T.C. Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Iletişim Bilimleri Anabilim Dali

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T.C. Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Iletişim Bilimleri Anabilim Dali T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İLETİŞİM BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI ENTEGRASYON SÜRECİNDE MEDYANIN PARALEL TOPLUM ÜZERİNDEKİ ROLÜ (ALMANYA ÖZELİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA) YÜKSEKLİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Mustafa YAĞBASAN Emine SIRMALI 2015 T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İLETİŞİM BİLİMLERİ ANA BİLİM DALI ENTEGRASYON SÜRECİNDE MEDYANIN PARALEL TOPLUM ÜZERİNDEKİ ROLÜ (ALMANYA ÖZELİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Mustafa YAĞBASAN Emine SIRMALI Jürimiz, ………………………..tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavı sonunda bu yüksek lisans tezini oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile başarılı saymıştır. Jüri Üyeleri: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. F. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulunun ….............................. tarih ve ……………………sayılı kararıyla bu tezin kabulü onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Zahir KIZMAZ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürü II ÖZET Yüksek lisans Tezi Entegrasyon Sürecinde Medyanın Paralel Toplum Üzerindeki Rolü (Almanya Özelinde Bir Araştırma) Emine SIRMALI Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İletişim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Elazığ – 2015, Sayfa: XVII + 209 Bulundukları ülkede yarım asrı çoktan deviren Almanya’daki Türkler artık Almanya’da dördüncü nesle erişmektedir ve kalıcı oldukları anlaşılan Türkler dört nesil sonra “misafir işçi”likten “göçmen” statüsüne yükselmiş, göçmenlikten de “Avrupalı Türk” statüsüne terfi etmiştir. Ancak bu terfi, onları hala, Almanya’da yabancı (Ausländer),Türkiye’de Al(a)mancı olarak adlandırılmalarından kurtaramamıştır. Yeni kuşaklar geldikçe evlatlarının kendi kültürünü ve kimliğini kaybetmesinden endişe eden Almanyalı Türkler kimliklerini ve kültürlerini koruma çabası içerisine girmekte ancak bu noktada da Almanya’ya hala uyum sağlayamadıkları girdabına takılmaktadır. Tarafların uyumdan ne anladıkları ise hala tartışma konusudur. Almanyalı Türkleri uyum konusunda olumlu ya da olumsuz, bilinçli ya da bilinçsiz yönlendiren pek çok araç bulunmaktadır. Bu araçlardan biri de Almanya’daki Türkler tarafından ilgi ile takip edilen medya organlarıdır. İnsanlar üzerinde etkileri olduğu bilinen ve yönlendirme, eğitme, eğlendirme, bilgilendirme gibi pek çok işlevi yerine getiren kitle iletişim araçlarının Almanya’daki Türkleri entegrasyon konusunda ne şekilde yönlendirdiği ise merak konusudur. Ele alınan çalışmada, Almanya’da yaşayan Türk toplumunun kimlik ve aidiyet duygusu desteklenen bir anket çalışmasıyla birlikte belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca III Avrupalı Türklerin kitle iletişim araçlarını takip etme sıklığı ölçülmüş ve kitle iletişim araçlarının Almanya’daki Türkleri entegrasyon konusunda ne şekilde yönlendirdiği ele alınmıştır. Araştırmada Avrupalı Türklerin kimliklerini korudukları tespit edilmiş ve kitle iletişim araçlarının katılımcılar tarafından ilgi ile takip edildiği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca kitle iletişim araçlarının, Türkleri uyum konusunda yönlendirme işlevini yetersiz yaptığı tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Paralel Toplum, Getto, Entegrasyon, Etnik Medya, Avrupalı Türkler. IV ABSTRACT Master Thesis “The role of media in the integration process of the parallel society” (Germany in a special survey) Emine SIRMALI Fırat University The Institute of Social Science The Department of Communication Science Elazığ – 2015, Page: XVII + 209 The Turks, whom already been over half a century in Germany, reached to fourth generation, which initially classified as “guest workers” then to “immigrants” however finally upgraded to “European Turks”. Although this upgrade doesn’t stop them being seen as outsiders/foreigners (Ausländer) in Germany and “Almanci” back in Turkey. The parents are worried for their kids and the younger generation losing their national identity and culture therefore try real hard to preserve what they have in terms of being Turkish which in return cause the integration and adaptation problem to Germany and German culture and life even though there is an ongoing debater between the related parties over what is exactly integration and adaptation. There are variable means to lead the German Turks towards the adaptation in a good or bad ways, and the main source is the media, which is followed carefully by the Turks in Germany. The media sources is well known for their teaching, leading, informing and entertaining influences on people however the level of media influence over Turkish integration in Germany is unknown and creates curiosity. This paper with using the help of surveys, will evaluate the integrity and identity of Turks who live in Germany. This paper will also study the frequency of European Turks keeping up to date by following the nationwide communication sources and how this V influences the adaptation of Turks in Germany. In conclusion, the study puts forward that the European Turks preserve their national identity and also very keen in following the media. However the media sources fail to lead the Turks towards the integration and adaptation. Key words: Parallel Society, Ghetto, Integration, Ethnic Media, European Turks VI İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. VI TABLOLAR LİSTESİ .................................................................................................. X GÖRSELLER LİSTESİ ............................................................................................ XIV ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ XV KISALTMALAR ..................................................................................................... XVII GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. KAVRAMSAL VE KURAMSAL ÇERÇEVE ......................................................... 3 1.1. Paralel Toplum ....................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Getto ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1. Anomie ve Anomie Teorisi ........................................................................... 10 1.3.Kültür .................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.1.Kültürlenme (Kültürasyon) Kavramı ............................................................. 12 1.3.2.Kültürleşme (Akültürasyon) Kavramı ............................................................ 12 1.3.2.1.Entegrasyon (Uyum) ................................................................................ 16 1.3.2.1.1. Dilin Entegrasyona Etkisi ................................................................ 27 1.3.2.1.2. Din Faktörünün Entegrasyona Etkisi ............................................... 29 1.3.2.1.3. Almanya’nın Ulusal Entegrasyon Planı ........................................... 33 1.3.2.2. Asimilasyon ............................................................................................ 34 1.3.2.2.1. Asimilasyon Modelleri ..................................................................... 38 1.3.2.2.1.1. Konformist-Fonksiyonalist Asimilasyon Modeli ...................... 38 1.3.2.2.1.2. Irk İlişkileri ................................................................................ 38 1.3.2.2.1.3. Irk İlişkileri Döngüsü ................................................................ 39 1.3.2.2.1.4. Asimilasyon Süreci Teorisi ....................................................... 39 1.3.2.2.1.5. Asimilasyonun Yüzleri Yaklaşımı ............................................ 39 1.3.2.2.1.6. Kuşak – Sonuç Teorisi ............................................................... 40 1.3.2.2.1.7. Hoffmann-Nowotny’nin Teorisi ................................................ 40 1.3.2.2.1.8. Sosyal Entegrasyon ve Sistem Entegrasyonu Teorisi ............... 40 1.3.2.3. Segregasyon ............................................................................................ 42 VII 1.3.2.4. Marjinalleşme ......................................................................................... 43 1.3.3. Sub-Kültür ..................................................................................................... 43 1.3.4. Ulusötesicilik ................................................................................................. 44 1.3.5. Çok Kültürlülük ............................................................................................. 45 1.3.5.1. Almanya’nın Çokkültürlülüğe Bakış Açısı ............................................. 47 1.3.6. Ayrımcılık ve Ötekileştirme Kavramları ....................................................... 50 1.4. Kimlik .................................................................................................................. 51 1.4.1. Kimlik Çeşitleri ............................................................................................. 53 1.4.1.1. Milli (Ulusal) Kimlik ............................................................................. 53 1.4.1.2. Resmi Kimlik .......................................................................................... 54 1.4.1.3. Sosyal Kimlik ........................................................................................
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