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Palimpsests, Activities, and Archaeological Taxonomy: Implications from Late Plains Woodland Components (Ad 500-1000) of the Hamon Site in Northeastern Kansas

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Palimpsests, Activities, and Archaeological Taxonomy: Implications from Late Plains Woodland Components (Ad 500-1000) of the Hamon Site in Northeastern Kansas PALIMPSESTS, ACTIVITIES, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL TAXONOMY: IMPLICATIONS FROM LATE PLAINS WOODLAND COMPONENTS (AD 500-1000) OF THE HAMON SITE IN NORTHEASTERN KANSAS By Copyright 2015 Steven Patrick Keehner Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________________ Chairperson, John W. Hoopes, PhD ________________________________ Mary J. Adair, PhD ________________________________ Rolfe D. Mandel, PhD ________________________________ Virginia Wulfkuhle, MA Date Defended: February 20, 2015 The Thesis Committee for Steven Patrick Keehner certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: PALIMPSESTS, ACTIVITIES, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL TAXONOMY: IMPLICATIONS FROM LATE PLAINS WOODLAND COMPONENTS (AD 500-1000) OF THE HAMON SITE IN NORTHEASTERN KANSAS ________________________________ Chairperson, John W. Hoopes, PhD Date approved: April 10, 2015 ii ABSTRACT This thesis describes the results and interpretations of a multi-faceted analysis of Late Plains Woodland components (AD 500-1000) of the Hamon site (14JF350) in Jefferson County, northeastern Kansas. Methods included artifact analysis, newly obtained radiocarbon dates, a reconstructed spatial analysis of the original excavations, and a field survey to locate and define the site boundaries. The results reveal that the site was a palimpsest of occupations further disturbed by agricultural plowing. This is in contrast to the original interpretations, which were affected by the excavated materials having never been analyzed and low-resolution obstacles due to a multitude of excavation factors including weather, excavation boundaries, and not having reached culturally sterile subsoil. Activities represented by the material remains of the site occupants include lithic and ceramic production, with evidence for a possible open fire kiln, and inhumation of the deceased. The analysis also reveals that a revision of archaeological taxonomy is needed for several designation units in the Late Plains Woodland Period (AD 500-1000). The formal traits of artifacts from the Hamon site, and other sites used to define the Grasshopper Falls phase, are indiscernible from other defined Middle (AD 1-500) and Late Plains Woodland units and pottery wares/types in the region, including Valley, Loseke Creek, Held Creek, Sterns Creek, and Minotts. The ceramic assemblage from the Hamon site contains vessel forms, production techniques, and design motifs that are reflective of some of the above-mentioned wares/types, but might also be representative of Steed-Kisker ware. This study is an important addition to the knowledge of activities and adaptations of Late Woodland people in the central plains. I argue that a ceramic production event occurred at the Hamon site and that the inhabitants were in contact with other Late Plains Woodland groups in the iii region of the lower Missouri Valley. The latter is evident through similarities in material culture that are otherwise clouded by existing archaeological taxonomy. Future research can transcend the taxonomic obstacles to further reveal that more interaction and less isolation existed among Late Plains Woodland people occupying the greater region of the lower Missouri Valley in Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Iowa by looking to curated collections for comparative analysis. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My advisor and thesis committee provided tremendous advice and support during my research and writing. The following individuals composed that committee and have my sincere appreciation and gratitude. Dr. John W. Hoopes, for encouraging my critical thinking, guiding me with ceramic analysis, our in depth conversations about archaeological methods and theory, and for always being more than content with my progress and the results of my research. Virginia Wulfkuhle, who provided me with a list of unanalyzed archaeological collections available for research at the Kansas State Historical Society, which led to the Hamon site becoming the subject of my thesis research. Virginia also led me to resources for use in my thesis that I would not have found on my own, and was supportive of my research conclusions. Dr. Rolfe D. Mandel for his geoarchaeological instruction, which is pivotal for any archaeology student. Through his courses and discussions, I developed an eye for investigating the geological setting, soils, and site formation processes in the context of archaeological sites. A huge thanks goes to Dr. Mary J. Adair for providing me with lab space to conduct my research, providing me with employment that has increased my museum curation experience, teaching me how to recognize and prepare archaeological samples for radiocarbon dating, and for having countless conversations with me about Woodland period archaeology. Outside of my thesis committee, I thank the following individuals at KU for their instruction, guidance and assistance. Dr. Jack L. Hofman for his courses in general archaeology and lithic technology. Dr. Ivana Radovanovic for her courses that introduced me to new literature on critical thinking in archaeological interpretation, which included my first exposure to studies on archaeological palimpsests. Dr. Carlos M. Nash for the advice he gives to graduate students about time management and writing a thesis, while simultaneously completing coursework assignments. v Le-Thu Erazmus, the graduate officer who was always there to answer questions I had about completing the graduation process. Finally, two of my fellow students helped me conduct the testing to find the location of the polyethylene at the Hamon site. Grant Berning and Wes Gibson, I really appreciate it, thanks guys. Several individuals outside of KU helped me in ways pivotal to my research. I need to thank Mr. Charles Hamon for taking time to recall what he could from the original excavations at the Hamon site, for letting me visit the site on multiple occasions, and for letting me conduct tests to find the location of the polyethylene that was laid down prior to back filling of the original excavations. Important information was collected due to his generosity. The Kansas Anthropological Association (KAA) funded the cost of two of my radiocarbon dates, which I am extremely grateful for. I also thank Jim D. Feagins for providing me with a memoir of his participation in the 1971 excavations of the Hamon site. Janice A. McLean for visiting with me at KU and giving me advice on identifying lithic materials. A big thanks also goes to John J. Tomasic for training me in the use of ArcGIS. Although unrelated to my thesis, the knowledge you passed on allowed me to apply certain methods and data analysis in my thesis. Finally, I would like to thank all the people whose research forms the body of knowledge in Plains Woodland archaeology. There are many individuals who helped me in one way or another that I have forgotten to mention here. I want you all to know that I am grateful. Thank you for everything. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................1 THE PLAINS WOODLAND PERIOD AND THE GRASSHOPPER FALLS PHASE ....................................6 THE HAMON SITE (14JF350) ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................... 11 THE HAMON SITE (14JF350) DISCOVERY AND EXCAVATION ................................................... 13 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES ...................................................................... 17 LITHIC ARTIFACT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 17 LITHIC RAW MATERIAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 18 CERAMIC ARTIFACT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................... 19 SPATIAL ANALYSIS................................................................................................................. 21 AMS RADIOCARBON DATING ................................................................................................. 22 2014 PEDESTRIAN SURVEY TO LOCATE THE HAMON SITE AND ORIGINAL EXCAVATIONS.......... 23 CHAPTER 3: LITHIC ARTIFACTS......................................................................................... 25 TOOLS AND DEBITAGE ............................................................................................................ 28 Conclusions of the Typological Analysis ............................................................................ 39 LITHIC RAW MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND SOURCING ANALYSIS ........................................ 40 Kansas Geological Systems ................................................................................................ 41 Jefferson County Geology .................................................................................................. 44 Description of Chert Varieties Present in the Hamon site Assemblage ............................... 45 Pennsylvanian Shawnee Group Cherts ............................................................................... 46 Kansas City Group Cherts ................................................................................................
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