Philippines National Implementation Plan (NIP) on Environment Improvement in the Sector Low Pollution-Low Emission

MESSAGE BY THE SECRETARY OF THE DOTC OR BY THE UNDERSECRETARY FOR

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Objectives of National Implementation Plan ...... 1 1.2 Policy Context of NIP in the Philippines ...... 1 1.3 Scope of NIP ...... 2 1.4 Structure of NIP ...... 2 Chapter 2 Country Profile ...... 3 2.1 Geography...... 3 2.2 Population ...... 3 2.3 Economy ...... 4 2.4 Land Use ...... 4 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector ...... 6 3.1 Current Status of the Transport Sector ...... 6 3.1.1 Road transport ...... 6 3.1.2 ...... 9 3.1.3 Maritime transport ...... 12 3.1.4 Air transport ...... 14 3.2 Environmental Situations ...... 15 3.2.1 Climate Change ...... 15 3.2.2 Air pollution ...... 17 3.2.3 Noise pollution ...... 20 3.2.4 Waste ...... 20 3.2.5 Energy ...... 21 3.2.6 Others ...... 21 3.3 On-going Environmental Actions in the Transport Sector (Completed and On-going) ...... 23 3.3.1 Master Plans ...... 23 3.3.2 Road transport ...... 23 3.3.3 Rail transport ...... 27 3.3.4 Maritime transport ...... 28 3.3.5 Air transport ...... 29 3.4 Issues with respect to Transport and Environment ...... 31 3.4.1 Overview ...... 31 3.4.2 Road transport ...... 34 3.4.3 Rail transport ...... 35 3.4.4 Maritime transport ...... 35 3.4.5 Air transport ...... 36 Chapter 4 Visions ...... 37 4.1 Visions ...... 37 4.2 Goals ...... 37 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs ...... 38 5.1 Road ...... 38 5.1.1 Outline of the Actions ...... 38 5.1.2 Details of the Actions (Planned/proposed) ...... 39 5.2 Railway ...... 45 5.2.1 Outline of the Actions ...... 45 5.2.2 Details of the Actions ...... 45 5.3 Maritime ...... 47 5.3.1 Outline of the Actions ...... 47 5.3.2 Details of the Actions ...... 47 5.4 Aviation ...... 49 5.4.1 Outline of the Actions ...... 49 5.4.2 Details of the Actions ...... 49 Chapter 6 Implementation Plan ...... 51 6.1 Implementation bodies ...... 51 6.2 Check and evaluations ...... 52 6.2.1 Implementing Bodies ...... 52 6.2.2 Check and Evaluation System on Vision ...... 52 6.2.3 Check and Evaluation System on Environmental Actions ...... 53 Chapter 7 Way Forward ...... 58 7.1 Web based monitoring System ...... 58 7.2 Public Awareness Campaign ...... 59 Appendices ...... 60 References ...... 72

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AQI Air Quality Index AQMF Air Quality Management Fund EMB Environmental Management Bureau CAA Clean Air Act CLRV Customized Local Road Vehicles CNG Compressed Natural Gas CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DOE Department of Energy DOTC Department of Transportation and Communications DOST Department of Science and Technology DTI Department of Trade and Industry EST Environmentally Sustainable Transport LGU Local Government Unit LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LTFRB Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board LTO Land Transportation Office MVIS Motor Vehicle Inspection System NAAQGV National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Value NCR National Capital Region NGO Non-Government Organizations NGVPPT Natural Gas Vehicle Program for NMT Non Motorized Transport

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

O3 Ozone PETC Private Emission Testing Centers PM Particulate Matter

PM10 Particulate Matter with diameter of 10 microns or smaller

PM2.5 particulate matter with diameter of 2.5 microns or smaller RA Republic Act

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide SUV Sports Utility Vehicles SVPCF Special Vehicle Pollution Control Fund TSP Total Suspended Particulates WHO World Health Organization UNITS AND MEASURES

°C Degrees Celsius µg/m3 micrograms per cubic meter km Kilometers km2 Square Kilometers PHP Philippine Pesos $ United States Dollar

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Objectives of National Implementation Plan

The ASEAN-Japan Action Plan on Environment Improvement in the Transport Sector (AJ-APEIT) was affirmed at the 7th ASEAN-Japan Transport Ministers Meeting held on December 2009 in Hanoi, Vietnam. Under AJ-APEIT, ASEAN Member States agreed to draft their individual National Implementation Plans (NIPs) and to implement measures to realize low-carbon and low-pollution transport systems on the basis of the NIPs where greenhouse gases and air pollutants emitted from the transport sector are controlled, consequently international and regional environment baselines are preserved. The NIPs are expected to promote these objectives with the action plans reflected as the pillars of measures.

The NIP of the Philippines describes the strategies and plans of actions to realize low-carbon and low-pollution transport systems in the Philippines context.

1.2 Policy Context of NIP in the Philippines

The National Integrated Transport Plan of the country has already been drafted, including the Environmental Sustainable Transport (EST) plan which was completed in 2010. The NIP of the Philippines on the other hand highlights the low carbon and low emission transport systems proposals, promotion of non-motorized transport systems and inclusion of maritime and aviation sectors. All plans in the NIP are expected to be included in the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change covering the period 2010 to 2022. Figure 1 shows the relationship among the different programs related to the conservation of the environment and the mitigation of emitting greenhouse gases.

Figure 1: Relationship among different programs related to NIP in the Philippines

1 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.3 Scope of NIP

The target area of the NIP encompasses the whole country including urban and suburban areas. It also covers all types of transport modes: road, rail, maritime, and aviation sectors. The target period of the NIP is from F.Y. 2011 to F.Y. 2016. However, some proposals may cover beyond this period.

1.4 Structure of NIP

The NIP of the Philippines is organized as follows: Chapter 1 describes the background, policy context, scope, and structure of NIP; Chapter 2 shows the country profile; Chapter 3 presents the current status and issues in the transport sector; Chapter 4 proposes the visions while Chapter 5 explains the action plans. Then, Chapter 6 outlines the implementation plan. Finally Chapter 7 summarizes the future direction.

2 Chapter 2 Country Profile

Chapter 2 Country Profile

2.1 Geography

The Philippines comprises an archipelago of some 7,107 islands located off Southeast Asia, between the South China Sea on the west and the Philippine Sea on the east. The major islands are in the north, the Visayan Islands in the middle, and in the south. The total area is about 300,000 square kilometers, including about 298,000 square kilometers of land and about 2,000 square kilometers of water.

Figure 2 Map of the Philippines Source: NSO, 2012

2.2 Population

The total population of the Philippines is 92,337,852 (as of May 1, 2010, the 2010 Census of Population and Housing). The population growth rate between 1995 to 2000 of 3.21% decreased to an estimated 1.95% for the 2005 to 2010 period. Among the 17 regions, Calabarzon (Region IVA) had the largest population with 12.61 million, followed

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by the National Capital Region (NCR) with 11.86 million and Central Luzon (Region III) with 10.14 million. The population of these three regions together comprised more than one-third (37.47 percent) of the Philippine population. About 13% of the population is living in the urban area, whereas 87% in the rural area. Table 1 shows the 10 most populated cities in the Philippines (Household Statistics Department, 2012).

Table 1 Top 10 Most Populated Cities in the Philippines Rank Cities/Municipalities Population Density Region (2010) (persons/sq.km)

1 City 2,761,720 16,616.85 NCR 2 1,652,171 42,857.87 NCR 3 1,489,040 27,921.25 NCR 4 Davao 1,449,296 593.00 Region XI 5 866,171 2,749.75 Region VII 6 Zamboanga 807,129 544.11 Region IX 7 677,741 2,214.12 Region IV-A 8 669,773 21,605.58 NCR 9 644,473 13,460.17 NCR 10 De Oro 602,088 1,231.62 Region X NCR: National Capital Region Source: Household Statistics Department, 2012 http://census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2012/pr1227tx.html

2.3 Economy

The Philippines‘ key sectors are service, agriculture and industry, particularly food processing, textiles and garments, and electronics and automobile parts. Most of these industries are located in the urban areas around and Cebu. The Philippines‘ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 1,537,152 in 2010 (in million Philippine Pesos: at constant 1985 prices) which grew by 7.3% from 2009, 1.1% in 2009 from 2008, 3.7% in 2008 from 2007 and 7.1% in 2007 from 2006. The service sector has the highest percent share of the GDP that is equal to 54.4%, followed by the industry sector (33.3%) and by the agriculture, fishery and forestry sector (12.3%) (Source: 2011 estimate World Bank National accounts of the Philippines. 1946-2010).

2.4 Land Use

A broad central cordillera dominates the relief of Central Luzon, running through the northern portion and middle of the country that rises to 2,750 meters. On the side of

4 Chapter 2 Country Profile

the Pacific Ocean is Sierra Madre, which is a 100-km wide mountain range that gradually increases in width towards the central highland region up to 300 km (AFD, 2010). As shown in Table 2, approximately 65% of the nation is covered by forest whereas approximately 33% is covered by agricultural area.

Table 2: Land use pattern in the Philippines

Land Use Area (ha) Percentage

Agriculture 9,728,800 32.95 Forestry 19,062,600 64.56 Settlement 131,400 0.44 Mining and quarrying 8,700 0.029 Inland Fisheries 595,700 2.02 Open Land 1,100 0.004 Total 29,528,300 100.00 Source: NLUC, 1996

5 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

3.1 Current Status of the Transport Sector

3.1.1 Road transport

1) Road network The Philippines has approximately 203,000 km of road as of 2008, which covers almost the entire nation. 29,370 km of road, which is equal to 14.5% of the total road network, is classified into national road whereas the other roads are local roads, consisting of provincial, municipal, city and roads. About 72% of the national roads are paved with concrete and/or asphalt whereas 22% of the local roads are paved. The rest parts of the roads are gravel-surfaced and/or earth roads. The paved road coverage is equal to 0.15 km per square km of land area while the paved road density is equal to 0.5 km per 1,000 population (See Appendices in details).

2) Motor vehicles Figure 3 shows the number of registered vehicles by type of vehicle in the Philippines. 6.6 million motor vehicles were registered in 2010 in which about 3.5 million vehicles (52%) are motorcycles and tricycles while about 1.7 million vehicles (26%) are utility vehicles (UV) such as . The number of motorcycles and tricycles have increased 2.8 times from 2009 to 2010. Although the registered UV has increased by 20% from 2000 to 2005, it has not increased significantly in the recent 5 years.

Figure 3 Number of registered vehicles by type of vehicles in the Philippines Source: Land Transportation Office

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3) Modal Share in the Country Figure 4 shows the national transport modal share in the Philippines. The road transport is dominant in terms of both passenger and cargo traffic among the four modes of transport: road transport, rail transport, water transport, and air transport. The road transport carried approximately 1.71 billion passengers and 25.9 million tons of freight in 2006, representing 98% share in passenger traffic and 58% share in cargo traffic.

Figure 4 Transport modal share in 2006: Passenger (Left figure) and Cargo (Right figure)

Source: AusAID, 2008

4) Ridership and trips of public transport in urban areas MMUTIS study showed that about 80% of total trips were made by public transport, particularly about 40% of total trips were made by jeepney as of 1996. (See Appendices in detail). It also showed that the ridership of jeepney had the highest share among public transport ridership, and has significantly increased.

The number of operating units of jeepney and in Metro Manila are 48,366 and 2,944, respectively while the number of jeepney and routes are 641 and 104 respectively, as of 2006 ( Public Transport Study, 2007).

5) and Freight Movements As reflected in Table 7 ―Motor Vehicle Emissions by Vehicle Type in Metro Manila in 2008‖, that are predominantly diesel fuel driven contributed the following in tons per year; 11,539.07 VOC, 38,671.47 CO, 38,983.34 NOx, 248.35 SOx and 1,372.21 PM10. Therefore, appropriate amelioration measures should be

7 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

designed to address these emissions. In the Philippines, truck and freight forwarders are organized and their concerns are more directed towards operation restrictions enforced by the government. Logistic companies have sprouted and reported to be steadily increasing due to respectable return on investments. The sector is not also investing in measures to correct emission of pollutants.

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3.1.2 Rail transport

1) Urban rail service Currently urban rail services are operated only in Metro Manila. Electrified rail-based mass transit systems were introduced mainly to address the worsening in predominantly major road network. Three railway transit systems are now operated and four more lines are at planning stage or under Public Private Partnership (PPP) negotiations. The ridership, passenger-km, and load factors in the three railway transit systems are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Ridership, Passenger-km, and load factor of urban rail service in Metro Manila

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

LRT Line 1

Ridership (M) 111.07 118.60 138.04 149.44 155.91 156.93

Passenger-km (M) 1,078.49 1,151.61 1,340.37 1,451.06 1,379.79 *

Load Factor (%) 61.86 66.80 62.42 67.87 68.98 77.32

LRT Line 2

Ridership (M) 47.54 52.93 58.59 62.09 63.36 63.83

Passenger-km (M) 323.75 360.45 398.99 422.83 394.57*

Load Factor (%) 30.94 34.13 38.84 40.34 39.91 38.99

MRT Line 3

Ridership (M) 134.90 142.69 149.58 151.70 73.99 *** 158.81

Passenger-km (M) 929.46 983.13 1,030.61 1,045.21 509.79 *** * June to December 2011; ** January to June 2010

• LRT Line 1, from Monumento in Caloocan City to Baclaran in City (15km) • LRT Line 2, from Santolan in to CM Recto in the City of Manila (14km) • MRT Line 3, from North Avenue in to EDSA in Pasay City (17km)

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Figure 5 Railway network in Metro Manila Source: DOTC, 2010

2) service Inter-regional railway services are provided by the Philippine National Railways (PNR), a government-owned and controlled corporation. PNR operates 491 km railway lines running along the Main Line South from Manila to Legaspi, . PNR previously operated a Main North Line running from Manila to San Fernando, , but this line has been closed since 1981. PNR currently offers three types of services: long-distance passenger service, commuter service, and freight and express cargo services. The Metro Manila Commuter Service operates between Caloocan and Calamba for a revenue line of about 56 km. The Commuter Line runs north – south through the CBD (central business district) of Metro Manila. Although there was a high potential demand for the Commuter Line, its low service frequency did not enable the line to meet the peak demand. Furthermore, as trains did not run on the schedule, the number of passengers declined from its peak of 22,000

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persons per day in 1977 to about 15,000 persons per day in 1990. The decline in passenger traffic continued with only 7,500 persons per day in 2007.

Table 4: Ridership, Passenger-km, and load factor of PNR service

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Commuter Service No. Of Commuters 2,496,374 1,911,3172 1,133,060 2,009,404 7,975,275 15,350,635 Passenger-km (‗000) 34,949 6,758 15,862 28,131

Bicol Commuter Service Dec 2009 (BCS) No. Of Commuters 4,051 158,085 ** 415,726 Passenger-kms (‗000) 44,561

Bicol express No. of passengers 17,861 * * June to December 2011; ** January to May 2010

Figure 6 PNR Commuter Express Service Source: World Bank, 2009

3) Modal Share As shown in Figure 4, the share of the rail transportation accounts for only 0.15% of total passengers traffic, and there is no rail cargo traffic in the Philippines.

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3.1.3 Maritime transport

1) Ports The Philippines has over 1,000 ports including , Surigao, San Fernando, , , Legazpi (See Appendix in details). There are 447 fishing ports, 214 feeder ports, 833 commercial ports as of 1997.

2) Maritime traffic The ports serviced 346,000 vessels in 2010 with an annual growth rate of 10.0% from 2009 to 2010. Domestic and foreign ship calls grew by 10.0% and 10.4%, respectively.

Annual cargo throughput was 166.4 million metric tons (MMT) in 2010 with an annual growth rate of 11.0% from 2009 to 2010. Foreign cargo increased by 23.9% while the domestic cargo decreased by 3.0%.

Annual container traffic is 4.5 million TEUs in 2010 with an annual growth rate of 12% from 2009 to 2010. Import container traffic grew by 18.1% while export grew by 18.2%. In total the traffic of foreign container cargoes has increased by 18.2%.

Annual domestic maritime passenger traffic is 52.7 million passengers with an annual growth rate of 20.1% from 2009 to 2010 while foreign maritime passenger traffic is 8.82 million passengers with an annual growth rate of 20.8% from 2009 to 2010. (PPA, 2010)

3) Nautical Highway The Road-RoRo Terminal System (RRTS) is one of the flagship programs of the Arroyo administration. Executive Order (EO) 170 and subsequent issuances mandated the policy of its integration with the national highway system.

The 2004-2010 Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) lays out the blueprint for a nautical highway system in the archipelago by identifying the road-RoRo links that need to be developed, namely, the Western Nautical Highway (also called the Strong Republic Nautical Highway or SRNH), the Central Nautical Highway, and the Eastern Nautical Highway. The 919-kilometer SRNH was promoted in 2003 to enhance the accessibility of local destinations in the western part of the country; since then, it is reported to have reduced costs by 40 percent for passengers and 30 percent for cargo. (Ruperto, 2007)

Figure 7 indicates the Nautical Highway in the Philippines. The Nautical Highway aims to strengthen and enhance the efficiency of existing inter-island connections (See Appendices in details). The development of Nautical Highway routes in the country expanded the coverage of bus and truck services to inter-island connections, thereby increasing the overall average distance traveled by these

12 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

types of vehicles.

Figure 7 Philippine Nautical Highway (RORO Routes) Source: AusAID, 2008

4) Modal Share As shown in Figure 4, the share of the maritime transportation accounts for 1.22% and 41.95% of total passengers traffic and total cargo traffic, respectively. Water transportation plays an important role especially cargo traffic.

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3.1.4 Air transport

1) Airports There are eight international airports and 87 domestic airports in the Philippines as shown in Figure 8. The major airports among them are Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), Mactan Cebu and Davao. The passenger shares of these three airports for domestic flights were 45.2%, 12.5% and 6.8%, respectively in 2009. On the other hand, the passenger share of international flights for NAIA, Cebu and Davao were 88.5%, 6.7% and 0.08%, respectively.

Figure 8 Philippine Airport System Source: AusAID, 2008

2) Air traffic Annual air traffic passengers were 40,862,311 in 2010, which increased by over 100% from 2001. Annual air cargo traffic was 563,081 tons in 2010, which increased by 9.6% from 2001. Aircraft movement has also increased rapidly from 343,039 in 2001 to 621,870 in 2010.

3) Modal Share As shown in Figure 4, the share of the air transportation accounts for only 0.49% and 0.06% of total passengers traffic and total cargo traffic, respectively.

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3.2 Environmental Situations

3.2.1 Climate Change

Table 5 shows that overall GHG emissions in 2000 is 21,767 thousand tons CO2-eq (equivalent). Total emissions from non-LUCF (Land use change and forestry)

sectors is 126,879 thousand tons CO2-eq. Note in the 1994 inventory, total

emissions from non-LUCF sectors was 100,865 thousand tons CO2-eq. This means approximately 26% increase from 1994 to 2000. The emissions from the transport

subsector is 25,935.78 thousand tons CO2-eq, which accounts for 37% of the emissions from energy sector.

Table 5 The Philippines’ 2000 Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Source: Department of Environment and Natural Resources

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According to DOE, the GHG emissions from the transport subsector in 1990 was

10.6 MtCO2 while those in 2007 was about 26.55 MtCO2e. This means that the GHG emissions from the transport subsector increased by 150% from 1990 to 2007, that is equivalent to an annual growth of 5.5% (Figure 9). The contribution of maritime transport and aviation significantly started to increase from 1998. It accounts for about 18% of total GHG emissions from the transport subsector emissions in 2007. This was caused mainly by the improvement in shipping and air services with the expansion of seaport and airport systems in the country. Since 2000, the GHG emissions from road transport have been increasing at an average annual growth rate of 3.1%. Figure 10 shows that the utility jeepneys accounts for 37% of road transport GHG emissions, followed by trucks (33%), and cars, including SUVs and taxis (18%). (World Bank, 2009)

Figure 9 Transport GHG emissions by subsector Source: DOE

Figure 10 GHG Emissions from Road Transport by Vehicle Type in 2007 Source: DOE

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3.2.2 Air pollution

1) Emissions Emissions from mobile source contribute significantly to total emissions of particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Table 6 shows that the share of mobile source to the total amount of VOC, CO, NOx, and PM10 in the Metro Manila Region are 95.6%, 99.4%, 89.0%, and 17.0%, respectively. Motor vehicles are the dominant source of air pollutants in the urban area. Table 7 shows that UVs such as jeepneys, most of which are old diesel vehicles, are the major source of PM. Almost 50% of PM in Metro Manila is emitted by jeepneys. Other pollutants from jeepneys, such as NOx and SOx, also show high share at 21% and 42% of the total mobile source emissions. On the other hand, major source of VOC is motorcycles/tricycles which have a share of 45%. Rapid motorization may have great potential impacts to deteriorate the air quality in urban areas, particularly in Metro Manila.

The urban rail transport do not emit air pollutants from the train cars because of their electrification. On the contrary, the regional rail transport emit air pollutants such as PM and SOx because PNR uses diesel train cars. However, currently these are not quantified.

Although maritime transport and air transport are the typical sources to emit air pollutants such as PM and SOx, they have not been quantified so far in the Philippines, and no evident and significant air pollution contribution from the sector is recorded.

Aircrafts emit air pollutants such as PM and SOx. However, currently these are not quantified yet, and no significant air pollution is recorded.

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Table 6 Major air pollutants emissions by sources in Metro Manila Region in 2008 (tons/year) VOC CO NOx Stationary 407.59 0.2% 611.38 0.1% 8,559.40 6.8% Mobile 239,975.02 95.6% 1,032,851.31 99.4% 112,119.09 89.0% Area 10,517.40 4.2% 5,726.49 0.6% 5,271.42 4.2% Total 250,900.01 100.0% 1,039,189.18 100.0% 125,949.91 100.0% Sox PM10 Stationary 55,016.49 92.8% - 0.0% Mobile 3,904.78 6.6% 29,332.19 17.0% Area 336.93 0.6% 143,602.30 83.0% Total 59,258.20 100.0% 172,934.49 100.0% CO= carbon monoxide, NOx= nitrogen oxide, PM= particulate matter, SOx= sulfur oxide, VOC= volatile organic compound Source: DENR, 2010

Table 7 Motor vehicle emissions by vehicle type in Metro Manila Region in 2008 (tons/year) VOC CO NOx Sox PM10 Cars Gasoline 32,450.35 267,715.41 14,602.66 646.69 535.43

Diesel 311.91 911.75 959.73 63.69 276.4 UV Gasoline 68,793.04 515,947.8 25,797.39 411.28 1,023.3 Diesel 11,655.22 41,625.77 23,310.43 1,657.38 14,385.87 Buses Gasoline 1,107.55 1,107.55 120.11 0.88 1.47 Diesel 6,122.15 6,122.15 6,171.52 39.32 217.24 Trucks Gasoline 434.89 10,396.01 1,017.34 7.43 12.42 Diesel 11,539.07 38,671.47 38,983.34 248.35 1,372.21 MC/TC Gasoline 107,560.84 150,353.87 1,156.57 829.76 11,507.85 Diesel Sub-Total Gasoline 210,346.67 945,520.64 42,694.07 1,896.04 13,080.47

Diesel 29,628.35 87,330.67 69,425.02 2,008.74 16,251.72 Total 239,975.02 1,032,851.31 112,119.09 3,904.78 29,332.19 Source: DENR, 2010

2) Ambient air quality Table 8 shows the national ambient air quality guideline values in the Philippines. Figure 11 shows the timeline of national total suspended particulate (TSP) monitored from 2003 to 2007. This shows that TSP has decreased by 33%, that is a

18 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

change from 144 to 97 microgram/m3. Although the TSP geometric mean concentrations have been significantly reduced, it isstill above the 90 microgram/m3, annual mean TSP guideline value (one year averaging time).

The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) is continuously monitoring the particulate matter in the PM10 range at three sampling sites in Metro Manila. Figure 12 shows that annual mean levels of PM10 observed at all the PNRI Metro Manila sites satisfied the annual ambient air quality long term guideline value of 60 micrograms/m3. However, the annual mean levels of PM2.5 have consistently exceeded the US EPA long term guideline value of 15 micrograms/m3. This indicates that the fine particulate pollution should be addressed at least in Metro Manila.

Table 8 National ambient air quality guideline values Short Term Long Term Micro-g Averaging Micro-g Averaging /Nm3 ppm Time /Nm3 ppm Time Suspended Particulate 230 24 hours 90 1 year Matter 150 24 hours 60 1 year TSP 230 24 hours 80 0.03 1 year PM10 150 24 hours Sulfur Dioxide 180 0.07 24 hours Nitrogen Dioxide 150 0.08 24 hours Photochemical Oxidants as 140 0.07 1 hour Ozone 60 0.03 8 hours 35mg/NCM 30 1 hour Carbon Monoxide 10mg/NCM 9 8 hours Lead 1.5 3 months 1.0 1 year Source: National Air Quality Status Report (2005-2007), DENR

Figure 11 National ambient TSP trend, 2003-2007 Source: EMB

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Figure 12 PM10 and PM2.5 annual mean levels at the Metro Manila sampling sites Source: PNRI

3.2.3 Noise pollution

Currently, no periodical noise pollution measurement is implemented in Metro Manila. Noise pollutions around the Ninoy Aquino International Airport is experienced by residents in the past. Ernesto et al. (2011). Reports that a population of 43,300 was exposed to noise levels from 70 to 75dBA (LDN) and 161,300 from 65 to 70 dBA (LDN) due to the noise produced by landing and taking off of aircrafts at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. However, these problems have been improved by taking a series of countermeasures such as introducing silencer, day-time operations, rerouting of aircrafts and operating period restrictions.

3.2.4 Waste

Currently, there is no significant solid waste problem contributed by the transport sector.

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3.2.5 Energy

In 2010, the total energy demand in the Philippines was 24.5 MTOE. Figure 13 shows

that energy consumption in the transport sector accounts for 36.8%. The energy consumption of the transport sector of the Philippines has increased significantly from 1.9 MTOE in 1980 to 9.0 MTOE in 2010, which means the annual growth rate of 5.4%. 78.6% of the transport energy is consumed by road transport, followed by international civil aviation (11%), water transport (7.8%), and domestic air transport (2.6%).

Agriculture, International Fishery and Civil Forestry Commercial, Aviation, Railway, (AFF), 1.4% Domestic Air 10.9% 0.1% Transport, 11% 2.6% Transport, 36.8% Water Industry, Transport, 26% 7.8% Road Residential, Transport, 25% 78.6%

Total Consumption: 24.5 MTOE Total Consumption: 9.0 MTOE 2010 Energy Demand by Sector 2010 Transport Energy Consumption Figure 13 Energy demand by sector

3.2.6 Others

Table 9 shows that maritime accidents in the Philippines. Though number of maritime accidents varies from year to year, the occurrences have been flat rather than on a downward trend. Incidents figured by cargo vessels and chemical tanker/vessels have been recorded in Philippines, as a result, oil or HNS (Hazardous and Noxious Substances) spillage in marine environment.

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Table 9 Summary of Maritime Accidents in the Philippines (1995-2006) All VESSEL TYPE 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003* 2004 2005 2006 Aground 58 19 5 42 44 21 27 22 35 48 19 21 Sunk 37 35 16 37 37 25 21 23 35 24 17 23 Collision 17 5 6 5 5 14 11 10 20 11 5 1 Caught Fire 23 6 8 9 11 7 10 15 12 7 7 8 Capsized 33 32 11 88 109 47 49 44 67 64 34 25 Missing 0 0 0 12 0 1 5 6 24 11 4 18 Drifted/Engine Trouble 13 9 9 8 0 14 17 20 37 39 12 17 Flooding 0 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 4 4 0 Rammed 0 10 2 6 0 3 6 5 15 5 4 1 Others 0 0 1 1 57 17 21 6 10 13 16 0 Source: Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)

Note: * The source for 2003 data is the Maritime Industry in the Philippines Databook 2005

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3.3 On-going Environmental Actions in the Transport Sector (Completed and On-going)

3.3.1 Master Plans

As previously discussed in chapter 1 of the report, the Philippines have either completed or finalizing several programs that concerns transport system and the environment. The following table presents the reports made for each of the categories.

Category Major Plans

・ Environmentally Sustainable Transport, Strategies and Action Plans Transport and Environment (DOTC, DENR)

Environment ・ National Air Quality Status 2010-2011

・ National Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2022 (Office of Climate Change the President of the Philippines)

Air Pollution ・ Environmentally Sustainable Transport

・ Establishment of Environmentally sustainable Transport Unit in the Others DOTC ・ Climate Change Commission (CCC)

3.3.2 Road transport

The following presentation covers the types of actions either currently implemented or in the pipeline to address the air quality related issues. Table 1 is specifically devoted to issues on emission control in the road based modes.

This presentation was replicated in the succeeding tables to cover the rest of the modes and sectors.

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1. Emission control, Standards, I/M

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Adoption of EURO 4 DOTC/ DENR Nationwide adopting Euro IV standards or specific parameters of Euro IV standards in 2016 Anti Smoke Belching DOTC-DENR-LTO and Nationwide but main Help improve air quality Campaign Philippine Business for focus in Metro and prevent further Social Progress, Manila deterioration Philippine Increase environmental Businessmen-Bishops' awareness in the private Conference, Philippine sector Business for the Demonstrate how Environment and business can use its Philippine Medical economic clout to force Association (PMA) proper environmental performance. MVIS program DOTC, LTO  East Ave., Quezon Improve Air Quality City through abatement and  Old MIA Road, mitigation of air pollution Pasay City from mobile sources in  San Fernando, Philippines from ill maintained motor vehicles  City, Cebu  Alaminos,

2. Vehicle Technology

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Promote operation of four Local government Units Reduce pollution from stroke tricycles City, San tricycles/motorcycles Fernando City Promotion of electric vehicle, DOTC-DOE, Local City Mitigate pollution from motor such as electric Jeepney, government Units with Mandaluyong vehicles motorcycle assistance from World city Bank

3. Public Transportation

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Development of Public DOTC Metro Manila Capacity Building Transport Planning Support System for Metro Manila Rationalization of public road DOTC, LTFRB, LTO, Metro Manila Increased Efficiency of public transport routes MMBOA transport Metro Cebu BRT DOTC, Government of Cebu City Modal shift Demonstration Project Cebu City

24 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

Enhancement of the Pasig PRRC Metro Manila Modal shift River Services Enhance the operation of the DOTC, MARINA, PPA Nationwide Enhance the development nautical highway (RORO and promotion of an effective service) and efficient intermodal /multimodal transportation network system in the Philippines Development of additional DOTC, PNR Metro Implement the rail network urban rail services Manila, development plan for Metro and Manila Mindanao

4. Travel Demand Management

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Unified Vehicular Volume MMDA Metro Reduce the number of Reduction Program (UVVRP) Manila, the vehicular traffic metropolitan area of the country's capital Implement traffic MMDA, LGU, DPWH Nationwide Travel time reduction management measures such Reduce fuel consumption and as restoration of signalized pollution emission intersections Travel demand management MMDA, LGU Nationwide Travel time reduction and traffic system Reduce fuel consumption management Truck Ban MMDA, Truckers Metro Manila Traffic Efficiency Association Increase utilization of DOTC/TRB Toll Roads Increase efficiency and electronic payment system reduce vehicle congestion at (EPS) toll plaza Pedestrianization of Ayala Commercial Ayala-Makati Induce walking by providing commercial centers Center Management Commercial pedestrian facilities such as Center underpass and overpass with and connecting the various malls by elevated walkways with MRT 3 station.

5. NMT

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Develop bikeways DOTC, DILG and LGUs Marikina city, Promote bicycle usage UP Conversion of roads to UP, Marikina City Quezon City Pedestrianization pedestrian haven Marikina City

25 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

6. Freight and logistics

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Better freight and logistics DOTC, truckers assn. Nationwide Efficient goods movement management

7 Cleaner fuel

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Passage of Senate Bill 2856 Legislation Nationwide Tax subsidy for electric and House Bill 5460 vehicle and components, manufacture and importation

Natural Gas Vehicle Program DOE, NGVPPT, Manila Promote the utilization of For Public Transport Accredited Bus compressed natural gas (NGVPPT) – Sixty (60) bus Operators (CNG) in the transport sector units initially in consonance with the goal of ensuring fuel supply diversification and supply security

Alternative Fuel Program DOE, DOTC Nationwide Diversify the country's fuel Auto-LPG program for taxi sources while contributing to services solutions to air pollution caused by vehicular emission

Operation of 5,000 CNG DOTC Nationwide Promote operation of buses environmentally friendly transport services, fuel utilization

8. Biofuel

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

The Philippine Biofuel DOE, Philippine Nationwide Promote biofuel usage Program Authority, National Biofuel Board, DOE Mandatory requirement of 2% DOE Nationwide Promote biodiesel use biodiesel blend Mandatory requirement of DOE Nationwide Promote biofuel use 10% ethanol blend

26 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

9. Behavioral change

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Car-less day, carpooling and DOE, the industrial Nationwide Promote fuel conservation anti-idling campaigns establishments under and reduce pollution and (Voluntary program) the so-called traffic congestion Partnership for Energy Responsive Companies/Ecozones

Ecosafe driving awareness Honda Phils., UP and Metro Manila Promote fuel efficiency program DOTC

Introduction of bike lanes MMDA Metro Manila Traffic efficiency and road safety

10. Environmental monitoring

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Identify potential hotspots National: EMB. Local: Nationwide and prioritize establishment LGUs of HUCs of stations Identify potential staff to be National: EMB, Nationwide Capacity Building trained in the HUCs DOTC/LTO. Local: LGU Conduct trainings (e.g. use National: EMB, DENR mobile AQ monitoring DOTC/LTO. Local: LGU ); conduct of action planning workshops on AQM Update of baseline roadside National: EMB, HLURB, noise level data by 2010 DOTC, DTI-BPS Set up Inter Agency TWG EMB

3.3.3 Rail transport

1. Rail infrastructure

The following sections present the current problems confronting the railway sector. The presentation is divided into infrastructure, emission control, inventory and behavioral change or paradigm shift in favor of environmental conservation.

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

MRT/LRT Capacity DOTC/LRTA Metro Manila Integrate the collection Expansion Program: Common system of the existing MRT 3 Ticketing System Project and LRTA railway lines

27 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

MRT/LRT Capacity DOTC/LRTA Metro Manila Integrate LRT Line 1 Expansion Program: operation and maintenance to Privatization of LRT 1 a private sector service Operation and Maintenance provider during the interim period of 3-4 years MRT/LRT Capacity DOTC Metro Manila Integrate MRT Line 3 Expansion Program: operation and maintenance to Privatization of MRT 3 a private sector service Operation and Maintenance provider during the interim period of 3-4 years MRT/LRT Expansion DOTC/LRTA Metro Manila Extend the existing 15 Program: LRT South kilometer LRT Line 1 system Extension Project southward to , by an additional 11.7 kilometers MRT Line 2 Extension Project DOTC/LRTA Metro Manila Involve the expansion, operation, and maintenance of the existing LRT Line 2

3.3.4 Maritime transport

This section is devoted to maritime transport. Due to limited information the issues and actions identified were classified according to emission control and standards, port infrastructure limitation and the need to develop maritime emission inventory.

1. Emission control, standards, regulation

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Regulation of ballast water DOTC Nationwide

Utilization of port power PPA Cagayan de source Oro and other ports

2. Port infrastructure

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Clean and Green Program PPA Puerto Promote environmental Princesa health and awareness in all sectors of society Infrastructure Facilities PPA Manila North Improve port facilities and Harbor , services that meet National wide international standards Enhancement of the Pasig PRRC Metro Manila Provide an alternative River Ferry Services transport route to help decongest the perennial Enhance the operation of the MARINA Nationwide Enhance the development

28 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

nautical highway (RORO and promotion of an effective service) and efficient intermodal /multimodal transportation network system in the Philippines Port Power Use PPA Cagayan de Shift power use to Oro environmentally power source

3. Inventory

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Creation of Environmental PPA Create new unit for the Units environmental protection in PPA National GHG/air pollutants DENR, DOE GHG emission inventory is for emission inventory UNFCCC development

3.3.5 Air transport

The following section deals on the issues confronting the aviation sector. It presented the on-going projects which upgrade the air terminal and runways. Due to the limited solid waste, the actions concentrated on rain water discharge system. Noise pollution is addressed similarly but may be on limited basis.

1. Airport infrastructure

Action Responsible Location Objectives organization

Promotion of Tropicalized DOTC, CAAP Tourist areas Promote eco-airport for use Airports of low cost carriers (LCC) New Airport DOTC/MIAA/CAAP Bohol Replace the existing Development Airport within a 230-hectare spread. Airport DOTC/CAAP Puerto The development project Princesa include: a passenger terminal building, a control tower, an administration & operation building, a cargo terminal building, a rescue & fire fighting building, support facilities, a new apron, connecting taxiways, an upgrade of the existing 2.6 km runway, and the provision of new navigational and traffic control equipment. New Legaspi (Daraga) DOTC/CAAP Legaspi Development project International Airport (Daraga) components include a passenger terminal, cargo

29 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

building, control tower, administration building, and vehicle parking area. Airside project components include a runway strip, taxiway, apron, and air traffic navigation equipment. Privatization of DOTC/CAAP Laguindingan Replace the existing Lumbia Airport Operation and Airport in Maintenance City and to procure necessary equipment in order to satisfy operational safety requirements. Airport DOTC/CAAP Kalibo Expand new Kalibo Airport Terminal Building that has wider spaces for pre-departing passengers and also a spacious arrival lobby and concession NAIA Terminal 3 Upgrading DOTC/MIAA Metro Manila Conduct structural integrity and Full Operationalization tests, and commence negotiation for the completion works, testing and commissioning for full operationalization by 2012 NEW CNS/ATM SYSTEMS DOTC/CAAP Nationwide Develop a dynamic & DEVELOPMENT PROJECT integrated CNS/ATM system suing satellite technology to enhance safety, reliability and efficiency of air traffic and airspace in the Philippines New Iloilo Airport DOTC/CAAP Iloilo The New Iloilo Airport‘s roof Development Project is designed to let in light and make full use of natural lighting inside the terminal of the New Iloilo Airport Take off and landing DOTC/CAAP Ninoy Aquino Address noise pollution issue restriction International in the vicinity of the airport Airport

30 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

3.4 Issues with respect to Transport and Environment

3.4.1 Overview

The road sector is identified to have seriously caused the environmental damages particularly in urban areas in the Philippines. Mobility in the Philippines is dominantly served by road transport. It has a significantly high modal share in the total trips made both in passenger (98%) and cargo (58%). Motor vehicles have been increasing rapidly with an average annual growth rate of 6.0% in the past decade. These motor

vehicles emit vast amount of air pollutants, such as PM, SO2, NOx, CO, and CO2. Particularly, the jeepneys are the major sources of the air pollutants. Jeepneys accounts for 26% in modal share and 40% in ridership of public transport in Metro Manila. They use old diesel engines, which emit more air pollutants than automobiles with new engines. In addition the importation of second-hand engines and vehicles further contributed to the worsening pollution from the road traffic. The car-oriented traffic system also causes serious traffic congestions in the urban areas. Although urban rail services such as the three LRT and MRT lines have been introduced into Metro Manila to mitigate the traffic congestion, their modal share is still very low.

To tackle these environmental and transport problems, many measures have been implemented, including the establishment of air pollutants emission standards for motor vehicles, roadside anti-smoke belching campaign, inspection and maintenance program, promotion of four stroke tricycles, introduction of electric vehicles or low emission vehicles, investment for additional LRT and MRT lines, truck ban, development of bikeway, introduction of CNG, LPG and biofuel. Campaigns to raise public awareness of the harm pollution is causing people have been also implemented such as car-less day and ecosafe-driving. Additionally the environmental standards covering air quality and fuel were introduced. Since there was no master plan or action plan focusing mainly on transport and environment, in 2010, the Strategies and Action Plans were formulated under the Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST). The report proposed many actions to mitigate environmental problems in the transport sector covering environmental monitoring, noise management, vehicle emission control, inspection and maintenance, cleaner fuel, public transport planning and TDM, non-motorized transport, public health, etc. However, many of these measures have not been implemented effectively. Limited attention has been accorded to the environmental problems in the transport sector. The environment situation in highly urbanized cities especially in Metro Manila has not improved remarkably.

Generally the implementation of appropriate inspection and maintenance system for motor vehicles, the introduction of low emission vehicles, and the operation of LRT and MRT expectedly contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions from the transport

31 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

sector. Also, the introduction of standards for jeepneys and other import regulation of second hand vehicles and engines may have significant potential impacts to reduce pollutions. However, in the Philippines, the abovementioned measures have not worked as expected. For example, the motor vehicle inspection and maintenance program have focus mainly on road safety such as headlights and blinkers rather than operational performance of the vehicle, and pollution emission corrective measures. The cleaner fuel programs such as CNG and LPG have high potential to reduce emissions from motor vehicles, these actions have been limited so far. The modal shifts from automobiles to public transport may not be addressed only by providing LRT and MRT. A whole package approach including both the improvement of public transport and demand management of private car traffic should be explored.

In maritime sector, the port service (domestic/foreign ship calls and cargo throughput) increased by over 10% from 2009 to 2010. This leads to the sharp increase of environmental concerns from the maritime transport. It requires the maritime stakeholders to be more concerned with the marine environment and take necessary actions to control marine pollution from ships to arrive at comprehensive programs to address maritime pollution.

For example, PPA has been carrying out some improvement in managing ports. While the Philippines has a large number of ports, as mentioned in section 3.1.3, limited environmental actions such as ―Clean and Green Program‖ and ―Infrastructure Facilities‖ are implemented as pilot project in cooperation with LGUs. These projects are yet to be implemented nationwide.

The national inventory of the maritime sector has been developed under UNFCCC guideline. However the current inventory required a certain degree of accuracy. This activity is confronted by limited budgets and human resources for data collection and analysis. The quality basis of the UNFCC guideline is not satisfied. On the other hand, incidents of vessel such as cargo vessels and chemical tanker/vessels collision have occurred in Philippines. As a result, oil or HNS (Hazardous and Noxious Substances) are spilled, attracting serious concerns on marine environment. To avoid these incidents and to protect marine environment, the introduction of VTMS (Vessel Traffic Management System) and MET (Maritime Education and Training) programs should be introduced.

Finally, in the aviation sector, both air passenger and cargo traffic have increased rapidly. In order to correspond to this upward trend, existing airports in Philippines have been upgraded or refurbished.

The increase of aircraft movement however, is causing environmental issues such as climate change, air pollution, noise pollution, etc. For example, the Ninoy Aquino

32 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

International Airport which is located near residential areas has resulted to noise pollutions among the residents around the airport.

To avoid and reduce these environmental issues, the implementation of a comprehensive mitigation measures, including new navigation system, the introduction of aircraft technologies, the promotion of eco-airport, etc. should be seriously pursued.

The details of issues and necessary actions for each sub-sector are described in the following sections.

33 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

The succeeding presentations highlight the actions pursued to address the identified issues in the transport sector that breed serious environmental problems. The presentation is by sector such as: road, rail, maritime and aviation with their corresponding specific improvement measures.

3.4.2 Road transport

Major Issues Necessary Actions

・ Increasing number of motor vehicles and ridership, that lead to ・ I/M, standards, emission higher emissions control, low emission ・ Relatively high percentage, 38%, of total GHG emissions comes vehicles, modal shift to public from transport sector transportation, TDM, cleaner ・ More than 90% of total air pollutant emissions (VOC, CO, NOx) in fuel, biofuel, etc. Metro Manila are emitted by mobile sources

・ Roads are the dominant means for mobility. Very high share by ・ Modal shift to railway or more road passenger trips (98.14%) and low share by railways efficient means of (0.15%), that are causes of higher emission in transport sector transportation, TDM ・ Travel in Metro Manila is characterized by high levels of congestion, slow travel speeds, long journey times and limited road capacity. (El-Hifnawi and Jenkins, 2002) ・ 30 percent of trips are less than 2 kilometers in length and these trips are thought to be contributing to a large amount of the congestion that leads to higher emissions. (MMUTIS, 1996)

・ Utility vehicles (jeepneys) are the major source of GHG (37% of ・ Modal shift to more efficient the transport total), PM and CO means of transportation, ・ Around 40% of person trips in Metro Manila is done by jeepneys, standards, emission control, most of these have very old type diesel engines I/M, electric vehicle, TDM etc. ・ Since jeepney has no sets of standard, there are many issues ・ Issuance of standards for concerning the safety, comfort and emissions. (Bacero and Customized Local Road Vergel, 2010) Vehicle(CLRV) ・ Jeepney use second-hand engines, these are usually old, inefficient, consume more fuel and high emitters (Kirby, et al., 1986). ・ In 2007, based on the study conducted by UPNCTSFI, only 31 % of the 212 in-use public utility jeepneys tested passed the emission standard set by Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). (Bacero and Vergel, 2010)

・ Motorcycles and tricycles are major contributors for VOC ・ Emission control, I/M ・ Electrification

34 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

・ Conversion of two-stroke to four-stroke ・ Introduce electric tricycle ・ Motor vehicle inspection does not focus in operational ・ I/M performance and addressing pollution (Diaz, 2001 Environmental Policy and Road Transportation in the Philippines)

・ There are a total of 1.38 million motor vehicles registered in ・ Alternative fuel such as CNG, Metro Manila; 66.3 percent of these vehicles are gas-fed while biofuel and electric vehicles 33.7 are diesel-fed.

・ High proportion of unpaved road, only 21% of the entire road ・ Increase paved road to save network paved, that leads to much travel time and fuel the travel time and fuel consumptions consumption, emissions

3.4.3 Rail transport

Major Issues Necessary Actions

・ The railway subsector plays a very small role in the inter- and ・ Extension and new intra-urban transport of passengers. Its share in freight transport development of LRT and MRT is even more negligible. ・ Enhancement of existing ・ Insufficient network of urban railways and lack of capacity result railway services in limited role in railways. ・ Connections with buses or other mode of transportations are not sufficient enough to increase the ridership of the railways (PNR).

3.4.4 Maritime transport

Major Issues Necessary Actions

・ Lack of capability to enforce maritime safety regulations, ・ Emission control, standards, pollution prevention. (Garcia, 2005) regulation

・ The importance of maritime education and training (MET) can not ・ Upgrade of maritime schools be understated. Around 80 to 90 percent of maritime accidents curricular. are ascribed to human error. (Baylon et al., 2012) ・ Upgrade vessels and study ・ The country‘s ageing inter-island fleet consists of secondhand end-of-life scrapping system vessels imported mostly from Japan. Importation of secondhand vessels is a practice that has contributed to the country‘s poor maritime safety record. (Garcia, 2005)

・ Harbor Center only handles non-containerized cargoes. ・ Rationalize container terminal Batangas and Subic handle very low TEU volumes. The present utilization to decongest

35 Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

NCR port usage has created traffic problems, adding to the Manila extreme congestion of Metro Manila, and a contributor to passenger and cargo traffic as well as industrial concentration in the capital. (Arangkada Philippines, 2010)

・ Oil spillage from ships ・ Introduce vessel traffic management system and maritime education and training programme.

・ Limited emission inventory ・

3.4.5 Air transport

Major Issues Necessary Actions

・ Current navigation cannot sufficiently allow efficient use of ・ Airport infrastructure airspace (route placement, fuel efficiency, noise abatement). (CAAP, 2011) ・ Airport terminal use much electricity for lighting, monitors of - Tropicalized airports check-in counters, etc.

・ A population of 43,300 is exposed to noise levels from 70 to ・ Airport infrastructure, Aircraft 75dBA (LDN) and 161,300 from 65 to 70 dBA (LDN) due to the technology, Environmental noise produced by aircrafts operating at the Ninoy Aquino Monitoring International Airport. (Ernesto B. et al., 2011) ・ At the Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Runway- 1330 utilization is not allowed from 6PM to 5AM ・ Issuance of noise standard and regulation for air services related noise pollution

・ Aircraft emissions produce air contaminants such as NOx, HC ・ Aircraft technology, and fine particulate matter (PM), which in turn can involve Environmental Monitoring, broader environmental issues related to ground level ozone (O3), Inventory acid rain and climate change, and present potential risks relating to public health and the environment. (Popescu et al., 2011) is still limited

・ Waste water ・ All new airports are required to put up sewerage treatment plant

・ Ground power utilization ・ Push/pull aircraft parking is employed

36 Chapter 4 Visions

Chapter 4 Visions

4.1 Visions

Paradigm Shift:

‖PRESERVING THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH SUSTAINABLE PASSENGER AND GOODS MOVEMENTS PROPELLED BY CLEAN ENERGY‖

4.2 Goals

The followings are indicators and targets of characterizing vision for low-carbon and low-pollution transport systems.(Dr. R. Regidor, UP-NCTS,2009)

4.2.1. Air Pollution Improvements Actions

・ PM10 reduction by 30% in 2011(DENR vows 30% cleaner air by 2011-Metro, The Philippine Start August 25 2010) ・ Reduction in PM10 by around 12 to 16 tons per day due to MVIS and operation of 4 stroke by tricycles ・ Reduction in PM10 by around 11 tons per day due to Urban Rail Expansion

4.2.2. Green House Gases (GHG) Emission Mitigation

・ 10% reduction in VKT of CO2 by Public transport route rationalization (2015)

・ 30% reduction in VKT of CO2 through Demand Management Measure and improving public transportation (2015)

・ 20% reduction in VKT of CO2 through better freight and logistics management (2015) ・ Waste water and solid waste management at air and marine terminals ・ Rationalization of power utilization at air and marine terminals

4.2.3 Update of Noise Pollution Standard and Regulations

- Issuance of DENR Administrative Order mandating the enforcement of updated standards and regulations of noise pollution from the transport sector

Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

The NIP identified long term programs and projects. Several actions are either on their developmental stages or are proposed to be implemented or completed beyond 2016. These proposals either require intensive capitalization or the technology is still under research and development (R&D) stages.

These proposals are presented in this chapter to alert the authorities of the future actions required. The presentation is by sector, like the previous tables.

5.1 Road

5.1.1 Outline of the Actions

Pillar of measures Outline

- Establishment of Motor Vehicle Inspection System - Improvement of vehicle inspection and maintenance system 1. Emission control, Standards, - Regulation of secondhand vehicle I/M - Introduction of Jeepney standard - Introduction of new or revised emission standards e.g. Euro4, fuel economy, noise

- Operation of fuel efficient vehicles - Operation of vehicles using alternative fuel 2. Vehicle Technology - Conversion of tricycles to electric tricycles - Operation of CNG, electric and hybrid buses

- Operation of Bus (BRT) - Promotion of MRT, LRT, BRT 3. Public Transportation - Enhance ferry services - Multi modal service in nautical highways - Development of PNR commuter and inter-regional services

- Truck Ban on certain periods of the day - Introduction of pedestrian only streets 4. Travel demand management - Promotion of staggered work and school hours - Development of sub-urban cities - Vehicle ownership policy

- Promotion of Bikeway and installation of bike lanes 5. NMT - Promotion of vehicle traffic utilization reduction campaign e.g. car free day, mobility week

38 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

- Improvement of freight transportation complex, truck terminals 6. Freight and logistics and physical distribution centers

- Alternative fuel introduction (CNG, LPG, etc.) in the national 7 Cleaner fuel development plan

- Alternative fuel introduction (Biofuel, etc.) in the national 8. Biofuel development plan

9. Behavioral changes - Promotion of ecosafe-driving

- Introduction of environmental monitoring systems e.g. noise, 10. Environmental monitoring PM

- Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g. vehicle 11. Inventory emission factors, registrations

- Expansion/completion of missing road network （ ring road, bypass) and bridges - Restoration of signalized (vehicle actuated traffic signal 12. Infrastructures system) intersections in Metro Manila - Grade separation at main interchanges - Establishment of integrated and multi-modal terminals

- Operationalization of People Survival Fund (PSP) for climate 13. Institutional/Legislative change adaptation measures - Operationalization of laws that legislate tax subsidies for electric vehicle development manufacturing and importation

5.1.2 Details of the Actions (Planned/proposed)

1) Emission control, Standards, I/M Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Development of National Motor Vehicle Inspection 2012 TBD X X X and Maintenance -2015 Program (DOTC/LTO) Motor Vehicle Type Installation of Type Approval System Test Approval System Center X X X covering emission test to cover emission, tire, proposed in 2012 (DOTC) and glass Philippines Harmonization of Vehicle Standard and X X X Classification for submission to ASEAN (DOTC)

39 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

Philippines version of the ASEAN Agreement on Mutual Recognition of the Vehicle Type Approval X X X System Arrangement for submission to ASEAN (DOTC) Intensify advocacy for conduct of Preventive X X X Maintenance of vehicles Allow fleet operators, bus corporations and transport cooperatives self emission test upon X X X presentation of acceptable maintenance plan/actions Submission of annual maintenance activities to support application for X X X extension of validity of franchise (authority) Issue Guidelines Requiring Commercial Vehicles (Public transport) to submit X X X Maintenance program to support franchise (authority) applications Improve Private Emission Testing Centers operation X X by introducing ICT in test result transmission Empower local government units in anti X smoke belching campaigns Develop fuel efficiency standards for PT vehicles/fuel efficiency X X ratings for private modes (for PT to aid in LTFRB fare setting) Develop vehicle X X scrappage program Encourage enactment of local ordinances to impose fees and set aside X collection as a local clean air fund Encourage creation of X LGU ASBUs with training

2) Vehicle Technology Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Promotion of fuel efficient passenger cars and light X X commercial vehicles Development of Standards of Customize X X X Local Road Vehicle

40 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

3) Public Transportation Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Urban Transport Program for Highly Urbanized 2012 TBD X X X Cities: -2016 System (DOTC) Metro Manila BRT system feasibility study will start X X 2012 Revisit Organized Bus USD Route System Along 802,000. Not yet X X EDSA TBD Operation of CNG, electric vehicle and X X alternative fuelled public transport services

4) Travel demand management Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Implement Unified Vehicle Volume X X Reduction Program

Introduction of bike lanes X X X

Introduction of more toll X X roads Increase utilization of electronic payment X X system (EPS)

5) NMT Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Introduction of bikeways x x x Restoration of pedestrian x x x sidewalks Introduction of pedestrian haven and covered x x x walkways

41 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

6) Freight and logistics Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Rationalization of Issue regulations on logistics vehicle franchising and x x providers/operation registration

7) Cleaner fuel Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Provision of fiscal and non-fiscal incentives for producers and users of X X cleaner fuels (National: DOE) Incentives for assemblers of cleaner fuel vehicle; incentives for clean fuel X X conversion/retrofit companies) (National: DOE, BOI, DOF) Negotiate for sources of natural gas supply (e.g. Malampaya or imported) X X (National: DOE, BOI, DOF) Develop standards for LPG conversion of X X tricycles (National: DOE, BOI, DOF) Conduct of FS for additional CNG refueling X X stations (National: DOE, DOTC) Encourage investors for LNG terminals and pipeline distribution X X system (National: DOE, DOTC) Promote operation of vehicles using alternative X X fuels Study feasibility of Fuel X X Tax Study on appropriate fuels for motorcycle/tricycles (e.g. X X conversion of 2-stroke to LPG) (National: DOE, DOTC)

42 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

8) Biofuel Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Harmonization of biofuel blends with Euro 4 X X standards (National: DOE, DOTC) Suitability of E10 to carbureted vehicles X X (National: DOE, DOTC)

9) Behavioral changes Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Promotion of X X X Ecosafe-driving Promotion to stop idling X X at intersections Full implementation of People Survival Fund (PSF)

10) Environmental monitoring Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Purchase of noise level meters (National: X DOTC/LTO. Local: LGU ASBU) Installation of additional Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network and modernization of test X equipment (National: EMB. Local: LGUs of HUCs) Dissemination of template of ordinance (samples, ex. QC) (National: EMB, X HLURB, DOTC. Local: LGU)

43 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

11) Inventory Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Establish baseline data for other criteria pollutants; determine contribution of transport to emissions X X (inventory)—emission factor development and AAQ modeling; source apportionment/ speciation (EMB)

44 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

5.2 Railway

5.2.1 Outline of the Actions

Pillar of measures Outline

- Urban railway network expansion * Completion of south and west Extensions * Completion of MRT7 and North Rail * Metro Cebu LRT system * Feasibility Studies of Central and Mindanao Rail 1. Rail infrastructure systems * Rehabilitation of PNR South and PNR commuter service - Railway capacity expansion * Common Ticketing System for all Rail lines in Metro Manila - Improvement of transport nodes

- Introduction of experiences and knowledge to estimate the 2. Inventory emissions

3. Environmental Monitoring - Introduction of environmental monitoring systems

5.2.2 Details of the Actions

1) Rail infrastructure Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Privatization of Northrail 2012 Operation and TBD X X Management (DOTC) -2015 Main Line South 2012 Upgrading/ Modernization TBD X X (DOTC/PNR) -2015

Mindanao Railway 2012 TBD X X System (DOTC) -2016 Introduction of regenerative brake and power inverters in the X X trains to reduce power consumption

Unified Ticketing System

45 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

2) Inventory Contribution to environmental matters Implemen Title of action Project Air Description/Status tation Waste Solid (Implementing Agency) cost GHG pollut Noise schedule water waste ants Introduction of experiences and X X knowledge to estimate the emissions

3) Environmental Monitoring Contribution to environmental matters Implemen Title of action Project Air Description/Status tation Waste Solid (Implementing Agency) cost GHG pollut Noise schedule water waste ants Introduction of environmental monitoring X X systems

46 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

5.3 Maritime

5.3.1 Outline of the Actions

Pillar of measures Outline

- Introduction of emission standards 1. Emission control, standards, - Promotion of fuel switch (low sulfur) regulation - Regulation of secondhand vessel/ferry

- Improvement of cargo handling system at port 2. Port infrastructure - Promotion of Onshore Power Supply (OPS) - Improvement of port facilities

- Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g. 3. Inventory emission factors

4. Decongestion of the Manila - Development of programs for optimum utilization of container International Container terminals as Batangas and Subic Ports. Terminal

5. To introduce Energy Efficiency Design Index -Promote power efficiency (EEDI)

5.3.2 Details of the Actions

1) Emission control, standards, regulation Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Introduction of emission Introduction of newly X X standards emission standards

Regulation of Regulation of X X secondhand vessel/ferry secondhand vessel/ferry

Promotion of fuel switch X (low sulfur)

47 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

2) Port infrastructure Contribution to environmental matters Implemen Title of action Project Air Description/Status tation Waste Solid (Implementing Agency) cost GHG pollut Noise schedule water waste ants Development of New X X Cebu Port (CPA) Maritime Aids to Navigation Program X X (DOTC/PCG) Solid Waste Management X System (SWMS) (PPA)

Shore Reception Facility X X X (SRF) (PPA)

3) Inventory Contribution to environmental Implemen matters Title of action Project Description/Status tation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollut Noise water waste ants Development of local data in estimating emissions, X X e.g. emission factors

48 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

5.4 Aviation

5.4.1 Outline of the Actions

Pillar of measures Outline

- Improvement of air traffic control system (New CNS/ATM) 1. Airport infrastructure - Promotion of eco-airport

2. Aircraft technology - Introduction of noise reduction technologies

3. Environmental Monitoring - Introduction of air quality monitoring at airport

- Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g. 4. Inventory emission factors

5.4.2 Details of the Actions

1) Airport infrastructure Contribution to environmental Implement matters Title of action Project Description/Status ation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollu Noise water waste tants Mactan-Cebu International Airport 2012 TBD X X X X X Development Project -2015 (MCIAA) Privatization of NAIA and 2012 DMIA Development TBD X X (DOTC/MIAA/CIAC) -2015 Balabac Airport 2012 Development Project TBD X X X X X (DOTC) -2014 Introduction of alternative fuel or shift to electric, for X X ramp vehicles Introduction of movable type (power supply car) X X X GPU. Improvement of air traffic control system (New X X X CNS/ATM) (CAAP) Use of energy saving X lights for buildings Adoption of "Green Architecture Design" in X the conceptual design Use of automatic switch X for restrooms Optimize use of room X lights Full implementation of Ground Water Sewage X System

49 Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

2) Aircraft technology Contribution to environmental Implement matters Title of action Project Description/Status ation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG polluta Noise water waste nts

Introduction of noise X reduction technologies

3) Environmental Monitoring Contribution to environmental Implement matters Title of action Project Description/Status ation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG polluta Noise water waste nts

Introduction of air quality X X monitoring at airport

4) Inventory Contribution to environmental Implement matters Title of action Project Description/Status ation Air (Implementing Agency) cost Waste Solid schedule GHG pollu Noise water waste tants Development of local data in estimating emissions, X X e.g. emission factors

50 Chapter 7 Way Forward

Chapter 6 Implementation Plan

6.1 Implementation bodies

The main organizations who will implement the NIP are DOTC, DENR, DOE, DTI and MMDA/LGU. The table below shows the organizations related to the implementation of the NIP.

In the Philippines, tricycle operations and local traffic management systems are implemented and managed by Local Government Units (LGUs). Hence, LGUs are listed with relative organizations that will enforce and monitor some proposals identified in the NIP.

Presently, to optimize financial resources Public Private Partnership (PPP) in transport investment is promoted aggressively. Further, there are private sectors that implement mitigation and adaptation measures. Hence, like LGU the private sectors are identified as possible implementors and may monitor the effectiveness and results of the environmental preservation programs and projects implemented in the country.

Table 10 Relative Organizations

Regulation Operation Entity Policy /Other Remarks Economic Technical Functions Road Transport (Infrastructure) DPWH x X X TRB X X X Regulate toll roads PNCC X Original franchisee of NLE and SLE LGUs x X X O&M of city roads SOE that served as joint venture partner PEA X in R-1 Expressway Reviews proposed investments in its role MMDA X under a Regional Dev't. Council Coastal Road Corp. X Project company for the R-2 Expressway Private X Consulting & construction firms Transport Service DOTC x X LTFRB X Vehicle registration and enforce traffic LTO X code OTC X X For transport cooperatives only Private X Common carriers IMBOA, FEJODAP, X Transport industry associations FTODAP, etc. Traffic Management

51 Chapter 7 Way Forward

Also serves as land use & transportation MMDA x X X X coordinating body for Metro Manila LGU x X X X Rail Transport (Infrastructure and services) Operates LRT3 planning and policy DOTC x X X X formulation PNR x X X X O&M for suburban rail LRTA x X X X O&M for LRT1 and 2 MRTC Operate The MRT3 Private X Consulting & construction firms

6.2 Check and evaluations

6.2.1 Implementing Bodies

For transport related issues the DOTC will conduct yearly monitoring and adjust whenever necessary the implementation of the pillar of measures of the NIP. Pollution Emission Monitoring will be done by the Department of Environment and National Resources. Fuel quality monitoring will be implemented by the Department of Energy.

Implement Stage

DOTC DPWH MMDA/LGU

Transport Service Infrastructure Traffic Management Rail Transport

Monitoring Stage

DOTC DENR DOE

Transport related issues Pollution emission Fuel quality

Monitoring Report

Figure 14 Implementing Bodies

6.2.2 Check and Evaluation System on Vision

The DOTC being the prime agency that finalized the National Implementation Plan (NIP), in coordination with concerned agencies and stakeholder groups, shall operate a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system to track the implementation

52 Chapter 7 Way Forward

progress of the provisions of the NIP. The NIP is presented and is expected to form part of and the National Climate Change Action Plan of the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change.

6.2.3 Check and Evaluation System on Environmental Actions

As per Rule VIII, Sec.1 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Climate Change Act of 2009, the provisions of this Framework and its National Climate Change Action Plan, review is every three (3) years using a participatory evaluation process. However, the first major evaluation period of the Philippine NIP will be done in 2016.

Figure 15 Check / Evaluation system

6.2.4 Tool Kits potentially useful to the evaluation of the Philippines NIP

53 Chapter 7 Way Forward

Chapter 7 Step 1: Evaluate the existing transport system Chapter 8 Step 2: Develop the BAU scenario Chapter 9 Step 3: Assessing Opportunities Chapter 10 Step 4: Develop Alternative Scenarios Chapter 11 Step 5: Prioritize and Plan Chapter 12 Step 6: Implement and monitor

54 Chapter 7 Way Forward

Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET)

55 Chapter 7 Way Forward

Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim)

56 Chapter 7 Way Forward

Other Models

Sources: 1.Mr. Caley Johnson – Sustainable Fuels & Vehicle Group Deployment & Industry Partnership Division 2. Vehicle Cost Calculator. Compares the lifecycle costs and emissions of a vehicle over its 15 year life. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/calc/. Witt Sparks 3. Petroleum and Emission Reduction Planning (PREP) Tool. Helps fleets set petroleum reduction goals and determine what it will take to achieve them. https://prep.cttstest-new.nrel.gov/afdc/prep/. Witt Sparks 4. Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET)

57 Chapter 7 Way Forward

Model by Argonne National Laboratory. http://greet.es.anl.gov/. This has many fuels, pathways, and vehicle scenarios to model. Andy Burnham (Argonne). 5. Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim). Has the capability to take drive cycle data and vehicle characteristics (size, acceleration, coefficient of drag, etc.) and combine them to estimate fuel use. http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/vsa/fastsim.html. Aaron Brooker.

Chapter 13 Way Forward

13.1 Web based monitoring System

The Philippine NIP is a compendium of action plans of various government agencies and best approaches implemented by local government units. In order to ensure that the future plans of actions embodied in the NIP are implemented, the DOTC shall head the monitoring of these activities.

As proven effective in other projects of the Philippine government, a web based monitoring program should be developed and shall be the monitoring tool of the NIP. Hereunder presented is the suggested format.

NIP Pillar of Measures Monitoring Report

Period: ______

Program/Project Identified Key Targets Responsible Timetable Status Measures Result Agency/Group Area (KRA)

58 Chapter 7 Way Forward

13.2 Public Awareness Campaign

The DOTC as participant to the various fora on environmental conservation activities have developed the Philippine NIP as a master list of programs and projects envisioned to address environmental mitigation concerns and will make copies of the NIP available both in hard and electronic copies in these venues and to any interested parties and individuals.

To ensure effective public information dissemination of the Philippine NIP an internet portal shall be developed. The portal will include the final version of the NIP and the status of implementing the actions. One of the inputs will be collected from the monitoring system similarly developed. A window shall be provided where any visitor of the portal may register comments, improvements, recommendations and issues on the NIP. The said information shall be processed and if meritorious shall be included in the NIP.

In addition, during the capacity building projects of the Climate Change Commission of the Philippines, the inter-agency meetings of the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development and in several private sector public awareness initiatives, presentation of the NIP coverage and proposals as reflected in the pillar of measures shall be done.

Any result of these activities may comprise the second edition of the Philippines‘ NIP.

59 Appendices

Appendices

Existing National Roads by Surface Type, 2009 (km)

Length of National Bridges, 2009

Ridership of Road based Public Transportation

Source: MMUTIS 1996

60 Appendices

Motorized trips by mode and distance in Metro Manila (MMUTIS study area) Percent of trips Predominant travel mode Total trips Trips < 2 km < 2 km Car + Utility vehicles 4,658,760 1,057,398 22.7 Tricycle-motorized 4,307,129 2,425,283 56.3 Taxi 1,152,654 184,361 16.0 Jeepney 9,574,501 3,067,772 32.0 Bus 3,034,977 126,289 4.2 Transit (LRT) 442,164 8,108 1.8 National Railways 7,275 369 5.1 Total public 18,518,700 5,812,182 31.4 Total private 4,658,760 1,057,398 22.7 Grand total 23,177,460 6,869,580 29.6

Engines Used in Jeepneys of Metro Manila

Source: E.D.Diaz

Current situation of LRT and MRT in Metro Manila

61 Appendices

CY 2010 Cargo Throughput, Container, Passenger & Ship Calls

Source: PPA, 2010

Number of vessels in 2000

Merchant vessels 4,931 Passenger-cargo 2,297 vessels Source: DOTC

Nautical Highway

a) Western Nautical Highway (also known as Strong Republic Nautical Highway) • City- City- City Road • Dipolog- City RORO • Dumaguete-Samboan, Cebu RORO • Samboan-Barili-Toledo City Road • Toledo-San Carlos City RORO • San Carlos- Dumaguete Road • Dumaguete- City Roads - Dumaguete-Bais-Mabinay--Bacolod route - Dumaguete North Road-San Carlos Coastal-Bacolod North Road • Bacolod- RORO • Iloilo City-Caticlan () Roads - Iloilo City-Passi-Calinog-Ivisan-Kalibo-Nabas-Caticlan Road

62 Appendices

- Iloilo East Coast- Road • Caticlan, Aklan-Roxas, Oriental RORO • Roxas-Calapan, Mindoro Oriental Road • Calapan- RORO

b) Central Nautical Highway • Calinan, Davao-Buda, - Road • City--Misamis Oriental Road • , Misamis Oriental-, RORO • Guinsiliban- Road, Camiguin • Mambajao, Camiguin-Jagna, Bohol RORO • Jagna-Tubigon Roads, Bohol - Bohol Circumferential Road - [Loay Interior Road] Jagna-Sierra Bullones-Clarin-Tubigon Road • Tubigon, Bohol-Cebu City RORO • Cebu City-Toledo Road • Toledo-San Carlos RORO • San Carlos-Dumaguete Road • Dumaguete-Samboan RORO • Samboan-Cebu City Road • Cebu City-San Remigio, Cebu Road • San Remigio-Placer, RORO • Placer, Masbate-Aroroy, Masbate Road • Aroroy, Masbate-Boca Engano, Masbate RORO • Boca Engano, Masbate-Claveria, Masbate Road • Claveria, Masbate-Pantao, Albay RORO • Claveria, Masbate-San Pascual, Masbate Road • San Pascual, Masbate-Pasacao, RORO

c) Eastern Nautical Highway • Davao-Compostela Valley-(Alegria-Santiago, -San Francisco-Trento-Monkayo)- Agusan-Surigao Road • Surigao City-Liloan, Southern RORO • Liloan, -Naval, Highway • Naval, Biliran-Cataingan, Masbate RORO • Cataingan-Aroroy, Masbate Highway

63 Appendices

Aircraft Fleet in Domestic Routes

Sources: PAL, Cebu Pacific, Air Philippines

64 Appendices Road

Environmental Current situation Current causes Issues problems Emission control, standards, I/M - Inappropriate vehicle registrations to road capacity - Insufficient vehicle inspection and maintenance Increasing number system Climate of vehicles - Insufficient secondhand vehicles regulations - Introduction of 4-stroke engine Change - Lack of Jeepney standard (safety, technology standard) - Lack of fuel economy target Vehicle Technology - Lack of low emission technologies (CNG, LPG, hybrid, EV, Increasing traffic etc.) Increasing GHG volume emissions in the road Public Transportation - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, BRT, transport sector Bus, etc.) in urban areas - Insufficient - Inefficient transport nodes

Traffic congestion Travel demand management - Insufficient TDM - Insufficient parking area High proportion in the - Insufficient road network (ring road, bypass) total GHG emissions NMT - Lack of NMT (Bikeway, etc.) High emission - Lack of traffic campaign e.g. car free day, mobility vehicles week Freight and logistics - Insufficient freight transportation complex

Cleaner fuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (CNG, Inefficient driving LPG, etc.) patterns Biofuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (Biofuel, etc.)

Behavioral changes Insufficient GHG - Lack of eco-driving inventory Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating GHG emissions, e.g. vehicle emission factors, registrations

65 Appendices Road

Environmental Current situation Current causes Issues problems Emission control, standards, I/M - Inappropriate vehicle registrations to road capacity Air pollution - Insufficient vehicle inspection and maintenance Increasing system number of - Insufficient secondhand vehicles regulations vehicles - Introduction of 4-stroke engine - Lack of Jeepney standard (safety, technology Increasing air standard) pollutant emissions - Insufficient vehicle emission standard in the transport Vehicle Technology sector Increasing traffic - Lack of low emission technologies (CNG, LPG, hybrid, volume EV, etc.)

Public Transportation - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, BRT, Bus, etc.) in urban areas Traffic congestion

Travel demand management - Insufficient TDM - Insufficient parking area High proportion in - Insufficient road network (ring road, bypass) the total air pollutants emissions High emission NMT vehicles - Lack of NMT (Bikeway, etc.) - Lack of traffic campaign e.g. car free day, mobility week Freight and logistics - Insufficient freight transportation complex Inefficient driving patterns Cleaner fuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (CNG, LPG, etc.) Biofuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (Biofuel, etc.) Insufficient monitoring Behavioral changes - Lack of eco-driving Insufficient air pollutants Environmental monitoring emissions - Insufficient monitoring stations and equipment inventory Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating air pollutants emissions, e.g. vehicle emission factors, registrations

66 Appendices Road

Environmental Current situation Current causes Issues problems

Noise Pollution

Increasing Emission control, standards, I/M number of - Inappropriate vehicle registrations to road capacity vehicles - Insufficient vehicle inspection and maintenance Increasing noise system emissions in the - Insufficient secondhand vehicles regulations road transport - Introduction of 4-stroke engine sector - Lack of Jeepney standard (safety, technology Increasing traffic standard) volume - Insufficient noise standard level

Vehicle Technology - Lack of low noise emission technologies (EV, Hybrid, etc.) Traffic congestion

Travel demand management High proportion - Insufficient TDM in the total noise - Insufficient road network (ring road, bypass) emissions High emission vehicles

NMT - Lack of NMT (Bikeway, etc.) - Lack of traffic campaign e.g. car free day, mobility week Inefficient driving patterns

Behavioral changes - Lack of eco-driving

Insufficient noise pollution level Environmental Monitoring - Lack of noise monitoring stations and equipment

67 Appendices Railway

Environmental Current situation Current causes Issues problems

Climate Change Traffic congestion Rail infrastructure Increasing GHG - Insufficient network of urban railways emissions in the - Lack of railway capacity (standard gauge, double transport sector truck, double-double truck, etc.) - Inefficient transport nodes High emission - Insufficient secondhand locomotive regulations vehicles Insufficient GHG inventory Inventory - Lack of experiences and knowledge to estimate the emissions

Air pollution

Traffic congestion Rail infrastructure Increasing air - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, etc.) pollutant in urban areas emissions in the - Insufficient network of urban railways transport sector - Inefficient transport nodes High emission - Insufficient secondhand locomotive regulations vehicles

Insufficient air pollutants Inventory emissions - Lack of experiences and knowledge to estimate the inventory emissions

Noise pollution

Increasing noise Rail infrastructure - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, etc.) emissions in the Traffic congestion transport sector in urban areas - Insufficient network of urban railways - Inefficient transport nodes

Insufficient noise pollution level Environmental Monitoring - Lack of noise monitoring stations and equipment

68 Appendices Maritime

Environmental Current situation Current causes Issues problems

Port infrastructure High emission Climate - Insufficient cargo handling system at port port systems Change - Continuous engine operating when moored - Inefficient port facilities High GHG emissions at port High emission Emission control, standards, regulation vessels - Insufficient secondhand vessel/ferry regulations

Insufficient GHG Inventory inventory - Lack of local data in estimating GHG emissions, e.g. emission factors

Emission control, standards, regulation High emission - Lack of emission standard Air pollution vessels - Insufficient fuel switch (low sulfur) High air pollutants emissions at port Port infrastructure High emission - Insufficient cargo handling system at port port systems - Continuous engine operating when moored - Inefficient port facilities Insufficient air pollutants Inventory emissions - Lack of local data in estimating air pollutants inventory emissions, e.g. emission factors

Waste Water Ballast water Emission control, standards, regulation drainage - Improper ballast water treatment Waste water emissions at port

Waste water Port infrastructure drainage - Lack of waste water treatment facility

69 Appendices Aviation

Environmental Current situation Current causes Issues problems

Climate Change High GHG Airport infrastructure High emission emissions in the - Insufficient energy saving systems e.g. eco-airport aviation transport airport systems sector

Insufficient GHG Inventory inventory - Lack of local data in estimating GHG emissions, e.g. emission factors

Air pollution Airport infrastructure High air pollution - Airport situated in urbanized/densely populated around airport High emission areas airport systems

Environmental monitoring - Lack of air quality monitoring at airport

Insufficient air pollutants Inventory emissions - Lack of local data in estimating air pollutants inventory emissions, e.g. emission factors

70 Appendices Aviation

Environmental Current situation Current causes Issues problems

Noise pollution

Airport infrastructure - Airport situated in urbanized/densely populated Noise pollution areas around airport High emission airport systems

Aircraft technology - Lack of noise reduction technologies

Waste water

Waste water Disposal of waste Airport infrastructure pollution around water directly to - Insufficient treatment facilities and capacity airport drainage

Solid waste

Solid waste Improper disposal Airport infrastructure pollution around of garbage waste - Insufficient treatment facilities and capacity airport

71 References

References

AFD, 2010: AFD Study on Climate Change Issues and Financing Needs in the Philippines, Agence Francaise de Development.

Angelica M Baylon et al., 2012: The Challenges in Philippine Maritime Education and Training.

Arangkada Philippines 2010: A Business Perspective.

AusAID, 2008: National Transport Planning and Policy, Report, The Australian Agency for International Development.

Bacero and Vergel, 2010: Assessment of Jeepney in Metro Manila for the Development of Specifications and Standards, 12th WCTR, July 11 -15, 2010 – Lisbon, Portugal.

Ballesteros, Marife M., Land Use Planning in Metro Manila and the Urban Fringe, DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2000-20.

Baylon et al. 2012: The Challenges in Philippine Maritime Education and Training.

CAAP, 2011: ADVISORY CIRCULAR AC 08 -007.

Diaz, 2001: Environmental Policy and Road Transportation in the Philippines, National Center for Transportation Studies. University of the Philippines.

DOE: 2010 Energy Sector Accomplishment Report.

El-Hifnawi and Jenkins, 2002: Alleviating Traffic Congestion in Manila, Appraisal of the Pasig Expressway.

Ernesto B. et al., 2011: The Impact of Aircraft Noise on Communities in the Vicinity of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.

Fabian and Gota, 2009: CO2 Emissions from the Land Transport Sector in the Philippines: Estimates and Policy Implications, Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Transportation Science Society of the Philip pines.

Francisc Popescu et al., 2011: Direct measurements an numerical simulations issues in airport air quality.

Garcia, 2005: Progress in the Implementation of the Philippine National Marine Policy: Issues and Options.

JICA, 1996: Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study (MMUTIS).

JICA, 2007: Mega Manila Public Transport Study (MMPTS) Final Report.

Karl N. Vergel, 2004: A Study on Roadside Noise Generated by Tricycles.

Manila Observatory, 2005: Integrated Environmental Strategies Philippines Pr oject Report Metropolitan Manila, Focus on the Transport Sector.

Michael Garcia, 2005: Progress in the Implementation of the Philippine National Marine Policy: Issues and Options.

72 References

NCTS: Philippine Transportation Statistics, National Center for Transportati on Studies, Philippines.

NSO, 2012: The Philippines in Figures 2012, National Statistics Office.

Popescu et al., 2011: Direct measurements an numerical simulations issues in airport air quality.

PPA, 2010: Annual Report 2010, Philippine Ports Authority.

Ruperto Alonzo, 2007: THE ROAD-RORO TERMINAL SYSTEM: Bicol Mainland-Masbate-Cebu Connection.

USAID, 2007: Philippines Country Report, the United States Agency for International Development.

World Bank, 2009: A Strategic Approach to Climate Change in the Phil ippines: An Assessment of Low-Carbon Interventions in the Transport and Power Sectors.

Please send your comments to Mr. Arnel Manresa, DOTC Chief Road Transport Planning Division at [email protected]

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