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Golden Girls, Living Single, and Sexand the City

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Golden Girls, Living Single, and Sexand the City ANCIENT ARCHETYPES IN MODERN MEDIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GOLDEN GIRLS, LIVING SINGLE, AND SEXAND THE CITY by DEBORAH AN1\I MACEY A DISSERTATION Presented to the School ofJournalism and Communication and the Graduate School ofthe University of Oregon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy September 2008 11 University of Oregon Graduate School Confirmation ofApproval and Acceptance of Dissertation prepared by: Deborah Macey Title: "Ancient Archetypes in Modern Media: A Comparative Analysis of Golden Girls, Living Single, and Sex and the City" This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the Doctor ofPhilosophy degree in the Department of Journalism and Communication by: Debra Merskin, Chairperson, Journalism and Communication Cheris Kramarae, Member, Womens and Gender Studies Leslie Steeves, Member, Journalism and Communication Biswarup Sen, Member, Journalism and Communication Karla Scott, Member, Not from U of 0 Suzanne Clark, Outside Member, English and Richard Linton, Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies/Dean ofthe Graduate School for the University ofOregon. September 6, 2008 Original approval signatures are on file with the Graduate School and the University of Oregon Libraries. 111 © 2008 Deborah Ann Macey IV An Abstract ofthe Dissertation of Deborah Ann Macey for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy in the School ofJournalism and Communication to be taken September 2008 Title: ANCIENT ARCHETYPES IN MODERN MEDIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GOLDEN GIRLS, LIVING SINGLE, AND SEXAND THE CITY Approved: _ Dr. Debra Merskin Recombinant television, a common television practice involving recycled, prepackaged formulas, updated to create programming that is perceived as novel, impacts more than industry processes. While the industry uses recombinants to reduce risk by facilitating aspects ofproduction and audience affiliation, the inadvertent outcomes include a litany ofnarratives and characters that influence our worldview. As did the myths of earlier oral societies, television serves as one ofour modem storytellers, teaching what we value and helping us make sense ofour culture. This study focuses on how the prevalence ofrecombinant television limits portrayals ofwomen and the discourse offeminism in three popular, female cast American sitcoms. This study comparatively examines the recombinant narratives and characters in Golden Girls, Living Single, and Sex and the City. While these programs are seemingly about very different modem women, older White women in suburban Florida; twenty- v something African-American women in Brooklyn; and thirty-something, White, professional women in Manhattan, respectively, the four main characters in each show represent feminine archetypes found throughout Western mythology: the iron maiden, the sex object, the child, and the mother. First, a content analysis determines if a relationship exists between the characters and archetypes. Then, a comparative textual analysis reveals the deeper meanings the archetypes carry. Finally, a comparative narrative analysis examines the similarities and differences among the series. The findings reveal that a relationship exists between each modern character and her corresponding ancient archetype, reflecting particular meanings and discourses. The iron maiden archetypes, for example, generally bring forth a feminist discourse, whereas the child archetypes exhibit traditional values. While the sex object archetypes are self­ absorbed, consumed with their own beauty and sexual conquests, the mother archetypes seek psychological wellness for themselves and those around them, generally providing much ofthe emotional work for the group. As reflected in these popular U.S. television series, the similarities among the archetypes and narratives depict limited views of women's lives, while the variance indicates differences among age, race, and class demographics. These recombinant portrayals ofancient archetypes as modern women suggest that our understanding ofwomen's lives remains antiquated, reductionist, and conventional. VI CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Deborah Ann Macey PLACE OF BIRTH: St. Louis, Missouri DATE OF BIRTH: January 16, 1970 GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Saint Louis University, St. Louis DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor ofPhilosophy, Communication and Society, 2008, University of Oregon Master ofArts, Communication, 1998, Saint Louis University AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Gender, Media, and Popular Culture Television Criticism Women's and Gender Studies PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Teaching Fellow, Women's and Gender Studies, University of Oregon, 2007-2008 Graduate Teaching Fellow, School ofJournalism and Communication, University of Oregon, 2003-2007 Lecturer, University ofMissouri at Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, 2003 Adjunct Professor, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, 1998 and 2003 Graduate Teaching Assistant, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, 1996­ 1998 Vll Alumni Ambassador Program Coordinator, Office ofUndergraduate Admission, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 2000-2003 Marketing Representative, Miami International Airport European Office, Madrid, Spain 1999-2000 GRANTS, AWARDS AND HONORS: Certificate of Excellence in Teaching by a Graduate Student. Awarded by The Instructional and Developmental Division ofthe International Communication Association, 2006. Certificate in Women and Gender Studies, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. Earned June 2005. Kappa Tau Alpha, National Honor Society in Journalism and Mass Communication, University ofOregon, inducted June 2004. Graduate Affairs Committee Scholarship, University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication, awarded 2007-2008, 2006-2007, 2005-2006, 2004-2005 and 2003-2004. Certificate University Teaching Skills, Saint Louis University, earned May 1992. PUBLICATIONS: Macey, Deborah A. "Politics in Popular Communication," pg. 3756-3759. The International Encyclopedia ofCommunication (ed. Donsbach), volume 8. Wiley­ Blackwell (Oxford, UK and Malden, MA), 2008. Olszewski, B., Macey, D. A., & Lindstrom, L. (online). The Practical Work of Coding: An Ethnomethodological Analysis. Human Studies: A Journal for Philosophy and the Social Sciences VI11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would not have been possible (or completed) without the support of many amazing people. First, I would to acknowledge my very large, but always collegial, dissertation committee. I wish to thank Debra Merskin for her steadfast support and genuine excitement for this project. Deb's commitment to her scholarship and continued learning sets an example I can only hope to emulate with my own work. A special thanks to Leslie Steeves for not letting me leave the program when I walked into her office with a withdrawal letter after my first week ofclasses. She believed in me before I believed in myself. Leslie's editing talent is unrivaled. She has an amazing gift for reading my work, intuitively understanding what I am trying to say, and facilitating better writing. I would also like to thank Bish Sen, who reminded me that I loved learning, especially when it is challenging and engaging. Bish's humor and brilliance made the saying "I don't know; nobody knows" sheer genius. Thanks to Cheris Kramarae for her attention to detail, quick responses, and never ending commitment to women in the academy. Her periodic check-ins, as well as her gentle encouragement and constructive suggestions facilitated my progress. I am indebted to Karla Scott, a wonderful friend, mentor, and scholar who knows more about the academy than anyone. I was first introduced to feminism and the archetypes present in this dissertation in her Gendered Communication course at Saint Louis University. Over many meals, where she graciously never allows her students to pay, Karla Scott offered her constant support and intellectual insight in developing these archetypes. I look IX forward to treating her to lunch soon. And finally, I would like to thank Suzanne Clark, who fearlessly joined the committee late in the process, offering an insight and enthusiasm that was much needed and appreciated. I would also like to thank my colleagues, for without their friendship this journey might not have come to fruition, and certainly wouldn't have been as much fun. Thanks to: Carrie, always the funniest girl in the room, for demonstrating how to be a happy, successful, and dedicated graduate student; Glenn for much gossip on walks home; Mary for ice skating dissertation sessions; Kati for many walks and lots ofwine tastings; Jessalyn, a true SATC fan and excellent coder; Alina for her positive energy, creativity, and encouraging WGS facilitation; my neighbors, Dave and Diane, for periodically checking in on me; and Elizabeth Loux for keeping me sane throughout the process. I am so grateful for my experiences with the WGS department. This amazing opportunity restored my confidence in and passion for teaching. In particular, I would like to thank: Lynn Fujiwara, whose intellect and wit guided us through a very demanding year; my colleagues, Estella and Ryanne (and Russ) whose humanity can be seen in all they do; and to all my facilitators for their inspiration, dedication, and laughter. I would like to acknowledge my family; in particular, I extend my gratitude and love to: my nephews, Michael and Matthew for letting me be a part oftheir amazing lives; my sister Michele for her benevolent spirit; my cousin
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