Exploring Vivianite in Freshwater Sediments – from the Detection of Mineral Grains Towards the Understanding of Their Occurrence
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Kinetics of Phosphorus Release from Vivianite, Hydroxyapatite, and Bone Char Influenced by Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Article Kinetics of Phosphorus Release from Vivianite, Hydroxyapatite, and Bone Char Influenced by Organic and Inorganic Compounds Elisabeth Schütze, Stella Gypser * and Dirk Freese Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Chair of Soil Protection and Recultivation, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6, 03046 Cottbus, Germany; [email protected] (E.S.); [email protected] (D.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 February 2020; Accepted: 12 March 2020; Published: 16 March 2020 Abstract: The availability of P is often insufficient and limited by accumulation in soils. This led to the necessity of solutions for the recovery as well as recycling of secondary P resources. Batch experiments were conducted with CaCl2 and citric acid to characterize P release kinetics from vivianite, hydroxyapatite, and bone char. While the P release during the CaCl2 treatment was so low that only vivianite and hydroxyapatite showed a slightly higher release with increasing CaCl2 concentration, the increase of dissolved P was more pronounced for citric acid. The application of citric acid resulted in a 32,190-fold higher P release for bone char. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic data suggested higher instability of hydroxyapatite than for bone char. The kinetic data showed that bone char, especially at a lower particle size, had a higher long-term P release than hydroxyapatite or vivianite. The suitability of hydroxyapatite and bone char as a poorly soluble, but sustainable P source is better than that of vivianite. However, the efficiency as a P fertilizer is also dependent on present soil P mobilization processes. -
Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
List of New Mineral Names: with an Index of Authors
415 A (fifth) list of new mineral names: with an index of authors. 1 By L. J. S~v.scs~, M.A., F.G.S. Assistant in the ~Iineral Department of the,Brltish Museum. [Communicated June 7, 1910.] Aglaurito. R. Handmann, 1907. Zeita. Min. Geol. Stuttgart, col. i, p. 78. Orthoc]ase-felspar with a fine blue reflection forming a constituent of quartz-porphyry (Aglauritporphyr) from Teplitz, Bohemia. Named from ~,Xavpo~ ---- ~Xa&, bright. Alaito. K. A. ~Yenadkevi~, 1909. BuU. Acad. Sci. Saint-P6tersbourg, ser. 6, col. iii, p. 185 (A~am~s). Hydrate~l vanadic oxide, V205. H~O, forming blood=red, mossy growths with silky lustre. Founi] with turanite (q. v.) in thct neighbourhood of the Alai Mountains, Russian Central Asia. Alamosite. C. Palaehe and H. E. Merwin, 1909. Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, col. xxvii, p. 899; Zeits. Kryst. Min., col. xlvi, p. 518. Lead recta-silicate, PbSiOs, occurring as snow-white, radially fibrous masses. Crystals are monoclinic, though apparently not isom0rphous with wol]astonite. From Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. Prepared artificially by S. Hilpert and P. Weiller, Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges., 1909, col. xlii, p. 2969. Aloisiite. L. Colomba, 1908. Rend. B. Accad. Lincei, Roma, set. 5, col. xvii, sere. 2, p. 233. A hydrated sub-silicate of calcium, ferrous iron, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen, (R pp, R',), SiO,, occurring in an amorphous condition, intimately mixed with oalcinm carbonate, in a palagonite-tuff at Fort Portal, Uganda. Named in honour of H.R.H. Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi. Aloisius or Aloysius is a Latin form of Luigi or I~ewis. -
High-Temperature Thermomagnetic Properties of Vivianite Nodules
EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Clim. Past, 9, 433–446, 2013 Climate www.clim-past.net/9/433/2013/ Climate doi:10.5194/cp-9-433-2013 of the Past of the Past © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions High-temperature thermomagnetic properties of Open Access Open Access vivianite nodules, Lake El’gygytgyn, Northeast RussiaGeoscientific Geoscientific Instrumentation Instrumentation P. S. Minyuk1, T. V. Subbotnikova1, L. L. Brown2, and K. J. Murdock2 Methods and Methods and 1North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute, Far East Branch of the Russian AcademyData Systems of Sciences, Data Systems Magadan, Russia Discussions Open Access 2 Open Access Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA Geoscientific Geoscientific Correspondence to: P. S. Minyuk ([email protected]) Model Development Model Development Received: 7 September 2012 – Published in Clim. Past Discuss.: 9 October 2012 Discussions Revised: 15 January 2013 – Accepted: 15 January 2013 – Published: 19 February 2013 Open Access Open Access Hydrology and Hydrology and Abstract. Vivianite, a hydrated iron phosphate, is abun- 1 Introduction Earth System Earth System dant in sediments of Lake El’gygytgyn, located in the Anadyr Mountains of central Chukotka, northeastern Rus- Sciences Sciences sia (67◦300 N, 172◦050 E). -
The Mineralogy and Crystallography of Pyrrhotite
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________ 1.1 Introduction Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S is one of the most commonly occurring metal sulfide minerals and is recognised in a variety of ore deposits including nickel-copper, lead-zinc, and platinum group element (PGE). Since the principal nickel ore mineral, pentlandite, almost ubiquitously occurs coexisting with pyrrhotite, the understanding of the behaviour of pyrrhotite during flotation is of fundamental interest. For many nickel processing operations, pyrrhotite is rejected to the tailings in order to control circuit throughput and concentrate grade and thereby reduce excess sulfur dioxide smelter emissions (e.g. Sudbury; Wells et al., 1997). However, for platinum group element processing operations, pyrrhotite recovery is targeted due to its association with the platinum group elements and minerals (e.g. Merensky Reef; Penberthy and Merkle, 1999; Ballhaus and Sylvester, 2000). Therefore, the ability to be able to manipulate pyrrhotite performance in flotation is of great importance. It can be best achieved if the mineralogical characteristics of the pyrrhotite being processed can be measured and the relationship between mineralogy and flotation performance is understood. The pyrrhotite mineral group is non-stoichiometric and has the generic formula of Fe(1-x)S where 0 ≤ x < 0.125. Pyrrhotite is based on the nickeline (NiAs) structure and is comprised of several superstructures owing to the presence and ordering of vacancies within its structure. Numerous pyrrhotite superstructures have been recognised in the literature, but only three of them are naturally occurring at ambient conditions (Posfai et al., 2000; Fleet, 2006). This includes the stoichiometric FeS known as troilite which is generally found in extraterrestrial localities, but on occasion, has also been recognised in some nickel deposits (e.g. -
A Review on Historical Earth Pigments Used in India's Wall Paintings
heritage Review A Review on Historical Earth Pigments Used in India’s Wall Paintings Anjali Sharma 1 and Manager Rajdeo Singh 2,* 1 Department of Conservation, National Museum Institute, Janpath, New Delhi 110011, India; [email protected] 2 National Research Laboratory for the Conservation of Cultural Property, Aliganj, Lucknow 226024, India * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Iron-containing earth minerals of various hues were the earliest pigments of the prehistoric artists who dwelled in caves. Being a prominent part of human expression through art, nature- derived pigments have been used in continuum through ages until now. Studies reveal that the primitive artist stored or used his pigments as color cakes made out of skin or reeds. Although records to help understand the technical details of Indian painting in the early periodare scanty, there is a certain amount of material from which some idea may be gained regarding the methods used by the artists to obtain their results. Considering Indian wall paintings, the most widely used earth pigments include red, yellow, and green ochres, making it fairly easy for the modern era scientific conservators and researchers to study them. The present knowledge on material sources given in the literature is limited and deficient as of now, hence the present work attempts to elucidate the range of earth pigments encountered in Indian wall paintings and the scientific studies and characterization by analytical techniques that form the knowledge background on the topic. Studies leadingto well-founded knowledge on pigments can contribute towards the safeguarding of Indian cultural heritage as well as spread awareness among conservators, restorers, and scholars. -
Using the High-Temperature Phase Transition of Iron Sulfide Minerals As
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Using the high-temperature phase transition of iron sulfde minerals as an indicator of fault Received: 9 November 2018 Accepted: 15 May 2019 slip temperature Published: xx xx xxxx Yan-Hong Chen1, Yen-Hua Chen1, Wen-Dung Hsu2, Yin-Chia Chang2, Hwo-Shuenn Sheu3, Jey-Jau Lee3 & Shih-Kang Lin2 The transformation of pyrite into pyrrhotite above 500 °C was observed in the Chelungpu fault zone, which formed as a result of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Similarly, pyrite transformation to pyrrhotite at approximately 640 °C was observed during the Tohoku earthquake in Japan. In this study, we investigated the high-temperature phase-transition of iron sulfde minerals (greigite) under anaerobic conditions. We simulated mineral phase transformations during fault movement with the aim of determining the temperature of fault slip. The techniques used in this study included thermogravimetry and diferential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and in situ X-ray difraction (XRD). We found diversifcation between 520 °C and 630 °C in the TG/DTA curves that signifes the transformation of pyrite into pyrrhotite. Furthermore, the in situ XRD results confrmed the sequence in which greigite underwent phase transitions to gradually transform into pyrite and pyrrhotite at approximately 320 °C. Greigite completely changed into pyrite and pyrrhotite at 450 °C. Finally, pyrite was completely transformed into pyrrhotite at 580 °C. Our results reveal the temperature and sequence in which the phase transitions of greigite occur, and indicate that this may be used to constrain the temperature of fault-slip. This conclusion is supported by feld observations made following the Tohoku and Chi-Chi earthquakes. -
Thermomagnetic Properties of Vivianite Nodules, Lake El'gygytgyn
Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Clim. Past Discuss., 8, 4989–5027, 2012 www.clim-past-discuss.net/8/4989/2012/ Climate doi:10.5194/cpd-8-4989-2012 of the Past © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Discussions This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Climate of the Past (CP). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in CP if available. Thermomagnetic properties of vivianite nodules, Lake El’gygytgyn, Northeast Russia P. S. Minyuk1, T. V. Subbotnikova1, L. L. Brown2, and K. J. Murdock2 1North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of Far East Branch of Russian Academy Science, Magadan, Russia 2Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA Received: 7 September 2012 – Accepted: 20 September 2012 – Published: 9 October 2012 Correspondence to: P. S. Minyuk ([email protected]) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 4989 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract Vivianite, a hydrated iron phosphate, is abundant in sediments of El’gygytgyn Lake, located in the Anadyr Mountains of Central Chukotka, Northeastern Russia (67◦300 N; 172◦050 E). Magnetic measurements, including weight low-field AC magnetic suscepti- 5 bility, field dependent magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis parameters, temperature de- pendence of the saturation magnetization, as well as susceptibility in different heating media provide ample information on vivianite. Electron-microprobe analyses, electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to identify diagnostic min- erals. Vivianite nodules are abundant in both sediments of cold (anoxic) and warm −6 3 −1 10 (oxic) stages. Magnetic susceptibility of the nodules varies from 0.78 × 10 m kg to 1.72×10−6 m3 kg−1 (average = 1.05×10−6 m3 kg−1) and is higher than the susceptibility of sediments from the cold intervals. -
New Mineral Names*,†
American Mineralogist, Volume 106, pages 1360–1364, 2021 New Mineral Names*,† Dmitriy I. Belakovskiy1, and Yulia Uvarova2 1Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 18 korp. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia 2CSIRO Mineral Resources, ARRC, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, Western Australia 6151, Australia In this issue This New Mineral Names has entries for 11 new species, including 7 minerals of jahnsite group: jahnsite- (NaMnMg), jahnsite-(NaMnMn), jahnsite-(CaMnZn), jahnsite-(MnMnFe), jahnsite-(MnMnMg), jahnsite- (MnMnZn), and whiteite-(MnMnMg); lasnierite, manganflurlite (with a new data for flurlite), tewite, and wumuite. Lasnierite* the LA-ICP-MS analysis, but their concentrations were below detec- B. Rondeau, B. Devouard, D. Jacob, P. Roussel, N. Stephant, C. Boulet, tion limits. The empirical formula is (Ca0.59Sr0.37)Ʃ0.96(Mg1.42Fe0.54)Ʃ1.96 V. Mollé, M. Corre, E. Fritsch, C. Ferraris, and G.C. Parodi (2019) Al0.87(P2.99Si0.01)Ʃ3.00(O11.41F0.59)Ʃ12 based on 12 (O+F) pfu. The strongest lines of the calculated powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [dcalc Å (I%calc; Lasnierite, (Ca,Sr)(Mg,Fe)2Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate accompany- ing lazulite from Mt. Ibity, Madagascar: an example of structural hkl)]: 4.421 (83; 040), 3.802 (63, 131), 3.706 (100; 022), 3.305 (99; 141), characterization from dynamic refinement of precession electron 2.890 (90; 211), 2.781 (69; 221), 2.772 (67; 061), 2.601 (97; 023). It diffraction data on submicrometer sample. European Journal of was not possible to perform powder nor single-crystal X-ray diffraction Mineralogy, 31(2), 379–388. -
Implications for Mining Seafloor Hotsprings AT
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Kinetics of Pyrrhotite Oxidation in Seawater: Implications for Mining Seafloor Hotsprings A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Geological Sciences by Gina Yolanda Romano December 2012 Thesis Committee: Dr. Michael McKibben, Chairperson Dr. Timothy Lyons Dr. Gordon Love Copyright by Gina Yolanda Romano 2012 The Thesis of Gina Yolanda Romano is approved: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I graciously acknowledge my committee members, especially Mike: thank you for always giving me more to think about, and for letting me be a part of this project, which I have become enormously passionate about. I am lucky to be able to directly apply this research to my exiting new career in industry. Thank you to Laura Bilenker for many helpful conversations and even more helpful laughs. It was a great honor to do this project with you. Thank you to the Lyons lab for the use of and assistance with the ICP-MS, especially Jeremy Owens. I am indebted to for your endless patience. Also thank you to Krassimir Bohzilov and CFAMM for the use of the SEM. To my family: thank you for your endless support. I owe all my successes to you. Most of all I want to thank my Mom. You always push me to go after my dreams, never to give up, and are cheering me on the whole way. I wouldn’t be where I am today without you. iv Table of Contents Abstract 1 1. Introduction 2 2. -
Book Reviews
1127 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 43, pp. 1127-1128 (2005) BOOK REVIEWS Crystals: Growth, Morphology and Perfection by I. Chapter 5 (Surface microtopography of crystal faces). Sunagawa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Chapter 6 (Perfections and homogeneity of single U.K., 2005, 295 + xii pages. CAN $127.95. Hardbound. crystals) gives a condensed exposition on the subject, ISBN 0–521–841–895. including “anatomy” phenomena in crystals, i.e., growth banding, growth sectors, and dislocations. Special The English version of this book has been prepared interest is paid in Chapter 7 (Regular intergrowth of based on the authorʼs translation, with a few modi- crystals) to twinning, parallel intergrowth, epitaxy, fications, of the Japanese version (2003; Kyoritsu exsolution, and some other cases of regular crystallo- Publishing Co.). The main purpose is to treat the subject graphic orientation between two or more single crystals of perfection and variability of crystal forms in the of the same or of different species. A short Chapter 8 mineral kingdom based on the laws of symmetry and (Forms and textures of polycrystalline aggregates) gives the conditions and mechanisms of crystal growth. The an overview of the rich variety of mineral aggregates, monograph includes 14 chapters incorporated in two including development of texture in multicomponent parts: Part I covers Fundamental Concepts (chapters 1– systems. 8, 163 pages), and Part II covers Application to Compli- cated and Complex Systems; Case Studies (chapters The case studies in Part II deal with single mineral 9–14, 112 pages). After each chapter, the author cites species such as diamond (Chapter 9), rock-crystal references to fundamental works.