Mechanical Technology that moves the world THE MAGAZINE OF ASME No.11 137
WEAK LINKS MADE STRONGER
EFFECTIVE SUPPLY CHAINS—ESSENTIAL FOR SUCCESS IN DEVELOPING MARKETS— POSE CHALLENGES OF THEIR OWN.
TOOLS FOR DEFUSING BOMBS PAGE 10
LEAN DESIGN FOR THE WORLD PAGE 38
A MASTER OF STABLE FLIGHT PAGE 80 ASME.ORG NOVEMBER 2015 Been there, dropped that...
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For these articles and other content, visit asme.org.
7 STEM Apps for Students LIKE EVERYTHING ELSE, technology has trans- formed education. Mobile apps are helping to enable STEM education by making the learning experience interactive and engaging for kids. Simulating the Dead THE PRICE OF ACQUIRING and keeping a human cadaver for research, education, or testing is steep. But now Christopher Sakezles’s syn- thetic cadaver, the SynDaver, is providing med schools, nursing schools, and anyone else with a need to learn about our innards, with a cheaper, reusable body. SURGICAL ROBOT WORKS WITHIN MRI
OBOTS HAVE STEADILY TAKEN UP RESIDENCE in the surgical suite, with surgeons adopting complex tools such as the da Vinci system to perform minimally invasive surgery. But there are limits, especially for image-guided, semi- NEXT MONTH ON ASME.ORG autonomous robotics, where medical images guide a procedure. Now, re- searchers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts have changed VIDEO: EMERGING TECHNOLOGY Rthe mechatronics for a robot to allow it to fit within an MRI scanner and have used the AND THE ELECTRICAL GRID scanner’s images to perform real-time, image-guided prostate surgery. The U.S. electrical grid is chang- ing. Caren Anders, vice president of Duke Energy, talks about the evolution of an interactive two-way transmission and distribu- Battling the Blaze tion grid incorporating emerging technologies FIREFIGHTERS HAVE LONG BEEN such as renewable generation, energy storage, among the most heroic mem- plug-in electric vehicles, and more. bers of society, but it would be better if they didn’t have A BETTER PILL TO SWALLOW to put themselves in quite as For millions of Americans who manage many perilous situations. A chronic health conditions with daily prescrip- robot firefighter just might one tion drugs, sticking to the proper dosage day be able to step in and save instructions can be challenging. A new entry in lives. For now, the technology the wearable sensor technology market could is being tested at sea. make their doctors’ orders easier to follow— and to swallow. TABLE OF CONTENTS 11137
FEATURES
Mechanical Technology that moves the world THE MAGAZINE OF ASME No.11 137
WEAK LINKS MADE STRONGER
EFFECTIVE SUPPLY CHAINS—ESSENTIAL FOR SUCCESS IN DEVELOPING MARKETS— POSE CHALLENGES OF THEIR OWN.
TOOLS FOR DEFUSING BOMBS PAGE 10
LEAN DESIGN FOR THE WORLD PAGE 38
A MASTER OF STABLE FLIGHT PAGE 80 ASME.ORG NOVEMBER 2015 ON THE COVER
NEW WAYS TO MEET THE CHALLENGE Lean design principles and supply chain management are 32 transforming devel- opment engineering. Delivering the Goods Effective supply chains—essential for success in developing markets—can be challenging to develop.
BY MARK CRAWFORD 30 Jets on a Roll Commercial ONE-On-ONE 16 aircraft giants look to slightly Freeman Hrabowski talks different futures. about success in STEM.
BY GREG FREIHERR BY ALAN S. BROWN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | NOVEMBER 2015 | P.03
celebrate engineering Making a Difference AND a Profit 45 Lean design can let us make a profit while satisfying customers in the developing world. A celebration BY DOUGLAS L. VAN BOSSUYT of the highest achievements in engineering. © cowli.deviantart.com 38 Eindd 43 DEpartments
6 Editorial 8 Letters 10 Tech Buzz 18 Global Development 20 Hot Labs 28 Vault 59 Software 64 Bookshelf 65 Hardware 68 Positions Open 77 Ad Index 78 ASME News
Printing to Disarm 3-D printed models help teach people how 80 to defuse bombs. MASTER BY MELISSAE FELLET OF FLIGhT Hummingbirds maintain 10 stability in turbulent conditions. BY JAMES PERO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | NOVEMBER 2015 | P.04
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THE ROMANTICISM OF ENGINEERING n early September, my favorite colum- In his new book, Applied Minds: How Inist, the influential David Brooks of Engineers Think, Guru Madhavan drives The New York Times, made a pitch for home the point that great innovations must more liberal arts majors and a rebirth of pass the test of Petroski’s tenets, as he romanticism at a time when, he believes, showcases examples of the force of the many college-age kids are being force-fed engineering mindset. more practical majors and pushed into a A biomedical engineer, policy adviser, “mercenary direction.” and researcher at the National Academy John G. Falcioni He argues that parents are part of an ap- of Sciences, Madhavan reflects on Dubai’s Editor-in-Chief paratus that has arisen to make our culture Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest building; more professional and less poetic. This the ketchup squeeze bottle; Microsoft’s Of- comes at a time when transactional jobs fice Suite; and Alfred Hitchcock’s film Rear are declining—as technology now performs Window to make the case that these are many of the tasks previously handled by examples of creations that were spun from humans—and relational jobs are expanding. an engineer’s mind, crafted with singular This discourse—albeit exaggerated purpose, vision, and clarity. He credits as viewed from my perch—serves as a engineers for owning a unique vision and sensible lead-in to a conversation about the the mental tools that foster innovation and responsibility of colleges and universities deliver creative solutions. to mold holistic professionals, regardless This month, ASME celebrates that very of major, who are able to demonstrate the conceptual toolkit, as it pays tribute to necessary mix of humanistic skills and the those who have distinguished themselves cognitive abilities associated with “hard” in technology. Some who will be recog- skills. Theater majors, for instance, need nized at the Society’s Honors Assembly— to understand basic science and engineer- held during the 2015 ASME International ing principles, especially as they interact Mechanical Engineering Congress and outside the stage with today’s technology- Exposition in Houston—are engineers; oth- centric world. Much the same, engineering ers are not. majors should be exposed to the writings Among the honored is Freeman A. FEEDBACK of Bertrand Russell and to the songs of Hrabowski III, whom we also feature in this We push for Sondheim so that their curiosities will be month’s One-on-One column on page 16. STEM curriculums stimulated beyond the task of understand- Hrabowski is the president of the Univer- in the classroom, but are we going ing mathematical formulas. When this sity of Maryland, Baltimore County, and a too far? balance is reached, great personal and leading U.S. voice in the advocacy of STEM Email me. professional heights are imaginable. education. He is also an inspiring speaker [email protected] Successful technology innovators are who encourages an educational environ- able to aptly meld machines and systems ment emphasizing the necessary hard with the social world. These individuals skills along with an appreciation for ro- don’t necessarily set out to develop trans- manticism. This approach, he offers, main- formative technologies. According to re- tains an innovative, democratic society. nowned author and occasional Mechanical Hrabowski knows “how engineers think” Engineering contributor Henry Petroski, the because he works hand-in-hand with many, breakthroughs materialize from an innova- finding best ways to nurture the minds of tor’s unique mindset that understands the the young and the not so young. And that’s nuances of multidisciplinary, multinational, something that both liberal arts and STEM- and multicultural effects. related majors can appreciate. ME Portable Data Acquisition that’s really...PORTABLE
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THE MAGAZINE OF ASME of pesticides that are killing off birds No. 09 SEPTEMBER 2015 136 and insects that are important to our ENGINEERINGENGINEERTechnologyIN that movesG the world Reader Rossman own survival, space debris that orbits recommends learn- ing about climate our planet, oil spills that contaminate science. our oceans and kill aquatic life, and fracking that requires voluminous quan- NETWORKED A reader defends climate THE INTERNET OF EVERYTYHING IS CHANGING tities of water and the use of carcino- THE WAY WE LIVE AND WORK. scientists. And in a comment, genic chemicals that contaminate our OUTHOUSE AS ENERGY SOURCE Page 10 ground water supplies. INSTRUMENTS TO FIT YOUR POCKET Page 40 a call for open architecture for ADVANCING THE SURGEON’S REACH Page 49 All of these present an undisputable ASME.ORG JANUARY 2013 industrial components. track record of humans causing dam- age to our planet’s environment. With our history of self-inflicted damage to number of scholarly articles that have the environment, why is it so difficult to CLIMATE SCIENCE been written including a July 2007 comprehend that we are a major con- To the Editor: Present climate change Scientific American article entitled tributors to the climate change condi- predictions are based upon obser- “Physical Science Behind Climate tions that we are experiencing? vations, experiments, and analytic Change.” I would also recommend Very much like the study of cosmology simulations. In his September letter reading articles and reports published and astrophysics, climate science de- to Mechanical Engineering, Douglas L. by the Intergovernmental Panel on pends upon observations, the sampling Marriott was correct when he stated, “I Climate Change. There’s plenty of and testing of specimens, and ultimately would expect that by now, we would have “stuff” to be found on the subject of highly complex analytic simulations some sound basis of factual knowledge climate change. Many of these articles from which to arrive at conclusions. available.” (This statement, excerpted are only a “Google" away. There are no “global laboratory experi- from the “Letters & Comments” section Humanity’s track record for creat- ments” that can be performed that will was directed at climate change science.) ing adverse environmental conditions provide the absolute answers we seek. Guess what: evidence already exists. is considerable: industrial contamina- Instead, we need to rely upon predic- I suggest there are a considerable tion of our rivers, indiscriminate use tions from a very bright, well-educated
COMMENT
command, and so on, all produced in THE NEXT WAVE LIFTS THE MECHANICAL minimum sets for each application do- echanical engineering as a discipline has lost its luster in main. This is largely missing in the U.S. Washington. The discipline as presented to the young has Further, certification requires a science of metrology which is now presented moved away from its core industrial applications of economic M as a niche technology, not one that is magnitude (railroads, aircraft, ships, manufacturing, farm machin- generic, as it is for certification of com- ery, orthotics, etc.). puter chips. This weakness leads to an imbal- (say, computer chips) supplied by a Given the correct set of subsystem ance of the technologies (electricals responsive supply chain to permit rapid components—sensors, actuators, stan- and computer science are strong, while refreshment and a constantly improving dardized interfaces, operational software the mechanicals are weak). Hence, performance/cost ratio (Moore’s law). modules, etc.—the mechanicals could, we ask for more vehicle autonomy, What’s the equivalent in the mechani- then, pursue an open architecture for efficiency, safety, responsiveness, cals? The reference component technol- most economically relevant applications. cost-effectiveness, and so on without ogy at the correct level of granularity Doing so would reduce the one-off men- the essential balanced contribution by would be an intelligent fully integrated tality in favor of a rapid technology turn- the mechanicals to meet these goals. actuator: a prime mover, sensors, gear over to constantly improve performance, Further, the electricals have vigorously train, operational software, perfor- reduce cost, reduce time to market, opened up their architecture to permit mance maps for structured decision- enable OEMs more access to the mainte- infusion of highly certified components making in milliseconds, response to nance economy, and enhance customer MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | NOVEMBER 2015 | P.09
FEEDBACK Send us your letters and com- community of scientists for the an- And if not, do you have any sugges- ments via hard copy or e-mail [email protected] swers regarding climate change. tions for ways to find this sort of thing (subject line "Letters and Comments"). Please We should applaud not trivialize the online? I have tried to find a descrip- include full name, address and phone number. science community for their efforts. tive list of top engineering jobs, but I We reserve the right to edit for clarity, style, haven’t had much luck. and length. We regret that unpublished letters Herman Rossman, Life Member, Owings Mills, Md. cannot be acknowledged or returned. Davis Nossaman, Searcy, Ark. SEEKING JOB INFORMATION To the Editor: I am a second-year en- gineering student at Harding Universi- ty. I really enjoy reading your magazine and learning about recent engineer- ing developments. It excites me and HOW DO I KNOW makes me anticipate getting an engi- neering internship/job, which brings me to the purpose of this e-mail. I have been wondering if you pro- IF I’M TALKING TO duce a list of top engineering jobs in your magazine. I also subscribe to Outside magazine, which creates an AN ENGINEER OR annual list of top outdoor companies to work for. They describe the jobs in detail, mentioning things like benefits, A SALESMAN? work atmosphere and advancement opportunities. I’ve always enjoyed Ask Smalley. It’s simple to tell reading this list and am wondering if when you work with Smalley. That’s your magazine does anything similar. because you’ll always collaborate directly with our world-class team of engineers—experts whose only focus is helping you get the most performance from your precision choice and, therefore, satisfaction. wave springs or retaining rings. The real threat is imbalance, espe- cially for military systems. A continu- ing weakness in the mechanicals will result in mission limitations easily ex- ceeded by strong competing nations. The same will occur in emerging fields such as robotic surgery, orthotics, or Smalley Coil Spring hybrid vehicles. Wave Spring A more extensive argument is being Smalley wave springs reduce spring published this month as the Next Wave operating height by 50%, saving space of Technology, which will be presented DQGZHLJKWƓWWLQJWLJKWUDGLDODQGD[LDO spaces. We offer more than 4,000 as a plenary presentation of Track 4: stock sizes in carbon and stainless steel. Dynamics, Vibrations, Control at the Visit smalley.com for your IMECE/ASME Winter Annual Meeting no-charge test samples. in Houston, Nov. 13-19. ME
DELBERT TESAR holds the Carol Cockrell Curran chair in engineering at the University THE ENGINEER’S CHOICE™ of Texas at Austin. TECH BUZZ
PRINTING TO DISARM A U.S.-BASED CHARITY IS USING HOBBY-GRADE 3-D PRINTERS TO CREATE MODELS THAT HELP TEACH PEOPLE HOW TO DEFUSE UNEXPLODED WEAPONS.
fter a war, unexploded bombs, shells, and landmines litter the land. In 2013, that legacy Aof mines and other explosive remnants of war killed at least 3,300 people in 52 countries around the world, according to a report published by the Interna- tional Campaign to Ban Landmines, a Geneva-based coalition of non-governmental organizations. The ma- jority of the recorded casualties from that ordnance were civilians, and when age was also known, about half of the casualties were children. Many countries train citizens to defuse these unexploded weapons, but effective teaching materials can be hard to find. Now a U.S.-based non-profit is using hobby-grade 3-D printers to produce a training kit that includes ten fuze models, practical actions to deactivate a fuze. Some training each designed to show how a particular programs have students handle deactivated weapons type of fuze arms and fires a weapon. so they can get a better feel for how the arming and Engineers at the Golden West Humani- firing mechanisms work. But these delicate workings tarian Foundation, in collaboration tend to disintegrate once the explosives are removed. with professors at the Massachu- It’s also hard to obtain and transport deactivated setts Institute of Technology and weapons around the world. Singapore University of Technology With funding from the U.S. Department of State, and Design who specialize in mechanical Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement, Golden engineering education, also developed a classroom West engineers began designing fuze models and A training kit curriculum to pair with the models. prototyping them using a hobby grade 3-D printer. (above and right) The models and curriculum are called the Ad- “I was very surprised with the build quality and uses 3-D models to show how vanced Ordnance Teaching Materials. They are accuracy of the machines,” said John Wright, chief different fuzes designed to avoid some issues that arise in traditional design engineer at the foundation. The group decided arm and fire training methods. its printed models were durable enough to be a sell- weapons. Images: Golden Traditional training involves lectures, animations, able product. West Design Lab and detailed engineering diagrams of weapon fuzes. Thirteen 3-D printers, many constantly running Students may struggle to translate blueprints into inside the foundation’s Cambodian design lab, churn MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | NOVEMBER 2015 | P11 CALL TO END CURB ON out the 144 printed parts in the model kit. The CRUDE OIL EXPORTS group purchases other, non-printable parts, such as LEDs, metal springs, or microproces- THE CHAIR OF THE SENATE ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES sors. Each printed piece is hand finished, and local engineering students interning with the Committee, Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska), citing a new design team assemble the fuze models. report by the Energy Information Administration, said The final models include rotating gears, she favors lifting current restrictions on crude oil ex- sliding firing pins, springy pressure sensors, ports by the United States. clockwork mechanisms, and piezoelectric spark generators. One fuze arms in response to cen- he EIA report, issued early in September, concluded that lifting the trifugal force that spinning projectiles experi- Tban would not cause gasoline prices to rise, and could possibly help ence when fired. reduce them. “It’s hard to teach centrifugal force unless you “This capstone report clearly points the way for Congress and the admin- can see the firing pin move,” Wright said. During istration to act,” Murkowski said. “The year of study is over. It is time to send training sessions, an external motor spins the a signal to the world by lifting the ban on oil exports from the United States.” model to generate that force. The report is the last in a series requested in April 2014 by Murkowski and Using hobby-grade printers instead of other Mary Landrieu (D-La.), the Senator who chaired the energy committee at the manufacturing techniques helped keep the time. kit affordable enough for its niche humanitar- The most recent study, Effects of Removing Restrictions on U.S. Crude Oil ian market, said Allen Tan, director of applied Exports, concluded that allowing oil exports would increase supply and put technology at the foundation. Tan wants to show downward pressure on prices. “Petroleum product prices in the United States, engineering entrepreneurs that hobby-grade including gasoline prices, would be either unchanged or slightly reduced by printers can be used to produce durable finished the removal of current restrictions on crude oil exports,” the EIA wrote. products. Tan said his experience shows there’s According to the report, “Current laws and regulations allow for unlimited a business case for using hobby grade 3-D exports of petroleum products, but require licensing of crude oil exports. printers as a primary means of manufacturing a Exports of crude oil to Canada for use there are presumptively granted highly complex, yet low-volume production run. licenses, as are exports of crude oil from Alaska’s North Slope, re-exports of Wright said 3-D printing has engineering ben- foreign-sourced crude, and certain exports from California.” efits too: It enables rapid iteration and eliminates The restrictions date to the 1970s. design constraints related to manufacturing The report acknowledges that some observers refer to the restrictions processes. He noted that the same design can be as a ban on crude oil exports and adds that crude oil exports have been used to print models at any scale. Enlarging the rising in recent years. In the first five months of 2015, the EIA said, crude oil fuzes to twice their normal size makes inspec- exports averaged 491,000 barrels a day. tion and teaching easier, Wright said. In addition, exports of processed condensate, not subject to the restric- The foundation launched the design lab less tions because it is considered a petroleum product, are estimated to have than two years ago, and it is now producing kits reached an average of 84,000 barrels a day for the same period. for purchase. One intention behind the model Previous studies in the series by the EIA included Technical Options for kit was to provide better training materials for Processing Additional Light Tight Oil Volumes Within the United States, which programs in conflict-ravaged developing coun- considered options for expanding U.S. refinery capacity, issued in April 2015; tries. But according to Tan, more than half the U.S. Crude Oil Production to 2025: Updated Projection of Crude Types in May inquires and more than half of the sales of the 2015; and What Drives U.S. Gasoline Prices? in October 2014. training kit are to developed countries like the The new EIA report is available at http://tinyurl.com/EIAanalysis. United States, Japan, and South Africa. In a related development in September, the House Energy and Power “We think it’s changed the standard for train- Subcommittee met to markup H.R. 702, a bill to lift the restrictions on crude ing materials in our field, full stop—not just in oil exports “to adapt to changing crude oil market conditions.” An electronic the developing world,” Tan said. ME copy of H.R. 702 can be found on the Energy and Commerce Committee’s website at http://tinyurl.com/OilRestrictions. A background memo, amend- MELISSAE FELLET is a writer based in Santa Cruz, Calif. ments, and votes are available at the same link. ME TECH BUZZ MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | NOVEMBER 2015 | P12
The crumbling Jubilee Bridge in Ashton, near Manchester, A BRIDGE England, was strengthened using the FlexiArch system. BUILT TO LAST Photo: Concrete Structures Group asonry arch bridges are some arch bridge system with all the attributes of an unreinforced masonry arch bridge. Mof the most beautiful bridges in He also set several other design goals: It had to be quick to install, and eliminate the the world. This type of con- need for centering—the use of a temporary framework to support an arch during struction goes back to antiquity, and construction. It also had to be constructed off site using precast concrete and be some surviving bridges are over 2,000 cost-competitive with other types of bridges. years old. Although they are strong, After 10 years of research, Long perfected the FlexiArch bridge system in 2007. long-lasting, and aesthetically pleasing, Because the main forces are compressive, no reinforcing steel is required. No center- traditional arch bridges are expensive ing is needed, and the bridge can be assembled in a day. Because there is no corrosion, and time-consuming to build. As a the bridge is expected to last at least 300 years with minimal long-term maintenance, result, most arch bridges built since adding to its competitiveness with other types of bridges. the 1970s have been constructed from Precast voussoirs, the tapered blocks that form the arch, are laid side by side with steel-reinforced concrete arches and a layer of polymeric reinforcement placed on top. This surface is then overlain with a slabs, which are faster and cheaper to 40 mm layer of fine aggregate concrete (screed) that hardens, assuring the voussoirs install. are interconnected. The downside, however, is that “The FlexiArch units can be cast in convenient widths to suit the design require- steel-reinforced concrete corrodes—so ments, site restrictions, and available lifting capacity,” Long said. “When lifted at much so that a masonry arch bridge the designated anchorage points, gravity forces cause the wedge-shaped gaps to that should close. Concrete hinges form in the screed and the last several BECAUSE THERE IS NO CORROSION, THE BRIDGE integrity of the unit is provided by tension in the hundred years polymeric reinforcement and the shear resistance starts to IS EXPECTED TO LAST AT LEAST 300 YEARS WITH of the screed.” crumble after MINIMAL LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE Long said that the degree of taper of the vous- 40 or 50 if it soirs controls the geometry of the arch: flatter is built with steel-reinforced concrete. arches require less taper, for example. The arch-shaped units are then lifted and Because of this rapid deterioration, placed on precast footings at the bridge site, “with all the self-weight then trans- engineers are looking toward steel-free ferred from tension in the polymeric reinforcement to compression in the voussoirs, structures. acting the same way a conventional masonry arch does,” Long added. Adrian Long, a civil engineer at The polymeric reinforcement provides the tensile strength needed to lift the Flexi- Queen’s University in Belfast, Ireland, Arch units safely. Lab tests that simulated the bridge-site conditions were undertaken challenged himself to develop a modern to test the strength of the polymeric reinforcement. “Using these re- continued on p.27 »
TECH BUZZ HOW APPROPRIATE? THE TERM “APPROPRIATE a means to liberation. Humanitarian engineers TECHNOLOGY” is so over- must align design with the struggle for libera- used as to be almost tion to attain long-term impact. Some of the earliest and most promi- meaningless. The universal nent literature on accountable intervention n order to reclaim a meaningful nut is attributed to E.F. Schumacher, a British Iunderstanding of appropriateness, sheller economist whose economic theories were we need to trace its historical roots, influenced by Gandhi. In his 1973 manifesto, particularly the early innovators whose Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mat- philosophy provides a framework for tered, Schumacher explains the fundamental responsible intervention in today’s role of appropriate technology in sustainable developing communities. The modern development: “The task, then, is to bring into notion of appropriate technology was not born in an engineer- existence millions of new workplaces in the rural areas and ing classroom, but out of the cauldron of a social movement small towns.” led by Mahatma Gandhi whereby low-tech self-sufficiency was He proposed the idea of “intermediate technologies,” which reclaimed to subvert and ultimately prevail over the technologi- stand somewhere between the traditional and the modern. cally superior British Empire. Schumacher identified four criteria for intermediate technolo- Appropriate technology, therefore, is not an end unto itself but gies, and to bring them up to date I’d like to add three more. First, these technologies should be small, Schumacher says. According to Ian Smillie, a Schumacher scholar and historian, intermediate technology “would be small in scale so it can fit into small market situations.” Design As Fast As You Think Second, they must be simple. In that way, Schumacher says, “the demands for high skills are minimized, not only in the pro- duction process itself, but also in matters of organization, raw material supply, financing, and marketing, and so forth.” The rocket stove, for example, can be made from locally avail- able mud bricks. The technology does not require complicated supply chains. It can be taken apart and put back together. Third, they should be cheap. For example, the universal nut sheller can be locally manufactured from basic, reusable concrete molds and a metal crank. This technology is labor in- tensive, but it increases productivity while reducing occupational hazards such as arthritis from shelling nuts by hand. Fourth, they must be non-violent. Schumacher insisted that products be local both in their material inputs as well as their long-term effects. According to Smillie, “An appropriate technol- ogy would be one which is completely under human control, that Create fully detailed engineering drawings and cost it would not have unintended side effects, that it would not cause estimates in minutes. AutoPIPE Vessel provides fast, flexible, social or environmental disruption.” and optimized design of pressure vessels, heat exchangers To those original four I’d like to add a fifth: user-centered. Ar- and tanks for new or existing global projects. guably one of Schumacher’s shortcomings was his assumption that British folks could lead technology development. For local Discover AutoPIPE Vessel today innovators and community leaders, sustainability is a matter of www.bentley.com/AutoPIPEVessel survival. Lasting solutions require attention to users’ desires, intuition, and comfort. In order to be appropriate, technologies © 2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated. Bentley, the “B” Bentley logo, and AutoPIPE are either registered must be designed through participation with the user, who is the or unregistered trademarks or service marks of Bentley Systems, Incorporated or one of its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries. Other brands and product names are trademarks of their respective owners. subject rather than the object of the design process. Sixth, this technology should be pedagogical. Although many MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | NOVEMBER 2015 | P15
A version of the Rocket Stove of the communities in need of appropriate technology may lack the formal education to develop it singlehandedly, people can quickly understand, adapt, and improve upon basic concepts. In this sense, technology becomes a teaching tool to the extent that integrating it into one’s lifestyle fosters an ever greater understanding of its function while nurturing an evolutionary capacity to improve upon the technology itself. I’ve been part of an Engineers Without Borders USA project in an indigenous community in Guatemala where we assisted the community in replacing dysfunctional composting latrines with an anaerobic baffled reactor. Within the first year of opera- the barriers of stratification within their society and overcome tion, the community had made improvements to the design constraints to social and economic progress. including a standpipe and a thatch roof. They are safely incorpo- Based upon the philosophical roots of appropriate technology rating treated effluent in the school’s agricultural test plot, and and the legacy from Gandhi to Schumacher to the present day, have asked us to assist in construction of a similar system on there are many considerations for evaluating and promoting the other side of the river. appropriate design interventions in the field. ME And finally, this technology should be liberating. An appropri- FRANK BERGH, ENGINEERINGFORCHANGE.ORG ate technology is one that empowers individuals to crumble
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ME: How did the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, become a powerhouse for minority achieve- ment in STEM? F.H: We started by using analytics to look at broad trends. They showed that we needed to understand more about our students’ academic preparation, the courses they were taking, and their attitudes. We found, for example, that many engineering students expected to study for a couple of hours at night, while working 15 or 20 hours on a job. To suc- ceed, you have to marry engineering—you can’t be a part-time friend. You need to study and find lab time five or six hours every day, because if you don’t do well in the foundation courses, you are not going to succeed in STEM. Q&A ME: What else does it take to succeed in STEM? F.H: It doesn’t surprise people that only 20 percent of African-American and Hispanic students who begin STEM courses graduate in STEM majors. But people FREEMAN are stunned that only 32 percent of whites and only 41 percent of Asians graduate in STEM. This is often because they don’t do well in first-year HRABOWSKI courses, which many schools consider weed-out WHEN THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, Baltimore courses. One reason is that students don’t get support County, named Freeman Hrabowski III president 1992, from mentors or other students. Also, many schools it was an inner city commuter school with a shaky have not moved to an innovative approach to the teach- academic reputation. By 2009, UMBC was named ing and learning process. the nation’s top “Up and Coming” university by U.S. ME: How did you change that? News & World Report. Born in Birmingham, Ala., and F.H: We teamed with Bob Meyerhoff, a local philan- jailed at age 12 for participating in a civil rights march, thropist who studied engineering at MIT and wanted Hrabowski graduated college at 19 and rose to dean of to do something for African-American males. The uni- arts and sciences at Coppin State University by 27. He versity wanted to improve the performance of minority has been honored by organizations as diverse as Time, students in STEM. So we married the two ideas. We started with 19 scholarships to bring highly motivated Harvard, and the Carnegie Corp. students to UMBC. Today, we have 300 Meyerhof schol- ars at UMBC, including women and people of all races. agencies as NASA and NIST. UMBC is a great American story: you don’t They form a highly motivated core. have to be rich to be brilliant or to be the very best. The program also focused on building community among all our students and faculty. We redesigned our ME: UMBC has become a diverse, high-performing campus. Can any courses to reduce lectures and increase lab work and school replicate your leadership? collaboration, so students can support one another. F.H: Leadership is never about one person. It’s not like, I’ve got a plan, As a result, 55 percent of students who major in STEM follow my plan. A president serves by working with a community of people graduate in STEM majors, and when you take into ac- with similar values who tackle problems together. The leader is impor- count students who transfer to other schools but stay tant, but the community’s chemistry makes or breaks the school. in STEM, that goes up to 75 percent. ME: Looking back, it looks like you couldn’t miss. Was your path that ME: Do you demand a lot from students? easy or obvious? F.H: Yes. We want students to think about going imme- F.H: I worked really hard, so hard that my parents always worried that I diately to graduate school. Thousands of our students was overreaching. I am passionate about what I do, and I was fortunate to are involved in research opportunities on campus, be around people who valued hard work, intellectual curiosity, focus, and in companies, at medical centers, and such national discipline. I never gave up. ME Recording Data Has Never Been This Easy!
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DISRUPTIVE DRONES UAVs can be useful humanitarian tools, as long as they don’t create more problems than they solve.
I figured my weekend activities odology for assessing open defecation wouldn’t ruffle any feathers in a remote practices in rural India—essentially an village. I was wrong. image-processing algorithm to detect The next day one of our senior staff human poop in a field. We’ve put this on was summoned into the office of the the back burner after realizing there’d Rwandan Air Force to explain why some be little way to ensure that we don’t random American was flying a drone. intrude on someone’s privacy. That night, I spent two hours at the UAViators (www.uaviators.org), a con- ast August, I spent a lazy Sunday airport explaining myself to five police sortium of humanitarian organizations, Lmorning in a village an hour outside officers, only getting out of there after is trying to tame this wilderness. The of Kigali, Rwanda, with a 3DR Solo giving two ad-hoc presentations of my group supports international guidelines quadcopter. My objective was to take TEDx Talk. for the responsible use of UAVs. videos of tree stands where residents In the United States, it’s currently For a hobbyist or researcher in the collect wood, so we could study forestry legal to fly unmanned aerial vehicles United States, there are practical tools changes in a village that has received as a hobby— below 400 feet, away from to keep you out of trouble, including the high-efficiency cookstoves. I had intended people and structures, and outside of re- Don’t Fly Drones Here map (www.map- to get sample images to build a case with stricted airspace like airports or military box.com/drone/no-fly). the authorities for a broader study. A task as seemingly simple as counting IT REQUIRES A SPECIAL FAA PERMIT TO FLY A DRONE FOR trees is in reality time-consuming and ANY COMMERCIAL OR RESEARCH PURPOSE. THIS INCLUDES costly for many organizations. In Rwanda, we count trees that are being used for EVERYTHING FROM WEDDING PHOTOGRAPHY fuel. Conservation groups like the Fresh- TO UNIVERSITY RESEARCH. water Trust, in Portland, Ore., have teams of specialists to count trees year round in sites. It requires a special FAA permit Drones have the potential to be conservation project areas. to fly a drone for any commercial or re- disruptive—in the tech sense as a low- These surveys are crucial to envi- search purpose. This includes everything cost, capable alternative to something ronmental efforts. They also could use from wedding photography to university expensive, but also legally and socially, drones to save time and money. Drones research. intruding on privacy, serenity, and combined with high-resolution photogra- In Nepal during the earthquake relief safety. phy, laser-radar sensors, spectrometry, efforts this summer, numerous articles Consider, for example, the “Follow and image processing software can take reported how drones were helping the Me” mode on the 3DR Solo, where the a biomass inventory cheaper and faster, relief effort—identifying survivors and drone stays alongside you (or, really, your and maybe more accurately, than people resources. What didn’t get as much phone) as you walk, run, or even drive. It can by trudging around counting. press were the privacy, security, and is exhilarating but also eerie, sparking It was a fun morning in Rwanda. A safety issues, and general interference possibilities and some fear. ME crowd of kids mugged for the airborne with relief efforts that some drone op- camera. But their playful gestures order- erators caused. EVAN THOMAS is an assistant professor of mechani- ing the drone to land may have been a Recently, colleagues at Emory Univer- cal engineering at Portland State University, COO of clue that trouble was coming. sity have asked us to develop a meth- DelAgua Health, and CEO of SweetSense Inc.
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