish continue if the annual Siberian and year. Any increase in kills would and Wildlife Service. Alaskan native kill of 5,000 to 6,000 a jeopardize this subspecies. Herds in the year in Alaska and the Soviet Union is Barents, Kara, and White Seas are close increased. The entire Pacific walrus to extinction now. population winters in the pack ice of the While close to extinction in some areas, Bering Sea, with spring migration north Since 1956 the U.S.S.R. has prohibited the walrus is recovering in others. The through the Bering Strait as the ice all hunting of Atlantic and Pacific walrus range of the two races — the Atlantic and breaks up. except that necessary for Eskimo the Pacific — encircles the polar basin, survival. Atlantic walrus hunting is limited but there are far more Pacific walrus than In the Atlantic, the latest figures estimate by Denmark to Greenland residents using to on the order under 40 tons areas Atlantic. The differences between the twc the walrus population —be boats ; hunting and are the longer tusks and larger body of of 25,000 in two groups from the Kara dates are regulated. Canada restricts the Pacific walrus. Sea to eastern Greenland and from hunting to Eskimos and a few white western Greenland to eastern Canada. residents. Trophy hunting of the Pacific In the Pacific, where the walrus They, too, migrate north-south with the walrus in Alaska was stopped by the numbered 40,000 to 50,000 as recently edge of the ice cap. The average annual Marine Mammals Protection Act of 1972.*

Field Museum Bulletin Walruses feed mainly on clams but also

eat snails, crabs, and worms ; occasionally an adult male will eat seal flesti. They have a greater specific gravity than water and must rest on ice or land frequently, although they have inflatable pouches which enable them to sleep while afloat.

Calves are dependent on their mothers for eighteen to thirty months. Most females do not begin to breed until six or seven years of age. Mating occurs during February and March. Growth of the fetus, which is delayed, does not begin until

is about June ; the actual growth period about ten months. Most cows do not breed again until the year following the birth of their previous calf.

The Atlantic and Pacific walruses' eating habits could pose ecological problems for

the mammals if offshore drilling for oil in The sea otter will continue to make a comeback only it strict hunting curbs are maintained On parts of the the Bering Sea or Arctic Ocean is California coast, in which state it is a completely protected species, the sea otter is viewed as a threat by undertaken, or if the extensive clam beds abalone fishermen in these areas are subject to dredging.

northern waters of the Pacific Ocean. Its in mid-1973 the population was estimated populations are resident, showing no at about 1,600 to 1,800. THE SEA OTTER {Enhydra lutrls). within migratory behavior. Sea otters seldom its present range, is probably more range offshore beyond the 180-foot depth Sea otters are actually members of the abundant now than it has been for curve. In North American waters, these weasel family and are related to mink and centuries. Because of its exquisite fur, mammals are found from central land otters rather than to seals, sea lions, the animal played a major role in the California north to Alaska's Prince and walruses. Unlike seals, which rely on

history of Alaska, and from the 1 740s William Sound and west along the chain a heavy layer of blubber for insulation in until the beginning of this century was of the Aleutian Islands. On the other side the cold waters of the northern Pacific hunted to the point of extinction. The of the Pacific, sea otters are found Ocean, the sea otter must depend upon early Russian settlement of Alaska was among the Soviet Union's Commander air trapped in its fine dense fur to largely a result of the sea otter industry. Islands, along the southern edge of the maintain its body temperature. Hence, When the United States bought Alaska in Kamchatka Peninsula, and among the these animals are extremely vulnerable 1 867. the sea otter was diminished in Kurile Islands north of Japan. to oil spills. numbers, but hunting continued.

In 1 956 the world population of sea otters Various problems have arisen since the

in 191 1 the In some Finally, , animals were given was estimated to be about 23,000 to sea otter's recent comeback. full protection under the Fur Seal Treaty 35,000. No current figures are available Aleutian Island areas the overpopulation signed by the United States, Great for populations in waters off the Soviet has depleted the animal's food resources Britain, Russia, and Japan. In the years Union, but surveys in American waters to the danger point. Off the coast of

since, the animal has increased its reveal sizable increases. A 1 973 census California the sea otter continues to numbers in some parts of its range to the of Alaskan waters estimated sea otter expand its range both north and south point that it has created serious conflicts numbers there to range from 100,000 to and preys on commercially valuable with commercial and sport fishing 120,000. This contrasts with a 1956 abalone and clams Pressure from interests. estimate of 25,000 sea otters in Alaskan commercial and sport fishing interests waters. Off the coast of California sea is mounting for population control of sea The animal's range is limited to the otters numbered about 150 in 1938, and otters and the establishment of refuge

December 1974 areas away from fishing areas. The sea Its requirements for survival. On the other according to the position of the edge of otter is protected by the fvlarine side of the ledger, more hunting Is the Ice.

tVlammals Protection Act of 1 972 in In and expected Canada ; and Fish and California it is listed as a completely Wildlife experts are nervous about the Only very general world population protected species. potential threat of human activity on estimates are available, with the most Alaska's north slope, where female polar commonly cited figures ranging from a bears den each year to have their cubs. low of 10,000 to a high of 20,000. In Alaska, the kill by native and trophy Polar bears today live in seven clearly hunters averaged 250 a year until the Survival chances for the polar bear, the Identifiable areas of the Arctic passage of the Marine tvlammals scarcest of the three species, have been circle — from the Soviet Union's Wrangel Protection Act, which permits hunting enhanced a five-nation Island to natives for recently by western Alaska ; along the only by subsistence. Seven on more restrictive northern killed in in agreement hunting coast of Alaska ; across were 1973 and forty 1974. Last In the five northern In in practices. addition, nations Canada ; the Hudson Bay winter, an increase the number of (U.S.. Canada, Norv^^ay, Denmark, and area: in Greenland; around bears was reported along Alaska's north the have to in U-S,S-R.) agreed sponsor Spitsbergen-Franz Josef Land ; and coast. intensified research programs on the central Siberia. They are most abundant polar bear. In order to better understand at the southern edge of the sea ice and Soviet experts believe polar bear the animal's role in the environment and make extensive north-south migrations populations in the Soviet Arctic declined >

Polar bears occur m Arctic of live nations— regions me US. trie U S S R . Canada, Denmarlf. (Greenland), and Norway-^which have recently agreed to stricter taunting regulations and itensified researcti programs

Field Museum Bulletin during the first half of the century but that they had stabilized since hunting was stopped there in 1 956. A few cubs may be caught each year for zoos. The average annual harvest in Norway's Spitsbergen —about 300 prior to 1 970— has been reduced to an estimated five or six by a five-year moratorium on hunting. In Danish-owned Greenland, Eskimos kill

from 1 25 to 1 50 bears per year for subsistence purposes. Annual harvests in Canada approached 600 during the early 1960s and is now about 500, although permit-hunting under a quota system is being encouraged in the Northwest Territories.

Polar bears live an average of twenty-five years. They are solitary most of the year, except in the spring breeding season when males actively seek out females.

They are polygamous : a male will remain with a female for a relatively short time, then seek out another. Females den in the autumn along coastal areas, sometimes on pack ice, and give birth in December, Litters of two are most common. They remain in the den until late March or early April, when they break out from beneath the snow pack. Cubs remain with their mother for about twenty-eight months, then they separate and the female breeds again. The polar bears' diet consists primarily of freshly killed seals, although they occasionally eat carrion of whales, walruses, and seals.

In November 1 973, the United States, the Soviet Union, Canada, Denmark, and Norway drafted an agreement on the conservation of polar bears, which allows bears to be taken only in areas where they have been taken by traditional means in the past, and prohibits the use of aircraft and large motorized vessels as aids in taking. The agreement also calls for both national research and cooperative international research and

I . )i/ V i management, especially in populations occurring on the high seas or within more Who's that fellow with all the double chins and why Is he laughing'' He's a seal, of course— and he's not than one national It laughing, singing, yawning, or even saying "ahhh" for the zoo veterinarian He's asking, as politely as he jurisdiction. provides knows, lor another fish please protection for ecosystems of which polar bears are a part, and seeks special About 32 species of seals (Including seallons and the walrus) are known. Only the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) /s currently listed as endangered, but a number of other species are threatened or protection from hunting for denning have marked experienced population declines. females, females with cubs, and cubs, a

December 1974 Members Responding to Appeal For Capital Gifts. Have You?

Capital Campaign General Chairman Nicholas "I have taken my students in natural sciences Galitzine reports that the appeal to Museum from the River Forest Public Schools on Members to bring the $25-mlllion fund drive to innumerable trips to your Museum to study a successful conclusion by December 31 Is geology. I myself have attended Saturday meeting with enthusiastic response from lectures, special exhibits, and Members' many. He added his hope that those who have Nights over many years." not yet responded will do so this month. It is not the first gift the Museum has received "This is the season for giving," he noted. from Mrs. Wasson. Earlier, she had provided "When our friends consider the immense a substantial collection of rocks and minerals, contributions in education and science made which she and her husband collected, to the by the Museum to individuals and the Museum's Raymond Foundation for use in its nation — indeed, to the world — throughout educational programs. each year, many of them will provide gifts for the Museum as they would any cherished Member Cherelynn Elliott of Palos Park friend at this time." caught the spirit of the Museum's massive rehabilitation and renovation program. Her Mrs Isabel B. Wasson of River Forest agrees. letter is reproduced below In a letter accompanying her check, she says, Elliott— all other "It gives me great pleasure to make, what is If Mrs Wasson and Miss and — to visit the Museum for me, a substantial gift toward your Capital donors were today, in in their Campaign. I am a great believer the they would see many instances which contribution that the Field Museum is making gifts are already being put to work to improve not only in Chicago, but in the U.S.A., and in Museum services to visitors, educators, and the world. r.eli AAuse.

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5 -"^ (0 r w ^ DECEMBER at Held Museum

EXHIBITS

Continuing

Field Museum's Anniversary exhibit continues indefinitely. "A Sense of Wonder" otters thought-provoking prose and poetry associated with physical, biological, and cultural aspects of na- ture; "A Sense of History" presents a graphic portrayal of the Museum's past; and "A Sense of Discovery" shows examples of research conducted by Museum scientists. Hall 3.

SPECIAL PROGRAMS

Ayer Adult Illustrated Lecture Series continues with "Ex- peditions Unlimited 1974-75" at 7:30 p.m. Friday and 2;30 p.m. Saturday in Lecture Hall. Seating limited to 225 persons. For re- servations call Field Museum, 922-9410, Ext. 230.

December 6 and 7: "Grand Canyon Expedition," narrated by Dr. Matthew H. Nitecki

December 26, 27, and 30

Guided tours of Museum exhibit areas leave from north informa- tion booth at 2;00 p.m.

Through December 20

Weaving demonstrations by members of the North Shore Weav- ers' Guild from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon on Mondays, Wednes- days, and Fridays. Spinning will also be shown on December 2 and 16. South Lounge.

CHILDREN'S PROGRAM

Begins December 1

Winter Journey for Children, "Cats, the Graceful Hunters," a free, self-guided tour of Museum exhibit areas, focuses on the differences and similarities of cats, from the domestic variety to its larger relatives (lion, tiger, etc.). All boys and girls who can read and write may participate. Journey sheets in English and Spanish available at entrances. Through February 28.

MEETINGS

Chicago Anthropological Society Nature Camera Club of Chicago Chicago Ornithological Society Windy City Grotto, National Speleological Society Chicago Mountaineering Club