Re-Education Durch Rundfunk: Die Umerziehungspolitik Der Britischen

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Re-Education Durch Rundfunk: Die Umerziehungspolitik Der Britischen Re-education durch Rundfunk Die Umerziehungspolitik der britischen Besatzungsmacht in Deutschland am Beispiel des NWDR 1945-1948 Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde des Doktors der Philosophie des Fachbereichs Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft der Universität Osnabrück vorgelegt von Florian Huber aus Nürnberg Oktober 2005 Re-education durch Rundfunk – Die Umerziehungspolitik der britischen Besatzungsmacht in Deutschland am Beispiel des NWDR 1945-1948 Inhaltsverzeichnis I) Einleitung............................................................................................................ 4 1. Fragestellung ................................................................................................. 6 2. Struktur und Methodik .................................................................................... 8 3. Forschungsstand und Quellen .......................................................................... 9 II) Vorgeschichte ................................................................................................. 15 1. Politische Bildung und Erziehung unter den NWDR-Vorläufern .......................... 15 1.1. Die Norag: Bildungsanspruch und politische Neutralität ............................. 15 1.2. Der Reichssender Hamburg: Rundfunk als Propagandainstrument .............. 22 2. Planungen für die Nachkriegszeit ................................................................... 27 2.1. Deutschlandpolitik .................................................................................. 28 2.1.1. Kriegsziele der Alliierten ................................................................... 28 2.1.2. Britische Deutschlandpolitik .............................................................. 32 2.2. Rundfunkpolitik...................................................................................... 39 2.2.1. Institutionen und Kompetenzen ......................................................... 39 2.2.2. Der Versuch einer gemeinsamen Medienpolitik der vier Mächte............ 48 2.2.3. Das rundfunkpolitische Konzept der Briten ......................................... 53 III) Demokratisierung und Re-education: Der Weg zur politischen Umerziehung........ 60 1. Erziehung zum Politischen – die politisch-kulturellen Traditionen in Großbritannien....................................... 61 1.1. Die britische Tradition im Erziehungswesen .............................................. 61 1.2. Die britische Tradition der politischen Philosophie ..................................... 62 2. Die Debatte um den Umgang mit den Deutschen ............................................ 63 2.1. Der deutsche Nationalcharakter – die Lehren des Ersten Weltkriegs ........... 64 2.2. Appeasement, Aggression, Propaganda – vom Dogmenstreit zur Konsensformel ..................................................... 68 1 3. Das Konzept der Re-education....................................................................... 76 3.1. Legitimationsstrategien........................................................................... 76 3.2. Ziele...................................................................................................... 84 3.3. Methoden .............................................................................................. 89 3.4. Mittel .................................................................................................... 94 IV) Der NWDR als Instrument zur Umerziehung.................................................... 102 1. Besetzung.................................................................................................. 102 1.1. Die Lage in Nordwestdeutschland 1945.................................................. 102 1.2. Die politische Einstellung der Deutschen................................................. 105 1.3. Aufgaben und Einstellung der Besatzungskräfte...................................... 108 1.4. Besetzung des Reichssenders Hamburg.................................................. 121 2. Strukturpolitik ............................................................................................ 124 2.1. Die Rolle der BBC ................................................................................. 124 2.2. Das Ziel: Unabhängigkeit ...................................................................... 127 2.3. Abgrenzung und Aufgaben.................................................................... 129 2.4. Das Statut des NWDR........................................................................... 133 3. Personalpolitik............................................................................................ 139 3.1. Das britische Kontrollpersonal ............................................................... 141 3.1.1. Auswahlkriterien ............................................................................ 141 3.1.2. Die Krise vom Sommer 1945........................................................... 143 3.1.3. Aufgaben ...................................................................................... 145 3.1.3.1. Rekrutierung deutscher Mitarbeiter.............................................142 3.1.3.2. Inhaltliche Führungsaufgaben....................................................144 3.1.4. Persönlichkeitsstrukturen und biografische Skizzen ........................... 149 3.2. Das deutsche Rundfunkpersonal............................................................ 155 3.2.1. Auswahlkriterien ............................................................................ 155 3.2.1.1. Die Rolle der Emigranten und Remigranten.................................154 3.2.1.2. Die Rolle der Kriegsgefangenen.................................................157 3.2.1.3. Das Problem der Entnazifizierung...............................................159 3.2.1.4. Das Problem des Antikommunismus..........................................166 3.2.2. Die Rundfunkschule des NWDR....................................................... 175 3.2.3. Persönlichkeitsstrukturen und biografische Skizzen ........................... 179 2 4. Programmpolitik ........................................................................................ 191 4.1. Journalistische Grundsätze .................................................................... 193 4.2. Genres und Gattungen.......................................................................... 196 4.2.1. Nachrichten................................................................................... 198 4.2.2. Bericht .......................................................................................... 201 4.2.3. Kommentar ................................................................................... 202 4.2.4. Reportage ..................................................................................... 204 4.2.5. Neue Formen: Feature, Hörspiel, Diskussion .................................... 205 4.2.6. Externer Vortrag und Talk .............................................................. 208 4.2.7. Schulfunk ...................................................................................... 210 4.3. Themen............................................................................................... 215 4.4. Zensur und Kontrolle............................................................................ 223 V) Wirkungen und Reaktionen: Der NWDR in der Öffentlichkeit ............................. 234 1. Reaktionen der Hörer.................................................................................. 235 2. Reaktionen von Behörden, Parteien und Interessengruppen........................... 242 VI) Die Übergabe des NWDR an die Deutschen .................................................... 250 1. Abwicklung der Kontrollfunktionen ............................................................... 250 2. Rollenwechsel bei den Kontrollorganen......................................................... 255 3. Krise des NWDR und letzte Steuerungsversuche............................................ 257 VII) Re-education durch Rundfunk? Ein Fazit........................................................ 267 ANHANG.............................................................................................................. 273 ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS.................................................................................. 274 PERSONENVERZEICHNIS ...................................................................................... 276 QUELLENVERZEICHNIS ........................................................................................ 281 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS ..................................................................................... 291 3 I) Einleitung Im November 1944 – die Alliierten hatten wenige Wochen zuvor die Grenze zum Deutschen Reich überschritten – wurde an die vorrückenden britischen Soldaten ein eigentümliches Büchlein verteilt. Unter dem lakonischen Titel „Germany“ sollte es die Truppen darauf einstimmen, mit wem sie es jetzt zu tun bekamen: „All that matters at present is that you are about to meet a strange people in a strange, enemy country.” 1 In kurzen, prägnanten Formeln belehrte der Taschenführer über Geschichte, Charakter, Essgewohnheiten, Sprache der Deutschen, und darüber, wie diesen zu begegnen war: „Be fair and just, but don’t be soft“ 2. Im Anhang fanden die Soldaten eine Liste der wichtigsten Ge- und Verbote. Misstrauen, Unsicherheit und Geringschätzung gegenüber diesem fremden Volk in einem fremden, feindlichen Land hielten sich die Waage, und die Autoren ließen keinen
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