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A Queueing-Theoretic Foundation for Optimal Spaced Repetition
A Queueing-Theoretic Foundation for Optimal Spaced Repetition Siddharth Reddy [email protected] Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Igor Labutov [email protected] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Siddhartha Banerjee [email protected] School of Operations Research and Information Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Thorsten Joachims [email protected] Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 1. Extended Abstract way back to 1885 and the pioneering work of Ebbinghaus (Ebbinghaus, 1913), identify two critical variables that de- In the study of human learning, there is broad evidence that termine the probability of recalling an item: reinforcement, our ability to retain a piece of information improves with i.e., repeated exposure to the item, and delay, i.e., time repeated exposure, and that it decays with delay since the since the item was last reviewed. Accordingly, scientists last exposure. This plays a crucial role in the design of ed- have long been proponents of the spacing effect for learn- ucational software, leading to a trade-off between teaching ing: the phenomenon in which periodic, spaced review of new material and reviewing what has already been taught. content improves long-term retention. A common way to balance this trade-off is spaced repe- tition, which uses periodic review of content to improve A significant development in recent years has been a grow- long-term retention. Though spaced repetition is widely ing body of work that attempts to ‘engineer’ the process used in practice, e.g., in electronic flashcard software, there of human learning, creating tools that enhance the learning is little formal understanding of the design of these sys- process by building on the scientific understanding of hu- tems. -
Benefits of Immediate Repetition Versus Long Study Presentation On
Neuropsychology In the public domain 2010, Vol. 24, No. 4, 457–464 DOI: 10.1037/a0018625 Benefits of Immediate Repetition Versus Long Study Presentation on Memory in Amnesia Mieke Verfaellie and Karen F. LaRocque Suparna Rajaram Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare Stony Brook University System, and Boston University School of Medicine Objective: This study aimed to resolve discrepant findings in the literature regarding the effects of massed repetition and a single long study presentation on memory in amnesia. Method: Experiment 1 assessed recognition memory in 9 amnesic patients and 18 controls following presentation of a study list that contained items shown for a single short study presentation, a single long study presentation, and three massed repetitions. In Experiment 2, the same encoding conditions were presented in a blocked rather than intermixed format to all participants from Experiment 1. Results: In Experiment 1, control participants showed benefits associated with both types of extended exposure, and massed repetition was more beneficial than long study presentation, F(2, 34) ϭ 14.03, p Ͻ .001, partial 2 ϭ .45. In contrast, amnesic participants failed to show benefits of either type of extended exposure, F Ͻ 1. In Experiment 2, both groups benefited from repetition, but did so in different ways, F(2, 50) ϭ 4.80, p ϭ .012, partial 2 ϭ .16. Amnesic patients showed significant and equivalent benefit associated with both types of extended exposure, F(2, 16) ϭ 5.58, p ϭ .015, partial 2 ϭ .41, but control participants again benefited more from massed repetition than from long study presentation, F(2, 34) ϭ 23.74, p Ͻ .001, partial 2 ϭ .58. -
An Evidence-Based Guide for Medical Students: How to Optimize the Use of Expanded-Retrieval Platforms
Open Access Review Article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10372 An Evidence-Based Guide for Medical Students: How to Optimize the Use of Expanded-Retrieval Platforms Cyrus A. Pumilia 1 , Spencer Lessans 1 , David Harris 2 1. Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA 2. Medical Education, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA Corresponding author: Spencer Lessans, [email protected] Abstract Recommendations have been made for improving medical education based on the available evidence regarding learning. Traditional learning methods in medical education (e.g. reading from textbooks) do not ensure long-term retention. However, expanded-retrieval studying methods have been shown to improve studying efficiency. Using evidence-based practices to optimize an expanded-retrieval platform has the potential to greatly benefit knowledge acquisition and retention for medical students. This literature review was conducted to identify the best practices of expanded-retrieval platforms. Themes within learning that promote knowledge gain and retention include presentation of related categorical information, schema formation, dual-coding, concrete examples, elaboration, changes in text appearance, and interleaving. Presentation of related categorical material together may mitigate retrieval- induced forgetting (RIF). Spaced retrieval helps to reinforce schema formation by solidifying the framework the individual students form when learning the material. Dual-coding improves learning by creating more neural pathways. Multiple concrete examples can be compared by students to see their respective differences, highlighting the true underlying principle. Variation in text appearance is most useful during the initial, short-term inter-study intervals. Interleaving is a theme where different topics are combined in the same study session and is unpopular with students but shown to be successful. -
One School's Successful Efforts to Raise Its Bar Passage Rates in an Era of Decline
Florida International University College of Law eCollections Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 2019 Using Science to Build Better Learners: One School's Successful Efforts to Raise Its Bar Passage Rates in an Era of Decline Louis N. Schulze Jr. Florida International University College of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Legal Education Commons Recommended Citation Louis N. Schulze, Jr., Using Science to Build Better Learners: One School's Successful Efforts to Raise Its Bar Passage Rates in an Era of Decline, 68 J. Legal Educ. 230 (2019). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at eCollections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of eCollections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 230 Using Science to Build Better Learners: One School’s Successful Efforts to Raise its Bar Passage Rates in an Era of Decline Louis N. Schulze, Jr. I. Introduction “The wise know their weakness too well to assume infallibility; and he who knows most, knows best how little he knows.” Thomas Jefferson.1 Bar examination pass rates are plummeting. Many laws schools are searching urgently for some way to stem the tide of decline. Silver bullet cure- alls are attractive, all too often adopted, and almost never fruitful. So what should schools do? Should a school teach to the test? Induce less proficient students into not taking the bar exam?2 Reteach doctrine in a bar prep course? Begin bar prep in 1L year? Spoon-feed black-letter law? Require faculty to use only multiple- choice questions in exams? Only essay questions? The answer to all these questions is “no,” but the questions themselves miss the point—like asking a mergers and acquisitions lawyer whether her achievements resulted from taking more depos. -
References Acknowledgements
Cover Page The handle https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3134566 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Versteeg, M. Title: At the heart of learning: navigating towards educational neuroscience in health professions education Issue Date: 2021-01-21 Supplementary 201019_Proefschrift_naproefdruk.indd 194 23-10-2020 07:41:52 SUPPLEMENTARY Supplementary A | The used literature search term combinations. Spaced [ti] Learning [ti] Spaced learning [tw] Health professions education [tw] Spaced AND Learning OR Spaced training AND Education, Professional [Mesh] Spacing Memory Spacing training Medical educat* Retriev* Training Spaced learning Professional educat* Repetition* Educat* Spacing learning Teach* Recall Spaced interval Medical student* training Mental Spaced interval Biomedical recall learning student* [Mesh] Memory training Pharmacy student* Spaced retrieval Biology student* Spaced retrieving Dental student* Retrieval practic* Nursing student* Mass learning Undergraduate* Massed learning Graduat* Spacing effect Intern* Distributed practic* University Spacing efficacy Universities Spacing practice Resident* sessions Spacing of learning Health professional* Spacing repetition Spacing and repetition Spaced educat* Spaced test* Test-enhaned learning Testing effect* Within each column all terms are searched with the Boolean operator “OR”. 195 201019_Proefschrift_naproefdruk.indd 195 23-10-2020 07:41:52 SUPPLEMENTARY Supplementary B | Frequency distribution of research articles on spaced learning included in this scoping -
A Curriculum for Biomedical Writing and Editing: a Second Volley
DIALOGUE ◆ A Curriculum for Biomedical Writing and Editing: A Second Volley Courses for Biomedical Writers and Editors Core Courses 5. Communication Theory and Research 1. An Overview of Biomedical Research and Publications Forms of communication (interpersonal, mass, computer-assisted) Epistemology and philosophy of science and its alternatives Classical rhetorical theory (argument, persuasion, exposition) The scientific method: biomedical research terms and concepts Diffusion of innovations and marketing communication Practices and ethical principles of animal, pharmaceutical, Research into written communication and clinical research Psychology of meaning-making and interpretation The drug-development process Effect of communication media on messages The scientific literature: journalology Organizational communication Types of biomedical communication and publication Evaluating written communication (protocol analysis, focus groups, Authorship, falsification, fraud, and plagiarism surveys, and so on) Evidence-based medicine 6. Medical Writing 2. Medical Editing Data-collection techniques (interviewing, Internet, libraries) Review of grammar, syntax, and punctuation Audience analysis Review of sentence and paragraph structures Techniques of writing Medical terminology, nomenclature, and discourse Collaborative writing Marking a manuscript, editing and proofreading techniques, and Writing original research articles: the IMRAD format queries Writing review articles, case reports, and chapters Style manuals and electronic information sources -
A Spaced-Repetition Approach to Enhance Medical Student Learning and Engagement in Pharmacology
A Spaced-Repetition Approach to Enhance Medical Student Learning and Engagement in Pharmacology Dylan Jape Monash University Jessie Zhou Monash University Shane Bullock ( [email protected] ) Monash University Research Article Keywords: pharmacology, spaced-repetition, ashcards, medical education Posted Date: July 12th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-625499/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/20 Abstract Background: Pharmacology is a cornerstone of medical education as it underlies safe prescribing practices. However, medical students have reported unease regarding their perceived prociency in clinical pharmacology. Despite the signicant impetus to improve student outcomes, there is little analysis available of the techniques used by medical students to learn, retain and apply pharmacology knowledge. Methods: A mixed methods, student-focused approach was conducted to design and rene specic resources developed to address gaps in pharmacology education. This methodology comprised an anonymised scoping survey, followed by structured focus group interviews. We developed a relevant and time ecient resource to support long-term revision for academic and clinical success. These resources were released to a cohort of 100 graduate preclinical medical students who were invited at the end of year to evaluate the intervention via a subsequent anonymous survey. Results: The scoping survey received 103 complete responses. Surveys and focus group interviews revealed that only 50% of students engage in ongoing revision. The analysis identied in-semester revision of pharmacology as a signicant predictor of strategic and deep learning methods and improved quiz performance (a 5% higher score on average), compared to supercial learning methods. -
Final Study Report on CEF Automated Translation Value Proposition in the Context of the European LT Market/Ecosystem
Final study report on CEF Automated Translation value proposition in the context of the European LT market/ecosystem FINAL REPORT A study prepared for the European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology by: Digital Single Market CEF AT value proposition in the context of the European LT market/ecosystem Final Study Report This study was carried out for the European Commission by Luc MEERTENS 2 Khalid CHOUKRI Stefania AGUZZI Andrejs VASILJEVS Internal identification Contract number: 2017/S 108-216374 SMART number: 2016/0103 DISCLAIMER By the European Commission, Directorate-General of Communications Networks, Content & Technology. The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. ISBN 978-92-76-00783-8 doi: 10.2759/142151 © European Union, 2019. All rights reserved. Certain parts are licensed under conditions to the EU. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. 2 CEF AT value proposition in the context of the European LT market/ecosystem Final Study Report CONTENTS Table of figures ................................................................................................................................................ 7 List of tables .................................................................................................................................................. -
Linkedin Corporation 10-K
10APR201419231192 April 2016 To Our Stockholders: In 2015, we delivered a strong year of innovation focused on further connecting our members and customers to opportunity. For members, we made significant progress by focusing on two core value propositions: staying connected and informed, and advancing members’ careers. • In December, we launched our re-imagined flagship mobile application, the culmination of a year-long focus to create a dramatically simplified core LinkedIn experience. Since launch, we have seen meaningful increases in feed engagement, messages sent, and content interaction. • With respect to careers, we spent much of the year working on fundamental building blocks including doubling the number of jobs on LinkedIn to more than six million, improving jobs relevance, and re-launching the jobs experience on the desktop. This work resulted in a significant increase in overall engagement with jobs throughout 2015 compared to 2014. For customers, we focused on innovating the core value drivers in each product line: • Within Hiring, we announced the re-launch of Recruiter, the first full refresh of our flagship product since its original launch. The new Recruiter will rollout to customers throughout 2016 alongside the new Referrals product. The goal is that these products will further strengthen and extend our competitive position within the talent acquisition space in the coming years. • Within Marketing Solutions, Sponsored Updates increasingly evolved into the core of our advertising business, contributing approximately half of total ad revenue in 2015. Digital marketing remains a fast-evolving and competitive landscape, evidenced by the significant decline in our display ad revenue in 2015. To that end, we believe our primary focus on Sponsored Updates will continue to make LinkedIn the most effective platform for marketers to engage professionals. -
The Complete Guide to Social Media from the Social Media Guys
The Complete Guide to Social Media From The Social Media Guys PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 08 Nov 2010 19:01:07 UTC Contents Articles Social media 1 Social web 6 Social media measurement 8 Social media marketing 9 Social media optimization 11 Social network service 12 Digg 24 Facebook 33 LinkedIn 48 MySpace 52 Newsvine 70 Reddit 74 StumbleUpon 80 Twitter 84 YouTube 98 XING 112 References Article Sources and Contributors 115 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 123 Article Licenses License 125 Social media 1 Social media Social media are media for social interaction, using highly accessible and scalable publishing techniques. Social media uses web-based technologies to turn communication into interactive dialogues. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, which allows the creation and exchange of user-generated content."[1] Businesses also refer to social media as consumer-generated media (CGM). Social media utilization is believed to be a driving force in defining the current time period as the Attention Age. A common thread running through all definitions of social media is a blending of technology and social interaction for the co-creation of value. Distinction from industrial media People gain information, education, news, etc., by electronic media and print media. Social media are distinct from industrial or traditional media, such as newspapers, television, and film. They are relatively inexpensive and accessible to enable anyone (even private individuals) to publish or access information, compared to industrial media, which generally require significant resources to publish information. -
Technology, Media & Telecom
TECHNOLOGY, MEDIA & TELECOM QUARTERLY INTERNET & DIGITAL MEDIA SECTOR REVIEW │ 2Q 2016 www.harriswilliams.com Investment banking services are provided by Harris Williams LLC, a registered broker-dealer and member of FINRA and SIPC, and Harris Williams & Co. Ltd, which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Harris Williams & Co. is a trade name under which Harris Williams LLC and Harris Williams & Co. Ltd conduct business. www.harriswilliams.de Harris Williams & Co. Ltd is a private limited company incorporated under English law having its registered office at 5th Floor, 6 St. Andrew Street, London EC4A 3AE, UK, registered with the Registrar of Companies for England and Wales under company number 7078852. Directors: Mr. Ned Valentine, Mr. Paul Poggi, Mr. Thierry Monjauze and Mr.Aadil Khan, authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Harris Williams & Co. Ltd Niederlassung Frankfurt (German branch) is registered in the Commercial Register (Handelsregister) of the Local Court (Amtsgericht) of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, under registration number HRB 96687, having its business address at Bockenheimer Landstrasse 33-35, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Permanent Representative (Ständiger Vertreter) of the Branch Niederlassung: Mr. Jeffery H. Perkins. TECHNOLOGY, MEDIA & TELECOM QUARTERLY INTERNET & DIGITAL MEDIA SECTOR REVIEW │ 2Q 2016 HARRIS WILLIAMS & CO. OVERVIEW CONTENTS HARRIS WILLIAMS & CO. (HW&CO.) GLOBAL ADVISORY PLATFORM . IDM OVERVIEW . WHAT WE’RE READING KEY FACTS . SELECT M&A TRANSACTIONS – 2Q 2016 . IDM M&A ACTIVITY . Approximately 250 . IDM SECTOR OVERVIEWS professionals across seven . IDM PRIVATE PLACEMENTS OVERVIEW offices in the U.S. and Europe . IDM PUBLIC COMPARABLES OVERVIEW . TECHNOLOGY IPO OVERVIEW . Strategic relationships in . -
10 Reasons Why Now Is the Time to Get Active on Linkedin
or Lose Out In 50 Words Or Less 10 reasons why now is • More than 100 million professionals worldwide have joined LinkedIn, the the time to get active online professional net- working site, but many still do not use it. on LinkedIn • LinkedIn helps you see your connections with colleagues and friends, and their colleagues and friends. by Wayne Breitbarth • LinkedIn may help you discover your next job, customer or opportunity. CAREERS WHICH OF THESE statements applies to your or Lose Out current situation? • I am tired of people asking me to join their LinkedIn network. • I have no idea what to do after I connect with someone. • I don’t want to join LinkedIn because I’m worried my boss will think I’m looking for a new job. • I can’t figure out why complete strangers are asking me to join their LinkedIn network. • I can’t believe it would make any sense for me to put all that information about myself on the internet. • I don’t really understand the popularity of Facebook. Why would LinkedIn be any different? • I don’t have time to check one more set of emails. • I joined LinkedIn, but I’m not really sure how to get the most benefit from using it. July 2011 • QP 19 Chances are, you can relate to at least one of these connecting with people from my past, including college statements, and you’re waiting for that revelation about classmates and employees of many companies I had what the fuss is all about. You’re asking why you should worked with in the Milwaukee area during the past 30 get serious about this thing called LinkedIn.