High-Temperature Thermomagnetic Properties of Vivianite Nodules
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Kinetics of Phosphorus Release from Vivianite, Hydroxyapatite, and Bone Char Influenced by Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Article Kinetics of Phosphorus Release from Vivianite, Hydroxyapatite, and Bone Char Influenced by Organic and Inorganic Compounds Elisabeth Schütze, Stella Gypser * and Dirk Freese Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Chair of Soil Protection and Recultivation, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6, 03046 Cottbus, Germany; [email protected] (E.S.); [email protected] (D.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 February 2020; Accepted: 12 March 2020; Published: 16 March 2020 Abstract: The availability of P is often insufficient and limited by accumulation in soils. This led to the necessity of solutions for the recovery as well as recycling of secondary P resources. Batch experiments were conducted with CaCl2 and citric acid to characterize P release kinetics from vivianite, hydroxyapatite, and bone char. While the P release during the CaCl2 treatment was so low that only vivianite and hydroxyapatite showed a slightly higher release with increasing CaCl2 concentration, the increase of dissolved P was more pronounced for citric acid. The application of citric acid resulted in a 32,190-fold higher P release for bone char. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic data suggested higher instability of hydroxyapatite than for bone char. The kinetic data showed that bone char, especially at a lower particle size, had a higher long-term P release than hydroxyapatite or vivianite. The suitability of hydroxyapatite and bone char as a poorly soluble, but sustainable P source is better than that of vivianite. However, the efficiency as a P fertilizer is also dependent on present soil P mobilization processes. -
Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
Nonsteady-State Dissolution of Goethite and Hematite in Response to Ph Jumps: the Role of Adsorbed Fe (III)
Water-Rock Interactions, Ore Deposits, and Environmental Geochemistry: A Tribute to David A. Crerar © The Geochemical Society, Special Publication No.7, 2002 Editors: Roland Hellmann and Scott A Wood Nonsteady-state dissolution of goethite and hematite in response to pH jumps: the role of adsorbed Fe (III) SHERRY D. SAMSON* AND CARRICK M. EGGLESTON Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed ([email protected]). Present address: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309 USA Abstract-Dissolution transients following downward pH jumps to pH 1from a variety of higher pH values during dissolution in a mixed-flow reactor contain information about dissolution processes and mechanisms. Despite more than an order of magnitude difference in steady-state dissolution rates, the transients for goethite (a.-FeOOH) (this study) and hematite (a.-Fe203) (Samson and Eggleston, 1998) are similar in their pH dependence and relaxation times. After a pH jump, the time required to reach a new steady state is 40 to 50 hours. The amount of excess Fe released in the transients (defined as the amount of Fe released in excess of that released in an equivalent length of time during steady-state dissolution at pH 1) increases with in- creasing initial (i.e., pre-jump) pH, and is dependent on initial pH in a manner similar to the pH dependence of Fe3+ adsorption to other oxides. We suggest that the excess Fe released in the transients is derived from partial dissolution or depolymerization of the iron (hydr)oxide at pH ~ I and the transition of such Fe into the adsorbed state on the mineral surface. -
Vibrational Spectroscopic Characterization of the Phosphate Mineral Ludlamite
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 103 (2013) 143–150 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/saa Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of the phosphate mineral ludlamite (Fe,Mn,Mg)3(PO4)2Á4H2O – A mineral found in lithium bearing pegmatites ⇑ Ray L. Frost a, , Yunfei Xi a, Ricardo Scholz b, Fernanda M. Belotti c a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Queensland 4001, Australia b Geology Department, School of Mines, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-00, Brazil c Federal University of Itajubá, Campus Itabira, Itabira, MG 35903-087, Brazil highlights graphical abstract " We have analyzed the phosphate Raman spectrum of ludlamite in the phosphate stretching region. mineral ludlamite by EMP-WDS. " The mineral is a ferrous phosphate with some minor substitution of Mg and Mn. " Spectroscopic analysis shows the mineral is predominantly a phosphate with some minor hydrogen phosphate units. " The position of the OH bands shows that water is very strongly hydrogen bonded in the ludlamite structure. article info abstract Article history: The objective of this work is to analyze ludlamite (Fe,Mn,Mg)3(PO4)2Á4H2O from Boa Vista mine, Galiléia, Available online 16 November 2012 Brazil and to assess the molecular structure of the mineral. The phosphate mineral ludlamite has been characterized by EMP-WDS, Raman and infrared spectroscopic measurements. The mineral is shown to Keywords: be a ferrous phosphate with some minor substitution of Mg and Mn. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
New Minerals: Doubtful Species Class: Phosphates' Etc
44 THE AMENCAN MINERALOGIST NEW MINERALS: DOUBTFUL SPECIES CLASS: PHOSPHATES' ETC. Lehnerite F. Miillbauer: Die Phosphatpegmatite von Hagendorf i' Bayern' (The phos- (1925)' phate pegmatites of Hagendorf, Bavaria') Z eit' Kr y st.,61, 331, Naur: Named after the mineral collector Lehner- Cqnurclr. Pnoptnrnis: A hydrous basic phosphate of iron' Formula: TFeO' 2P2Ob.6HzO. Analysis: PzOt 34.20,FeO 46.35 ,MnO 2'95, MgO 2'43, IlzO 14'07' Sum 100. (Analysis after deduction of insoluble material and alumina') Cnvsrltrocneprrcer PnornnrrEs: Monoclinic, prismatic, with forms (001)' (110),(101), (109), (I05), (122),(432). a:b:c:0.8965:r:2'4939' B:110" 23" Pnvsrcar. eNo Oprrcar Pnoplnrres: Color apple green' Biaxial, positive' Plane of the optic axes is parallel to (010). Bxo makes about 28" with the normal to c. Cleavage parallel to the base, perfect. occunnnNcn: In small crystals or grains and veins between triploidite crystals, in apatite, or in cracks in triplite or triphylite at Hagendorf, Bavaria' DrscussroN: This mineral is very near to ludlamite in composition' The optical and crystallographic data, howevet, are not sufficiently detailed to determine with certainty the relation of this mineral to ludlamite. W'F'F' Wentzelite O?. Cit., p.333. N.tue ' Named in honor of Father Hieronymus Wenlzel', discoverer of the Ploystein phosphate locality. Cnnurcer. Couposnrow: A hydrous phosphate of mangbnese' Formula: 3MnO. PeOr. 5HzO. Analysis: PzOs 39.37, FeO, 6'01, MnO 21'13, MgO 6'83' HrO 23.66. (100), Cnvstelr.ocnePErcAr, PRoPERTTES: Monoclinic, prismatic' Forms (001),(110), (T01),(113). a:b:c:2.3239:l:2.8513. -
The Mineralogy and Crystallography of Pyrrhotite
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________ 1.1 Introduction Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S is one of the most commonly occurring metal sulfide minerals and is recognised in a variety of ore deposits including nickel-copper, lead-zinc, and platinum group element (PGE). Since the principal nickel ore mineral, pentlandite, almost ubiquitously occurs coexisting with pyrrhotite, the understanding of the behaviour of pyrrhotite during flotation is of fundamental interest. For many nickel processing operations, pyrrhotite is rejected to the tailings in order to control circuit throughput and concentrate grade and thereby reduce excess sulfur dioxide smelter emissions (e.g. Sudbury; Wells et al., 1997). However, for platinum group element processing operations, pyrrhotite recovery is targeted due to its association with the platinum group elements and minerals (e.g. Merensky Reef; Penberthy and Merkle, 1999; Ballhaus and Sylvester, 2000). Therefore, the ability to be able to manipulate pyrrhotite performance in flotation is of great importance. It can be best achieved if the mineralogical characteristics of the pyrrhotite being processed can be measured and the relationship between mineralogy and flotation performance is understood. The pyrrhotite mineral group is non-stoichiometric and has the generic formula of Fe(1-x)S where 0 ≤ x < 0.125. Pyrrhotite is based on the nickeline (NiAs) structure and is comprised of several superstructures owing to the presence and ordering of vacancies within its structure. Numerous pyrrhotite superstructures have been recognised in the literature, but only three of them are naturally occurring at ambient conditions (Posfai et al., 2000; Fleet, 2006). This includes the stoichiometric FeS known as troilite which is generally found in extraterrestrial localities, but on occasion, has also been recognised in some nickel deposits (e.g. -
Using the High-Temperature Phase Transition of Iron Sulfide Minerals As
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Using the high-temperature phase transition of iron sulfde minerals as an indicator of fault Received: 9 November 2018 Accepted: 15 May 2019 slip temperature Published: xx xx xxxx Yan-Hong Chen1, Yen-Hua Chen1, Wen-Dung Hsu2, Yin-Chia Chang2, Hwo-Shuenn Sheu3, Jey-Jau Lee3 & Shih-Kang Lin2 The transformation of pyrite into pyrrhotite above 500 °C was observed in the Chelungpu fault zone, which formed as a result of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Similarly, pyrite transformation to pyrrhotite at approximately 640 °C was observed during the Tohoku earthquake in Japan. In this study, we investigated the high-temperature phase-transition of iron sulfde minerals (greigite) under anaerobic conditions. We simulated mineral phase transformations during fault movement with the aim of determining the temperature of fault slip. The techniques used in this study included thermogravimetry and diferential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and in situ X-ray difraction (XRD). We found diversifcation between 520 °C and 630 °C in the TG/DTA curves that signifes the transformation of pyrite into pyrrhotite. Furthermore, the in situ XRD results confrmed the sequence in which greigite underwent phase transitions to gradually transform into pyrite and pyrrhotite at approximately 320 °C. Greigite completely changed into pyrite and pyrrhotite at 450 °C. Finally, pyrite was completely transformed into pyrrhotite at 580 °C. Our results reveal the temperature and sequence in which the phase transitions of greigite occur, and indicate that this may be used to constrain the temperature of fault-slip. This conclusion is supported by feld observations made following the Tohoku and Chi-Chi earthquakes. -
Redox Trapping of Arsenic During Groundwater Discharge in Sediments from the Meghna Riverbank in Bangladesh
Redox trapping of arsenic during groundwater discharge in sediments from the Meghna riverbank in Bangladesh S. Dattaa,b, B. Maillouxc, H.-B. Jungd, M. A. Hoquee, M. Stutea,c, K. M. Ahmede, and Y. Zhenga,d,1 aLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York, NY 10964; bKansas State University, Department of Geology, Manhattan, KS 66506; cBarnard College, Department of Environmental Sciences, New York, NY 10027; dQueens College, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY 11367; and eUniversity of Dhaka, Department of Geology, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh Communicated by Charles H. Langmuir, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, July 30, 2009 (received for review September 5, 2007) Groundwater arsenic (As) is elevated in the shallow Holocene Results aquifers of Bangladesh. In the dry season, the shallow groundwa- Aquifers in the GBMD. The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers coalesce ter discharges to major rivers. This process may influence the northwest of Dhaka and then join the Meghna River south of chemistry of the river and the hyporheic zone sediment. To assess Dhaka before flowing into the Bay of Bengal (see Fig. 1). Bang- the fate of As during discharge, surface (0–5 cm) and subsurface ladesh is less than 10 m above sea level, except for the uplifted (1–3 m) sediment samples were collected at 9 sites from the bank Pleistocene terraces, the Chittagong Hills, and the hilly area in the of the Meghna River along a transect from its northern source northeast. The sandy, unconsolidated Pleistocene to Holocene (25° N) to the Bay of Bengal (22.5° N). -
Thermomagnetic Properties of Vivianite Nodules, Lake El'gygytgyn
Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Clim. Past Discuss., 8, 4989–5027, 2012 www.clim-past-discuss.net/8/4989/2012/ Climate doi:10.5194/cpd-8-4989-2012 of the Past © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Discussions This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Climate of the Past (CP). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in CP if available. Thermomagnetic properties of vivianite nodules, Lake El’gygytgyn, Northeast Russia P. S. Minyuk1, T. V. Subbotnikova1, L. L. Brown2, and K. J. Murdock2 1North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of Far East Branch of Russian Academy Science, Magadan, Russia 2Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA Received: 7 September 2012 – Accepted: 20 September 2012 – Published: 9 October 2012 Correspondence to: P. S. Minyuk ([email protected]) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 4989 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract Vivianite, a hydrated iron phosphate, is abundant in sediments of El’gygytgyn Lake, located in the Anadyr Mountains of Central Chukotka, Northeastern Russia (67◦300 N; 172◦050 E). Magnetic measurements, including weight low-field AC magnetic suscepti- 5 bility, field dependent magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis parameters, temperature de- pendence of the saturation magnetization, as well as susceptibility in different heating media provide ample information on vivianite. Electron-microprobe analyses, electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to identify diagnostic min- erals. Vivianite nodules are abundant in both sediments of cold (anoxic) and warm −6 3 −1 10 (oxic) stages. Magnetic susceptibility of the nodules varies from 0.78 × 10 m kg to 1.72×10−6 m3 kg−1 (average = 1.05×10−6 m3 kg−1) and is higher than the susceptibility of sediments from the cold intervals. -
Petrography and Geochemistry of the Banded Iron Formation of the Gangfelum Area, Northeastern Nigeria
Earth Science Research; Vol. 7, No. 1; 2018 ISSN 1927-0542 E-ISSN 1927-0550 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Petrography and Geochemistry of the Banded Iron Formation of the Gangfelum Area, Northeastern Nigeria Anthony Temidayo Bolarinwa1 1 Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Correspondence: Anthony Temidayo Bolarinwa, Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] Received: September 15, 2016 Accepted: October 3, 2016 Online Published: October 3, 2017 doi:10.5539/esr.v7n1p25 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/esr.v7n1p25 Abstract The Gangfelum Banded Iron Formation (BIF) is located within the basement complex of northeastern Nigeria. It is characterized by alternate bands of iron oxide and quartz. Petrographic studies show that the BIF consist mainly of hematite, goethite subordinate magnetite and accessory minerals including rutile, apatite, tourmaline and zircon. Chemical data from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) show that average Fe2O3(t) is 53.91 wt.%. The average values of Al2O3 and CaO are 1.41 and 0.05 wt.% respectively, TiO2 and MnO are less than 0.5 wt. % each. The data suggested that the BIF is the oxide facies type. Trace element concentrations of Ba (67-332 ppm), Ni (28-35 ppm), Sr (13-55 ppm) and Zr (16-25 ppm) in the Gangfelum BIF are low and similar to the Maru and Muro BIF in northern Nigeria and also the Algoma iron formation from North America, the Orissa iron oxide facies of India and the Itabirite from Minas Gerais in Brazil. -
Implications for Mining Seafloor Hotsprings AT
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Kinetics of Pyrrhotite Oxidation in Seawater: Implications for Mining Seafloor Hotsprings A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Geological Sciences by Gina Yolanda Romano December 2012 Thesis Committee: Dr. Michael McKibben, Chairperson Dr. Timothy Lyons Dr. Gordon Love Copyright by Gina Yolanda Romano 2012 The Thesis of Gina Yolanda Romano is approved: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I graciously acknowledge my committee members, especially Mike: thank you for always giving me more to think about, and for letting me be a part of this project, which I have become enormously passionate about. I am lucky to be able to directly apply this research to my exiting new career in industry. Thank you to Laura Bilenker for many helpful conversations and even more helpful laughs. It was a great honor to do this project with you. Thank you to the Lyons lab for the use of and assistance with the ICP-MS, especially Jeremy Owens. I am indebted to for your endless patience. Also thank you to Krassimir Bohzilov and CFAMM for the use of the SEM. To my family: thank you for your endless support. I owe all my successes to you. Most of all I want to thank my Mom. You always push me to go after my dreams, never to give up, and are cheering me on the whole way. I wouldn’t be where I am today without you. iv Table of Contents Abstract 1 1. Introduction 2 2.