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Effects of Drought in the Colorado River Basin

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Effects of Drought in the Colorado River Basin Effects of Drought in the Colorado River Basin GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 372-F Effects of Drought in the Colorado River Basin By H. E. THOMAS and others DROUGHT IN THE SOUTHWEST, 1942-56 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 372-F UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract __________________________________________ _ F1 Gila River basin ___________________________________ _ F25 Introduction ______________________________________ _ 1 Upper Gila River ______________________________ _ Upper Basin ______________________________________ _ 26 1 Virden-Duncan Valley ______________________ _ 27 San Simon basin ___________________________ _ San Juan River, Colo., N. Mex., and Utah ________ _ 2 28 Plateau Country, Colo., N.Mex., Utah, and Ariz ___ _ 4 Safford Valley, by R. L. Cushman and L. C. Runoff and sediment production _____________ _ 4 Groundwater _____________________________ _ HalpennY-------------------------------- 29 4 San Carlos Reservoir _____ ------_____ ----- __ _ 32 Lower Basin tributary to Lake Mead ________________ _ 5 San Pedro Valley __________________________ _ 37 Runoff from contrasting hydrologic terrains _______ _ 6 Santa Cruz Valley _________________________ _ 38 Mogollon Rim region, Arizona ___________________ _ 8 Salt River------------------------------------- 39 Muddy River, N ev ____________________________ _ 8 Central Arizona Plain _____ --- _______ -----______ _ 40 Las Vegas Valley, Nev., by Glenn Malmberg ______ _ 9 Lake Mead _______________________________________ _ Lower Santa Cruz area_--- _______ -- ________ _ 41 11 Salt River Valley __________________________ _ 43 Sediment accumulation _________________________ _ 12 Natural streamflow ____________________ _ 43 Water quality _________________________________ _ 13 Surface resevoirs _______________________ _ 43 Water distribution _____________________________ _ 14 Ground-water reservoirs ________________ _ 45 Service area of Lake Mead __________________________ _ 15 Lower Gila River ______________________________ _ Imperial Valley, CaliL _________________________ _ 46 16 Gila Bend Basin ___________________________ _ Coachella Valley, Calif _________________________ _ 47 17 Desert plains ____________ --- _____ ------ ____ _ Salton Sea, Calif _______________________________ _ 18 47 Yuma area, Arizona ____________________________ _ Summary of effects of drought ___________________ _ 48 20 Storage depletion __________________________ _ Yuma Valley ______________________________ _ 20 48 Yuma Mesa _______________________________ _ 21 Salt balance ___________ --- ________ --- __ ----_ 48 Abundance of water in drought ______________ _ 21 Reference citeds _______________ - _________ - _________ _ 49 Wellton-Mohawk area, Arizona ______________ ----- 23 IndeX--------------------------------------------- 51 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Location map of part of Colorado River basin---------------------------------------------------------- F2 2. Runoff from Upper Colorado basin ____________________________________________ -------________ --------_ 3 3. Hydrologic data form the Plateau country------- _________________________________ ------ _____ -----_____ 5 4. Precipitation and runoff, lower c'olorado River basin---------------------------------------------------- 7 5. Precipitation and ground water, Las Vegas ValleY------------------------------------------------------ 10 6. Inflow, outflow, and storage, Lake Mead __ ----------__________________________ ------------------------ 12 7. Runoff and sediment load, Colorado River at Grand Canyon--------------------------------------------- 13 8. Inflow and outflow of dissolved solids, Lake Mead------------------------------------------------------ 14 9. Distribution of water from Lake Mead ___________________________________________ --------______ ------- 15 10. Hydrographs of wells in Coachella ValleY-------------------------------------------------------------- 18 11. Fluctuations of Salton Sea __ --------___________________________________________________________ -----_ 19 12. Hydrographs of wells in Yuma area------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 13. Salt balance in Yuma ValleY------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 14. Water use, Gila River basin_____ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 26 15. Hydrologic data, Virden-Duncan Valley ___________________________________________________ ------------ 28 16. Hydrologic data, Safford Valley ___________________________________________________ --------------_____ 30 17. Decline of supplies from San Carlos Reservoir---------------------------------------------------------- 33 18. Precipitation versus runoff, upper Gila River basin ___________________ -------__________ ----------------_ 34 19. Runoff, Salt versus Gila Rivers ____________ ------------_________________________ ---------------------_ 36 20. Hydrologic data for Santa Cruz Valley________________________________________________________________ 40 21. Streamflow and water levels, Salt River headwaters----------------------------------------------------- 41 22. Effects of regulation, Salt and Verde Rivers------------------------------------------------------------ 44 23. Water-level response to recharge and discharge, Salt River project________________________________________ 46 TABLES TABLE 1. Principal irrigated areas served from Lake Mead ____ -------- ___ -----___________ ------------------------ F16 2. Salt balance in Central Arizona Plain. _________________________________________________ -----_------___ 49 Ill DROUGHT IN THE ~OUTHWEST, 1942-56 I EFFECTS OF DROUGHT IN ThE COLORADO RIVER BASIN By H. E. THo~AS and others ABSTRACT Ferry, Ariz., the Lower Basin. The Upper Basin in­ The prolonged drought of 1942-56 affected chiefly the lower cludes the chief water-producing areas; the Lower part of the Colorado River basin and did not extend into the Basin contains most of the people and water-using upper basin (the chief water-producing area) until1953. Areas areas. served by the Colorado River had adequate water supplies in UPPER BASIN spite of the local deficiency of precipitation. In the Gila River basin, there was a deficiency of streamflow during the drought Most of the water in the Colorado Riv.er at Lee Ferry years, and the water requirements of the present population comes from a very small part of the 109,500 square exceed the yield of the basin even during years of average pre­ miles of Upper Basin. The chief water-producing cipitation; the deficiency is overcome by mining of ground water. areas are several of the highest ranges in the Rocky Mountains in central Colorado, San Juan Mountains in INTRODUCTION southwestern Colorado, Wind River Mountains in Wyo­ The Colorado River has a drainage basin of 245,000 ming, and Uinta Mountains in northeastern Utah. The square miles, of which 243,000 is within the United remainder of the Upper Basin contributes enough States (fig. 1). This basin, constituting about 8 percent water to offset losses from the river by evapotranspira­ of the conterminous United States, has a greater range tion, but little more. in physical characteristics than is found in most other Since 1942 only the southern part of the Upper Basin areas of comparable size on the North American conti­ has experienced enough dry years to be included with­ nent. Physiographically, it includes several of the high­ in the area of Southwest drought (Thomas, 1962, fig. 6). est peaks of the Rocky Mountains as well as high moun­ The prolonged drought of 1943-56 affected chiefly the tain valleys and broad upland plains, extensive plateaus drainage basin of the San Juan River and the exten­ and spectacular canyons, broad alluvial valleys, and des­ sive a.rea that is tributary to the Colorado River be­ ert mountain ranges. Climatically, the conditions in the tween the confluence with the Green River and Lee basin range from year-round snow cover and heavy Ferry. Most of this area, herein termed "plateau precipitation on the higher peaks of the Rockies to country," is arid or semiarid and contributes very little desert conditions in which annual precipitation is com­ water to the Colorado River even in "normal" years. monly less than 5 inches. Temperature zones range Farther north, in the Green River basin and the Colo­ from temperate, with less than a 90-day growing season rado River basin above Cisco, the decade 1943-52 in­ in the mountain meadows of Colorado and Wyoming, cluded several years of less than average runoff, but to semitropical, with only rare winter frosts in south­ these were offset by years when the runoff exceeded the ern Arizona. Geologically, the rocks in the basin are average. Since 1952, however, the drought area has of a wide variety of types spanning the full range from been expanded to include both basins. Precambrian to Recent. The major trends in runoff from the Upper Basin As might be expected in a region of such diverse and from the three principal water-producing pa.rts of physical characteristics, there are some areas with very the basin are shown by figure 2. Beginning in 1905, high rates of runoff and other areas that yield prac­ which marked the end of an earlier drought
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