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Private Strawberry Breeders in California Thomas M Private Strawberry Breeders in California Thomas M. Sjulin Driscoll Strawberry Associates, Inc., Watsonville, CA 95076-5399 Private plant breeders and horticulturists Peru in the development of his fi rst successful in this cultivar over several seasons following in California have contributed to the genetic cultivar, ‘Rose Ettersburg’. He also crossed a transplanting to fruiting fi elds near Watsonville, improvement of the strawberry (Fragaria clone of F. chiloensis from Cape Mendocino Calif., from nurseries in the Trinity Mountains ×ananassa Duch.) since the days of the gold in Humboldt County with ‘Rose Ettersburg’, of northern California. Reiter commented on rush 150 years ago (Wilhelm and Sagen, 1974). and a seedling from the resulting hybrid was this phenomenon in a letter to the Pacifi c Rural I will discuss three individuals who have made introduced as ‘Ettersburg 80’. ‘Ettersburg 121’ Press. Etter observed, in reply to Reiter’s query, major contributions to that improvement and was also developed from crosses with F. chi- that the winters in Watsonville were too mild to who left a legacy to be built upon by those loensis, and later cultivars such as ‘Fendalcino’, stimulate vegetative reproduction. His observa- who followed. ‘Trebla’, ‘Red Cross’ and ‘Ettersburg 450’ tion supported the movement of the California were derived in turn from these cultivars and strawberry nursery to northern California sites ALBERT ETTER other selections that have F. chiloensis clones with adequate winter chilling to promote stolon in their parentage (Etter, 1920). production (Wilhelm and Sagen, 1974). Albert Etter (1872–1950) was born in El Several of Etter’s cultivars were widely Etter’s greatest legacy to the modern straw- Dorado County, Calif., to a German immigrant grown. The ‘Ettersburg 80’ was recognized berry industry is the genetic contribution of father who later moved the family to Humboldt for its dessert quality, and was grown for can- his cultivars to today’s cultivars. His cultivars County, Calif., along the north coast. Albert’s ning and jam manufacture in North America, are found in the background of all geographic formal education ended at the age of 15, and Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. In groups of North American cultivars described he began work on the family farm. When Et- England, it was renamed ‘Huxley’ and grown by Sjulin and Dale (1987) except the Minnesota ter turned 21, he established a homestead in a commercially until the 1950s. Others, such as group. ‘Fendalcino’ (developed from ‘Etters- remote area of Humboldt County. He named the ‘Fendalcino’ were popular home garden burg 121’) was a source of virus tolerance in his new homestead Ettersburg for the castle in cultivars in California (Wilhelm and Sagen, the UC breeding program (Wilhelm and Sagen, southern Germany where his family originated. 1974). In Oregon, ‘Ettersburg 121’ was second 1974) and contributes strongly to the genetics It was from this isolated homestead that Etter in importance only to ‘Marshall’, accounting of both public and private California cultivars. did his life’s work of breeding, propagating for 29% of the harvested area in a survey com- ‘Ettersburg 450’ is believed to be one parent and selling new cultivars of strawberries, pleted in 1925 and 1926 (Schuster and Burrier, of ‘Fairfax’, and thus contributes through the apples and pears (Darrow, 1963; Wilhelm and 1929). Small percentages of ‘Ettersburg 80’ widespread use of ‘Fairfax’ and derivatives Sagen, 1974). and ‘Trebla’ were also reported in this survey. in many North American public breeding Etter contributed to strawberry improve- Oregon at that time was a leading producer of programs in the fi rst half of the 20th Century ment in several ways, including 1) early use strawberries in the U.S., with more area har- (Darrow, 1966). Both ‘Ettersburg 121’ and of both South American and North Ameri- vested than California. ‘Ettersburg 121’ was ‘Ettersburg 450’ contribute heavily to Pacifi c can clones of the wild beach strawberry (F. rated the best cultivar for canning in Oregon Northwest cultivars. At least three additional chiloensis L.) to improve the adaptability of (Schuster, 1923), and was grown in that state founding clones from Etter’s work contribute strawberry cultivars to local conditions; 2) until the late 1940s, when it was replaced by to modern North American cultivars (Sjulin the development of commercially successful cultivars better suited to freezing (Waldo and and Dale, 1987). cultivars; 3) an understanding of the factors Hartman, 1947). Etter discontinued his strawberry breeding infl uencing fl owering and runnering in the Etter’s correspondence in the Pacifi c Rural after 1926, and concentrated on apple and pear strawberry; and 4) a major contribution to the Press also infl uenced strawberry industry lead- breeding. Darrow suspects that diseases intro- genetics of current cultivars in use throughout ers. Joseph E. Reiter, along with R.F. Driscoll, duced on germplasm sent to Etter may have North America. pioneered the development of ‘Banner’ as a made it diffi cult for him to continue his work Etter, despite his isolated location, infl u- major commercial cultivar along the central (Darrow, 1966). Whatever the reason, much of enced the thinking of strawberry researchers coast of California in the early 1900s. Reiter was Etter’s own collection of materialwas lost soon and producers of his day. He did this through puzzled by the diminished production of stolons after this time. Some of Etter’s cultivars have frequent correspondence in the Pacifi c Rural been re-collected from foreign sources (Fish- Press, an important agricultural newspaper man, 1987), and at least fi ve of Etter’s cultivars that at the time was edited by E.J. Wickson, (‘Ettersburg 121’, ‘Califour’, ‘Latecross’, ‘Red Dean of the University of California (UC) Col- Cross’ and ‘Trebla’) are listed in the Fragaria lege of Agriculture and a supporter of Etter’s catalog of the National Clonal Germplasm work (Fishman, 1987). Etter also infl uenced Repository in Corvallis, Ore. (National Clonal strawberry research through observations he Germplasm Repository, 2003). recorded in his own nursery catalog (Etter, 1920), and through visits made to his homestead EARL V. GOLDSMITH by strawberry researchers, including Roy Clau- sen, UC geneticist (Clausen, 1915) and George Earl Goldsmith (1892–1954) was born Darrow, strawberry breeder and horticulturist at Loma Prieta in Santa Cruz County, Calif. at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Like Albert Etter, his formal education fi n- in Beltsville, Md. (Darrow, 1963). ished early, as he attended Soquel Grammar Etter’s use of F. chiloensis in his breeding School but may not have attended high school. work is well documented (Clausen, 1915; Goldsmith’s fi rst horticultural experience was Darrow, 1963, 1966; Etter, 1920; Wilhelm and in the fruit orchards of San Jose, and then as Sagen, 1974). He recognized that F. chiloensis foreman at the UC Deciduous Fruit Field Sta- would improve the vigor, drought resistance tion in San Jose. In 1929, he was promoted to and fruit size of the cultivated strawberry. Etter station superintendent, and began his work on used a cultivated clone of F. chiloensis from Fig. 1. Albert F. Etter. strawberries (H.E. Thomas, undated). HORTSCIENCE VOL. 41(1) FEBRUARY 2006 17 FFebruaryBookebruaryBook 1 1177 112/14/052/14/05 110:48:180:48:18 AAMM developed a distinct strawberry ideotype that the world. The steady succession of improved combined fruit quality with plant characters that cultivars allowed DSA to expand its area of improved harvest effi ciency. The most repre- production beyond its original base in the sentative example of this ideotype turned out Salinas–Watsonville district, while simultane- to be one of his last accomplishments, the Z5A ously featuring unique, high-quality fruit in its selection, which was later patented and named fl agship Driscoll label. the ‘Goldsmith’ in his honor (Goldsmith and One of the most noteworthy varieties de- Thomas, 1958). This cultivar was distinctive veloped by Johnson and his colleagues was in its open plant habit and long fruiting cycle ‘Heidi’ (Johnson and Thomas, 1972), which combined with large, attractive fruit with good was the fi rst cultivar for the central coast of shelf life. This cultivar contributed more than California that combined a strong summer any other developed by the Strawberry Institute production cycle with attractive, fl avorful fruit. to the early success of the DSA organization ‘Heidi’, more than any other cultivar developed as a major shipper of fresh strawberries. Un- at DSA, helped distinguish DSA as the premier fortunately, Goldsmith did not live to see his shipper of California strawberries. Finding a cultivar achieve its pinnacle of success, as he replacement for ‘Heidi’ proved diffi cult, but died suddenly in 1954, the very year that the several new cultivars released in the late 1980s, fi rst plants of ‘Goldsmith’ were propagated for most notably ‘Commander’ (Johnson et al., commercial release. 1989), were signifi cant improvements. Johnson Less well known are Goldsmith’s contri- also established high standards of quality for butions to red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) early spring cultivars in southern California breeding. Goldsmith began making raspberry with the introduction of ‘Thomas’ (Johnson, crosses in association with Joseph M. Reiter, 1983) and ‘Joe Reiter’ (Johnson, 1984). His son of Joseph E. (see above), in 1937 in the fi nal release, ‘E26’ (Johnson et al., 1991), was Santa Clara Valley. This work continued off instrumental in the development of a summer- and on until Goldsmith passed away in 1954. planted everbearing production system for late Fig. 2. Earl V. Goldsmith. Sweetbriar Development Company, a private autumn–early winter production in southern Rubus research and development company California. This production system fi lled the Goldsmith began making strawberry owned by Reiter’s descendents and today part remaining window in the California production crosses in 1929 as a side project at the San Jose of DSA, held a number of Goldsmith’s rasp- cycle, allowing DSA to ship strawberries from station after his daily tasks were completed.
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