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Hof6 J",ISH The rare Arabian Oryx is believed to have inspired the myth of the unicorn. This desert antelope became vinually extinct in the early 1960s. At that time, sei:eral groups of a international conservarionists arranged to have nine animals sent to the Phoenix Zoo to be the nucleus of a captive br eeding herd. Today, the Oryx population is over l,000, and over 500 have been returned to the Middle East. © 1979, 1983, 1988, 1994, 1998 by Robert A. Day CIEN'flFIC Published by The Oryx Press 4041 North Central at Indian School Road Phoenix, Arizona 85012-3397 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing ER from The Oryx Press. Published simultaneously in Canada 5 Printed and bound in the United States of America th EDITION @ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requiremems of American National Standard for Information Science-Permanence Robert A. Day of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39 .48, 1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Dara Day, Robert A., 1924- How to write & publish a scientific paper I by Robert A. Day. - 5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57356-164-9 Case 1-57356-165-7 Paper lalk. paper) ORYX PRESS I. Technical writing. I. Title. Tl l.D33 1988 808'.0665-dc2 l 98-7718 1998 CIP Chapter 12 How to Cite the References.... ........ ...................... .. ................ ........ ....... 51 Chapter 13 How to Design EffectiveTables .... ............. ........ ......... ....... .. ....... ......... .. 61 Chapter 14 Contents How to Prepare EffectiveGraphs .................. ......... ........ ........ ........ ........ 70 Chapter 15 How to Prepare Effective Photographs ................................................... 84 Chapter 16 Preface ...................................... .............. ................................................. ix How to Keyboard the Manuscript ... ....... ............... ................. ...... ..... ... .. 92 Acknowledgments ................................................................................... xv Chapter 17 Chapter 1 Where and How to Submit the Manuscript .. ..... ........ ........ ......... ........ ... 109 What Is Scientific Writing? ............ ... ... ........... ....... ............... .......... .. .. ...... 1 Chapter 18 Chapter 2 The Review Process (How to Deal with Editors) ............... ................... 117 Origins of Scientific Writing ..................................................................... 4 Chapter 19 Chapter 3 The Publishing Process(How to Deal with Proofs) ............ .. .......... .... .. 130 What Is a Scientific Paper? ..... ............... .. ................. ................. ............. .. 8 Chapter 20 Chapter4 Electronic Publishing Formats: CD-ROM and Distributed Printing . .... 139 How to Prepare the Title .. .. .. ... .. .......... .. .. .......... .. .. .. ... .......... .................. 15 Chapter 21 Chapter 5 The Internetand the World Wide Web ................................................. 142 How to List the Authors and Addresses .. ............ .. .. ............................ .... 22 Chapter 22 Chapter 6 The Electronic Journal .... ..... ........ ......... .......... ......... ....... ........ ... ..... ...... 151 How to Prepare the Abstract .. ...... ................ .................. .. ............. .. ........ 29 Chapter 23 Chapter 7 E-mail and Newsgroups ...... ......... ..... ........ ........ ... ............. .................... 154 How to Write the Introduction ................ ..................... ........... .. .. ............ 33 Chapter 24 Chapter 8 How to Order and Use Reprints .................... ........................................ 158 How to Write the Materials and Methods Section ......... .. .. .. ........... .. ...... 36 Chapter 25 Chapter 9 How to Write a Review Paper ..... ............ .............. .. ..... .. .... ... ........ ....... 163 How to Write the Results ........................................................................42 Chapter 26 . ....... .......... ....... ..... ...... ........ 168 Chapter 10 How to Write a Conference Report . .. How to Write the Discussion ..................................................................45 Chapter 27 .... .. ... ........ ... ..................... ......... ... 172 Chapter 11 How to Write a Book Review . .. How to State the Acknowledgments ........................................................49 Chapter 28 How to Write a Thesis ....... ..... ................................... ........ ............... .... 178 Chapter 29 How to Present a Paper Orally ............................................................ 182 Chapter 30 How to Prepare a Poster ....................................................................... 189 Chapter 31 Ethics, Rights, and Permissions ............................................................ 193 Preface Chapter 32 Use and Misuse of English .................................................................... 200 Chapter 33 Criticism and testing are of the essence of our work. This means that Avoiding Jargon .................................................................................... 215 science is a fundamentally social activity, which implies that it Chapter 34 depends on good communication. In the practice of science we are How and When to Use Abbreviations ................................................... 222 aware of this, and that is why it is right for ourjournals to insist on clarity and intelligibility.... Chapter 35 -Hermann Bondi A Personalized Summary ...................................................................... 227 Appendix 1 Selected JournalTitle Word Abbreviations .......................................... 230 Good scientific writing is not a matter of lifeand death; it is much more Appendix2 serious than that. Abbreviations ThatMay Be Used Without Definition in Table The goal of scientific research is publication. Scientists, starting as Headings ........................................................................................... 233 graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in Appendix3 laboratory manipulations, not by their innate knowledge of either broad Common Errors in Style and in Spelling ............................................... 234 or narrow scientificsubjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known (or remain unknown) by their publi­ Appendix4 cations. Words and Expressions to Avoid .......................................................... 238 A scientific experiment, no matter how spectacular the results, is not Appendix5 completed until the results are published. In fact, the cornerstone of the Prefixesand Abbreviations for SI (Systeme International) Units ......... 244 philosophy of science is based on the fundamental assumption that Appendix6 original research must be published; only thus can new scientific Accepted Abbreviations and Symbols ................................................... 245 know ledge be authenticated and then added to the existing database that we call scientific knowledge. Appendix? It is not necessary for the plumber to write about pipes, nor is it Sample Submission Requirements for an Electronic Journal................ 248 necessary for the lawyer to write about cases (except brief writing), but Glossary of Technical Terms ................................................................ 250 the research scientist, perhaps uniquely among the trades and profes­ References ............................................................................................. 257 sions, must provide a written document showing what he or she did, why it was done, how it was done, and what was learnedfrom it. The key word Index ........................... ......... ........ ......................................................... 261 is reproducibility. That is what makes science and scientific writing unique. comments and criticisms of the previous editions, and I herewith invite Thus the scientist must not only "do" science but must "write" additional suggestions and comments that may improve future editions science. Bad writing can and often does prevent or delay the publication of this book. (Write to me in care of my publisher, Oryx Press, 404 1 of good science. Unfortunately, the education of scientists is often so North Central Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85012-3397.) overwhelmingly committed to the technical aspects of science that the Although this Fifth Edition is larger and better (he says) than the communication arts are neglected or ignored. In short, many good earlier editions, the basic outline of the book has not been altered. scientists are poor writers. Certainly, many scientists do not like to write. Because the reviews of the previous editions were almost universally As Charles Darwin said, "a naturalist's life would be a happy one if he favorable, drastic revision seemed unwise. And the reviews were favor­ had only to observe and never to write" (quoted by Trelease, 1958). able. One reviewer described the book as "both good and original." Most of today's scientists did not have the chance to undertake a Unfortunately, he went on to add (quoting Samuel Johnson) that "the formal course in scientific writing. As graduate students, they learnedto parts that
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