Land West of Netherstowe Lane, North Lichfield: Landscape and Visual Appraisal with Capacity Assessment

Prepared on behalf of IM Properties

May 2017

Prepared on behalf of IM Properties

Project Ref: 27255

Status: Final

Issue/ Rev: 1

Date: May 2017

Prepared by: WL

Checked by: MDC

Authorised by: MDC

Barton Willmore LLP 7 Soho Square London W1D 3QB

Tel: 020 7446 6888 Ref: 27255 Fax: 020 7446 6889 Date: May 2017 Email: [email protected] Status: Final

The contents of this document must not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part without the written consent of Barton Willmore LLP.

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CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction ...... 1

2.0 Approach and Methodology ...... 2

3.0 Landscape Planning Baseline ...... 7

4.0 Published Landscape Character Assessments ...... 15

5.0 Site Context ...... 22

6.0 Visual Appraisal ...... 25

7.0 Summary of Opportunities and Constraints to Development ...... 27

8.0 Landscape Capacity Assessment ...... 28

9.0 Summary ...... 32

Illustrative Material ...... 1

Appendices ...... 2

ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL

Figure 1: Site Context Plan

Figure 2: Topographic Features Plan

Figure 3: Published Landscape Character Areas

Figure 4: Site Appraisal Plan

Figure 5: Visual Appraisal Plan

Figure 6: Landscape Capacity Assessment Parcels

Figure 7: Opportunities and Constraints

Site Appraisal Photographs

Site Context Photographs

APPENDICES

Appendix A.1: Extracts from Published Landscape Character Assessments

Landscape Capacity Introduction

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 This Landscape and Visual Appraisal with Landscape Capacity Assessment has been produced on behalf of IM Properties in order to inform the future development of land either side of Netherstowe Lane in North Lichfield for up to 200 dwellings.

1.2 This document uses Landscape and Visual Appraisal and Landscape Capacity Assessment to identify the capacity of the land west of Netherstowe Lane, ‘the Site’, for future development. The document comprises the following sections:

• Methodology used to assess the Site for suitability for its ability to accommodate future development; • A summary of relevant planning policy and identification of the key themes arising; • Summary of the published landscape character assessments relevant to the Site and the Study Area and the key themes and guidance arising from them; • Assessment of the landscape baseline to identify landscape features which contribute to local landscape character and that would form an opportunity or constraint to new development; • Assessment of the visual envelope of the Site and strategic views to, within and from the Site; • Identification of opportunities and constraints to development; • Use of the above information to assess the landscape capacity of the Site, i.e. its ability to accommodate future development; • Summary and Conclusions.

1.3 The term ‘landscape’ may refer to both natural and built landscapes (townscapes) and may be used within either context. In general, the term ‘landscape’ should be considered to refer to both unless specified otherwise.

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2.0 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 This assessment has been undertaken in accordance with the Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 3rd Edition1 (GLVIA3), An Approach to Landscape Character Assessment2, Topic Paper 6: Techniques and Criteria for Judging Capacity and Sensitivity3, and Landscape Institute Advice Note: Use of Photography and Photomontage in Landscape and Visual Assessment4.

2.2 The process of undertaking this assessment starts with the assessment of the landscape and visual baseline which would then be used to inform opportunities and constraints to future development and the assessment of landscape capacity within the Site.

Assessment of Landscape Capacity

2.3 Landscape Capacity is defined in Topic Paper 6 as “ the extent to which a particular area or type of landscape is able to accommodate change without significant effects on character or overall change in landscape type” .

2.4 Landscape capacity is derived from a combination of landscape sensitivity set against the value attached to that landscape. This is demonstrated within Figures 1(a) and 1(b) from Topic Paper 6 and summarised below:

Overall Landscape Sensitivity

Landscape Capacity = Landscape Character Sensitivity + Landscape Value + ( Visual Sensitivity )

2.5 Further explanation of each of the above headings is included below, together with the factors that may be considered.

1 The Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Assessment 3rd Edition (2013) Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 2 Natural England (2014) An Approach to Landscape Character Assessment 3 Scottish Natural Heritage and the Countryside Agency (2002) Topic Paper 6: Techniques and Criteria for Judging Capacity and Sensitivity 4 Landscape Institute Advice Note 01/2009: Use of Photography and Photomontage in Landscape and Visual Assessment

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Landscape Character Sensitivity

2.6 Landscape Character Sensitivity is assessed on a three-point scale of low, medium and high. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) in Topic Paper 6 identify the following factors for consideration when assessing Landscape Character Sensitivity:

• Natural Factors

• Vegetation types • Tree cover/pattern • Extent and pattern of semi-natural habitats

• Cultural Factors

• Land use • Settlement pattern • Field boundaries • Enclosure pattern • Time depth

• Landscape Quality/Condition

• Intactness • Representation of typical character • State of repair of individual elements

• Aesthetic Factors

• Scale • Enclosure • Diversity • Texture • Pattern • Colour • Form/Line • Balance • Movement

2.7 Table 2.1 includes indicative thresholds for the criteria to assess Landscape Character Sensitivity

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Table 2.1: Landscape Character Sensitivity

Level Criteria

High Landscape area of distinctive components and characteristics, containing landscape feature which make a strong and positive contribution to landscape

character e.g. a mature tree or woodland.

Medium Landscape area of common components and characteristics, containing landscape features which make some positive contribution to landscape character.

Low Landscape area/feature of inconsequential components and characteristics or may include detracting features.

Visual Sensitivity

2.8 Visual sensitivity is assessed on a three-point scale of low, medium and high. These are assessed based on the following elements as identified within Topic Paper 6:

• General Visibility

• Land form influences • Tree and woodland cover

• Population

• Number and types of residents • Number and types of visitors

• Mitigation Potential

• Scope for mitigating potential visual effects

2.9 Criteria to derive an assessment of visual sensitivity are included in Table 2.2 below:

Table 2.2: Visual Sensitivity

Susceptibility Criteria

High Development will be visible from a wide area, to a large population, including tourists and/or will be hard to mitigate against visual effects.

Medium Development will be visible over a moderate extent, from a moderate number of locations, to a moderate population that may include some tourists and/or will be mitigate some of the effects.

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Susceptibility Criteria

Low Development will be visible from a small number of locations or from a limited area, to a limited population, primarily local residents and commuters, and/or will be easy to mitigate against.

Landscape Value

2.10 Landscape Value is assessed on a three-point scale of low, medium and high and is assessed from the following elements:

• Designations

• National • Local

• Other criteria

• Tranquillity • Remoteness • Wildness • Scenic beauty • Cultural associations • Conservation interests • Consensus on value

2.11 Table 2.3 includes indicative thresholds for the criteria:

Table 2.3: Landscape Value

Level Criteria

High Landscape area which may be nationally designated and/or be of national or international cultural significance.

Medium Landscape area which may be designated at county or borough level or be of local cultural significance.

Low Undesignated landscape with little or no wider recognition of value, although potentially of importance to the local community.

2.12 It is important to note that criteria may be adapted to suit specific situations, such as in small- scale study areas where similarities in assessment parcels require greater differentiation in assessment criteria in order to allow comparative assessment.

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Assessment Thresholds

2.13 Each of the three aspects described above: Landscape Sensitivity, Visual Sensitivity and Landscape Value, has been assessed on a three-point scale: low, medium and high as identified above. These are then combined using the tables below:

Landscape Character Sensitivity

2.14 In order to establish the overall Landscape Character Sensitivity for each of the character areas the individual assessments for Landscape Sensitivity and the Visual Sensitivity are combined on a matrix as in Table 2.4 below:

Table 2.4 - Landscape Character Sensitivity

High Medium High/Medium High

Medium Medium/Low Medium High/Medium

dscape Sensitivity Low Low Medium/Low Medium Lan

Low Medium High

Visual Sensitivity

Landscape Capacity

2.15 The result for the Overall Landscape Character Sensitivity is then combined on a similar matrix with the Landscape Value for each of the character areas to produce the overall Landscape Capacity, as shown in Table 2.5 below.

Table 2.5 - Landscape Capacity

High Medium Medium/Low Low

Medium High/Medium Medium Medium/Low Sensitivity Low High High/Medium Medium Landscape Character

Low Medium High

Landscape Value

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3.0 LANDSCAPE PLANNING BASELINE

National Landscape Policy - NPPF

3.1 The NPPF aims to provide a planning framework within which the local community and local authorities can produce distinctive local plans which respond to local needs and priorities.

3.2 The NPPF promotes a presumption in favour of sustainable development, defined as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”, and providing it is in accordance with the relevant up-to-date Local Plan and policies set out in the NPPF, including those identifying restrictions with regard to designated areas.

3.3 Paragraph 14 describes the key theme throughout the Framework is that of ‘Achieving Sustainable Development’ and confirms that the “presumption in favour of sustainable development” should be seen as a “golden thread running through both plan- making and decision- taking”.

“For decision – taking this means:

(i) “Approving development proposals that accord with the development plan without delay; and

(ii) Where the development plan is absent, silent or relevant policies are out-of-date, granting planning permission unless:

• Any adverse impacts of doing so would significantly and demonstrably outweigh the benefits, when assessed against the policies in this Framework taken as a whole; or • Specific policies in this Framework indicate development should be restricted.”

3.4 In respect of the latter, footnote 9 within the Framework identifies the types of areas where development should be restricted and lists sites protected by the Birds and Habitats Directive and/or designated as SSSI’s; land designated as Green Belt, Local Green Space, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Heritage Coast or within a National Park (or the Broads Authority); designated heritage assets and locations at risk of flooding or coastal erosion.

3.5 Twelve Core Planning Principles are set out at Paragraph 17, of which the following are relevant to landscape and visual matters, stating that planning should:

• “not simply be about scrutiny, but instead be a creative exercise in finding ways to enhance and improve the places in which people live their lives;

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• always seek to secure high quality design and a good standard of amenity for all existing and future occupants of land and buildings; • take account of the different roles and character of different areas, promoting the vitality of our main urban areas, protecting the Green Belts around them, recognising the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside and supporting thriving rural communities within it; • contribute to conserving and enhancing the natural environment and reducing pollution. Allocations of land for development should prefer land of lesser environmental value, where consistent with other policies in this Framework; • promote mixed use developments, and encourage multiple benefits from the use of land in urban and rural areas, recognising that some open land can perform many functions (such as for wildlife, recreation, flood risk mitigation, carbon storage or food production); • conserve heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, so they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of this and future generations; and • actively manage patterns of growth to make the fullest possible use of public transport, walking and cycling, and focus significant development in locations which are or can be made sustainable.”

3.6 The NPPF then identifies thirteen aspects which should be considered in developing local plans and reviewing planning applications. Those of relevance to the landscape and visual considerations of the Application Site and proposed development include Section 7: Requiring good design. Paragraph 58 states that planning policies and decisions should aim to ensure that developments, inter alia:

“...Establish a strong sense of place...

respond to local character and history, and reflect the identity of local surroundings...

are visually attractive as a result of good architecture and appropriate landscaping.”

3.7 Paragraph 61 states that:

“planning policies and decisions should address the connections between people and places and the integration of new development into the natural, built and historic environment.”

3.8 Section 11: Conserving and Enhancing the Natural Environment notes in paragraph 109 that the planning system should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment by inter alia “protecting and enhancing valued landscapes, geological conservation interests and soils”.

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3.9 Paragraph 110 sets out that the aim, in preparing plans for development, should be to minimise adverse effects on the local and natural environment, and that plans should allocate land with the least environmental or amenity value.

3.10 Paragraph 113 states that:

"Local planning authorities should set criteria based on policies against which proposals for any development on or affecting... landscape areas will be judged. Distinctions should be made between the hierarchy of international, national and locally designated sites, so that protection is commensurate with their status and gives appropriate weight to their importance and the contribution that they make to wider ecological networks."

3.11 Paragraph 114 notes that furthermore, local planning authorities should:

“set out a strategic approach in their Local Plans, planning positively for the creation, protection, enhancement and management of networks of biodiversity and green infrastructure.”

3.12 Paragraph 125 states that:

“By encouraging good design, planning policies and decisions should limit the impact of light pollution from artificial light on local amenity, intrinsically dark landscapes and nature conservation.”

Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) (March 2014) 5

3.13 Under the heading of Natural Environment, sub-heading Landscape, paragraph 001, PPG supports the use of landscape character assessment as a tool for understanding the character and local distinctiveness of the landscape and identifying the features that give it a sense of place, as a means to informing, planning and managing change. PPG makes reference to Natural England guidance on landscape character assessment.

3.14 Paragraphs 002 to 005 address Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and how these inform the strategic context for development and should be considered.

3.15 Under the heading of Natural Environment, sub-heading Biodiversity, ecosystems and green infrastructure, paragraph 15, PPG supports positive planning for networks of multi-functional green space, both urban and rural, which deliver a range of benefits for local communities and makes reference to Natural England guidance on Green Infrastructure.

5 Department for Communities and Local Government (2014) National Planning Practice Guidance

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3.16 In addition, National Planning Policy Guidance (NPPG) on Noise describes the factors that are relevant to identifying areas that should be protected for its tranquillity. Although there are no precise rules, an area should be relatively undisturbed by noise from human caused sources that undermine the intrinsic character of the area and the area should already be valued for its tranquillity, including “the ability to perceive and enjoy the natural soundscape” and are likely to be seen as special for other reasons, including their landscape

Saved Policies of the Lichfield District Local Plan (1998)

3.17 None of the saved policies are relevant to the Proposed Development.

Lichfield Local Plan Strategy (LPS) 2008-2029 (Adopted February 2015)

• Extract from ‘Vision for the District’ - “The natural environment within the urban and suburban areas and within the wider countryside and varied landscape areas will be conserved and enhanced, and locally important green spaces and corridors will be secured to meet recreational and health needs.” • Strategic Priority 4: Infrastructure – Includes the need for ‘environmental infrastructure’ where relevant areas have been identified, in particular within north Lichfield. • Strategic Priority 12: Countryside Character – “ Protect and enhance the quality and character of the countryside, its landscapes and villages by ensuring that development … contributes positively to countryside character through enhancements to the local environment…” • Strategic Priority 13: Natural Resources – “ Protect and enhance and expand the quality and diversity of the natural environment within and outside urban areas...” • Strategic Priority 14: Built Environment – “ Protect and enhance the District’s built environment and heritage assets (including Lichfield Cathedral), its historic environment and local distinctiveness, ensuring an appropriate balance between built development and open space, protecting the character of residential areas, protecting existing open spaces and improving the quality of and accessibility to open space and semi- natural green spaces.” • Strategic Priority 15: High Quality Development – “ To deliver high quality development …whilst protecting and enhancing the quality and character of the existing built and natural environments.” • Extract from Core Policy 1: The Spatial Strategy – “ The District's significant high quality natural and built environment … will be protected and enhanced in their own right. This is vital to the particular distinctiveness and character of the District... Significant assets include the District's important historic

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environment and natural, landscape and tourism assets which include conservation areas, Lichfield Cathedral (including views to and from)...” • Extract from Core Policy 3: Delivering Sustainable Development – “ Development should …protect and enhance the character and distinctiveness of Lichfield District and its settlements…use our natural resources prudently and conserve, enhance and expand natural, built and heritage assets and improve our understanding of them wherever possible…maximise opportunities to protect and enhance biodiversity, geodiversity and green infrastructure and utilise opportunities to facilitate urban cooling.” • Core Policy 13: Our Natural Resources – “ The District Council will seek to deliver … linkages and corridors ...The District Council will support the safeguarding of our ecological networks, including … veteran trees, tree and woodland planting …All designated sites and non-designated priority habitats, together with historic landscapes and townscapes, will be protected from damage as a result of development or poor management, and enhanced where appropriate. Opportunities for the interpretation of natural resources will also be supported and encouraged. The District Council will seek opportunities for the creation of habitats … Where possible, links between habitats will be re- created and further habitat losses will be prevented .... Natural resources…will be managed in a sustainable way to ensure protection and longevity.” • Policy NR4: Trees, Woodland & Hedgerows – “ Lichfield District's trees, woodland and hedgerows are important visual and ecological assets …In order to retain and provide local distinctiveness in the landscape, trees, veteran trees, woodland, ancient woodland, and hedgerows, are of particular significance. Trees and woodland will be protected from damage and retained, unless it can be demonstrated that removal is necessary and appropriate mitigation can be achieved.… Space will be made within developments to accommodate veteran trees and ancient woodland including sufficient land around the ancient woodland to allow for expansion through natural regeneration and ongoing long term management….Sufficient space within developments must be reserved for the planting and sustainable growth of large trees in order to retain the important tree canopy cover in conservation areas and the built environment, and to improve tree canopy cover in the District as a whole…Potential long term conflict between retained trees, hedgerows and built form will be designed out at the planning stage…” • Policy NR5: Natural & Historic Landscapes – “ Development will be permitted where it does not negatively impact upon … historically important landscapes in the

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Lichfield District. The character and significance of the natural and historic landscape will be safeguarded through decisions which protect, conserve and enhance sites of international, national, regional and local importance.” • Policy NR6: Linked Habitat Corridors & Multi-functional Greenspaces – “ New habitats and links between habitats should be created … Rural and urban proposals will be expected to create and link green infrastructure providing new and enhancing existing green and river corridors …These corridors should form part of multi-functional green spaces which are integrated into the public realm for amenity, biodiversity, health benefits and human adaption to climate change.” • Core Policy 14: Our Built & Historic Environment – “ The District Council will protect and improve the built environment and have special regard to the conservation and enhancement of the historic environment …and new development must make a positive contribution to the historic environment's local distinctiveness…The District Council will seek to maintain local distinctiveness through the built environment in terms of buildings and public spaces and enhance the relationships and linkages between the built and natural environment and through the realisation of proposed major new development….The skyline of Lichfield City, characterised by the five spires emerging above the roofs and tree canopy will be protected and should inform the height, scale and layout for new developments. This and other locally important views within settlements and rural locations will be safeguarded and the integration of views and vistas shaping a strong sense of place in new development layouts will also be encouraged.” • Policy BE1: High Quality Development – “ Development will be permitted where it can be clearly and convincingly demonstrated that it will have a positive impact on the significance of the historic environment, the built vernacular, amenity, by avoiding development which causes disturbance through … light, … to the natural environment.” • Policy Lichfield 1: Lichfield Environment – “ Lichfield City will maintain and enhance its role as a separate, freestanding community, surrounded by Green Belt and open countryside, offering a high quality environment in which to live and work, and to visit, functioning as a strategic centre offering a range of services and facilities which serve both the City and its hinterland…The natural environment and landscape surrounding the City will be protected and enhanced, and development will be carefully designed and located so as not to detract from key views into the City, taking the opportunity to frame significant vistas having particular regard to Lichfield's setting in a dip in the

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topography which affords views of the spires of the Cathedral, St Mary's and St. Michael's churches which are collectively known as the 'Ladies of the Vale'.” • The route of HS2 cross the north-eastern corner of the Site.

Draft Local Plan Allocations Regulation 19 Consultation (2017)

3.18 No relevant policies identified

Trees Landscaping and Development SPD

3.19 The SPD states that there is a below-average ancient woodland resource at 1.04% of land area compared to a UK average of 2.5% and that it is, therefore, particularly important that existing ancient woodland is protected and expanded and that areas of woodland are linked through green infrastructure.

3.20 The document goes on to quote Local Plan Policy NR4 and states that trees and hedgerows must be integrated into the design concept with sufficient space for them to flourish. If the council considers proposed layouts have not taken existing trees and vegetation and new landscaping sufficiently into account, it may ask for the proposed development to be redesigned.

3.21 The document describes the gently rolling landscape and relatively flat river valleys of the district and states that they rely heavily on woodlands, hedgerows and trees to give character.

3.22 The SPD ascribes a landscape buffer to ancient woodlands of at least 50m, in excess of the 15m minimum proposed in guidance by Natural England and the Forestry Commission, and warns against the effects of lighting proposals on ancient woodland.

3.23 Hedgerows must be retained and should be enhanced through supplementary planting and links to other hedgerows. The SPD states that they should be incorporated as linear open spaces to ensure their protection and proposes a buffer of 5m. Hedgerows are described as a key part of the historic landscape and that the removal of a hedgerow may require a Heritage Statement.

3.24 The SPD welcomes the restoration of historic landscape features such as trees, hedgerows, views and parkland as well as the management and creation of new traditional features, “ such as orchards, wood pasture / parkland, woodland and copses, hedgerow boundaries and hedge laying” .

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Issues Arising from the Policy Baseline

3.25 The following comprises a summary of the key issues arising from the study of the landscape policy baseline:

• Protection and enhancement of the local landscape character and assets and the distinctive landscapes of the area; • Protection and enhancement of trees and hedgerows and provision of sufficient space within developments for the planting and growth of large trees; • Protection and enhancement of heritage assets and historic landscape character; • Protect and expand the quality and diversity of the natural environment; • Maximise opportunities for green infrastructure and ecological networks; • Maximise opportunities for the creation of habitats and biodiversity; • Protection of views towards the ‘Ladies of the Vale’.

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4.0 PUBLISHED LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENTS

4.1 The landscape character assessment approach is a descriptive approach that seeks to identify and define the distinct character of landscapes that make up the country. It also ensures that account is taken of the different roles and character of different areas, in accordance with the NPPF Core Principles.

4.2 The description of each landscape is used as a basis for evaluation in order to make judgements to guide, for example, development or landscape management. The extent of published landscape character areas in the vicinity of the Site are illustrated on Figure 3: Landscape Character Plan and extracts from the relevant landscape character assessments are included within Appendix A.1.

National Character Areas

4.3 The Site falls within the boundaries of National Character Area (NCA) 67: Cannock Chase and Cank Wood6. (January 2015)

4.4 The key characteristics of this character area are as follows:

• A varied landscape ranging from the open heathlands and plantations of Cannock Chase, through towns, reclaimed mining sites and new developments, to dense urban areas. • The dominant rounded central plateau is mainly formed of the Coal Measures of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, with other prominent hills in the south at Wren’s Nest, Castle Hill, Rowley Hills and Barr Beacon. • Extensive coniferous plantations, woodlands and historic parklands occur across the NCA, even within the urban areas where they are predominantly small and include lots of young plantations. • Away from the unenclosed landscape of Cannock Chase, fields generally have a regular pattern and are frequently enclosed by mature hedgerows with some hedgerow trees. Here farming is generally mixed with arable cultivation in large fields. Livery is concentrated around the flanks of the Chase. • Heathland and associated acid grassland were once much more extensive, although significant tracts still remain. Post- industrial sites and remnant countryside within the urban areas provide a mosaic of additional valuable habitats. • The major rivers of the Trent and Tame lie adjacent to the NCA, both of which lie in broad flood plains. Streams and small rivers such as the Sow and the Penk drain radially from the higher ground into these rivers.

6 Natural England (2015) NCA 67: Cannock Chase and Cank Wood

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• The canal network is a notable feature and contributes significantly to the drainage of the urban areas. • Industrial archaeology from the industrial revolution is a characteristic feature. • The predominant building material of the 19th- and early 20th century buildings is red brick, with more modern structures within the urban areas. • The settlement pattern is complex and contrasting, with some areas densely populated and others relatively sparse. The conurbation includes a mosaic of urban areas, former industrial land and patches of farmland, with an extensive urban fringe. • The extensive networks of canals and railways reflect the industrial history of the area. Major roads include the M6, the M6 Toll and the A5.

Staffordshire County Level Landscape Character Assessment

4.5 The Site falls within the boundaries of Regional Character Area (RCA) 67: Cannock Chase and Cank Wood and within Landscape Character Type ‘Settled Farmlands’ according to the Staffordshire Landscape Character Assessment7.

4.6 Landscape Character Area 67 is described as forming a wedge of sandstone, defined to the north and north-east by the Trent and Tame valleys, the western boundary by the River Penk and to the south by the West Midlands conurbation. The central plateau comprises Cannock Chase and Cannock Forest, the latter comprising mainly Corsican Pine.

4.7 The areas dropping ‘down to the river valleys to the east near Lichfield’ are described as having “a rolling, undulating landform in which large hedged fields of a result pattern are used for intensive cereal and vegetable cropping”. Arable ‘prairie landscapes’ are described as becoming increasingly common as a result of hedgerow and tree loss.

4.8 Winding lanes and isolated farmsteads are described as evidence of an older settlement pattern, “where intensity of modern agriculture, and now an ever present urban fringe influence, has resulted in deterioration of hedges and stunted oaks, an enlarging of scale and a general urbanisation and decline of the landscape”.

Settled Farmlands

4.9 These are described as being “landscapes of undulating lowlands and hills” with “a varied pattern of small to medium sized hedged fields with a scatter of small woodlands, often of ancient origin”.

7 Natural England (2015) NCA 67: Cannock Chase and Cank Wood

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4.10 Characteristic landscape features are described as follows:

• Irregular hedged fields; • Rolling landform; • Narrow winding lanes and hedgebanks; • Hedgerow oaks; • Dispersed settlement pattern; • Arable and improved pasture farming; and • Wooded stream valleys.

4.11 Incongruous landscape features are described as:

• Busy main roads; • Evidence of commuter pressures; • Horseyculture; • Introduced exotic tree species; • Inappropriate property improvements; • Fencing; • Power lines; • Urban expansion; • Railway; and • Industrial estates.

Lichfield Local Historic Landscape Characterisation

4.12 The south-eastern area of the Site falls within the historic landscape character type ‘Piecemeal Enclosure’ within Historic Environment Character Area (HECA) 10a according to the Lichfield Historic Environment Character Assessment8, and the north-western area falls within HECA 11 ‘18th/19th Century Planned Field Systems’. The north-western area falls within Historic Environment Character Zone (HECZ) 8 and the south-eastern area falls within HECZ 6.

4.13 HECA10a is described as being “dominated by the development of Lichfield over the last

century”. The document states that the land within the HECA but falling outside of Lichfield

may have formed part of a royal forest and “is likely to have been dominated by

woodland, wood pasture and heath land”. The document goes onto state that:

“On the whole the current landscape is dominated by 20th century changes, particularly relating to the expansion of Lichfield, Streethay and Whittington. The majority of the field systems have also undergone considerable change during the last century as the pressure to intensify arable production led to the removal of a great many hedgerows resulting a significant change in the rural landscape.”

8 Staffordshire County Council (2009) Historic Environment Character Assessment

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4.14 HECA11 is also described as likely forming part of the Royal Forest of Cannock, as HECA10a. The settlement pattern is described as being ‘dispersed with many scattered farmsteads’, many likely built in the 19th Century as a result of enclosure.

Landscape Guidance

National Character Areas - NCA 67: Cannock Chase and Cank Wood

Statements of Environmental Opportunity (SEOs)

• SEO 1: Expand lowland heathland to increase habitat connectivity, improve resilience to climate change and improve water quality. • SEO 2: Manage, enhance and expand the network of green infrastructure, such as woodlands, restored mining sites, parklands and canal routes, to increase biodiversity, access and recreational use and increase understanding of the area’s rich industrial heritage, particularly geodiversity. • SEO 3: Conserve and enhance the essential character of this varied landscape, which includes the Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the Forest of Mercia and the urban conurbation of the Black Country, to maintain food and timber production where possible; enhance landscape, sense of place and tranquillity; and increase resilience to climate change.

Landscape opportunities

• " Plan for significant new green infrastructure provision within in association with areas of new urban development to expand the existing ecological networks. • Protect and manage the distinctive geodiversity and industrial archaeology of the NCA, including geological exposures (particularly in the Black Country), buildings and sites associated with the iron, manufacturing and mining industries, and the canal network, so as to conserve the geological record and the industrial legacy. • Protect and manage historic parks and urban parks so as to maintain significant historic landscapes and to conserve important archaeological features and habitats such as veteran trees, wood pasture and urban trees and the associated invertebrate populations. • Protect and manage the existing network of farmland, woods, open space and water bodies within the Black Country and adjoining urban fringe to protect the underlying landscape character, maintain the mosaic of valuable habitats and associated priority species, and provide accessible local green space. • Protect the landscape setting of historic towns, villages and farmsteads, manage heritage assets which contribute to the landscape character of the area and plan new development, and the change of use of historic buildings, that respects local character and distinctiveness.

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• Manage the distinctive field boundary patterns across the NCA to maintain the historic record of regular enclosure to the west, irregular small- to medium-sized fields between the Chase and Lichfield, and 19th century enclosure around the mining settlements; manage and re- plant hedgerows in traditional style to restore landscape character and improve biodiversity value. • Manage the small woods throughout the NCA to maintain and enhance biodiversity value and plan continued new broadleaved planting in appropriate locations particularly where opportunities exist to expand or link existing woodland areas. • Manage the existing access network of rights of ways, cycle routes, towpaths and plan new links, particularly within urban areas and between the urban areas and the wider countryside."

Staffordshire - Cannock Chase and Cank Wood - Settled Farmlands - Farmland (Site);

Factors critical to landscape character and quality

"The critical factors which currently limit landscape quality are the loss of characteristic landscape features, a decline in the condition of those features that remain, and the relatively poor survival of characteristic semi-natural vegetation (i.e. ancient woodland and hedgerows, and semi-natural grasslands)."

Potential value of new woodland planting

" New planting would generally be of moderate to high value, to act as a buffer to urban expansion where appropriate, and to maintain a structure to those areas where landcover pattern is declining. Particular care would be required in locating new woodlands in the distinctive small-scale landscape around Longdon, but here the strategic siting of new native woodland could be of great value in reducing the effects of fragmentation and isolation of ancient woodland."

Potential value of other habitat provision and management

"The following Staffordshire Biodiversity Action Plan Targets are relevant at landscape scale:"

27255 19 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Published Landscape Character Assessments

Specific guidelines

Tree and woodland planting

"Planting should predominantly be of a small to medium scale to reflect field size, and should be designed to field pattern. Where that pattern is beginning to break down a larger scale would be appropriate. Care should be taken, however, not to introduce an excessive amount of planting such that woodlands coalesce and views through the landscape are restricted. The current broadleaved character should be reflected in any new woodland with very restricted opportunities for the introduction of conifers. ‘Stepping stone’ plantations, sited to reduce the isolation of existing ancient woodlands, should comprise locally native species."

Landscape Policy Objectives Taken from Map 1

Landscape Restoration

4.15 The following are extracts from the section relating to landscape restoration:

"Where landscape restoration has been identified as the appropriate objective many of the features previously characteristic of the landscape type will have been lost. The emphasis is therefore on the re-creation of character through the provision of new features that are not necessarily a slavish copy of those that have been lost, but which draw inspiration from

27255 20 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Published Landscape Character Assessments

them… However, the planting of small woodlands through e.g. the Forest of Mercia project will help to re-create the sense of enclosure and the reduction in scale of the landscape previously provided by the field pattern."

"In some areas the loss of the characteristic features and patterns of the landscape is so complete that restoration is not possible, and replacement landscapes of a new character are required."

Lichfield Historic Environment Character Assessments

HECA 10b - LHECZ 6: Land around Streethay - Piecemeal Enclosure

Sensitivity to change (to housing expansion & infrastructure for LBC)

"The area could accommodate medium to large scale development although specific historic environment assets such as the Scheduled moat at Streethay, the dispersed settlement pattern, potential archaeological deposits particularly the cropmark sites and setting of the canal may suffer adverse effects."

HECA 11 - LHECZ 8: Curborough - 18th/19th Century Planned Field Systems

Sensitivity to change (to housing expansion & infrastructure for LBC)

"Medium to large scale development will have an impact upon the nature of the dispersed settlement and upon the coherency of some of the historic landscapes"

Issues Arising from the Landscape Character Assessments

4.16 Key issues which should be taken into account any future development within the Site include the following:

• Protection and enhancement of local landscape character through the protection of existing landscape features and the field pattern; • Seek opportunities for the creation of new small woodlands; • Seek opportunities for the creation of green infrastructure, providing connected networks of landscape infrastructure; • Protect the setting of historic farmsteads; • Protect and enhance the existing network of rights of way.

27255 21 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Site Context

5.0 SITE CONTEXT

5.1 The location of the Site is shown on Figure 1: Site Context Plan and a more detailed aerial photograph of the Site is included on Figure 4: Site Appraisal Plan. The character of the Site is demonstrated within the series of Site Appraisal Photographs, the locations of which are demonstrated on Figure 4: Site Appraisal Plan.

Site and its Location

5.2 The Site is located on the north-eastern edge of Lichfield, either side of Netherstowe Lane. The south-western boundary is formed by Netherstowe Lane before it turns north-east, cutting through the Site. The north-western boundary is formed by the Curborough Brook and a series of ponds relating to a fishing site and the eastern and southern boundaries are marked by existing field boundaries.

Designations

5.3 There are no landscape designations within the Site or immediately adjacent as shown on Figure 1: Site Context Plan.

Topography

5.4 The topography of the Study Area and Site is demonstrated on Figure 2: Topographical Features Plan.

5.5 In general, the land falls from the south-western and western areas of the Study Area at over 120mAOD (Above Ordnance Datum) towards the north-eastern corner at below 55mAOD. The land falls away in a series of ridges which project towards the north-east, creating an undulating landscape of small ridges and valleys. One such ridge extends through the eastern part of the Site with land falling away towards the north of the Site.

5.6 A wooded stream, Curborough Brook, runs along the valley to the west of the Site and forms the north-western boundary of the Site.

Settlement and Land Use

5.7 The Site comprises three agricultural fields, and an area of young open woodland planting, with Brownsfield Farm to the south-east. The land to the immediate north-west of the fishing ponds is approved for further residential development.

27255 22 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Site Context

5.8 Electricity pylons run between the railway line and the south-western boundary of the Site. These form notable visual detractors alongside the railway line. Lichfield is located to the immediate south-east of the railway line.

Vegetation

5.9 The fields are surrounded and separated by native hedgerows in varying condition, with some hedgerow trees, including Oaks. There is a block of woodland along the southern part of the eastern boundary and an area of open woodland planting in the west of the Site. Three individual field trees are located at the top of an area of high ground to the north of Netherstowe Lane.

Access and Rights of Way

5.10 In addition to Netherstowe Lane, a number of Public Rights of Way pass through the Site. Footpath 8b runs alongside the south-western boundary before it turns north alongside the Curborough Brook as footpath 4. These footpaths connect into a wider dense regular network of footpaths within the wider area.

5.11 A Sustrans cycle route runs along Netherstowe Lane, north to south through the centre of the Site. Netherstowe Lane is a sunken rural lane with high native hedgerows on either side. The undulating nature results in glimpsed views to the north-west towards the valley of the Curborough Brook and to the north-east towards Hilliard’s Cross. The lane has a distinctly rural character.

Issues Arising from the Landscape Baseline

5.12 The following are issues raised as part of the landscape baseline and that should be considered within any future development:

• Protection of the setting of the footpath, particularly where it passes along the north- western boundary; • Protection of the setting of Curborough Brook and incorporation of the stream as part of a network of green-blue infrastructure within the Site; • Protection and enhancement of the open woodland areas in the west of the Site, both as an amenity and a biodiversity resource; • Protection and enhancement of the existing hedgerows within the Site and the keeping of access points through the hedgerows to the minimum practicable’ • Maintaining and enhancing the existing trees within the Site, particularly the field trees on the highest point of the Site; • Working with the topography to retain sense of place and to reduce visual impact;

27255 23 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Site Context

• Protection of the setting of existing areas of woodland within the Site; • Protection of the setting of Brownsfield Farm and its avenue; • Protection of the rural lane character of Netherstowe Lane.

27255 24 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Visual Appraisal

6.0 VISUAL APPRAISAL

6.1 Available views towards the Site are represented by Site Context Photographs, the location of which are shown on Figure 1: Site Context Plan.

Visual Baseline

6.2 The following views into the Site were identified:

• Views into the west and north-west of the Site from Watery Lane north of railway line; • Views into the centre and south- east of the Site from Netherstowe Lane; • Views from footpaths on high ground north- west of Streethay; • Panoramic views from edge of ridge east of Elmhurst.

6.3 Longer distance views were curtailed by the intervening landform, the major roads, including the A38, the railway line, areas of woodland and the large warehouse buildings in Hilliard’s Cross to the north-east.

6.4 Due to the undulating nature of the topography within the Site, views across the entirety of the Site are not possible and generally only part of the Site is visible from any one point.

6.5 Views towards the spires of Lichfield Cathedral are possible from within the central and eastern areas of the Site, particularly the higher ground to the north of Netherstowe Lane.

Representative Views Towards the Site

6.6 Long and medium distance views from the south are screened by the intervening railway line which is on an embankment for much of the length of the Site. Long distance views towards the Site are possible from Watery Lane, see Site Context Photograph 6 for a short stretch immediately north of the railway line. From this location, the western area of the Site is visible beyond the valley of the Curborough Brook. Houses within the western and central areas of the Site would be visible from here. However, the area of land in the foreground is consented for residential development.

6.7 The field closest to Brownsfield Farm in the south-east of the Site is visible as a minor element in long distance views from the footpaths west of Streethay, see Site Context Photograph 10 and the higher ground east of Elmhurst, see Site Context Photograph 11.

6.8 Medium distance views are possible from Netherstowe Lane to the north of the Site, see Site Context Photograph 9. From this location, the views are isolated, situated in gaps in the hedgerows and facing west and north-west. The northern parts of the Site are visible in the

27255 25 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Visual Appraisal

left of the view. The southern and eastern areas of the Site are located to the rear of the viewpoint. The new development to the west of the fishery will be visible within the view.

6.9 Medium distance views are possible from footpath 11 to the south of Curborough Hall Farm, see Site Context Photograph 7. These views look across the valley and are similar to those from Watery Lane above. The eastern area of the Site is obscured by the rise in the landform from the western part of the footpath.

6.10 Short distance views are possible from Netherstowe Lane from north of the railway line as it passes along the southern edge of the Site and then extends north, see Site Context Photographs 3. Views from further north are isolated as described above.

6.11 Short distance views are possible from footpath 8b where it extends along the south of the Site alongside the railway line, see Site Context Photographs 1 and 2. Footpath 4 joins footpath 8b at the western corner of the Site and extends north along the north-western edge of the Site.

6.12 Views are possible from the centre and east of the Site towards Lichfield Cathedral, a distinct feature on the skyline. Key views towards these should be protected where possible.

Issues Arising from the Visual Appraisal

6.13 The visual envelope of the Site is contained to areas to the north of the railway line and south of Curborough Farm. Views from the west are possible, from Watery Lane and footpath 4, seen viewed across the intervening valley of the Curborough Brook. From the north, the development would be seen set back against the railway line and in the context of the railway line, the pylons, development at Curborough Hall Farm and on the consented Site south of Curborough Hall Farm. Development should be kept away from the areas of highest ground, particularly the area of field trees to the north-west of Netherstowe Lane and views towards the cathedral should be protected. Development should be set back from footpath 4 to protect its setting. Long distance views towards the eastern part of the Site and Brownsfield Farm are possible from the land east of Streethay and east of Elmhurst.

27255 26 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Summary of Opportunities and Constraints to Development

7.0 SUMMARY OF OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT

7.1 Below is a list of the opportunities and constraints to development within the Site. These should be considered and incorporated where practicable and taking into account other governing factors in the design development:

• Protection and enhancement of the local landscape character and assets and the distinctive landscapes of the area; • Provision of sufficient space within developments for the planting and growth of large trees; • Protection and enhancement of heritage assets and historic landscape character; • Maximise opportunities for green infrastructure and ecological networks; • Maximise opportunities for the creation of habitats and biodiversity; • Protect views towards the ‘Ladies of the Vale’; • Seek opportunities for the creation of new small woodlands; • Protect the setting of historic farmsteads; • Protect and enhance the existing network of rights of way; • Protection of the setting of Curborough Brook and incorporation of the stream as part of a network of green-blue infrastructure within the Site; • Protection and enhancement of the woodland areas in the Site and their setting, both as an amenity and a biodiversity resource; • Protection and enhancement of the existing hedgerows within the Site and the keeping of access points through the hedgerows to the minimum practicable’ • Maintaining and enhancing the existing trees within the Site, particularly the field trees on the highest point of the Site; • Working with the topography to retain sense of place and to reduce visual impact; • Protection of the setting of Brownsfield Farm and its avenue; • Protection of the rural lane character of Netherstowe Lane. • Keeping development away from highest points of Site to reduce impact of development on the skyline.

27255 27 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Landscape Capacity Assessment

8.0 LANDSCAPE CAPACITY ASSESSMENT

8.1 The landscape and visual appraisal of the Site has allowed the identification of five separate parcels of land which can be used as the basis of a landscape capacity assessment. These parcels are shown on Figure 6: Landscape Capacity Parcels.

Parcel 1 – Open Woodland

8.2 Parcel 1 comprises the westernmost area of the Site. It comprises an area of open woodland and scrubby grassland through which runs footpath 8(b) and footpath 4. It is bordered to the north by the Curborough Brook and the ponds associated with the fishery. The south-western boundary is formed by the bottom of the embankment of the railway line. The eastern boundary is marked by the boundaries with Parcels 2 and 3.

8.3 The Parcel falls within the historic character type: 18th/19th century planned field systems, but the planting is relatively modern. The tree planting gives an enclosed and sylvan character despite the proximity to the railway and pylons, and the overhead cables which cross the Parcel. The Parcel is of high to medium landscape character sensitivity.

8.4 The parcel is visible from the stretch of footpath which crosses it and from footpath 8(b) to the south and footpath 4 to the north-east. Its location within the valley of the Curborough Brook results in the Parcel not appearing in longer and medium distance views of the area. The Parcel is of low visual sensitivity.

8.5 These combine to result in a medium landscape character sensitivity.

8.6 The Parcel is undesignated and does not form part of or the setting of a designated landscape. However, the footpath is well-used and the area likely has some local cultural value. The Parcel is of medium landscape value.

8.7 These factors combine to result in medium landscape capacity.

Parcel 2 – North Field

8.8 Parcel 2 comprises the northernmost area of the Site. The parcel comprises a single irregularly shaped arable field and its hedgerows. It is bordered to the north-west by Curborough Brook which is marked by an overgrown hedgerow. The north-eastern, eastern and southern boundaries are marked by native hedgerows in moderate condition and containing isolated hedgerow oaks. The western boundary is bordered by the adjacent open woodland planting in parcel 1.

27255 28 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Landscape Capacity Assessment

8.9 The Parcel falls within the historic character type: 18th/19th century planned field systems, but it has been the subject of rationalisation, having once comprised three separate fields. There are few landscape elements within the field; the remaining hedgerows are in moderate condition and contain a small number of isolated mature hedgerow trees. The Curborough Brook influences the character of the western area. The Parcel is of medium to low landscape character sensitivity.

8.10 The northern area of the Parcel is generally obscured from the landscape to the west as it is located within the valley of the Curborough Brook, including from Watery Lane and the western extents of footpath 4. The southern part of the Parcel is visible where it rises up to the boundary with Parcel 3. The Parcel is also visible in the middle ground in isolated stretches of Netherstowe Lane to the north of the Site but these views are less populated, generally limited to local traffic and users of the Sustrans cycleway. Short distance views are possible from footpath 4 where it runs along the western boundary of the Site. The Parcel is of medium to low visual sensitivity.

8.11 These combine to result in a medium to low landscape character sensitivity.

8.12 The Parcel is undesignated and does not form part of or the setting of a designated landscape. There are no cultural associations relating to the Parcel. The Parcel is of low landscape value.

8.13 These factors combine to result in high to medium landscape capacity.

Parcel 3 – The Hill

8.14 Parcel 3 comprises the centre of the Site and comprises a single irregularly shaped arable field and its hedgerows. It is bordered to the north by Parcel 2 which is separated from Parcel 3 but a hedgerow o moderate to low quality. The western boundary comprises a moderately kept hedgerow with some small trees, which separates the Parcel from Parcel 1 to the north-west and to further scrubby open space to the west. The eastern boundary comprises a further native hedgerow which separates the Parcel from further arable farmland to the east. The southern boundary is marked by a tall native hedgerow which separates the Parcel from Netherstowe Lane.

8.15 The Parcel falls within the historic character type: piecemeal enclosure, but it has been the subject of rationalisation, having once comprised three separate fields. Its irregular shape reflects the historic field pattern of the area. There are three mature field trees on the highest point, likely forming part of a historic field boundary. The hedgerows are in moderate condition. The southern area of the Parcel is affected by Netherstowe Lane, a rural lane with a distinct

27255 29 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Landscape Capacity Assessment

character, whereas the western area is influenced by the railway line and pylons. The Parcel is of medium landscape character sensitivity.

8.16 The parcel is visible within views from the north-west, from Watery lane and footpath 4 where it rises above the valley of the Curborough Brook. The Parcel is immediately visible from the short stretch of Netherstowe Lane where it passes through the Site and from a moderate stretch of footpath 8(b). The Parcel is of high to medium visual sensitivity.

8.17 These combine to result in a high to medium landscape character sensitivity.

8.18 The Parcel is undesignated and does not form part of or the setting of a designated landscape. There are no cultural associations relating to the Parcel but the trees. The Parcel is of low landscape value.

8.19 These factors combine to result in high to medium landscape capacity.

Parcel 4 – Brownsfield Farm Fields

8.20 Parcel 4 comprises the southernmost area of the Site and comprises an irregularly shaped field and its hedgerows. It is bordered to the north and south-west by a hedgerow along the banks of Netherstowe Lane. The southern boundary is marked by the avenue to Brownsfield Farm, a Grade II Listed building. The north-western boundary is marked by Parcel 5, an area of woodland around a field pond.

8.21 The Parcel falls within the historic character type: piecemeal enclosure, but it has been the subject of rationalisation, having once comprised two separate fields. There are few landscape elements within the field; the remaining hedgerows are in moderate condition. The character is positively influenced by the adjacent woodland, avenue and farm but adversely affects by the railway line and pylons, and longer distance views towards the employment areas to the north take in the large distribution warehouses. The Parcel is of medium landscape character sensitivity.

8.22 The parcel is visible within views from the north-west, from Watery lane and footpath 4 where it rises above the valley of the Curborough Brook and is seen behind Parcel 3. The Parcel is immediately visible from the short stretch of Netherstowe Lane where it passes through the Site and from the southern stretch of footpath 8(b). It is also visible in long distance views form east of Streethay to the south-west and from east of Elmhurst on the higher ground to the south-west. The Parcel is of high to medium visual sensitivity.

8.23 These combine to result in a high to medium landscape character sensitivity.

27255 30 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Landscape Capacity Assessment

8.24 The Parcel is undesignated but forms part of the setting of Brownsfield Farm. There are no cultural associations relating to the Parcel. The Parcel is of medium to low landscape value.

8.25 These factors combine to result in high to medium landscape capacity.

Parcel 5 – Brownsfield Farm Woods

8.26 Parcel 5 comprises an area of tree planting around a field pond to the north of Brownsfield Farm and to the east of Parcel 4.

8.27 The Parcel falls within the historic character type: piecemeal enclosure and has appeared in some shape on maps since the first edition Ordnance Survey. The Parcel is of high to medium landscape character sensitivity.

8.28 The Parcel is visible at the top of the ridgeline from areas to the west of the valley of the Curborough Brook, including from a short stretch of Watery Lane and from the north-western areas of footpath 4. It is visible from Netherstowe Lane, particularly when emerging from under the railway bridge and travelling north. The Parcel is of high to medium visual sensitivity.

8.29 These combine to result in a high to medium landscape character sensitivity.

8.30 The Parcel is undesignated and does not form part of or the setting of a designated landscape but is a historic landscape features and forms part of the setting of Brownsfield Farm. The Parcel is of medium landscape value.

8.31 These factors combine to result in medium to low landscape capacity.

Summary of Landscape Capacity Assessment

8.32 Parcels 2, 3 and 4 are of high to medium landscape capacity whereas Parcels 1 is of medium landscape capacity and parcel 5 is of medium to low landscape capacity. Parcels 3 and 4 are of the highest visual sensitivity due to their elevated position on a ridge of land whereas Parcels 1 and 2 are of the lowest visual sensitivity due to their location within the valley of the Curborough Brook. Parcels 1 and 5 are of the highest landscape sensitivity due to their sylvan nature.

8.33 Parcels 2, 3 and 4 all have capacity to accommodate residential development that takes into account the opportunities and constraint to development highlighted in the previous chapter.

27255 31 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Summary

9.0 SUMMARY

Issues Arising from the Policy Baseline

9.1 The following comprises a summary of the key issues arising from the study of the landscape policy baseline:

Issues Arising from the Landscape Character Assessments

9.2 Key issues which should be taken into account any future development within the Site include the following:

Issues Arising from the Landscape Baseline

9.3 The following are issues raised as part of the landscape baseline and that should be considered within any future development:

27255 32 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Summary

• Protection and enhancement of the existing hedgerows within the Site and the keeping of access points through the hedgerows to the minimum practicable’ • Maintaining and enhancing the existing trees within the Site, particularly the field trees on the highest point of the Site; • Working with the topography to retain sense of place and to reduce visual impact; • Protection of the setting of existing areas of woodland within the Site; • Protection of the setting of Brownsfield Farm and its avenue; • Protection of the rural lane character of Netherstowe Lane.

Issues Arising from the Visual Appraisal

9.4 The following should be considered within any proposed development;

• Views from the west across the valley of the Curborough Brook, from Watery Lane and footpath 4; • Views from Netherstowe Lane to the north; • Effects of development on the highest areas of ground; • Views from footpath 4 where it passes along the north-western boundary of the Site; • Views from footpath 8b where it passes to the south of the Site; • Views from and the setting of Brownsfield Farm; • Views from Netherstowe Lane to the south of the Site.

Issues Arising from the Capacity Assessment

9.5 Parcels 2, 3 and 4 are of high to medium landscape capacity whereas Parcels 1 is of medium landscape capacity and parcel 5 is if medium to low landscape capacity. Parcels 3 and 4 are of the highest visual sensitivity due to their elevated position on a ridge of land whereas Parcels 1 and 2 are of the lowest visual sensitivity due to their location within the valley of the Curborough Brook. Parcels 1 and 5 are of the highest landscape sensitivity due to their sylvan nature.

9.6 Parcels 2, 3 and 4 all have capacity to accommodate residential development that takes into account the opportunities and constraint to development highlighted in the previous chapter.

Conclusion

9.7 The Site has been identified as having some of the highest landscape capacity to new residential development within land to the north of Lichfield. The Site will be located within the context of emerging residential development to the north-west and the railway line and electricity pylons to the south-west.

27255 33 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Summary

9.8 The Site is able to accommodate residential development in a way that protects and enhances characteristic landscape features with existing within the Site and to contribute positively to landscape character through the addition of new tree and hedgerow planting.

27255 34 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Illustrative Material

ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL

Figure 1: Site Context Plan

Figure 2: Topographic Features Plan

Figure 3: Published Landscape Character Areas

Figure 4: Site Appraisal Plan

Figure 5: Visual Appraisal Plan

Figure 6: Landscape Capacity Assessment Parcels

Figure 7: Opportunities and Constraints

Site Appraisal Photographs

Site Context Photographs

27255 May 2017 Landscape Capacity Appendices

APPENDICES

Appendix A.1: Extracts from Published Landscape Character Assessments

27255 May 2017 National Character 67. Cannock Chase and Cank Wood Area profile: Supporting documents

www.gov.uk/natural-england

1 National Character 67. Cannock Chase and Cank Wood Area profile: Supporting documents

Summary Statements of Environmental Opportunity:  SEO 1: Expand lowland heathland to increase habitat connectivity, improve Cannock Chase and Cank Wood National Character Area (NCA) extends north resilience to climate change and improve water quality. of the Birmingham and Black Country conurbation and includes a major area of this city. It is situated on higher land consisting of sandstone and the South  SEO 2: Manage, enhance and expand the network of green infrastructure, Staffordshire Coalfield. The NCA principally coincides with the historical hunting such as woodlands, restored mining sites, parklands and canal routes, forest of Cannock Chase, with major remnants surviving within the Cannock to increase biodiversity, access and recreational use and increase Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), which supports internationally understanding of the area’s rich industrial heritage, particularly important heathland Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) and the Sutton Park geodiversity. National Nature Reserve.  SEO 3: Conserve and enhance the essential character of this varied There are no major rivers within the area, but canals are a significant feature landscape, which includes the Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural and some major transport routes also cross the NCA. The current landscape is Beauty, the Forest of Mercia and the urban conurbation of the Black extremely varied, including extensive areas of urban development predominantly Country, to maintain food and timber production where possible; enhance in the south of the NCA and extensive conifer plantations and heathlands in the landscape, sense of place and tranquillity; and increase resilience to north interspersed with farmland. The Forest of Mercia, a Community Forest, lies climate change. in the heart of the NCA. The NCA also has some outstanding geodiversity interest, extensive industrial archaeology and a good number of historic parks.

In addition to the ecosystem services of food and timber production, the NCA has an extensive rights of way network and areas of open access land offering good recreational opportunities to the surrounding population. Recreational use of the Cannock Chase SAC is of some concern and needs to be managed to ensure that future housing development does not harm the biodiversity interest of the site. Changes as a result of development have been significant within the NCA for many years and are likely to continue. This provides opportunities for enhancing both the landscape quality and biodiversity value through green infrastructure and through continued local initiatives such as the Forest of Mercia and the Cannock Chase AONB. Click map to enlarge; click again to reduce.

3 National Character 67. Cannock Chase and Cank Wood Area profile: Supporting documents

Description Distinct areas  Cannock Chase Physical and functional links to other National  Lichfield estate lands Character Areas  Black Country and Staffordshire Coalfield The National Character Area (NCA) forms an area of higher ground rising out of Shropshire and Staffordshire Plain NCA to the west. Much of this western boundary is defined by the transport corridor of the M6. Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands NCA lies to the north, separated by the Trent Valley.

The eastern edge adjoins Trent Valley Washlands NCA. The NCA lies on the watershed, with much of it draining east into the River Trent via the River Tame and a number of smaller tributaries that drain Cannock Chase. The remainder of the NCA drains west into the Severn catchment. In the south the NCA merges with Arden NCA within the Birmingham conurbation, and here there are close links through the roads, railways and canals.

From Cannock Chase there are views west over the Shropshire, Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain and to the north-east and east over the Claylands and the Trent Valley. To the north of the NCA the plantations and heathland of the Chase create prominent views within the area. In the south of the NCA there are also significant viewpoints at Turners Hill at Rowley Regis and at Barr Beacon east of Walsall.

View along the Dudley No.2 canal near Netherton, towards Cobb's Engine House with Rowley Hills in the distance.

4 National Character 67. Cannock Chase and Cank Wood Area profile: Supporting documents

Key characteristics

■ A varied landscape ranging from the open heathlands and plantations of Cannock Chase, through towns, reclaimed mining sites and new developments, to dense urban areas.

■ The dominant rounded central plateau is mainly formed of the Coal Measures of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, with other prominent hills in the south at Wren’s Nest, Castle Hill, Rowley Hills and Barr Beacon.

■ Extensive coniferous plantations, woodlands and historic parklands occur across the NCA, even within the urban areas where they are predominantly small and include lots of young plantations.

■ Away from the unenclosed landscape of Cannock Chase, fields generally have a regular pattern and are frequently enclosed by mature hedgerows with some hedgerow trees. Here farming is generally mixed with arable cultivation in large fields. Livery is concentrated around the flanks of the Chase.

Continued on next page... Sherbrook Valley in Autumn.

5 National Character 67. Cannock Chase and Cank Wood Area profile: Supporting documents

Key characteristics continued...

■ Heathland and associated acid grassland were once much more ■ The predominant building material of the 19th- and early 20th- extensive, although significant tracts still remain. Post-industrial sites century buildings is red brick, with more modern structures within and remnant countryside within the urban areas provide a mosaic of the urban areas. additional valuable habitats. ■ The settlement pattern is complex and contrasting, with some ■ The major rivers of the Trent and Tame lie adjacent to the NCA, both of areas densely populated and others relatively sparse. The which lie in broad flood plains. Streams and small rivers such as the Sow conurbation includes a mosaic of urban areas, former industrial and the Penk drain radially from the higher ground into these rivers. land and patches of farmland, with an extensive urban fringe.

■ The canal network is a notable feature and contributes significantly to ■ The extensive networks of canals and railways reflect the industrial the drainage of the urban areas. history of the area. Major roads include the M6, the M6 Toll and the A5.

■ Industrial archaeology from the industrial revolution is a characteristic feature.

6 National Character 67. Cannock Chase and Cank Wood Area profile: Supporting documents

Landscape opportunities

■ Protect and manage the Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural ■ Protect and manage the existing network of farmland, woods, open space Beauty so as to retain the sense of wildness and tranquillity and balance and water bodies within the Black Country and adjoining urban fringe the needs of habitat management for biodiversity and protection of to protect the underlying landscape character, maintain the mosaic of the Cannock Chase SAC, conservation of the historic environment, valuable habitats and associated priority species, and provide accessible commercial forestry and public access and recreation. local green space. ■ Plan for significant new green infrastructure provision within in ■ Protect the landscape setting of historic towns, villages and farmsteads, association with areas of new urban development to expand the existing manage heritage assets which contribute to the landscape character of ecological networks. the area and plan new development, and the change of use of historic ■ Plan for the significant expansion and sustainable management of buildings, that respects local character and distinctiveness. lowland heathland and associated habitats through management, ■ Manage the distinctive field boundary patterns across the NCA to restoration and creation (particularly in the area between Cannock Chase maintain the historic record of regular enclosure to the west, irregular and Sutton Park – as identified in the Staffordshire and the Birmingham small- to medium-sized fields between the Chase and Lichfield, and and Black Country Local Biodiversity Action Plans), to maintain priority 19th century enclosure around the mining settlements; manage and re- habitats and species, protect designated sites, improve habitat plant hedgerows in traditional style to restore landscape character and connectivity, and maintain the open landscape character. improve biodiversity value. ■ Protect and manage the distinctive geodiversity and industrial ■ Manage the small woods throughout the NCA to maintain and enhance archaeology of the NCA, including geological exposures (particularly biodiversity value and plan continued new broadleaved planting in in the Black Country), buildings and sites associated with the iron, appropriate locations particularly where opportunities exist to expand or manufacturing and mining industries, and the canal network, so as to link existing woodland areas. conserve the geological record and the industrial legacy. ■ Manage the existing access network of rights of ways, cycle routes, ■ Protect and manage historic parks and urban parks so as to maintain towpaths and plan new links, particularly within urban areas and significant historic landscapes and to conserve important archaeological between the urban areas and the wider countryside. features and habitats such as veteran trees, wood pasture and urban trees and the associated invertebrate populations.

42 National Character 69: Trent Valley Washlands Area profile: Supporting documents

www.naturalengland.org.uk

1 National Character 69: Trent Valley Washlands Area profile: Supporting documents

Summary

The Trent Valley Washlands National Character Area (NCA) comprises the river sites introducing new wetland habitat into the area. Characteristic species are those flood plain corridors of the middle reaches of the River Trent’s catchment in the associated with these wetlands such as grey heron, lapwing and kingfisher. heart of England. It is a distinctly narrow, linear and low-lying landscape, often clearly delineated at its edges by higher ground, and it is largely comprised of the The rivers have attracted humans from the earliest times, especially the gravel flat flood plains and gravel terraces of the rivers. terraces and crossing points. Traditional buildings are typically made of red brick with clay plain tile roofs with the occasional survival of some earlier timber-framed A washland is described as an area of flood plain that is allowed to flood or is structures, while grander dwellings and churches are often built from sandstone. deliberately flooded for flood management purposes.4 Thus the Trent Valley Washlands are strongly defined by the riverine environment and periodic inundation. The key ecosystem services provided are related to water, its availability and regulation of flow. Thick superficial deposits of alluvium and river terrace gravels dominate the Washlands’ geology. Variations in these, the resultant soils and the differences in elevation above and below flood levels have determined both settlement pattern and agricultural land use. Arable crops are by and large located on the freely draining soils of the river terraces and on the higher ground where fields are big and hedgerows are small with few trees. Pastoral farming generally takes place on the river flood plains, where soils are subject to frequent flooding or are naturally wet. Here fields are usually smaller and the hedgerows fuller with more tree cover. Overall woodland cover in the Washlands is very limited, although riparian trees, especially willows, provide an important component of the landscape.

The broad rivers, their riparian vegetation and the semi-natural parts of the flood plain form the main habitats of the Washlands, with flooded former gravel extraction

4 Working with Natural Processes to Manage Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk, Environment Agency (2010) Click map to enlarge; click again to reduce.

3 National Character 69: Trent Valley Washlands Area profile: Supporting documents

A unifying thread throughout the Washlands is provided by the rivers, their flood plain tracts of pasture and the bordering higher ground; however, it is also a landscape that is heavily fragmented and intruded upon by modern built development, communication and transport infrastructure. It is greatly influenced by past and present industry, from energy generation to aggregate extraction. The landscape is experiencing significant forces for change over short timescales from housing, infrastructure, the sand and gravel industry, agriculture and commercial ‘big shed’ development which detracts from the established character.

Despite these intrusions, in places, particularly beside the rivers, the Washlands provide a picturesque pastoral landscape with a beguiling, timeless quality. In addition, the potentially abundant opportunities for recreation offered by the many water resources are particularly important owing to their accessibility to the many people living within and near the area.

View over the Soar Valley towards Loughborough and the hills of Charnwood.

4 National Character 69: Trent Valley Washlands Area profile: Supporting documents

Statements of Environmental Opportunity

SEO 1: Carefully plan and manage new development within the NCA to ensure that landscape character and ecosystem services are strengthened, that heritage features, wildlife habitats, woodland and the hedgerow network are enhanced, and that opportunities for creation of multifunctional green infrastructure are realised so that this landscape is resilient to the forces of change that it is experiencing.

SEO 2: Manage and enhance the Trent Valley Washlands’ river and flood plain landscape to combine its essential provision and regulation of water role with landscape enhancement, nature conservation, climate regulation, farming, recreation and a resource for understanding geodiversity.

SEO 3: Protect, manage and enhance the pastoral landscape of the Trent Valley Washlands, seeking to join up and expand areas of pasture and associated attributes and habitats, to preserve heritage features, enhance biodiversity and geodiversity, protect farmland and provide additional recreational opportunities.

SEO 4: Protect and enhance the historic environment of the Trent Valley Washlands and their characteristic historic landscape. Increase awareness of the richness of this resource, protect it from neglect and physical damage, and ensure that future development complements and enhances the sense of Pasture with willows in the Trent flood plain near Weston-on-Trent. history of the NCA.

5 National Character 69: Trent Valley Washlands Area profile: Supporting documents

Description Physical and functional links to other National Character Areas

This National Character Area (NCA) is a distinctly narrow and linear landscape which, at its widest around Derby, is only about 9 km wide but has a total length close to 100 km. It adjoins 13 other NCAs and extends through Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire. It is strongly defined by its watercourses which all provide multifunctional links with the upstream and downstream NCAs of the Trent catchment which extends over 10,000 km2. The River Trent’s source is Biddulph Moor in Staffordshire (Potteries and Churnet Valley NCA) and it flows through the Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands before entering the Trent Valley Washlands NCA. The river flows out into the Trent and Belvoir Vales NCA, on into the Humberhead Levels NCA and finally to its confluence with the River Ouse to form the River Humber (Humber Estuary NCA).

The Trent’s tributaries of the rivers Tame, Blythe and Cole flow in from the south from Arden NCA while the Bourne Brook flows in from the west from Cannock Chase and Cank Wood NCA and the River Anker and River Mease from the east from Mease/Sence Lowlands NCA. The River Dove flows in from the west from the Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands NCA and the River Derwent from the north from the Derbyshire Peak Fringe and Lower Derwent NCA, while the River Erewash flows in from the north from the Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfield NCA. The River Soar flows in from the south from the Leicestershire Vales NCA, is joined by the River Wreake flowing The River Soar with electicity pylons near Loughborough. in from the east from the Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire Wolds NCA,

6 National Character 69: Trent Valley Washlands Area profile: Supporting documents

Gaddesby Brook from the east from the High Leicestershire NCA and Rothley Transport infrastructure provides physical links to other NCAs including major Brook from the west from Charnwood NCA. roads such as the A50, A38 and M1, mainline railways connecting the Midlands with the north and south and power lines and pylons which traverse the As all these watercourses are within the Trent catchment, actions anywhere landscape. Canals connect to the wider canal network, providing recreational will have an impact downstream. The NCA is a receiver of water from all these links far and wide for boat and towpath users, while routes along the rivers and surrounding NCAs except the Trent and Belvoir Vales NCA which is located through urban areas provide further connectivity. entirely downstream. It also artificially receives significant inputs from the River Severn catchment via the drinking water supply to Birmingham and subsequent The National Forest extends into the Washlands, building a woodland link with treated effluent outfall into the River Tame. the neighbouring Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands, Mease/Sence Lowlands and Melbourne Parklands NCAs. The underlying geodiversity contributes to the Washlands’ characteristic landscape with views towards adjoining higher ground a consistent feature, particularly under clear weather conditions. The Soar Valley, generally less than 3 km across, is heavily influenced visually by the high ground of Charnwood to the west and the Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire Wolds to the east. The Tame Valley, mostly less than 4 km wide, is flanked by the higher ground of Arden, Cannock Chase and the Mease/Sence Lowlands. The northern edge is defined by ground rising to the Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands and the Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfield. The southern edge abuts the Melbourne Parklands, abruptly in places where past fluvio- glacial action has cut into the bedrock.

The bedrock Mercian Mudstones which underlie most of the Washlands form geological links to other NCAs as does the older Sherwood Sandstone Group which provides an important aquifer across the region. This aquifer is used by the brewing industry at Burton-upon-Trent. Meanwhile, the NCA is linked to the downstream Trent and Belvoir Vales via the extensive sand and gravel deposits.

7 National Character 69: Trent Valley Washlands Area profile: Supporting documents

Key characteristics the gravel river terraces and to rising ground at the edges of the flood plains. Traditional buildings are characteristically of red brick and clay plain tile with ■■ Distinctly narrow, linear and low-lying landscape largely comprised of the earlier timber frame and grander dwellings and churches typically built from flat flood plains and gravel terraces of the rivers and defined at its edges by sandstone. Red brick and Welsh slate of 19th- and early 20th-century urban higher ground. expansion prominent in larger settlements along with modern housing and ■■ Geology dominated by superficial alluvium and gravel river terrace deposits development. underpins the contrast in arable and pastoral agricultural use, arable crops ■■ A landscape heavily used as transport and communication corridors along predominating on the free-draining soils of the river terraces, with grassland the rivers and canals, for major roads and railways, and for power lines. more commonly located along the alluvial river flood plains where soils are ■■ A landscape marked by extensive sand and gravel extraction, power stations subject to frequent flooding or are naturally wet. and prominent urban-edge industrial and commercial development. ■■ Flood plain pastoral areas where riverside pastures are subdivided by thick, full hedgerows with some trees contrast with arable areas with larger fields divided by low, small hedgerows with few trees. ■■ Limited tree cover, but local concentrations give the impression of a well- timbered landscape in many places. Riparian trees, especially willows, provide an important component. ■■ A landscape strongly defined by its rivers and their flood plains with the extensive canal network adding significantly to the watery character and providing major recreational assets for the area. ■■ Diverse range of wetland habitats supporting notable species such as spined loach and bullhead fish, otter, water vole, white-clawed crayfish, shoveler, bittern, lapwing, snipe and redshank. ■■ Rich history of human settlement and activity reflected in the archaeology and historic buildings with a particular focus on river crossing points and the gravel terraces, as well as being significant for early Christianity in the Midlands, and later for its canal and brewing heritage. ■■ Settlement pattern heavily influenced by flood risk, confining villages to The Soar Valley diplaying some of the key characterisitics of the Washlands.

8 National Character 69: Trent Valley Washlands Area profile: Supporting documents

Landscape opportunities

■■ Plan for long-term action that will help ensure the established character of ■■ Protect and enhance the belts of trees and riparian habitats that demarcate the Washlands is protected, enhanced and made more resilient to forces of watercourses, create new woodland on former sand and gravel extraction sites. change which have led to a divergence away from established character. ■■ Reduce cultivation damage to archaeology and geomorphological features by ■■ Protect the pastoral landscape from further fragmentation by resisting encouraging best practice such as direct drilling and shallow tilling and seek inappropriate use and development, promoting traditional management opportunities for their protection through reversion of arable land to pasture. practices, protecting existing pasture from conversion to arable use – especially those containing archaeological features including ridge and furrow ■■ Restore and manage hedgerows where they have been lost, to strengthen the – and seeking opportunities to create more permanent grassland. historical field patterns, improve wildlife networks and enhance landscape character. ■■ Strengthen the historic character of the pastoral riverside landscape through the re-instatement of traditional management including willow pollarding ■■ Plan for a landscape depleted of ash by planting replacement characteristic along traditional boundaries, planting of native black poplar and management hedgerow tree species. of withy beds. ■■ Protect the historical settlement pattern and vernacular character through ■■ Reconnect rivers with their flood plains and make space for natural informed spatial planning processes to secure high quality design standards geomorphological processes of rivers. in new development including the appropriate use of traditional building materials. ■■ Restore and enhance the mosaic of wetland and flood plain habitats including grazing marsh, pastures, fens, reedbeds, wet woodland and eutrophic standing ■■ Carefully control the location of new urban development to avoid further waters including along urban river corridors. Link and extend existing habitats encroachment onto the valley floors. Similarly carefully control any to reverse the fragmentation that has taken place over the years. development on the bordering slopes to avoid potential adverse visual impact on the Washlands landscape. ■■ Manage the exploitation of sand and gravel deposits carefully so that damage to landscape character, archaeology and existing habitats is minimised and that ■■ Raise the design quality and appearance of new and existing development and landscape, access, geodiversity and biodiversity enhancements are maximised screen intrusive urban influences with the use of substantial and appropriate such as through the creation of new wetland, woodland and other habitats. woodland planting, earthworks and green roofs.

43 Cannock Chase and Cankwood Cannock Chase and Cankwood

1. This region follows a wedge of Triassic sandstone, which pushes northward into central Staffordshire. The north-eastern and eastern boundaries are sharply defined by the Trent and Tame valleys; the western boundary follows the River Penk, but is rather less distinct, and to the south the wedge disappears beneath the West Midlands conurbation. Between Cannock Chase and the conurbation Carboniferous coal measures, overlain by glacial drift and stagnogley soils, create the South Staffordshire Coalfield. Podzolic soils and brown sands predominate in the northern half.

2. A central elevated, domed plateau makes up the area now known as Cannock Chase. This is the single largest lowland heath in Staffordshire, and in the Midlands. It also contains the modern Cannock Forest, Forest Enterprise's largest holding in the region at about 2,500 ha. and comprising largely Corsican pine. The area is subject to intensive recreational use and the largest of the heathlands is both a Country Park and a Site of Special Scientific Interest, managed by Staffordshire County Council. The most distinctive tree species, apart from the Corsican pines, are sessile oak and silver birch (Betula pendula). Old Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) were planted as focal points on hill tops. Natural regeneration of Scots pine has to be controlled, to maintain the heathland. Holly, formerly of great economic value as winter browse for commoners' sheep, survives mainly in bounding hedges.

3. The area approximates to the traditional site of the Cannock (or Cank) Forest, a royal hunting forest held by some to have been in existence by the reign of William the Conqueror. In common with other forests, it was also used as a source of revenue from rents and wood sales. Although Domesday records a very large area of woodland not all of the region was heavily wooded. Some must have been cleared during the Roman period, as the presence of Watling Street and an associated Roman town and estates makes clear.

4. The area seen by most people as Cannock Chase in the 21st century belies the extent and influence of the historic forest. Assarting or bringing new land into cultivation began around Cannock forest during the middle ages and added to the process of its erosion and settlement. Industry formed an important part of the local economy through and beyond the medieval period, particularly glass and iron making because of the supply of wood fuel. Much of the woodland of Cannock Chase was felled over a twenty-year period at the end of the sixteenth century, and surprisingly few ancient woodlands survive over the area as a whole. Coal extraction was important from the sixteenth century onwards and has made a major contribution to the landscape character of the southern part.

5. The building forms common to this region are more usually found around its periphery than on its central plateau, although to the south this has now been engulfed by industrialisation. A variety of timber-framed buildings survive from the period when the forest’s wood was the dominant regional building material. Examples can be seen in the cruck construction of “The Cottage” in Shenstone in the south and in the square-panelled walls of the house adjacent to the old smithy, Walton-on-the-Hill, in the north although both probably date from the seventeenth century. Hill Top at Longdon in the east has both sophisticated and simple examples of timber framing in this period. The rare survival of a squatter’s cottage in Upper Longdon demonstrates the growing social pressure on the forest’s lands at this time.

177 6. Later buildings in the region were in a strong red-coloured brick with plain clay tile roofs as enclosure brought settlement closer to the central domed plateau. Here farmsteads of the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries survive just beyond twentieth century incursions near the village of Cannock Wood. Their low two-storey profiles are in sharp contrast to the more prosperous farms in the lower parts of the region such as the grand eighteenth-century Manor Farm at Hints.

7. Over 90% of the area is Grade 3 agricultural land or better, with the higher quality land mainly to the south and west of Lichfield. The pattern of agriculture is very diverse: it is generally mixed farming with horticulture and more demanding crops such as potatoes and sugar beet on the higher quality land. There is also grassland supporting dairying and other livestock enterprises generally concentrated further north.

8. The coalfield area between Cannock Chase and the West Midlands is extensively industrialised, and the influence of mining and industry is such that in parts only remnants of farmland and heathland remain. The more rural parts of this landscape to the east, around Chorley, are now mainly used for stock rearing within a small to medium scale irregular field pattern where intact hedgerows and mature oaks are characteristic. Small scale woodlands, narrow sunken lanes and clustered farmsteads impart a peaceful feel to this area, which is probably the product of small scale medieval woodland clearance.

9. As the land drops down to the river valleys to the east near Lichfield, and west around Penkridge, estatelands and medium to large scale open agricultural landscapes still show evidence of their heathland origins in the hedgerows and woodlands. These peripheral parts of the area have a rolling, undulating landform in which large hedged fields of a regular pattern are used for intensive cereal and vegetable cropping. Arable prairie landscapes are becoming increasingly common as a result of the loss of hedgerows and hedgerow trees.

10. In the farmlands close to the western boundary the winding lanes and isolated farmsteads are evidence of an older settlement pattern where intensity of modern agriculture, and now an ever present urban fringe influence, has resulted in deterioration of hedges and stunted oaks, an enlarging of scale, and a general urbanisation and decline of the landscape.

178 Settled farmlands

Closely related to the previous type, but lacking its boulder clay, these are landscapes of undulating lowlands and hills, with non-calcareous brown soils overlying Triassic mudstones. The land use has undergone a change in recent years, from predominantly dairying towards mixed farming with intensive arable cropping. There is generally a varied pattern of small to medium sized hedged fields with a scatter of small woodlands, often of ancient origin.

Visual character

This is an area of intensive arable farming and improved grassland characterised by an irregular, largely intact pattern of medium to large-scale fields and considerable areas of horse pasture and rough grazing around the settlements. The landform is of a rounded and undulating character with gentle slopes and small stream valleys allowing both medium and long distance views across the landscape. Hedgerow trees, which are even aged mature oaks and some ash, are now few in number and seen as individual elements but with the field pattern showing up strongly on the rolling landform. Hedges are now either becoming overgrown, well trimmed and gappy or fragmented, with the introduction of post and wire fencing for stock control. Woodlands are infrequent, generally broadleaved and of a small to field sized scale. Streamside corridors with willow have a strong localised influence in reducing the scale, especially where associated with more pronounced landform.

The landscape generally has a peaceful rural feel to it with its network of narrow winding lanes, often with high hedgebanks, and clustered farmsteads, individual roadside houses and expanded commuter villages. These properties have a traditional character but are now largely becoming modernised and extended. Much of the tree cover in this landscape is associated with this settlement pattern. Where nearby urban influences impact strongly on the landscape the landcover elements are in decline, with lanes now heavily used as through routes, and large scattered farms now diversifying. The landscape there becomes one of an undistinguished character where no one element visually dominates but with an urban fringe feel due to adjacent industrial areas and to the introduction of non-traditional activities.

Characteristic landscape features

Irregular hedged fields; rolling landform; narrow winding lanes and hedgebanks; hedgerow oaks; dispersed settlement pattern; arable and improved pasture farming; wooded stream valleys.

Incongruous landscape features

Busy main roads; evidence of commuter pressures; horseyculture; introduced exotic tree species; inappropriate property improvements; fencing; power lines; urban expansion; railway; industrial estates.

Factors critical to landscape character and quality

The critical factors which currently limit landscape quality are the loss of characteristic landscape features, a decline in the condition of those features that remain, and the relatively poor survival of characteristic semi-natural vegetation (i.e. ancient woodland and hedgerows, and semi-natural grasslands).

187 Potential value of new woodland planting

Significant parts of the areas falling within this landscape type are also within the boundary of the Forest of Mercia. New planting would generally be of moderate to high value, to act as a buffer to urban expansion where appropriate, and to maintain a structure to those areas where landcover pattern is declining. Particular care would be required in locating new woodlands in the distinctive small-scale landscape around Longdon, but here the strategic siting of new native woodland could be of great value in reducing the effects of fragmentation and isolation of ancient woodland.

Potential value of other habitat provision and management

The following Staffordshire Biodiversity Action Plan Targets are relevant at landscape scale:

Habitat type Objective or target Priority

Ancient/ semi-natural maintain and enhance lower broadleaved woodland restore degraded sites medium recreate/ regenerate medium Ancient/ diverse hedgerows maintain and manage high maintain trees high Hedgerows plant species-rich hedges high Arable field margins maintain, improve and restore lower Canals, lakes and ponds maintain and enhance water bodies and lower catchments increase the number of such features lower Reedbeds maintain and create lower Rivers and streams maintain and improve the quality and medium quantity of water maintain the quality of all natural existing medium channel features Unimproved neutral maintain and safeguard existing areas high grassland restore high link adjacent sites through habitat high creation create/ re-create new areas high

Further details of these habitat targets can be found in the Staffordshire Biodiversity Action Plan.

188 Specific guidelines

Tree and woodland planting

Planting should predominantly be of a small to medium scale to reflect field size, and should be designed to field pattern. Where that pattern is beginning to break down a larger scale would be appropriate. Care should be taken, however, not to introduce an excessive amount of planting such that woodlands coalesce and views through the landscape are restricted. The current broadleaved character should be reflected in any new woodland with very restricted opportunities for the introduction of conifers. ‘Stepping stone’ plantations, sited to reduce the isolation of existing ancient woodlands, should comprise locally native species.

Further guidelines may be found in the Forest of Mercia Forest Plan.

189 Appendix 3: Historic Environment Character Zone Assessments: Lichfield

This appendix provides an assessment of the historic environment for each of the Historic Environment Character zones (HECZs) for the three project areas of Lichfield, Burntwood and Tamworth.

It should be noted that the information and any recommendations contained within each of the documents is subject to amendment should any new information become available.

For further information regarding the Historic Environment Record (HER); Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) and designated sites please contact:

Cultural Heritage Team Environment & Countryside Development Services Directorate Staffordshire County Council Riverway Stafford ST16 3TJ

Tel: 01785 277281/277285/277290

Email: [email protected]

Staffordshire County Council February 2009

1 LHECZ 6 – Land around Streethay (HECA 10b)

Summary

Field systems and the expanded settlement of Streethay dominate the LHECZ and these mostly reflect 20th century changes to the landscape. To the north west of the zone a large area of earlier enclosure survives which had its origins as medieval open fields, probably enclosed during the post medieval period.

Other than the modern village of Streethay the settlement pattern is predominantly dispersed in nature, with most of the farmsteads dating to at least the 19th century.

Medium or large scale development is likely to have some impact upon the historic environment assets of the zone. Any development which may be planned for the zone would need to address impacts upon and potential mitigation strategies for:

• the Conservation Areas and adjacent Listed Buildings • the Scheduled Monument • the relationships between the existing historic landscape character and settlement pattern to the north west of the zone and how this could be retained or reflected • the potential for below ground archaeological deposits

Early consultation with the Conservation Officers at Lichfield District Council, the Cultural Heritage Team at Staffordshire County Council and English Heritage is advised.

Designations (map 16)

There are 6 Listed Buildings within the LHECZ, including a milestone on the Coventry Canal.

There is one Scheduled Monument a moated site and plunge bath north west of Streethay.

There are no other designated sites falling within this LHECZ.

Archaeological Character (map 17)

Very little archaeological work has been carried out within the LHECZ except for an evaluation upon the West Coast main railway line and some work on aerial photography in the north as part of the Trent Valley Cropmark Survey.

The overall character of the HECZ for the earlier Prehistoric period is likely to have been of a heavily wooded landscape perhaps supporting a pastoral economy from the Bronze Age onwards. Early human activity is known within the northern part of the LHECZ and comprises an undated lithic working site

34 west of Streethay and cropmark features, including enclosures and a ring ditch to the north west of the village.

However, evidence of Roman activity is limited to the line of Rykneild Street running south west to north east across the LHECZ. This Roman route bisects the village of Streethay and two unstratified find spots of Roman coins have been found nearby, one of which may have comprised a hoard. Currently no Roman sites have been identified in or around Streethay itself.

This area is likely to have formed part of Cannock Forest by the mid 11th century and the landscape may have been dominated by woodland, wood pasture and/or heathland. Consequently earlier activity may have been confined to a pastoral economy which exploited these landscapes. Settlement would have been sparse and concentrated upon clearings within the still heavily wooded landscape. Further research on the earlier environment would enhance our understanding of the landscape of the LHECZ prior to the medieval period.

Historic Landscape (map 18)

The historic landscape is dominated by Post 1880s Reorganised Fields which are likely to date to the second half of the 20th century when pressures to intensify agricultural production led to the removal of many field boundaries. The origins of these fields are unclear at present, but some may have once formed part of an open field system serving Streethay. The modern field systems around Fulfen Farm certainly have their origins as open fields. These open fields were enclosed through verbal, informal agreements between the farmers known as Piecemeal Enclosure which had begun by at least the early 16th century in Staffordshire. The presence of a watermill at Darnford in the south of the LHECZ attests to the presence of arable cultivation in the wider area.

Piecemeal Enclosure is also indicated around Curborough House and Brownsfield Farm, which had its origins as open fields probably, associated with both Lichfield city and Curborough. Brownsfields Farm dates to the 18th century and may have been built when the open fields here were first enclosed as Piecemeal Enclosure.

To the east of the Coventry Canal lies a small area of 19th century Reorganised Piecemeal Enclosure, which also had its origins as an open field system in the medieval period. This particular field system is likely to have belonged to Streethay.

The settlement pattern is one that is still predominantly dispersed in nature. However, the hamlet of Streethay has expanded considerably during the later 20th century and now practically forms part of the Lichfield conurbation. Streethay was first mentioned in documentary sources in the later 12th century and a surviving Scheduled moated site lies to the north of the modern settlement. Other settlements comprise Curborough first recorded in the 13th century which is believed to be the site of a deserted settlement; Fulfen which

35 was first mentioned in the mid 12th century and Darnford which was the site of a watermill by 1243. All three of these sites comprise farmsteads, which date to at least the 19th century. The farms at Fulfen and Curborough may have earlier origins. There are a further four farmsteads which date to at least the 19th century.

Towards the end of the 18th century the Coventry Canal and the Wyrley and Essington Canal were constructed meeting at the Huddlesford Junction just outside the LHECZ. The Wyrley and Essington Canal is disused within the LHECZ, but the Coventry Canal is still in use and there are three accommodation bridges and a coal wharf surviving along its length within the character zone.

Historic Assets Summary Table

Survival The zone has seen little disturbance from 2 development, other than around Streethay. Much of the historic landscape has been impacted by agricultural improvements. Potential Some potential in the north indicating 2 some prehistoric-Roman presence. Remainder of HECZ has seen little or no investigation and disturbance is through ploughing Documentation Comprises the HER data, the VCH 2 volume and part of the Trent Valley Survey. Diversity There are very few known assets and are 1 of a limited range. Group Association There are a few assets of medieval and 1 post medieval date, particularly relating to the built environment Amenity Value The historic environment does not lend 1 itself to public display or visitor attraction. Current knowledge gives limited potential for the historic environment to play a significant role to create or promote identity. Sensitivity to change (to The area could accommodate medium to 1 housing expansion & large scale development although specific infrastructure for LBC) historic environment assets such as the Scheduled moat at Streethay, the dispersed settlement pattern, potential archaeological deposits particularly the cropmark sites and setting of the canal may suffer adverse effects. Overall score 10

For historical background to Streethay and its surroundings, please refer to the Victoria County History volume XIV.

36 Map 18: Refined HLC

39 LHECZ 8 – Curborough (HECA 8)

Summary

The landscape of LHECZ mostly comprises field systems revealing different dates of origin. To the east of Watery Lane the pattern possibly dates to the medieval period, perhaps representing 12th/13th century assarting. To the west of the lane the morphology of the fields suggests a later date of enclosure possibly 18th/19th century in date. These field systems are associated with farmsteads which may have been established when these areas were first enclosed.

To the north at Wood End and to the east towards Fradley South the field systems have undergone considerable change during the 20th century through the removal of field boundaries.

• the designated sites listed below, both within and adjacent to the zone • the relationships between the existing historic landscape character of medieval and later origins and the historic dispersed nature of the settlement and how this could be retained or reflected • the potential for below ground archaeological deposits

Early consultation with the Conservation Officers at Lichfield District Council and the Cultural Heritage Team at Staffordshire County Council is advised.

Designations (map 22)

There are three Listed buildings lying within the LHECZ.

There are no other designated sites within the character zone, although the Trent & Mersey Canal Conservation Area lies adjacent to the northern boundary. Any development within this area should take into consideration impacts upon both the listed buildings and Conservation Area.

Archaeological Character (map 23)

The overall character of the LHECZ of the earlier prehistoric period is likely to have been a heavily wooded landscape perhaps supporting a pastoral economy from the Bronze Age onwards involving clearance of woodland possibly resulting in the formation of heath land. Evidence of human activity within the LHECZ in these periods is currently confined to a number of finds in the western half which have been dated to the Neolithic/Bronze Age. Their presence may support the possibility of limited settlement within the wider area. Further archaeological/environmental research would be required to address this issue.

46 Evidence for activity during the Roman period is similarly limited to unstratified finds in the southern area of the LHECZ around Curborough. To the east of Curborough Hall Farm a large quantity of finds of various periods has included large quantities of Roman coins, pottery, a kiln and roof tiles suggesting a settlement or broader activity site in the area.

Historic Landscape (map 24)

The HECZ is predominantly rural in nature and comprises field systems of several dates. A large block of fields to the west of the LHECZ appear, from their form, to date to the 18th/19th century being semi-planned in nature. The central area is predominantly irregular in form and may relate to an earlier period of enclosure. To the west and around Wood House Farm are field systems which have been impacted by an increase in agricultural productivity during the later 20th century. This reorganisation of field systems resulted in considerable field boundary loss creating enlarged fields which have been classified as Post 1880s Reorganised Fields. Two areas of woodland, Big Lyntus and Little Lyntus date to at least the early 19th century, being marked upon the 1st edition 1” OS map (1830s).

The settlement pattern is dispersed in nature comprising scattered farms. The results of the historic farmstead survey found that the majority of farm buildings date to at least the 19th century, although Curborough Farm appears to date to the early-mid 18th century. Curborough is first mentioned in documentary sources in the 13th century. The relatively early origins for settlement, combined with the evidence of the associated early irregular enclosure, may suggest that this was an area of assarting at some point in the 12th or 13th century. Consequently this irregular enclosure may have its origins in the medieval period.

The origins of Fullbrook Farm, which sits within a landscape of 18th/19th century semi planned enclosure, may be linked to the origins of these field systems.

The Historic Environment Record (HER) notes the site of a deserted or shrunken medieval settlement in the vicinity of Curborough. It is possible that this ‘settlement’ represented a series of dispersed farmsteads or a clustering of farmsteads rather than a coherent village.

In the centre of the LHECZ lies the largest modern intrusion, the sewage works, to the east of which lies a sprint course providing a public amenity.

Historic Assets Summary Table

Survival The zone has seen little disturbance other 2 than through agricultural activities including some field boundary loss.

47 Potential There are currently limited known historic 2 environment assets beyond the surviving landscapes and built environment. Documentation HER data & VCH. 2 Diversity There are very few known assets other 1 than built environment, field systems and find spots Group Association The origins of Fullbrook Farm and the 2 surrounding field system are likely to be related (being 18th/19th century origin). Amenity Value The historic environment does not 1 currently lend itself to interpretation. Sensitivity to change (to Medium to large scale development will 2 housing expansion & have an impact upon the nature of the infrastructure for LBC) dispersed settlement and upon the coherency of some of the historic landscapes Overall score 12

For further information on the history of this area please refer to VCH vol. XIV on Curborough and Elmshurst.

48 Map 24: Refined HLC

51 Historic Environment Character Area (HECA) 10a

Introduction

This document forms an overview of the HECA which specifically addresses the potential impact of medium to large scale development upon the historic environment.

The character area, covering 2,664ha, lies wholly within Lichfield District boundary and incorporates the city of Lichfield, the historic settlement of Wall and the settlement of Whittington as well as the surrounding rural landscape. The Lichfield shall be one of the towns reviewed in detail as part of the Extensive Urban Survey for Staffordshire.

Archaeological and Historic Documentation

A VCH volume has been produced covering Lichfield and archaeological work within the character area has concentrated upon the historic core of the city and around Wall to the south. Other archaeological work has been carried out along the line of the M6 (Toll), other A-road improvements and the West Coast Mainline (railway). Beyond these concentrations little work has been currently been carried out.

Historic Environment Overview

The modern landscape is dominated by the development of Lichfield over the last century, which has more than doubled in size in that period. Lichfield became an important ecclesiastic centre during the later Anglo-Saxon period, but the current understanding on the earliest landscape of the character area suggests that it had mostly been heavily wooded until Bronze Age when some clearance may have begun to take place to support a small scale pastoral economy. The earliest evidence for human activity across the HECA comes from just beyond the historic core of Lichfield where Mesolithic flints have been recovered, although this probably represents the presence of mobile hunting groups and transitory occupation. Near the cathedral evidence of Neolithic settlement has been identified which may suggest small scale occupation at an earlier date than the Bronze Age.

In the south of the HECA substantial evidence for human activity during the Roman period concentrates around the modern village of Wall. During this period Watling Street (the modern A5) crossed the HECA on an east-west alignment and a fort was established at Wall, where the foundations of a bathhouse and possible mansio are on display to the public courtesy of English Heritage. Archaeological fieldwork has also identified numerous features in the area including evidence of other buildings and cemeteries. A rescue excavation to the south of Watling Street in the village suggested that occupation possibly continued into the early Anglo-Saxon period. Rykneild Street Roman road crosses Watling Street approximately 867m to the south east of Wall and runs along the length of the HECA about 2km to the east of Lichfield cathedral, along the line of the modern A38. It is not currently known

27 to what degree this area was settled prior to the Roman invasion (42AD) and there is little evidence for human activity after the army left in 409AD.

Within the historic core of Lichfield recent archaeological work near Stowe Pool revealed evidence of re-used Romano-British rubble in a building of 5th/6th century date. Other than a Roman coin find 1.4km from Cathedral this is the only evidence from this period and does not address the question of whether this area was occupied during that period. It is, however, evidence that by the early Anglo-Saxon period there was an unknown degree of occupation. The importance of Lichfield increased when Bishop Chad founded an Episcopal see here during the 7th century. However, by the late 9th century it is likely that Lichfield declined as the Danes advanced across the country from the north east, particularly as it ceased to be the seat of a bishop, being demoted to the status of a ‘minster church’. Evidence for this comes from several sources including Domesday Book (1086) which records the religious community had dropped from 20 canons to five. The final destruction phase of the buildings near Stowe Pool (779-971AD) may also relate to this period.

An overview of the later history of the town is included within the relevant Lichfield Historic Environment Character Zone (LHECZ 1) and will be covered in greater depth by the Extensive Urban Survey. The town is also covered by a volume of the VCH.

The surrounding landscape may have formed part of the Royal forest of Forest by the mid 11th century and is likely to have been dominated by woodland, wood pasture and heath land with perhaps some enclosure for small scale pasture and/or arable. This landscape is likely to have been largely unchanged from the Bronze Age landscape although the extent of clearance may have increased and contracted at various, currently unknown, dates. Documentary evidence suggests that large parts of the forest were being enclosed from the 12th century onwards. The settlements of Streethay, Whittington and Chesterfield are all first recorded in documents of the late 12th century and may represent assarting (the clearance of woodland for farmland) in the early post Conquest period (after 1066). A Scheduled moated site lies to the north of Streethay, which may further strengthen the idea that this was originally 11th/12th century assarted landscape

During the medieval period much of the landscape was being farmed as arable in large open fields, which were divided into strips held by families. Many of the open fields were associated with Lichfield and may pre-date the Norman Conquest (1066). Others were located in association with the later settlements of Whittington, Chesterfield and Wall. It is not currently known to what extent settlement continued at Wall from the Roman period through to the medieval, but it may have been re-settled in the 11th/12th century. Documentary sources suggest that the open fields associated with Lichfield were enclosed as piecemeal enclosure in the 17th and early 18th centuries. This form of enclosure was carried out by a means of informal, verbal agreements between farmers who wished to consolidate their holdings across the open fields in a single block. Across Staffordshire as a whole this was

28 being carried out by the 16th century and the open fields around Whittington and Wall probably also date to the post medieval period. The form of piecemeal enclosure around Whittington survives reasonably well, although some field boundary loss has occurred. Other areas where piecemeal enclosure has survived to a degree includes to the north west of Lichfield.

Other than the city of Lichfield and the larger villages there are 34 surviving historic farmsteads, with a further five which have been lost during the 20th century. Of these only seven have elements which are known to pre-date the 19th century and these all cluster around Wall. The remainder date to at least the 19th century and it may be that some of these farms have their origins in the later medieval or early post medieval period and may relate to the enclosure of this landscape, which has not been closely dated. One such farm lies at Aldershaw, if dates to at least the 19th century but no aspects of it are currently listed. A possible moat has been speculated to lie at Aldershaw, in the form of two ponds, but this has not been confirmed. However, the place is first mentioned in documentary sources in 1176 at a similar date to the other settlements already noted and is again perhaps evidence of assarting.

On the whole the current landscape is dominated by 20th century changes, particularly relating to the expansion of Lichfield, Streethay and Whittington. The majority of the field systems have also undergone considerable change during the last century as the pressure to intensify arable production led to the removal of a great many hedgerows resulting a significant change in the rural landscape.

Designated Historic Environment Assets

There are around 281 Listed Buildings within the HECA although the majority of these lie within the Lichfield’s historic core. A couple of those which lie outside the city include structures associated with the Coventry Canal, whilst others include farmhouses and the parish churches at Wall and Whittington.

There are 5 Scheduled Monuments of which two lie outside Lichfield; the Roman site at Wall and the moated site north of Streethay.

Within the HECA there is one Registered Park and Garden, which comprises the Cathedral Close and Linear Park.

Two Conservation Areas fall outside of the city at Wall and at Whittington. Two further Conservations Areas lie within the city.

There are no Registered Battlefields recorded within the HECA.

Historic Environment considerations

The historic landscape character is dominated by 20th century changes both in terms of development and through alterations to the historic field patterns. However, the HECA retains a dispersed settlement pattern which may closely

29 relate to the surviving piecemeal enclosure around Whittington and to the north west of Lichfield.

Below ground archaeological deposits have been proven to survive well within the historic core of Lichfield and around Wall. There is the potential for archaeology to survive within other areas of the HECA.

Consequently any future development within the character area would need to consider the following issues:

• The impact upon the nature of the surviving dispersed settlement pattern. Particularly where the origins of the landscape may be closely tied to the origins of the farmsteads or where there is the possibility that the farmsteads may represent earlier foci of settlement for example at Aldershaw.

• It would need to address how the historic landscape character could be reflected in any development in those areas where it survives well and is strongly associated with the historic built environment, e.g. the farmsteads

• How the development may impact upon the setting of the designated sites

It would need to consider the impacts upon below ground archaeology both where it is known particularly in Lichfield and around Wall, but also to consider where there is the potential for deposits to survive.

30 Map 7 Refined HLC: the modern landscape

Map 32: The total scores for the HEA

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C O H A K N Depots A L O D C E Certificate FS 29637

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R T A B A5127 ST R D Offices at Bristol Cambridge Cardiff Ebbsfleet Edinburgh Leeds Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Map with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Crown Copyright Reserved. Licence No. 100019279. \\SRVLNVFILES3\Files\27000-27999\27200-27299\27255 - North Lichfield\A4 - Dwgs & Registers\Landscape\200 Scheme\27255 L105 Landscape Character Plan.dwg - A1 London Manchester Newcastle Reading Solihull Southampton

The scaling of this drawing cannot be assured Farm 70m Revision Date Drn Ckd - - - - Field N FB House LEGEND Site Boundary

Rose Existing Water Courses and Features ^ Track Cottage Path Contours/Spot Heights (Metres AOD) ^ 110m +

Landscape Character Areas Track Open Woodland Wind Turbines 1

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Little The Hill 75m 3 Track Curborough 80m Brownsfield Farm Fields 4 Track

Brownsfield Farm Woods 70m 73m 5 Depot Sources: ^ OS Mapping

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Path 85m Legend 11 Site Boundary 7 Ancient Woodland # Track Wind Turbines

12 Existing Woodlands, Copses and Tree Belts ^ 4 Curborough

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E Location of Photographic Viewpoints T 1 (Site Context Photographs 1-9) A 5 75m W

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E A Ind Est

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C E G T L bartonwillmore.co.uk Playing F I W L E D Certificate FS 29637 B A Field O O Offices at Bristol Cambridge Cardiff Ebbsfleet Edinburgh Leeds Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Map with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Crown Copyright Reserved. Licence No. 100019279. R \\SRVLNVFILES3\Files\27000-27999\27200-27299\27255 - North Lichfield\A4 - Dwgs & Registers\Landscape\200 Scheme\27255 L107 Visual Appraisal Plan.dwg - A1 London Manchester Newcastle Reading Solihull Southampton SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 1:

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 2:

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 3: 200 SCHEME, WATERY LANE, NORTH LICHFIELD

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPHS: 1 - 3 RECOMMENDED VIEWING DISTANCE: 20CM @A1 DATE TAKEN: MAR/APR 2017 PROJECT NUMBER: 27255 SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 4:

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 5:

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 6: 200 SCHEME, WATERY LANE, NORTH LICHFIELD

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPHS: 4 - 6 RECOMMENDED VIEWING DISTANCE: 20CM @A1 DATE TAKEN: MAR/APR 2017 PROJECT NUMBER: 27255 SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 7:

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 8:

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 9: 200 SCHEME, WATERY LANE, NORTH LICHFIELD

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPHS: 7 - 9 RECOMMENDED VIEWING DISTANCE: 20CM @A1 DATE TAKEN: MAR/APR 2017 PROJECT NUMBER: 27255 SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 10:

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPH 11:

200 SCHEME, WATERY LANE, NORTH LICHFIELD

SITE CONTEXT PHOTOGRAPHS: 10 & 11 RECOMMENDED VIEWING DISTANCE: 20CM @A1 DATE TAKEN: MAR/APR 2017 PROJECT NUMBER: 27255 SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH A

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH B

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH C 200 SCHEME, WATERY LANE, NORTH LICHFIELD

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPHS: A - C RECOMMENDED VIEWING DISTANCE: 20CM @A1 DATE TAKEN: MARC/APR 2017 PROJECT NUMBER: 27255 SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH D

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH E

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH F 200 SCHEME, WATERY LANE, NORTH LICHFIELD

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPHS: D - F RECOMMENDED VIEWING DISTANCE: 20CM @A1 DATE TAKEN: MARC/APR 2017 PROJECT NUMBER: 27255 SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH G

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH H

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH I 200 SCHEME, WATERY LANE, NORTH LICHFIELD

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPHS: G - I RECOMMENDED VIEWING DISTANCE: 20CM @A1 DATE TAKEN: MARC/APR 2017 PROJECT NUMBER: 27255 SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH J

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH K

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPH L 200 SCHEME, WATERY LANE, NORTH LICHFIELD

SITE APPRAISAL PHOTOGRAPHS: J - L RECOMMENDED VIEWING DISTANCE: 20CM @A1 DATE TAKEN: MARC/APR 2017 PROJECT NUMBER: 27255