2020 SGEA Regional Meeting Abstract Compendium
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A Queueing-Theoretic Foundation for Optimal Spaced Repetition
A Queueing-Theoretic Foundation for Optimal Spaced Repetition Siddharth Reddy [email protected] Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Igor Labutov [email protected] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Siddhartha Banerjee [email protected] School of Operations Research and Information Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Thorsten Joachims [email protected] Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 1. Extended Abstract way back to 1885 and the pioneering work of Ebbinghaus (Ebbinghaus, 1913), identify two critical variables that de- In the study of human learning, there is broad evidence that termine the probability of recalling an item: reinforcement, our ability to retain a piece of information improves with i.e., repeated exposure to the item, and delay, i.e., time repeated exposure, and that it decays with delay since the since the item was last reviewed. Accordingly, scientists last exposure. This plays a crucial role in the design of ed- have long been proponents of the spacing effect for learn- ucational software, leading to a trade-off between teaching ing: the phenomenon in which periodic, spaced review of new material and reviewing what has already been taught. content improves long-term retention. A common way to balance this trade-off is spaced repe- tition, which uses periodic review of content to improve A significant development in recent years has been a grow- long-term retention. Though spaced repetition is widely ing body of work that attempts to ‘engineer’ the process used in practice, e.g., in electronic flashcard software, there of human learning, creating tools that enhance the learning is little formal understanding of the design of these sys- process by building on the scientific understanding of hu- tems. -
The Flexner Report ― 100 Years Later
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central YAlE JOuRNAl OF BiOlOGY AND MEDiCiNE 84 (2011), pp.269-276. Copyright © 2011. HiSTORiCAl PERSPECTivES iN MEDiCAl EDuCATiON The Flexner Report ― 100 Years Later Thomas P. Duffy, MD Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut The Flexner Report of 1910 transformed the nature and process of medical education in America with a resulting elimination of proprietary schools and the establishment of the bio - medical model as the gold standard of medical training. This transformation occurred in the aftermath of the report, which embraced scientific knowledge and its advancement as the defining ethos of a modern physician. Such an orientation had its origins in the enchant - ment with German medical education that was spurred by the exposure of American edu - cators and physicians at the turn of the century to the university medical schools of Europe. American medicine profited immeasurably from the scientific advances that this system al - lowed, but the hyper-rational system of German science created an imbalance in the art and science of medicine. A catching-up is under way to realign the professional commit - ment of the physician with a revision of medical education to achieve that purpose. In the middle of the 17th century, an cathedrals resonated with Willis’s delin - extraordinary group of scientists and natu - eation of the structure and function of the ral philosophers coalesced as the Oxford brain [1]. Circle and created a scientific revolution in the study and understanding of the brain THE HOPKINS CIRCLE and consciousness. -
Benefits of Immediate Repetition Versus Long Study Presentation On
Neuropsychology In the public domain 2010, Vol. 24, No. 4, 457–464 DOI: 10.1037/a0018625 Benefits of Immediate Repetition Versus Long Study Presentation on Memory in Amnesia Mieke Verfaellie and Karen F. LaRocque Suparna Rajaram Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare Stony Brook University System, and Boston University School of Medicine Objective: This study aimed to resolve discrepant findings in the literature regarding the effects of massed repetition and a single long study presentation on memory in amnesia. Method: Experiment 1 assessed recognition memory in 9 amnesic patients and 18 controls following presentation of a study list that contained items shown for a single short study presentation, a single long study presentation, and three massed repetitions. In Experiment 2, the same encoding conditions were presented in a blocked rather than intermixed format to all participants from Experiment 1. Results: In Experiment 1, control participants showed benefits associated with both types of extended exposure, and massed repetition was more beneficial than long study presentation, F(2, 34) ϭ 14.03, p Ͻ .001, partial 2 ϭ .45. In contrast, amnesic participants failed to show benefits of either type of extended exposure, F Ͻ 1. In Experiment 2, both groups benefited from repetition, but did so in different ways, F(2, 50) ϭ 4.80, p ϭ .012, partial 2 ϭ .16. Amnesic patients showed significant and equivalent benefit associated with both types of extended exposure, F(2, 16) ϭ 5.58, p ϭ .015, partial 2 ϭ .41, but control participants again benefited more from massed repetition than from long study presentation, F(2, 34) ϭ 23.74, p Ͻ .001, partial 2 ϭ .58. -
An Evidence-Based Guide for Medical Students: How to Optimize the Use of Expanded-Retrieval Platforms
Open Access Review Article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10372 An Evidence-Based Guide for Medical Students: How to Optimize the Use of Expanded-Retrieval Platforms Cyrus A. Pumilia 1 , Spencer Lessans 1 , David Harris 2 1. Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA 2. Medical Education, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA Corresponding author: Spencer Lessans, [email protected] Abstract Recommendations have been made for improving medical education based on the available evidence regarding learning. Traditional learning methods in medical education (e.g. reading from textbooks) do not ensure long-term retention. However, expanded-retrieval studying methods have been shown to improve studying efficiency. Using evidence-based practices to optimize an expanded-retrieval platform has the potential to greatly benefit knowledge acquisition and retention for medical students. This literature review was conducted to identify the best practices of expanded-retrieval platforms. Themes within learning that promote knowledge gain and retention include presentation of related categorical information, schema formation, dual-coding, concrete examples, elaboration, changes in text appearance, and interleaving. Presentation of related categorical material together may mitigate retrieval- induced forgetting (RIF). Spaced retrieval helps to reinforce schema formation by solidifying the framework the individual students form when learning the material. Dual-coding improves learning by creating more neural pathways. Multiple concrete examples can be compared by students to see their respective differences, highlighting the true underlying principle. Variation in text appearance is most useful during the initial, short-term inter-study intervals. Interleaving is a theme where different topics are combined in the same study session and is unpopular with students but shown to be successful. -
Newsletteralumni News of the Newyork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Department of Surgery Volume 12, Number 2 Winter 2009
NEWSLETTERAlumni News of the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Department of Surgery Volume 12, Number 2 Winter 2009 Virginia Kneeland Frantz and 20th Century Surgical Pathology at Columbia University’s College of Physicians & Surgeons and the Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York Marianne Wolff and James G. Chandler Virginia Kneeland was born on November 13, 1896 into a at the North East corner of East 70th Street and Madison Avenue. family residing in the Murray Hill district of Manhattan who also Miss Kneeland would receive her primary and secondary education owned and operated a dairy farm in Vermont.1 Her father, Yale at private schools on Manhattan’s East Side and enter Bryn Mawr Kneeland, was very successful in the grain business. Her mother, College in 1914, just 3 months after the Serbian assassination of Aus- Anna Ball Kneeland, would one day become a member of the Board tro-Hungarian, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which ignited the Great of Managers of the Presbyterian Hospital, which, at the time of her War in Europe. daughter’s birth, had been caring for the sick and injured for 24 years In November of 1896, the College of Physicians and Surgeons graduated second in their class behind Marjorie F. Murray who was (P&S) was well settled on West 59th Street, between 9th and 10th destined to become Pediatrician-in-Chief at Mary Imogene Bassett (Amsterdam) Avenues, flush with new assets and 5 years into a long- Hospital in 1928. sought affiliation with Columbia College.2 In the late 1880s, Vander- Virginia Frantz became the first woman ever to be accepted bilt family munificence had provided P&S with a new classrooms into Presbyterian Hospital’s two year surgical internship. -
Auditory Feedback Blocks Memory Benefits of Cueing During Sleep
ARTICLE Received 26 Feb 2015 | Accepted 25 Sep 2015 | Published 28 Oct 2015 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9729 OPEN Auditory feedback blocks memory benefits of cueing during sleep Thomas Schreiner1,2, Mick Lehmann1,3 & Bjo¨rn Rasch1,2,4 It is now widely accepted that re-exposure to memory cues during sleep reactivates memories and can improve later recall. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. As reactivation during wakefulness renders memories sensitive to updating, it remains an intriguing question whether reactivated memories during sleep also become susceptible to incorporating further information after the cue. Here we show that the memory benefits of cueing Dutch vocabulary during sleep are in fact completely blocked when memory cues are directly followed by either correct or conflicting auditory feedback, or a pure tone. In addition, immediate (but not delayed) auditory stimulation abolishes the characteristic increases in oscillatory theta and spindle activity typically associated with successful reactivation during sleep as revealed by high-density electroencephalography. We conclude that plastic processes associated with theta and spindle oscillations occurring during a sensitive period immediately after the cue are necessary for stabilizing reactivated memory traces during sleep. 1 Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland. 2 Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1701 Fribourg, Switzerland. 3 Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Clinic of Affective Disorders and General Psychiatry, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland. 4 Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research (ZiS), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to B.R. (email: [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 6:8729 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9729 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 & 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. -
One School's Successful Efforts to Raise Its Bar Passage Rates in an Era of Decline
Florida International University College of Law eCollections Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 2019 Using Science to Build Better Learners: One School's Successful Efforts to Raise Its Bar Passage Rates in an Era of Decline Louis N. Schulze Jr. Florida International University College of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Legal Education Commons Recommended Citation Louis N. Schulze, Jr., Using Science to Build Better Learners: One School's Successful Efforts to Raise Its Bar Passage Rates in an Era of Decline, 68 J. Legal Educ. 230 (2019). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at eCollections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of eCollections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 230 Using Science to Build Better Learners: One School’s Successful Efforts to Raise its Bar Passage Rates in an Era of Decline Louis N. Schulze, Jr. I. Introduction “The wise know their weakness too well to assume infallibility; and he who knows most, knows best how little he knows.” Thomas Jefferson.1 Bar examination pass rates are plummeting. Many laws schools are searching urgently for some way to stem the tide of decline. Silver bullet cure- alls are attractive, all too often adopted, and almost never fruitful. So what should schools do? Should a school teach to the test? Induce less proficient students into not taking the bar exam?2 Reteach doctrine in a bar prep course? Begin bar prep in 1L year? Spoon-feed black-letter law? Require faculty to use only multiple- choice questions in exams? Only essay questions? The answer to all these questions is “no,” but the questions themselves miss the point—like asking a mergers and acquisitions lawyer whether her achievements resulted from taking more depos. -
References Acknowledgements
Cover Page The handle https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3134566 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Versteeg, M. Title: At the heart of learning: navigating towards educational neuroscience in health professions education Issue Date: 2021-01-21 Supplementary 201019_Proefschrift_naproefdruk.indd 194 23-10-2020 07:41:52 SUPPLEMENTARY Supplementary A | The used literature search term combinations. Spaced [ti] Learning [ti] Spaced learning [tw] Health professions education [tw] Spaced AND Learning OR Spaced training AND Education, Professional [Mesh] Spacing Memory Spacing training Medical educat* Retriev* Training Spaced learning Professional educat* Repetition* Educat* Spacing learning Teach* Recall Spaced interval Medical student* training Mental Spaced interval Biomedical recall learning student* [Mesh] Memory training Pharmacy student* Spaced retrieval Biology student* Spaced retrieving Dental student* Retrieval practic* Nursing student* Mass learning Undergraduate* Massed learning Graduat* Spacing effect Intern* Distributed practic* University Spacing efficacy Universities Spacing practice Resident* sessions Spacing of learning Health professional* Spacing repetition Spacing and repetition Spaced educat* Spaced test* Test-enhaned learning Testing effect* Within each column all terms are searched with the Boolean operator “OR”. 195 201019_Proefschrift_naproefdruk.indd 195 23-10-2020 07:41:52 SUPPLEMENTARY Supplementary B | Frequency distribution of research articles on spaced learning included in this scoping -
A Curriculum for Biomedical Writing and Editing: a Second Volley
DIALOGUE ◆ A Curriculum for Biomedical Writing and Editing: A Second Volley Courses for Biomedical Writers and Editors Core Courses 5. Communication Theory and Research 1. An Overview of Biomedical Research and Publications Forms of communication (interpersonal, mass, computer-assisted) Epistemology and philosophy of science and its alternatives Classical rhetorical theory (argument, persuasion, exposition) The scientific method: biomedical research terms and concepts Diffusion of innovations and marketing communication Practices and ethical principles of animal, pharmaceutical, Research into written communication and clinical research Psychology of meaning-making and interpretation The drug-development process Effect of communication media on messages The scientific literature: journalology Organizational communication Types of biomedical communication and publication Evaluating written communication (protocol analysis, focus groups, Authorship, falsification, fraud, and plagiarism surveys, and so on) Evidence-based medicine 6. Medical Writing 2. Medical Editing Data-collection techniques (interviewing, Internet, libraries) Review of grammar, syntax, and punctuation Audience analysis Review of sentence and paragraph structures Techniques of writing Medical terminology, nomenclature, and discourse Collaborative writing Marking a manuscript, editing and proofreading techniques, and Writing original research articles: the IMRAD format queries Writing review articles, case reports, and chapters Style manuals and electronic information sources -
Retrieval Practice: Which Factors Should Educators Pay Attention
ARTIGO DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-35392020220284 Elocid - e220284 PRÁTICA DE LEMBRAR: A QUAIS FATORES OS EDUCADORES DEVEM SE ATENTAR? Roberta Ekuni 1 ; Sabine Pompeia 2 RESUMO A prática de lembrar (retrieval practice) ou efeito da testagem (testing-effect) é uma estratégia de estudo que envolve tentar lembrar informações às quais fomos anteriormente expostos. Embora essa prática aumente o tempo de retenção de informações comparada às formas tradicionais de estudar, dentre várias outras vantagens com ampla evidência científica, essa estratégia não costuma ser a mais usada entre alunos. Educadores devem, assim, auxiliar estudantes a utilizarem essa estratégia em seu cotidiano. Com o intuito de otimizar sua aplicabilidade, o presente artigo discute quais fatores interferem nessa prática, incluindo: a importância de feedback, a forma com que a prática de lembrar é realizada e o formato de resposta dos alunos, o número de repetições de tentativas de recordar informações e o intervalo entre essas repetições. A apropriação do conhecimento sobre esses fatores influencia positivamente a implantação da técnica em sala de aula, promovendo assim uma educação baseada em evidências. Palavras-chave: processos cognitivos; aprendizagem; memória. Retrieval practice: which factors should educators pay attention to? ABSTRACT The retrieval practice or testing - effect, is a study technique that involves trying to remember information to which we were previously exposed. Although this practice increases the long term-retention of information compared to traditional study techniques, among several other advantages with ample scientific evidence, this strategy is not usually the most used among students. Educators should help students to use this technique in their daily lives. -
Medical School Expansion in the 21St Century Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine
Medical School Expansion in the 21st Century Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Michael E. Whitcomb, M.D. and Douglas L. Wood, D.O., Ph.D. September 2015 Cover: University of New England campus Medical School Expansion in the 21st Century Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Michael E. Whitcomb, M.D. and Douglas L. Wood, D.O., Ph.D. FOREWORD The Macy Foundation has recently documented the motivating factors, major challenges, and planning strategies for the fifteen new allopathic medical schools (leading to the M.D. degree) that enrolled their charter classes between 2009 and 2014.1,2 A parallel trend in the opening of new osteopathic medical schools (leading to the D.O. degree) began in 2003. This expansion will result in a greater proportional increase in the D.O. workforce than will occur in the M.D. workforce as a result of the allopathic expansion. With eleven new osteopathic schools and nine new sites or branches for existing osteopathic schools, there will be more than a doubling of the D.O. graduates in the U.S. by the end of this decade. Douglas Wood, D.O., Ph.D., and Michael Whitcomb, M.D., bring their broad experiences in D.O. and M.D. education to this report of the osteopathic school expansion. They identify ways in which the new schools are similar to and different from the existing osteopathic schools, and they identify differences in the rationale and characteristics of the new osteopathic schools, compared with those of the new allopathic schools that Dr. Whitcomb has previously chronicled. 1 Whitcomb ME. -
US Medical Education Reformers Abraham Flexner (1866-1959) and Simon Flexner (1863-1946)
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 443 765 SO 031 860 AUTHOR Parker, Franklin; Parker, Betty J. TITLE U.S. Medical Education Reformers Abraham Flexner (1866-1959) and Simon Flexner (1863-1946). PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 12p. PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Biographies; *Educational Change; *Educational History; Higher Education; *Medical Education; *Professional Recognition; *Social History IDENTIFIERS *Flexner (Abraham); Johns Hopkins University MD; Reform Efforts ABSTRACT This paper (in the form of a dialogue) tells the stories of two members of a remarkable family of nine children, the Flexners of Louisville, Kentucky. The paper focuses on Abraham and Simon, who were reformers in the field of medical education in the United States. The dialogue takes Abraham Flexner through his undergraduate education at Johns Hopkins University, his founding of a school that specialized in educating wealthy (but underachieving) boys, and his marriage to Anne Laziere Crawford. Abraham and his colleague, Henry S. Pritchett, traveled around the country assessing 155 medical schools in hopes of professionalizing medical education. The travels culminated in a report on "Medical Education in the United States and Canada" (1910). Abraham capped his career by creating the first significant "think tank," the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. The paper also profiles Simon Flexner, a pharmacist whose dream was to become a pathologist. Simon, too, gravitated to Johns Hopkins University where he became chief pathologist and wrote over 200 pathology and bacteriology reports between 1890-1909. He also helped organize the Peking Union Medical College in Peking, China, and was appointed Eastman Professor at Oxford University.(BT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.