81 IRAN 66 ISRAEL Abbasian A. Abbou-Hershkovits K. Naseri M. Ghaffari F. BEN-GURION UNIVERSITY
UNIT 16,NO.34 SHAHID HAFEZI AVE.SHAHID HAYM GEVEYAHU 9/7 TEHRAN [email protected] BEER-SHEVA [email protected] Anti-inflammatory drugs in the texts of It may have been different. Traditional Iranian Medicine (Tim).
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) The name Galen and Hippocrates are well known as and glucocorticoids, nowaday are the main groups the forefathers of western Medicine. Their treatises of anti-inflammatory drugs in modern were translated into several languages before pharmacology. The side effects of these "returning" to a European language. One of the antiinflammatory drugs, specially using in chronic places the Galenic corpus reached was the 'Abbasid diseases cause many problem for the court in Baghdad. During the 8th-10th centuries, patients and the physicians, so finding the new anti- we witness a massive translation movement. It was inflammatory drugs with less side effect is the aim a time in which scholars and patrons invested many of many researchers. resources in obtaining and translating treatises in WHO emphasizes to Traditional medicine as an different branches of science, of which medicine was important field of health study and Iranian one. Treatises were translated from Greek, Pahlavi, Traditional Medicine is a treasure of medications. Syriac and Sanskrit. The adoption of scientific In this study drugs with anti-inflammatory knowledge was a part of a larger process of cultural property from the point of view of Iranian import, and perhaps indicates a cultural preference. scientists are investigated and the list of anti- By the end of the translation phase, the dominance inflammatory drugs on the basis of TIM texts has of Galenism was crystal clear. been ranked. Modern science gives little attention to the social process of adopting the Galenic medical system among the Arabs. As mentioned above, there were a number of medical theories and approaches, and each had a supporting group: patrons of scientific activities, medical practitioners, courtiers, men of religion (particularly Muslims and Christians) as well as rulers. It seems that there was a rather fierce competition between those groups, each cultivated its preferred theory, took care of translation and provided their unique medical treatment. Galenism was one of the medical theories around, it had competitors and "enemies", and it was the medical system who won. In this lecture I will present some explanations to this process.
111 111 398 PALESTINE 267 LYBIA Abdelaziz Allabadi Abushwereb A. K.
ALQUDS UNIVERSITY ALFATEH FACULTY OF MEDICINE
ABUDIES P.O.BOX 4504 JERUSALEM [email protected] TRIPOLI [email protected] Prehistoric medicine Cautery treatment for Childhood diseases.
The Earth went through very long development and Cauterization by hot rods is one of the principal several Ages since the –Eolithic Age: after the treatment in traditional Arabian medicine , this consolidation of the Earth to the Paleolithic Age method is still practiced in Libya for the treatment between 50,000-12,000 B.C. in which the Homo of many chronic diseases , for adults and children , Sapiens developed , to the Mesolithic Age in many cities , villages and Bedouin tribes in between12,000-8000B.C when the Netufian Libya, the special questionnaire revealed that most Civilization in Palestine started and the zarzarian of the cases belong to low socio - economic class in Mesopotamian, and the homo sapiens began to families and majority has low standards of health settle down in small settlements, to the Neolithic education. Grandmother is the person who Age, with its new inventions in Agriculture and cauterize , few cases are left to the traditional Pottery as in the expanding Trade. physician , the skin is touched in certain areas by a Humans accumulated knowledge and Experience rod heated in live fire , marks of conterization make throughout long Periods of Development since the special design depend on the type , diagnosis and Homo Sapiens, Humans were weak and vulnerable severity of the disease Rickets , marasmus , acute and did not comprehend the Nature Forces around gastro-enteritis and pneumonia are the main them, so they began to respect and then worship indications for cauterization in children. Sites are: them, or to worship certain animals or rivers or the chest, abdomen, back and joints in cases of anything that have significant Effect on their lives painful joints, cauterization is common in hopeless (Taboo).Exorcism was the knowledge or science cases of tumors , cancers and hepatomegaly / they believe to help in controlling Nature or healing splenomegaly. Inspite of disappointing results, diseases. there is a strong traditional belief that cauterization A change in the civilization occurred during the can cure. Complications include: infections, Neolithic Age 8000-4500 B.C. Building of new abscesses , scars , keloids, ankylosis and delay in settlements, discovery of Agriculture and cattle. surgical interventions. The author presents Women play an important role in both, which photographs of real cauterization in children encourages the domination of female Goddess. showing special design and markings on the skin. Women also may be the first physicians to treat the pain and suffering of their children and husbands. Medicine was mainly of exorcist nature believing that diseases were generated by Gods or Demons, and healing was achieved by pleasing them. Accumulation of experience about the effect of certain plants was also helpful and used by the material physici.
222 222 157 TURKEY 137 TURKEY Aksoy S. Aksu M. Kadioglu S. Güvercin C. H. Kadioglu F. Arda B. MEDICAL ETHICS AND HISTORY OF ANKARA UNIVERSITY MEDICINE DEPARTMENT
HARRAN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL FACULTY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, DEONTOLOGY DEPT. SANLIURFA [email protected] ANKARA [email protected] Physician-Patient relationship in Italy and The village institutes experience of Turkey in Ottoman empire in middle ages. and health education.
Physician-Patient Relationship (PPR) has always When the first Turkish Government was founded been important throughout the history. There have during independent war(1919- 1923), education been many documents from Ancient Egypt until was one of the primary difficulties to receive present times that pictures physicians (or healers) attention. The renovation and modernization of and patients in an examination or a medical Turkey’s educational system was planned to be intervention. These pictures give us an opinion carried out by considering our own social and about the status of physicians and patients with cultural features. Education problems did not respect to each other. neglect even in most critical periods of the war. Italy is a special country when we consider the After the victory the architectures of the new history of medicine in middle ages. There were very country were naturally able to make more energetic special institutions and very significant figures in effects to improve Turkey’s much neglected Italy in these ages. It was also the case in Ottoman educational system. One of this enormus effect is Empire. There were also monumental health care exactly the experience of “Köy Enstitüsü” (Village institutions as well as important scholars in Institutes). This project has been reflected the Ottoman Empire. revolutionary character of the Republican Reforms. Roger Frugard (A.D. 13th Century) and Serefeddin The education approach of these institutes has been Sabuncuoglu (A.D. 15th Century) were two described on the basis of “learning by doing”. In famous physicians of their times who had many this presentation the aspect of health education of similarities including having manuscripts on these institutes is introduced in the light of history Surgery. In this presentation we compare the PPR of medicine. in Italy and in Ottoman Empire in middle ages by searching the medical literature of two countries in general and Roger Frugard’s Chirugia (Surgery) and Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu’s Cerrahiyyet’ul Haniyye (Imperial Surgery), in particular. Our study has indicated that there were similarities as well as differences in two different traditions that set examples to the doctors of our time.
333 333 140 TURKEY 245 FRANCE Alan S. Albou P. Uzel I.
SCHOOL OF NURSING *
CUKUROVA UNIVERSITY 13 COURS FLEURUS, 18200, ADANA [email protected] [email protected] Paternalism and respect for autonomy in Le laboratoire d’Alzheimer à Munich, ou la Ottoman Medicine. naissance de l’histopathologie moderne du cortex cérébral.
The principle of respect for autonomy is one of the Au-delà de la description du cas d’Auguste D., qu’il characteristics of modern medicine. However, in the présenta le 3 novembre 1906 à Tübingen, et qui fut past of the medicine paternalistic model has had à l’origine de la « maladie d’Alzheimer », Alois been valid in patient-physician relationship. Alzheimer (1864-1915) fut, avec Franz Nissl et quelques autres, au centre d’une évolution décisive In this paper, some Ottoman Medical Books from dans l’approche histopathologique des états XIVth to XVIIth centuries are studied in the démentiels, à la charnière entre le XIXe et le XXe context of their proposals about the model of patient- siècle. physician relationship. A partir de ses recherches et de son enseignement dans le laboratoire d’anatomo-pathologie de la clinique psychiatrique de Munich (laboratoire créé en 1903), Alzheimer aura marqué de son empreinte toute une génération de neuropathologistes prestigieux. Sa carrière et son rôle fondamental dans le domaine de l’histopathologie cérébrale auraient largement suffi à faire passer son nom à la postérité… même sans la fameuse description de la démence présénile d’Auguste D. dont tout un chacun connaît l’histoire.
444 444 195 GREECE 372 ITALY Alexandraki K. Aliverti M. Alexandrakis A.
"HYGEIA" HOSPITAL OF ATHENS UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO- BICOCCA
THEMISTOKLEOUS 19 MAROUSSI 15122 * ATENE [email protected] MILANO [email protected] I fattori che hanno provocato la diffusione e Un contributo di Enrico Morselli (1852- la propagazione della Peste nella Grecia 1929) sulla fisiopsicologia della suggestione. medievale.
Le grandi epidemie della peste hanno pesantemente Enrico Morselli, nato a Modena nel 1852 e morto a influito sulla storia dell' uomo. La peste si 'e Genova nel 1929, fu una figura importante della introdotta nell’ Europa dopo la puntura della pulce psichiatria italiana ed europea a cavallo del 1900. di roditori trasportati con la merce da Cina nel 14o Professore di Clinica psichiatrica dapprima a Torino secolo. In Grecia 'e arrivato da Constantinopoli e poi a Genova, si occupò anche di Criminologia, di dopo la sua conquista dall’ impero ottomano. Antropologia, di Termalismo e di Psicoterapia. L’ impopolamento di Constantinopoli da personne Come altri scienziati positivisti della sua epoca il di diverse razze humane era la prima causa Morselli fu attratto dai fenomeni ipnotici e predispodente alla comparsa della peste. Il medianici che cercò di studiare secondo i dettami traslocamento di un grosso numero di profughi da della moderna psicologia sperimentale. Frutto di tali Constantinopoli in tutta la Grecia e la loro nuova interessi appare il lavoro <
555 555 286 ITALY 56 ISRAEL Allegra C. Amar Z. Lippi D. Lev E. Cianferoni C. DIP.ANATOMIA, ISTOL.E MEDICINA BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY LEGALE,UNIV.FIRENZE
* NEVE ZUFF, HALAMISH, D.N. MODIIN 71945 FIRENZE [email protected] MODIIN [email protected] Medicina e chirurgia nel patrimonio Medicine in Jerusalem during the Ottoman archeologico toscano. Period and the Franciscans' medical activity.
Gli Autori esaminano i reperti di ambito medico- For nearly half a century after the Ottoman chirurgico presenti nelle diverse raccolte toscane. ne conquest (1517) the Holy Land began to show signs emerge un panorama estremamente vario e of recovery and demonstrated appreciable diversificato, sia per la provenienza dei reperti, sia demographic and economic growth, the product of per la loro stessa tipologia. the vigorous rule of a new, efficient administration. Attraverso queste testimonianze è possibile Jerusalem achieved a momentum of building and ipotizzare anche un percorso espositivo, che expansion for the welfare of its residents including documenti l'evoluzione della medicina in territorio an improvement in the water supply to the city and centro-italico, dalla cultura etrusca all'età imoeriale new watering troughs. This also had a concomitant romana.Particolare risalto viene dato agli strumenti impact, at least for a certain time, in improving the chirurgici della Collezione Chigi Zandadori del level of sanitation and health in Jerusalem. The new Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Siena e del conditions also brought growth to the Jewish Museo Archeologico di Firenze. community in the land, primarily the result of waves of immigration from all over the Jewish world. Among the newcomers were physicians who had received their medical education at western universities, principally at Padua. Besides these physicians, the inhabitants of the holy city were treated by local doctors and practitioners trained in the Ottoman Empire in traditional Galeno-Arab medicine. A few of the doctors functioned as civil servants, others as private physicians. A variety of untaught traditional healers practiced medicine as well (eye healers, blood letters, drug-sellers, etc.). Several welfare institutions operated in Jerusalem, the most important being the general hospital named al-Bimaristan al-Salahi. This was intended to serve the entire population of Jerusalem, without distinction of religion. This hospital was supported by the central imperial government or by waqf funds. Out of religious considerations the Jewish and Christian communities preferred to use smaller medical institutions of their own, which were recognized by the Ottoman rulers.
666 666 80 BAKU ARZEBAIJAN 92 GREECE Amen-zade R. Andriopoulos P. Papadopoulos G. Spiropoulos T. INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ART OF INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY ATHENS AZERBAIJAN MEDICAL SCHOOL
67 NEFTYANIKOV AVE, APT 10A, ZIP 370004 SPORADON 8-10 11361 BAKU [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] Waterworks of medieval Azerbaijan. From laboratory results to meta-analysis: paradigm shift or puzzle solving in current experimental medicine.
Life-giving strength of water always attracted the The introduction of new drugs in medicine is attention of mankind and its all the possible usage mainly based on molecular studies, isolation of methods were developed with a great inventiveness receptors and evaluation of experimental results in during the different periods of the history. vitro. However, the medical community seems to appreciate their efficiency, usefulness and In the East, water was considered to be the most indications only after well-organized clinical valuable and gracious. The masters and craftsmen studies and meta-analysis of their results. We of the medieval Azerbaijan had striking success in studied the introduction of the IIb/IIIa platelet architecture of water, the cooling and melodious glycoprotein receptor antagonists as an example of stream of which determined the highest emotional the meta-analysis model for evaluation of synthetic mood of men and decorated the cities. drug introduction in clinical medicine in order to assess whether the statistical model constitutes a In antroph-amorphous raw the phenomenon paradigm shift in Kuhnian terms for experimental “water” was determined by waterworks such as medicine or it can be considered as a puzzle solving kyakhriz, water reservoirs, fountains, ponds, process that strengthens the basic principles of cascades, waterfalls, lashers, mills, bridges, etc. that modern medicine. The application of the so called entered to the gold fund of the architecture of “evidence-based medicine” methods - analysis of Azerbaijan. statistical data of well defined clinical settings (including large number of patients and specific evaluation techniques), in our example the use of IIb/IIIa antagonists in distinct conditions (acute coronary syndromes, revascularization) with assessment of predefined end points (survival, new events), is used to overcome the uncertainty of application of laboratory results to clinical grounds. However such a method does not in any way question the validity of the core concept that molecular mechanisms are applicable to living functions and can modify the natural history of disease. The statistical procedures of evidence-based medicine cannot be considered as discontinuity of modern medical science, but rather as a puzzle- solving process, leading to a broader appreciation of current theory.
777 777 215 GREECE 219 BULGARIA Angelopoulou R. Apostolov M. Lavranos G. Penka I.
LAB.OF HISTOLOGY AND FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH TO THE EMBRYOLOGY,MED.SCHOOL, ATH.UN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
MIKRAS ASIAS 75, GOUDI, 115 27, * ATHENS [email protected] SOFIA [email protected] Breakthroughs in the history of human The naval Doctor Nikola Ispirski and his embryology. collection ‘Soil from all over the world’.
Since the establishment of the first early human The team of authors presents the naval doctor from settlements, the occurrence of birth has always Varna Dr. Nikola Ispirski – one of the first naval fascinated people. As a result, obstetrics was one of doctors in Bulgaria. During his 20 year service he the first medical fields of expertise to be developed. takes care of the health and the efficiency of the In the course of years, the study of prenatal life and sailors in his capacity as a doctor of a submarine the mechanism of labor were intensified, following division. The authors analyze also his activity as a the continuous progress in anatomy and surgery. doctor specialized in transportation traumas and a Hippocrates’ reference to abortions in the medical microbiologist. They study also his hobby: collecting oath is indicative of the interest of his of soil from all continents. contemporaries for the events that relate to birth. Led by the Latin thought Terra communis mater However, it appears that this long-standing interest omnium mortalium est /’The Earth is the common was soon limited, owing to the prevalence of the mother of all mortals!’/ Dr. Ispirski puts the female inferiority doctrine (references found even in beginnings of his remarkable collection ‘Soil from Aristotle’s work). Throughout the middle ages, the all over the world’. In the course of time it is puritan beliefs that characterized the western world increased and at the end it consists of over 200 lead to a standstill in embryology research, exhibits and the owner is called ‘the richest land surpassed only by the revolutionary work of owner’. William Harvey. At the same time, the introduction His participation is marked also in the VIII of the microscope offered a unique tool for the study International Symposium on Naval Medicine in of the organism’s microstructure. Scientists Varna in October 1978. working on understanding the way of a complete Key words: naval doctor, doctor of transportation organism's creation from a single cell, faced -- from traumas, collection ‘Soil from all over the world’. the 17th century up to present - -technical, theoretical and cultural difficulties. By supporting new concepts, such as the theory of epigenesis and the dogma of preformation, they attempted to answer a series of questions, some of which remain unsolved mysteries even for our current era of molecular approach.
888 888 220 BULGARIA 362 MEXICO Apostolov M. Aranda A. Penka I.
FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH TO THE DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA DE LA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY MEDICINA
* GRAL. SÓSTENES ROCHA 73-A SOFIA [email protected] MÉXICO, D.F. [email protected] Dr. Georgi Ikonomov - The founder of the Galenic-Hipocratic Medicine in the XVI bulgarian neptune mail. century mexican colonial Books.
The author describes the life and the creative In this work I'm going to review the hipocratic activity of Dr. Georgi Ikonomov – the first influences in the first american medical books and Bulgarian that has put the beginning of the manuscripts. My interest is understand how the Neptune mail in Bulgaria 70 years ago. The hipocratic theory about the wheater and diet comes brothers-twins Ikonomovi let the first bottle go in to be central in the explication about the New the river of Strouma when they are hardly at the age World. To understand that i reviewed the XVI of nine. century mexican medical books looking for Emerging still in the ancient times the Neptune explications about the sickness, the diferences mail represents an inseparable part of the history of between the american nature and european nature navigation. and difereces about the human constitutios between In 1981 Dr. Georgi Ikonomov decided to surpass american men and european men. I Found that this the record of Dr. Taiti from Aberdeen /Scotland/ books contens many references about "epidemics" who had succeeded in letting 3000 bottles go in the hipocratic books and also and principal to the world ocean. hipocratic book "Winds, Waters and places." Just As a naval doctor and with the assistance of the like exemple I'm going to take the book of Juan de sailors of the ship ‘Kamchia’, crossing the seas Cárdenas, who was a spanish that traveled to between Europe and Africa, Dr. Ikonomov has let México in XVI century and here practiced the 4000 bottles go with the description inside of the medicine and published his book title "Secretos ancient and beautiful Bulgaria, at the same time Maravillosos de la Indias", in which he explained sending his best wishes to the people who will be the caracteristics of the New World climatology, finding the bottles. then talk about the humoral constitutions of the The author has studied and presented a person of american natives and the diferences between they encyclopedic knowledge and research interests and the spnish man, and also the diferences between mainly in the sphere of sports medicine, tourism, the spanish peninsular humoral constitucion and speleology and the twins. Dr. Georgi Ikonomov has the spanish who comes to New World, to explain crossed almost all seas and oceans and realizes his that Juan de Cárdenas use the Hipocratic theory of dreams of childhood that have turned with time into the "epidemics book" in wich Hipocrates talk about a realized necessity – to drop into the world ocean the "Katastasis" or constitucion of a place, and also thousands of addresses appealing for an ecological Cárdenas taked some galenic explications about the planet and humane relations among the people. human humoral constitutions. This and other After sending more than 30 000 bottles the naval exemples open the posibility to built a diferent doctor Dr. Georgi Ikonomov receives letters in 16 interpretation about the paper and importance of languages from 40 countries and he finds himself medicine in the european kwoledge about the New included in the Guiness Book of Records. World and his own interpratati.
999 999 136 TURKEY 302 ROMANIA Arda B. Ardeleanu M. Aksu M.
ANKARA UNIVERSITY SPITALUL JUDETEAN DE URGENTA "SF. IOAN CEL NOU"
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, DEONTOLOGY DEPT. STR. CIRESILOR NR.1 ANKARA [email protected] SUCEAVA [email protected] The collection of the surgical instruments of La mëdecine dans une province de the deontology Department of Ankara Roumanie. University School of Medicine.
The main aim of this presentation is introduce the Le teritoire nommé aujourd’hui << la Bucovine >>, unique surgical instruments collection of the partajé entre la Roumanie du Nord et l’Ukraine de Deontology Department of Ankara University l’Ouest, faisait partie jadis de la Moldavie. Celle-ci School of Medicine. The Department has been est entrée dans l’histoire comme un rempart qui founded in 1946 one year after the opening of the défendait les couronnes hongroise et polonaise School of Medicine and the collection is in the same contre les envahisseurs de l’Est et du Sud. Les age with the department. The collection has 200 premiers princes régnants sont venus de objects which belongs to different historical periods Maramourech, une province avoisinante, pour (from Calcolithic Era to Hellenistic Period, from s’échapper aux engagements de vassalité envers les Roman and Byzantine Periods to Seljucian and rois de la Hongrie. Cela se passait pendant la Ottoman Periods) and has different forms ( pensets, premiere moitié du XIV-è siècle. On cite en 1308 << curets, spatulas, excavators…). In this le grand voďvode des Moldaves >> qui fut presentation, that collection will introduce soigné par de vieilles femmes et puis dans les systematically according the fonction and period monastères de Putna et de Dragomirna. Dans la with slides of objects. mæme période, on peut citer la puissance guérissante des eaux tout près du monastère franciscan de Siret ( l’une des premières capitales de la Moldavie ) et des reliques vénérées du Saint Jean << Le Neuf >> de Suceava. La guérison des malades étant l’une des obligations de la discipline monastique, les monastères abritaient, sans nul doute, les plus graves malades et encore les plus pauvres d’entre eux. Le premier hôpital en dehors d’un monastère a été construit ŕ Suceava par le métropolite Anastase Crimca, en 1619. Le lieu était près du palais du prince régnant. Pendant ce temps-lŕ, la capitale de la Moldavie était déjŕ a Iassy, mais la ville de Suceava avait son rôle de relais sur routes commerciales, entre la Pologne ( Lemberg, Lyov ) et Constatinople. En 1891, on a commencé la construction d’un bâtiment nouveau, ce qui constitue aujourd’hui la partie vieille de l’hôpital départemental de Suceava.
101010 101010 246 ALGERIA 247 ALGERIA Aroua M. Aroua N.
37 AVENUE MOHAMED ALILET, KOUBA 16050 AVENUE MD ALILAT, N°37- KOUBA 16050 ALGER [email protected] ALGER [email protected] La toxicologie dans la medecine arabe: Hygiene et confort dans les bains publics diagnostic et prise en charge. d'Alger a l'epoque Othomane.
Pour avoir un aperçu de la démarche diagnostique La bibliographie historique signale très peu et thérapeutique en toxicologie dans la médecine d'équipements hospitaliers à Alger à l'époque arabe, nous nous sommes basés essentiellement sur othomane. Cependant, les observateurs de l'époque quelques ouvrages célèbres tels que Eddakhira de n'ont pas manqué de noter l'intérêt social des Thabet Ben Kora, El Haoui et El Mansouri nombreux bains publics que comptait la ville. d’Errazi, Al Quanun fi Tibb d’Ibn Sina, le Teyssir L'architecture et l'ornementation remarquables des d’Ibn Zohr, Akrabadhine Al Valenci, etc.… Notre hammams algérois répondaient en effet non étude est limitée aux intoxications aiguës par voie seulement à un besoin d'hygiène mais également de orale. confort et de détente (musique, massages, boissons). Rappelons que le traitement moderne d'une De fait, le hammam jouxtant mosquée, souq et café intoxication aiguë comporte trois volets: La était devenu un élément urbain majeur soulignant prévention de l'absorption et l'évacuation du l'importance de la vie sociale communautaire et toxique, le traitement symptomatique et celle de l'hygiène individuelle et collective en milieu l’administration d’antidote. Le souci d'un urbain. traitement basé sur ces trois volets existait déjà Le présent article porte sur la description dans la Médecine Arabe. Ainsi, la conduite à tenir architecturale de ces bâtiments, de leur commence par l’énumération des premiers gestes à aménagement intérieur, de leurs qualités pratiquer devant une intoxication (vomissements, techniques du point de vue du confort thermique et lavements, purgatifs), puis la classification des de leur approvisionnement en eau courante froide et toxiques, ensuite le traitement symptomatique, et chaude. enfin, un traitement spécifique en fonction de Par ailleurs, l'ensemble de ces paramètres était chaque catégorie de toxique, par le thériaque ou soumis au contrôle d'un préposé urbain qui veillait antidote. au respect des normes lors du choix des matériaux Quatre intérêts se détachent de cette étude : le de construction, du dimensionnement des salles, de premier est d’ordre historique, car il nous renseigne la propreté des lieux, de la qualité du service et du sur la toxicologie de l’époque dans la médecine prix d'entrée. arabe, le second est lié au soucis d’associer un traitement symptomatique au traitement étiologique, le troisième nous fait observer l’ébauche des premiers gestes de réanimation et enfin, le dernier intérêt nous révèle une démarche diagnostique de la médecine arabe devant une intoxication qui reste très contemporaine de par le raisonnement et l'attitude thérapeutique.
111111 111111 347 TURKEY 238 TURKEY Arslan E.Sedat Aydýn A. Sevimli S.
- FACULTY OF LENGUAGE AND HISTORY- GEOGRAPHY-ANKARA
ADNAN MENDERES UNIVERSITY 01032 KIEV-32 AYDÝN [email protected] ANKARA [email protected] Objects used as talisman and used to Chemical drugs in Omar Shifaî and Ali provide protection against evil eye in the Munshî in the eigteenth century’s Otoman world and and some examples of their Empire.
There are various cultures and different religions in In the Ottomans the Westernisation appear in the the world and they had different practices seventeenth cuntury and began to powerful in the accustomed into them. Althought none of these following century. One of the medical system which practices were not actually a part of the religion, was very effective on Otoman medical men they were used in close relationship with religious iatrochemistry that was founded by Paracelsus. practices by human being and become a part of their Salih b. Nasr al-Allah who lived in the second half religion and culture. Some of these practices remain of seventeenth century, was the physician who only a local tradition whereas some widely spread carried the influence of iatrochemistry in to among the cultures and nations because of the medicine world in the Ottomans. Following him we interactions between them. find two physicians Omer shifai, and him student, These practices, some of which are still in Ali Münþi as the representative of this system. application, still exist with either slight For instance, both of the pysicians wrote on modifications or becoming a myth over time. Their iatrochemistry. Omer Shifai’s work named profound effect can be seen sometimes in a “Selected Guide of the Science of Secrets” (“Mürþid decoration material in someones home or in a figure el-Muhtar fî Ýlm al-Esrâr) and Ali Munshi’s work engraved on a jewelry. “Ankh”, a cross with a named “Beginnig of the New Starters” (“Bidat el- noose in Ancient Egypt, “Dream Catchers” of Mübtedi”). As is seen those medical Works, Omer North American Native Indians, and “Fatima’s Shifai and Ali Munshi prefered to prescribe hand”, which is thought to provide protection in chemical drugs more than the others in their Middle East, can be given as an example of these. colleague did. The most populer drugs among they Even though these examples can be often seen in adviced quicksilver and its compounds in addition underdeveloped or developing countries which have to antimony and its compounds as well. not completed their scientific, educational, and Except the chemical drugs which werer mentioned economic development, it is possible to see these above, they also preccribed some other chemical examples in well developed populations. This fact elements as drugs like natron, copper, gold, silver, shows us that in addition to the globalisation of the tin, lead, zinc etc. world and improvements in literacy and science, However in the otoman some other physicians in many people from different nations still will not the eighteenth century also supported iatrochemical give up their traditions and beliefs and the ideas and they adviced chemical drugs although interaction between them also makes some of these they did not prefer them as much as Omer Shifai beliefs become global. There is a fact that this is and Ali Munshi. Chemical drugs were especially related to educational level for sure. prescribed for some contagions disease like sphilis and lepra.
121212 121212 131 IRAN 290 ITALY Azimi E. Bagni N. Yusefi Pour M. Hoseinzade R.M. DIPARTIMENTO DI BIOLOGIA, UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA
NO335,EDALAT STREET,14TH AVE.VELENJAK VIA IRNERIO 42, 40126 TEHRAN [email protected] BOLOGNA [email protected] The history of medicine in ancient Iran and Mail disinfection in Italy during cholera after Islam appearance. epidemic.
It is evident that Iranian civilization is one of the During the cholera, the various Italian States greatest and oldest civilization in the world in the disinfected the letters with physical and chemicals time when most of the people in the world ignorant agents and adopted techniques that normally left and illiterate ,great civilizations like Iranian’s, signs that allowed the identification of letters which Egiptian’s , rooman’s and etc. appeared and these has been treated such ad handstamps, writing or places became the site of scientific investigations. labels that certified that disinfection had taken place But, what is important is that these civilizations in a particular countries. and cultures have got into unsmooth pathways The disinfection could be limited to the outside. In along the time and history and in this bumpy way this case some Health Authorities put the sometimes they got damaged and even destroyed inscription "clean outside and dirty inside". .in those times because of the wars between the This is the case of letters on transit throughout a great .empires ,nothing -even the libraries and State or addressed to a well specified Official of the cultural centers- was safe. State, or to a foreign diplomat. When the letters In this reguard , Iranian civilization and its were disinfected also inside, a special knife was used scientific resorces have got damaged and destroyed to cut or to hole thorough the whole thickness of a several times .But, according to what is available letter. In many cases a rastel with a series of cuts or now, I’ve written a bit about the history of holes of constant dimension and position was medicine in Iran in three periods of time : used.If a letter was opened for disinfection, the back 1) From ancient time to Alexander death was closed with paper or wax seals. Sometimes 2) From Alexander death to Islam appearance multiple disinfection occured. Normally the first 3) After Islam appearance -with pointing to the disinfection was limited outside and the second role of great scientists like Ave sina and razi. disinfection outside and inside. Three disinfection were quite rare. During the first cholera epidemics (1830-1831) all the various Italian States used the disinfection of mail. After 1832 and until the 1855 the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venezia and of Sardinia stopped to use the disinfection of letters because it was proved to be ineffective against the spreading of the disease. Also after 1861 till 1884-1886 the Kingdom of Italy letters were disinfected inside and outside with cuts; but handstamps and other signs that certified the disinfection disappeared.
131313 131313 145 RUSSIA 123 IRAN Balalykin D. Baluchnejadmojarad T. Roghani M. Vasei M. IRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, TEHRAN, IRAN
USACHEVA STREET, 62, BUILDING 1, OFFICE 2 DEPT. PHYSIOLOGY,SCHOOL OF MEDICINE,I MOSCOW [email protected] TEHRAN [email protected] On the question of a world priority in the Hospitals in old Iranian culture. field of researches on aetiology and pathogenesis of stomach and duodenal gut
The first researcher in a history of medicine who has The hospitals (the so-called Marizkhaneh and formulated the complex theory of aetiology and Shafakhaneh in old Iranian cities) were one of the pathogenesis of a stomach ulcer, appropriate to great achievements of Iranian culture. The Iranian modern conceptions on this account, was the hospitals were later called a bimaristan, from the Russian scientist A.I.Shcherbakov (works of 1888- Persian word bimar (ill person).The old Iranian 1891). hospitals were a more elaborate institution with a In 1988, the results of his researches were wider range of functions with special facilities for summarized in his work “On the round stomach poor and sick people. The reason for this fact has ulcer”.As a whole, A.I.Shcherbakov represents ulcer been mixed with Islam theology which generally pathogenesis as follows: hyperacid gastric contents accepts a moral imperative to treat all the ill aggressively influences the stomach mucous coat, regardless of their financial status. The hospitals the protective mechanisms of which are weakened as were largely secular institutions, many of them a result of a complex local (infringement of blood open to all, male and female, civilian and military, supply) and general (stimulating influence of adult and child, rich and poor, Muslims and non- central nervous system) factors. The ulcer defect Muslims. They also tended to be large in campus formed owing to infringement trophism of a gastric and were urban structures. Generally speaking, old wall, chronically progresses under the influence of hospitals in Iran served several purposes: a center of the increased acidity of gastric juice owing to what medical treatment, a convalescent home for those chronic ulceration arises, shown by a number of recovering from illness or accidents, an insane clinical symptoms - actually a stomach ulcer. asylum, and a retirement home giving basic maintenance needs for the aged who lacked a family to care for them. Most of these hospitals were financed from the revenues of pious bequests called waqfs. Little detailed information is available regarding the hospitals as teaching institutions.
141414 141414 397 PORTUGAL 72 ISRAEL Bandeira R. Motta C. Bar-El D. Abreu R. Greenberg Z. Afonso L. INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOMÉDICAS DE DPT. OF HIST. AND PHIL.OF SCIENCE BAR- ABEL SALAZAR ILAN UNIVER.
* * * [email protected] * [email protected] «Gil Eannes» - The Hospital Ship. The Cholera epidemic in Palestine during first World War.
Gil Eannes was a remarkable Portuguese navigator. War provides an environmental ripe for the rapid Two hospital ships used his name. The first, the spread of infectious diseases and cholera ranks as Lahneck was requisitioned by Portuguese one of the great war pestilence. The cholera government in 23th February of 1916 as epidemic of 1916 was the third and the last consequence of German declaration of war. She was visitation of the Epidemic in Palestine The route of an army transporter and a hospital ship for fishing transmission was the ottoman troops that carried in New Land banks. Integrated in national navy, cholera with them, along the newly built railroad she was a regular tender to the codfishing fleet until from Damascus to Sinai, crossing Palestine. The 1941. In 1954 the first Gil Eannes was abased. She battles raged along the front of Suez Canal between was substituted by another in 1955. In 1973, the Ottoman and British forces. Armenian refugees in second Gil Eannes ended her activity. Mesopotamia and Syria served also as vector of The Hospital Ship «GIL EANNES» was the cholera transmission. Measures to halt the flow of outcome of many years experience with the old the outbreak southward were taken by the ottoman vessel from which she inherited her name. authorities. Large scale initiative of cholera vaccine The hospital services were concentrated in the inoculation, establishment of sanitary board of section from amidships to forward, and were health, municipal cleaning directions which should distributed along three decks, and served by a large be implemented by the citizens and rigorous lift for transporting the sick. On the main deck, sanitary cordons imposed by the ottoman troops to there was the Waiting Room with access, on the contain the deadly disease. On 1916 the starboard side, to the Dispensary and Consulting- environmental sanitary condition of the cities and Room, the latter being connected to the X-Ray villages of Palestine deteriorated after two years of Room. This is fitted with the most up-to-date war, famine, closure of hospitals and shortage in equipment including Dark Room. Completely medical assistance and drugs. During the spring of insolated from the remaining installations, are a 1916 the cholera appeared in Afula in the north of Sick Bay with 8 beds, and two more, of two beds Palestine and a main train station. Few weeks later each, all for contagious diseases. This section has the cholera epidemic arrived to Jerusalem and Jaffa private pantry, and washing facilities. The Waiying resulted in hundreds of cholera cases and high Room, to Port, gives access, through a hall, to the mortality rate. In 1917 the Ottoman-German cabins of the two doctors and the Chaplain, as well troops traveling southward by train from the main as to a small library. Adjoining is a large bay for 12 base in Damascus to the Gaza front were subjected convalescents, patients who have been discharged as to detention and medical surveillance in a lazaretto cured and are ready to go to their ships. This has camp near the train station. also a big sitting room and mess.
151515 151515 36 UNITED KINGDOM 43 ITALY Bates A. Battistini G.
ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL
DEPARTMENT OF HISTOPATHOLOGY VIA LUNGOFRIGIDO DI PONENTE 12, 54037, LONDON [email protected] MARINA DI MASSA [email protected] Post-Mortem examination of conjoined I vasi di ceramica attici, di Cnido, di twins in early modern Europe. Tanagra, di Vulci parlano anche di medicina.
Various printed sources, including broadsides, Achille che medica Patroclo, Stenelo che sutura books, and journals, provide accounts of monstrous l’indice di Diomede, il Centauro Chirone attorniato births in sixteenth and seventeenth-century Europe. dai suoi discepoli, Esculapio col caduceo sono i The commonest type of abnormality described is simboli più eroici e leggendari dell’antica medicina conjoined twinning. The major morphological types dipinti sulle anfore, sulle coppe, sui crateri di of conjoined twins had all been reported by 1600, Tanagra, di Lemno, di Cos oltre che su quelli più often in publications that included details of their antichi provenienti da Eleusi e dall’Acropoli. time and place of birth, morphology, behaviour and Le eleganti Kylix del VI° secolo disegnate a forma di outcome. This paper uses those accounts in which coppa e dipinte da celebri pittori come Clizia, the twins’ internal anatomy was described to Nicostene, Duride sono testimonianze archeologiche explore the developing role of the perinatal autopsy e fonti di studio che ci illustrano la storia dell’arte in the early modern period. medica nei suoi vari aspetti semeiotici diagnostici e chirurgici, quanto mai affascinanti ed eroici, One purpose of these autopsies was to determine on dall’età omerica (IX°Sec. a.C) fino all’inizio a case-by-case basis whether conjoined twins were dell’Ellenismo (300 a. C). considered as one or two individuals – a decision in which behavioural observations could override the classical morphological criteria for establishing individuality. This study aims to show that the autopsy had a wider role as a means of displaying the technical skill and learning of the dissector and as a tool for exploring the order and regularity present even in monstrous formations. Precise anatomical description and stylised pictorial representation could present a greater level of order than the human body naturally showed. Description and classification of monstrous births encouraged the reader to see them not as errors of nature or warnings from God but as part of a complex created order.
161616 161616 182 IRAN 406 GERMANY Bavi S. Bergdolt K.
ENGHELAB AVE., VESAL AVE. TEHRAN [email protected] [email protected] Sonocack is a method for Extra Uterine European Concepts Od Medical Ethics In Fertilization from 13th (Lunar Hidjri) The Thirteenth And Fourteenth Century. century.
In the name of Ethics and etiquette played an excellent role in God. medieval medical texts. Traditional topics of ancient Nowadays, extra uterine fetus (Foetus) fertilization authors - rediscovered in Latin translations of is one of the widely practiced methods that's used in Arabian authors or commentators as well as in some types of infertility, which in medical Greek or Latin manuscripts, preserved in European terminology is called IVF (in vitro fertilization). monasteries - were confronted with doctrines or Historical records of this method, as is mentioned i critical remarks proposed by scholars like Roger the references goes to 1970's years by Dr. Stiptoe Bacon or theologians like Albertus Magnus and St. and Dr. Edwards. Thomas Aquinas (who stressed a kind of practical But recently received facts tell the story someway ethics based on the four cardinal virtues). As else. The SONOCACK method, is a procedure that philosophers like these - following the example of is mentioned in one of the Persain medical Aristotele - integrated natural sciences to their manuscripts in the 13th (Lunar Hidjri) century, for work, very different and contrasting influences extra uterine fertilization. formed the doctor’s (and researcher’s) ethos form What deservs more attention in this article is not the 13th century onwards. Not only religious the propsed procedure but the sheer existence of aspects but also scientific experiences were taken in such a mentality in those days, which makes it consideration. Finally, scholastic impacts and historically so much important. traditional admonitions resulted in a modified deontological self-image of the practitioners. Also other influences, as from the Christian Knight Orders in the Holy Land, or from very conservative authors and faculties in the West, were important for the doctor’s behavioural patterns.
171717 171717 349 ITALY 375 UNITED KINGDOM Bevilacqua C. Blair J. Ponte E.
CONSERVATORIO DI STORIA MEDICA GIULIANA
VIA DEL LAVARETO, 10 143 GLASGOW ROAD, PERTH PH2 OLX TRIESTE [email protected] PERTH [email protected] Eroi e Semidei ai primordi della Medicina Constructing an archive. Navale.
Gli Autori, dopo una meticolosa indagine Archives of importance are normally collected by mitologica, rivisitando dei, semidei ed eroi, large public bodies, for considerable resources in individuano, tra i numerosi personaggi che space and money are needed to prepare and store incontrano, alcuni che in qualche modo, potrebbero them. By contrast, this account tells of an archive collegarsi ai primordi della medicina navale. personally constructed, and so may be helpful to Di certo, la presenza di un medico su di una nave è another wishing to do the same. attestata da prove documentali, che si riferiscono The period from 1947 to 1960 was the only period alla guerra del Peloponneso del 415 a.C., promossa in British history when there was military da Alcibiade, la cui flotta prevedeva la presenza di conscription in peace time, and I undertook with un medico su una nave. support from the British Medical Association and Tuttavia, alcuni poeti epici (Omero e Pindaro), il the Wellcome Trust to collect and construct an poeta tragico Euripide e vari storici (Erodoto, Archive of the conscripts reminiscences and Apollonio Rodio, Plutarco, Plinio il vecchio e memoirs They were called National Service medical Pausania) ipotizzano e forse credono che leggende officers and the last left their Service in 1962. Their in materia siano verità e suggestive tradizioni orali range was world-wide and involved active wars and affondino nella storia la loro lontana genesi, talché peace-keeping from the West Indies to Korea, farebbero risalire ben prima del V sec. a.C. e cioè al Trieste to the Antarctic ocean. XII a.C., le origini della medicina navale. This paper describes the background to my Archive, Medici navali ante litteram o, meglio, guerrieri the necessary legal contract with those who took esperti nell'arte sanitaria, che potremmo definire part, the various ways of finding and encouraging medici, sarebbero stati Orfeo ed Esculapio, che individuals to record their histories, and the system parteciparono alla spedizione degli Argonauti, of collection and subsequent storage. guidati da Giasone alla ricerca del Vello d'oro. Contributors were determined that a record Medici, per così dire, navali, furono anche Podalirio selection be written in book form, and the book ‘The e Macaone, figli di Esculapio, che viaggiarono sulla Conscript Doctors’ was therefore written for them flotta achea per la guerra a Troia del pari guerrieri to read and enjoy. ed esperti dell'arte sanitaria furono, sotto le mura di The Archive has been described by Wellcome as one Troia, pure Patroclo, Diomede e Nestore, che of the most important medical, military, and social curarono,durante il tragitto navale, quanti collections of the twentieth century. abbisognavano di cure. Di questi personaggi gli autori tracciano un profilo etico-storico.
181818 181818 168 CROATIA 120 ROMANIA Blazina Z. Breazu G.
CROATIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND "I.HATIEGANU" UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE SCIENCES AND PHARMACY,
SUBICEVA 27 / III, 10000, STR. PETROVICI NR. 12, #1 ZAGREB [email protected] CLUJ-NAPOCA [email protected] Public health officers (The Cazzamorti) Shakespeare and Medicine. control the arrival of ships and caravans during the plague epidemics in Dubrovnik
The maritime city-state Dubrovnik (Ragusa), Medicine and literature are interconnected by what Croatia, developed an exemplary system of public might be called their common ground: humanity. health regulations in the 14th -16th c.The recurring Doctors and writers are especially observant of the outbreaks of plague forced Ragusans to institute the tragedies in human life. Both groups encounter first systematic quarantine in 1377, legislation later illness, distress, dying, death and other important adopted by Venice, Genoa and Marseilles. Since the events in life. medical profession, was unable to prevent plague epidemics, the Government nominated Public Shakespeare became quite knowledgeable in the Health Officers (Officiales Cazzamortuorum) from Renaissance medicine of his time, as he seemed to the ranks of the nobles. They founded the Health have had certain medical connections. Office as early as 1397 that firmly believed in the William Shakespeare’s plays are replete with infectious nature of plague, a revolutionary idea at references to maladies, medicines, and medical men the time. This research is based on the critical and their profession. His remarkable power of analysis of the manuscript Libro deli Signori observation is revealed by his vivid portrayal of Cazzamorbi, 1500 –1530, from the Series 55, diseases. Sanitas in the Dubrovnik Archives. While the Libro a tergo, records the trial proceedings conducted by The paper aims at both reflecting some medical Health Officers, The Libro a recto, records the aspects from the Elizabethan era and at pointing arrival of ships, caravans and travelers to out some of the references to maladies, medicine and Dubrovnik, providing a wealth of statistical medicine men as they are to be found in some of information. It has allowed us to compile a list of Shakespeare’s major plays. places, regions and countries that had contact with Dubrovnik. The greater the danger of plague in Dubrovnik, the more frequent were the entries in the register: under the threat of imprisonment and monetary fines, the travelers had to swear that they had not visited a pestiferous area two months prior to their arrival. The activities of the Health Officers were fairly successful, so that plague stopped being endemic in the region after 1530. The Dubrovnik example found followers in western Mediterranean ports, thus becoming the precursor of anti-epidemic measures in Europe.
191919 191919 65 ISRAEL 87 TURKEY Buchman Y. Buken N. O. Büken E.
BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY HACETTEPE UNIVERSITESI TIP FAKULTESI
SEDE ILAN 15620, DEONTOLOJI-TIP ETIGI A.D. SIHHIYE, 06100, SEDE ILAN [email protected] ANKARA [email protected] R. Hayyim Vital, the Kabbalist as Healer. Placebo and placebo effect in clinical trial.
At the end of the sixteenth century the Jewish A placebo (Latin for “I shall please”) is a community in the land of Israel and environs medication or treatment believed by the enjoyed the services of two types of physicians. The administrator of the treatment to be inert or first kind were physicians who had studied medicine innocuous. Placebos may be sugar pills or starch in recognized establishments and received pills. Even “fake” surgery and “fake” certification and a work permit from the authorities. psychotherapy are considered placebos. Researchers The second kind were “healers” who did not and medical doctors sometimes give placebos to undergo any kind of accredited training bit rather patients. Anecdotal evidence for the placebo effect is acquired their knowledge informally. garnered in this way. Those who believe there is As an example of a Jewish healer of this period, I scientific evidence for the placebo effect point to will present the rabbi and Kabbalist R. Hayyim clinical studies, many of which use a control group Vital, who was born in Safad in 1543 to an Italian treated with a placebo. family of Spanish origin. He is known as the The discussions a bout what placebo means and renowned pupil of R. Yitzhak Ashkenazi (the how its effect occurs go far back in the history of “Ari”) and the editor of his teachings. After the medicine. In general medicinal understanding, death of the Ari in an epidemic, R. Hayyim Vital placebo means the subjective feeling of a positive lived alternately in Safad and Jerusalem. From effect in response to something that is used for Jerusalem he moved to Damascus where he served curative intentions. In spite of difficulties in its as the rabbi of the Sicialian community; he died definition and unknown content, its existence is there in 1620. Like many other rabbis, R. Hayyim generally accepted. What is discussed is its level of acquired a broad education in many diverse fields of effectiveness in any disorder and medication. The knowledge. He seems to have acquired his medical plasebo effect varies not only among diseases but education through his own efforts, by studying the also among regions and countries. Even the medical literature of his age and through his physicians' belief in a plasebo increases its effect. connections with physicians ad pharmacists. R. In this speech, plasebo (the plasebo effect) is defined, Hayyim referred to some of his sources, which the implications of plasebo in general medicine and include the professional literature of his time. R. clinical trial are discussed. Hayyim Vital began to practice medicine only late in life. It is possible that the reason for this was a demand by the members of his community, who preferred to receive medical treatment from a familiar religious and spiritual authority. The only historical source that discusses his interest and preoccupation with medicine is an autograph, heretofore unpublished.
202020 202020 84 TURKEY 231 U.S. AMERICA Buken N. O. Bullough V. Sahinoglu S.
HACETTEPE UNIVERSITESI TIP FAKULTESI CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY
DEONTOLOJI-TIP ETIGI A.D. SIHHIYE, 06100, 8111 NORDHOFF ST., 91362-3542 ANKARA [email protected] NORTHRIDGE, CA [email protected] Evaluation of Medical history in Medical A Surgical Challenge and a problem for Faculties in Turkey from the aspect of the medical ethics: the development of evolution of education. transsexual Surgery.
A critical evaluation process of medical education in Transsexualism became a media sensation in 1952 our country, in particular in the last 10 years, is with the appearance of Christine Jorgensen and being done in a serious manner. "Medical hundreds of people sought to replicate her Education in Turkey," a report prepared by the experience. Transsexualism, however, was not Turkish Parliament in 1991, revealed that the unknown and there were several cases of people education given at our medical faculties is in seeking and receiving surgery before her but the general inappropriate for the needs of the country cases were not sensationalized.. Jorgensen herself and that it is inadequate qualitatively. However was castrated and had a penectomy but there was since this report was prepared in 1991 until the no attempt to make a vagina or labia. What made year 2000, 22 new medical faculties have been her different from traditional eunuchs was the opened. One of the results arrived at in the ability to bring about bodily changes through evaluation of the Turkish Medical Society's 1997 hormones. The demand of others to follow her and 2000 Pregraduation Medical Education example posed two dilemmas to the surgical Reports was also that medical faculties open in profession. One was a technical challenge of a Turkey not because of a scientific basis but for realistic surgical construction of female genitalia political motives. The content and method of and the other was a medical ethical one of doing medical education cannot escape the effect of the no harm. How far should surgeons go in radical country's health policies. However the quality of interventionist surgery? Should they cut off a education that is given at these universities before healthy limb because a person wanted it removed? ensuring the necessary sound physical and Similar problems were raised by female to male scientific foundation will also be low. Medical transsexuals where the problems of surgical faculties are places where information, skills and reconstruction were more difficult This paper individual values related to the medical profession examines the development of the medical technology are transferred to students with a social and and the debate within the medical profession over psychological process. The Deontology-Medical the performance of such surgery. Ethics-Medical History classes play an important role in the process of developing the identity of a physician in these places where the the art of medicine's expert-learner relationships are formed. Subjects under discussion are how to give these lessons at the baccalaureate degree level and above and how it should be given. In our country academic studies in the Deontology-Medical Ethics- Medical History branch are continuing at 17 Medical Faculties.
212121 212121 293 SPAIN 76 BRAZIL Campanario J. M. Campos H. Acedo E.
UNIVERSIDAD DE ALCALÁ MUSEU ABRAHÃO BRICKMANN
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, CAMPUS UNIVERSI R. AMÉRICO BRASILIENSE, 1418 ALCALÁ DE HENARES (MADRID)[email protected] RIBEIRÃO PRETO [email protected] Resistance to new ideas in medicine. Benoît Mure: Legame tra Brasile e Italia.
The history of science is dotted with stories Benoît Mure, figlio di italiani, nato nella città di documenting how many important discoveries were Lyon (Francia); nella Sicilia fu guarito da una initially resisted or ignored by fellow scientists. pneumopatia col metodo dei simili. Allora si accese Some important discoveries were ‘premature’, in in lui l'entusiasmo per la dottrina. Approfondi the sense that they did not fit in the common questo studio con il Conde dei Guidi e ne diventò paradigms, and/or their implications could not be un diffusore in Sicilia, sofferse persecuzioni. connected by a series of simple logical steps to the Nel 1840, tre anni prima della morte di existing scientific knowledge [Stent, 2002]. In other Hahnemann (il fondatore dell'omeopatia), Benoît instances, some theories or discoveries collided with Mure discepolo del fondatore arrivò al Brasile, dove the dominant paradigms in science and they were svilupò l'insegnamento della dottrina dove fu resisted or scorned at with a generous dose of perseguitato ancora. scepticism. In this communication, we review Ogni paese ha preso un corso differente nella storia, instances of resistance to scientific discovery in però Benoît Mure fece grande diffusione del nuovo which Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or metodo terapeutico, di origine tedesca, formando un Medicine and authors of important or highly cited legame tra Brasile-Italia papers were involved. We have studied scepticism by part of the scientific community toward a discovery that eventually would be awarded with the Nobel Prize. In some instances, we can recognize the phenomenon of delayed recognition [Garfield, 1989]. When this happen, the discovery may be unnoticed at all for years, until the scientific community begins to recognise its value or the scope of its implications which are reflected in the attention that it receives: a clear sign that it has been 'discovered' by the scientific community. Among the Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine which encountered scepticism toward their award winning discovery, we can cite: George W. Beadle, Baruj Benacerraf, Günter Blobel, Howard M. Temin and Peter C. Doherty. In addition, we have identified other instances of important discoveries that were initially resisted by scientists.
222222 222222 282 TURKEY 158 TURKEY Cavit O. Cevik E. Aksoy N. Kadioglu S. THE ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF NURSING
ÖZDEMIR SABANCÝ BULVARÝ SEZIN APT. N HARRAN UNIVERSITY ADANA [email protected] SANLIURFA [email protected] Dans une regýon de la Turquýe, la A private hospital in a remote southestern tradýtýon d’habýller les malades menteaux city in Turkey: "Urfa Switzerland et psychotýque par une robe specýfýque. Hospital".
A Kýrýkhan, dans l’est de la Méditerrané, il existe Urfa, or Edessa or Ruha as is known in the history, une très vieille tradition. Dans cette tradition, les had been an important centre for science, trade and malades mentaux et psychotiques ont été habillés religions for centuries in the past. However after the par une robe spécifique dite ‘robe de fou’. Ces beginning of 19th century due to the economical malades portant cette robe, pouvaient vivre dans and political weakness of Ottoman Empire, Urfa leurs environnements habituels en menant une vie had been neglected in providing some basic needs ‘normal’. like education and health care services. Especially Cette tradition avait un but de faire reconnaître ces the health care problems were paramount in the malades aux habitants pour qu’ils puissent se second half of 19th century. There were some comporter en fonction de leur maladie .Selon cette traditional medicine practitioner and only one tradition, les habitants devaient traiter governmental hospital, 'Millet Hastanesi' in Urfa. attentivement les malades et les aider. Cette In those times missionary activities were also very tradition permettait aux malades mentaux et popular in Middle Eastern region. There were many psychotiques de continuer á vivre dans leurs American and European missioners in Ottoman environnements habituels au lieu de subir un State who were providing educational and health isolement social ou un enfermement dans un service care services as well as some religious activities. psychiatrique. Although these services cost Ottoman Empire to Une telle solidarité sociale, face un problème bring her end earlier, they also compensate her spécifique de santé, en acceptant de vivre avec ces inability to provide some vital public services. gens malades et en participant á leur traitement, ne In this study we will present the first private se vois pas souvent. C’est pour cela, dans notre hospital in Urfa, 'Switzerland Hospital', which travail nous allons faire une recherche détaillé de were initiated as a small clinic in 1897 and had cette tradition, expliquer les raisons et discuter ses turned to be an important centre. Our presentation résultats psychiatriques et sociologiques. will demonstrate the development of this private initiative and exhibit the tolerance and hospitality of Urfa citizens to the people who bring some good to them.
232323 232323 379 ALGERIA 311 UNITED KINGDOM Chama A. Chavda S. Pahor A.L.
SECTEUR SANITAIRE D'ES-SÉNIA QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL
SERVICE DE MÉDECINE DU TRAVAIL, QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL ORAN [email protected] BIRMINGHAM [email protected] Une oeuvre de minéralogie arabe dans sa Pietro Tullio of the Tullio phenomenon. version italienne "Fior di Pensiori sulle Pietro Preziose di Ahmed Teifascite" Par
Notre communication se propose de présenter une This Italian author has his name attached to the version italienne de l'oeuvre scientifique en well known neuro-otological sign of Tullio minéralogie "Azhar al-Afkar fi Jawahir al-Ahjar" phenomenon. (Fleurs des Pensées dans les secrets des pierres) du Tullio described the phenomenon of nystagmus in célèbre médecin arabe originaire de Tifash response to a loud sound (1)He performed animal (Tipaza)ville Algérienne :Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad experiments by creating a third window in the Ibn Yusuf b.Muhammad Al-Tifashi, médecin,juge vestibular apparartus of pigeons and then et homme de lettres (XIII°siècle),véritable subjecting them to loud noise. encyclopédie de son temps. There is a resurgence in the interest of this L'auteur de la version italienne intitulée "Fior Di phenomenon owing to the description of superior Pensiori Sulle Pietro Preziose di Ahmed Teifascite" semicircular dehiscence syndrome (2) although est l'orientaliste italien Antonio Raineri Biscia there are other clinical conditions that do produce (manuscrit de la BIBLIOTECA E CASA this phenomenon . CARDUCCI, Commune de Bologna (Italie),IInd This presentation will discuss Tullio’s work. Edition Bologna ,1906).Il est à noter qu'une édition complète a été donnée en 1818 (Firenze). Dans cette oeuvre de minéralogie arabe qui fut commentée et traduite par des auteurs anciens et contemporains rapporte les propriétés des métaux et pierres précieuses, leurs valeurs, les gisements et origines, leurs emplois dans la médecine à usage curatif. Nous remercions vivement le conservateur et son personnel de la Bibliothèque de Carducci pour leur assistance ainsi qu'à mon accompagnateur Mr.GHEZZAZ Mohamed durant notre séjour à BOLOGNA en 2003.
242424 242424 313 UNITED KINGDOM 310 UNITED KINGDOM Chavda S.V. Chavda S.V. Pahor A.L. Sheppard G. Pahor A.L. PRIORY ROAD HOSPITAL QUEEN ELIZABET HOSPITAL
34 INGHAM WAY WEST BARN, LUTLEY LANE, HALESOWEN BIRMINGHAM [email protected] BIRMINGHAM [email protected] Ear tablets in ancient Egypt. A surprise in an ancient jar.
In the Ancient Egyptian medical literature there are A canopic jar dating from 1400BC (Middle many references to Ear diseases and their Kingdom, Ancient Egypt ) was discovered treatments. Depictions of ears are common on slabs accidentally in the Department of Archaeology of and engravings from that epoch. The significance of University of Birmingham in 2002.This jar had laid these illustrations will be presented and discussed. un-noticed on the shelf for a good many years. The jar belonged to an ancient Egyptian called Puia. An interesting observation is the depiction and The jar was scanned using IGE Lightspeed Pro knowledge of the Ancient Egyptians of the incisura multi-slice CT Scanner. 3-D and multiplanar of the pinna, an important anatomical fact which is views were obtained. The scan confirmed the considered whilst carrying out operations on ears presence of a radio-opaque matter within the jar. nowadays. Multiple small biopsies of this material were obtained using specialised biopsy needles. Histology confirmed tissue consistent with intestine. This relatively non-invasive technique allowed the correct identification without resorting to destruction of the jar or its contents. In this day and age it is very rare to find a canopic jar with its original contents.
252525 252525 399 URUGUAY 109 ITALY Chiancone S.P. Chieregatti G. Comellini V.
SOC. GINECOTOCOLÓGICA DEL URUGUAY - UNIVERSITÀ DI PARMA DEPTO HISTORIA
JOSÉ ELLAURI 1009 - 3º A GALLERIA DEL TORO ,3 BOLOGNA CAP. 40121 MONTEVIDEO [email protected] BOLOGNA [email protected] Perche Storia Della Medicina? Anziano fragile, elder abuse, morte cognitiva, eutanasia larvata: Elementi per una storia della medicina contemporanea.
Il motivo della mia esposizione è di invitare le La medicina paternalista fondata sull’autoritas del diverse Instituzióni docenti a inserire nei loro medico si riconnetteva ad un rapporto di solidarietà programmi di studio l'opera delle grandi e aiuto reciproco, base di una società ancora con personalità che hanno realizzato ricerche nel campo caratteristiche rurali ma avviata, dagli anni ‘50 ad della medicina. una intensa espansione industriale con effetto centrifugo e disgregante del nucleo familiare Dette personalità hanno determinato l'evoluzione tradizionale. del pensiero medico dalle prime manifestazioni La fusione del concetto tra vita attiva, cioè utile, e dell'uomo primitivo fino all'attuale situazione della lavoro è fonte di disturbi legati all’età anziana, la medicina. cessazione dal lavoro è vista come parassitismo sociale . L’aumento della vita media ha provocato, Bisogna assolutamente far notare l'evoluzione di negli ultimi trent’anni, un dibattito tra vita utile ed una comunità che applica le norme mediche, di economicità delle cure da parte degli Stati fonte a un'altra società che per diversi motivi non le Nazionali, che induce la medicina contemporanea ha messe in pratica. ad attuare una sorta di eutanasia larvata sociale. Pertanto la storia della medicina contemporanea Come si rende omaggio con il ricordo a coloro che deve occuparsi analiticamente del dilemma del hanno dato la libertà e a chi ha legislato, cosi rapporto/conflitto tra salute individuale e spesa dobbiamo ricordare e conoscere coloro che in base pubblica. alle ricerche hanno portato alla conoscenza Il Puccini definisce l’eutanasia utilitaria: dell'uomo e creato delle norme per proteggere la sua eliminazione indolore degli individui anziani , vita e la sua salute. Tutto ciò constituisce il più invalidi, inutili, di peso per quelle società in ricco patrimonio ricevuto per il bene dell'umanità. precarie condizioni di sopravvivenza e di eccedenza numerica rispetto ai bisogni . La sottrazione su base economica di cure, produce una patologia da omissione, da abbandono ,da maltrattamento omissivo, sull’anziano fragile: il cosiddetto elder abuse, abuso dei diritti della persona , dei diritti umani con indifferenza sociale e medica. La demenza legata all’età o alle terapie è definita dagli autori, per dirla con Heideger, morte cognitiva: una morte nell’essere cioè nella individualità e nell’esserci cioè nel sistema delle relazioni umane e sociali.
262626 262626 225 TBLISI REP OF GEORGIA 113 BULGARIA Chikhlaze N. Chincheva S. Khelaia N. Penka I. Pitskhelauri N. TBILISI STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY SOUTH-WEST UNIVERSITY
VAZHA-PSHAVELA AV. QUARTER # 7,BUILDI 66, IV. MIHAILOV STR., , 2700 TBILISI [email protected] BLAGOEVGRAD [email protected] Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani’s voyage in Italy in New aspects of the Balkan co-operation in the mirror of the history of medicine. the field of history of medicine.
Famous Georgian writer, diplomat, enlighener, The new perspectives for extension of scientific co- political figure, Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani’s activities operation between Balkan countries are arisen. One are the subject of research and interest from the side of the first events in this direction is the First of the medical historians. During his voyage in Balkan Congress in History of Medicine (Ohrid, Europe and especially in Italy, Sulkhan saba paid Macedonia, October 2003.The second Balkan much attention to the development of medicine. In Congress will be organized in Varna, Bulgaria in his writings Sulkhan Saba presents many of the 2005. subjects, which cannot be found in medical sources The Bulgarian Society of History in Medicine of the mentioned period. His works give us the proposes variety of initiatives for improvement of impression of the medical level, its separate the international co-operation: creation a new book brancehs and medic-biological concepts of the 18th (the priorities and principals were agreed during century. During Saba’s voyage in Italy, he visited the Ohrid's Congress;organizitation of scientific- Niza, Monaco, Genua, Livorno, Rome, Florence, educational expeditions, publishing a bulletin, Piza, Sicily, Malta and other cities of Italy. organizing a Balkan's confederation in History of He expressed his impressions in famous works Medicine. The Bulgarian scientist in History of “Voyage in Europe”. It is an interesting piece of Medicine hope that the confederation will facilitates literary writing, given in a memoir-diary form, the scientific co-operation and relationships between reflecting Italian reality. There are many the scientists from Balkan countries and ISHM. documentary facts and events, which surprise us with authenticity, precision, and laconic brevity. During his stay in Italy, Sulkhan Saba gave much significance to the study of organization of medical practice. In his memoirs he did not often depict the places, he had already visited, but this does not concern medical institutions and medical practice, which he described in a detailed manner. Sulkhan Saba pointed out that he did all it for the state interest of Georgia, in order to share the obtained results of his observation with the Georgian people. Saba paid visits to hospitals, shelters, zoological and anatomic museums. He observed the nature of Italy especially plants and compared them with the medicinal plants of Georgia.
272727 272727 59 UNITED KINGDOM 403 ITALY Collins K. Congiu L.
CENTRE FOR THE HIS. OF MEDICINE. UNIV. UNIV. DI BARI, SEMINARIO DI STORIA DELLA OF GLASGOW SCIENZA
MIDLOCK MEDICAL CENTER, GLASGOW G51 * [email protected] BARI [email protected] Treatment of trachoma in Palestine during Un Uovo Orfico-Pitagorico In Magna the british mandate. Graecia (Omaggio A J.C. Carter)
Trachoma, an infective eye disease characterised by Storia di un reperto keratitis,corneal ulceration and scarring,has been a Nell’estate del 1986, nel corso degli scavi major scourge in the countries of the Middle East archeologici realizzati dal prof. Carter in for centuries posing a formidable challenge for collaborazione con la Soprintendenza Archeologica health care providers. As a principal cause of severe della Basilicata, fu rinvenuto in località agro di sight loss or even blindness,it was identified as a Pisticci, presso Metaponto, un corredo funerario di significant health problem in Palestine even before eccezionale importanza, contenente tra l’altro una the commencement of British Mandate. Indeed, microscultura a forma di guscio d'uovo sbrecciato trachoma was seen in many countries as an illness da cui affiora un busto di donna, interpretata dagli fully justifying the bold language describing its studiosi, a cominciare dall’editore del reperto, in management as a ‘war’. This paper draws on riferimento alla nascita di Elena . Dalla dettagliata contemporary sources and documents,in particular descrizione fornita dal prof. Bottini di tale corredo those of the Mandate Government and the tombale apprendiamo che il monumento era Hadassah Medical Organisation,over the thirty composto dai seguenti quattro oggetti: years from 1918 building up an account of the a) un vaso in alabastro (alabastron) dell’altezza di identification of the disease and the health strategies circa 30 cm., analogo ad altri esemplari rinvenuti in designed to reduce its prevalence in the population. area metapontina e risalenti alla seconda metà del V Considerable effort was put into the prevention of sec. a. C.; the disease in school children and the provision of b) una pisside (pyxis) cilindrica in marmo, di gran diagnostic and treatment in the school system is pregio, appartenente a un ristretto gruppo di considered.By 1930 more money was being devoted oggetti analoghi, diffusi in Grecia e in Italia a to the campaign against trachoma than to school partire dal 2° quarto del V sec. a. C.; hygiene or to tuberculosis. Detailed analysis of c) un pendaglio antropomorfo a doppia immagine, trachoma’s management and careful provision of in osso, raffigurante una figura maschile nuda, in medical services enable an assessment of the success piedi, con le braccia distese lungo i fianchi, e una of the strategy.Comparisons are drawn with other figura femminile anch’essa eretta, ricoperta da un countries where the condition was endemic and the panneggio. L’oggetto, per il quale non esistono health policy of the Yishuv,Jewish community,is precisi termini di paragone, era certamente un examined as it made real progress in containing amuleto, ma non è da escludere che la duplicità and eventually reducing very considerably the scale sessuale dell’immagine richiami l’analoga of the problem.By the end of the British Mandate caratteristica di Phanes, la divinità orfica there was considerable progress,especially through primordiale androgina ; the activities of the medical and educational bodies. d) una microscultura in calcare biancastro, alta circa 6 cm., costituita da un uovo a base piana (il che gli consente di restare in piedi).
282828 282828 233 ITALY 116 ITALY Conti A. Conti A. A. Gensini G.F. Conti A. Conti A. A. Gensini G. F. DIP. FISIOPATOLOGIA CLINICA, UNIVERSITÀ DIP. AREA CRITICA MEDICO CHIRURGICA, DI FIRENZE UNIV. FIRENZE
VIALE MORGAGNI 85, 50134 FIRENZE VIALE MORGAGNI 85 FIRENZE [email protected] FIRENZE [email protected] Normality: From philosophy to statistics An updated history of the concept of and laboratory values. placebo.
‘Normality’ characterises in medicine any possible In ancient ecclesiastic tradition the term “Placebo” qualitative or quantitative situation whose absence indicated the promise to please the Lord in medieval implies an illness or a state of abnormality. The prayer. The expression “Placebo Domini” (“I will illness concept was first a philosophical one. But the please the Lord”) constituted the beginning of a use of mathematics in the study of biological events, famous passage of a V century A.D. translation of which began with Galton (1822-1911) and with the Bible, the so-called “Vulgata”. In the second half Pearson (1857-1936), changed the frame of of the XVIII century the word Placebo (P) became reference. In the second part of the 19th century an integral part of medical-pharmacological mathematics was used to study the distribution of vocabulary, and in fact Quincy’s Lexicon (1787) some biological characteristics in the evolution of defined it as a remedy used more to please than to the species. Around 1900, statistics became the heal persons. In 1955 HK Beecher published in the basis for the study of the diffusion of the illnesses. JAMA a paper, “The Powerful Placebo”, in which Half a century later statistics made the possible he concluded that it was evident that Ps had a high transition from the description of single cases to degree of therapeutic effectiveness. In the second groups of cases. half of the XX century the diffusion of randomised Even more important is the concept of controlled clinical trials supported the use of P as ‘normality’ in laboratory medicine. In this field the the reference against which tested therapies were to search for the ‘perfect norm’ was, and possibly still be compared, and P became an integral part of is, under way. The widespread use of statistics in clinical experimentation. Contrary to previously the laboratory has allowed the definition in a certain reported data, recent evidence and a rapid review by sense of a ‘new’ normality. This is the reason why us (analysing clinical trials in which subjects have the term ‘reference value’ has been introduced. been randomly allocated to either P or no However, even the introduction of this new term treatment) point to the fact that, overall, placebos do has merely shifted the problem, and not resolved it. not have major clinical effects. In particular, our It is interesting that the most popular medical evidence report shows that, when compared to no database, namely MEDLINE, only introduced the treatment, P has no significant effect on either key word ‘Reference Value’ in its Thesaurus or subjective or objective binary outcomes. Our MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) in 1980. During historical overview therefore sheds light on the the last twenty years the 95% reference interval has current concept of P, putting into perspective its remained a reference paradox, and the introduction alleged “power”, and our methodological review of of the many calculations of the so called cut-off recent literature, conducted with an evidence-based values has not put the final word to the ‘normality approach, confirms the limits of what it means “to problem’. please patients”.
292929 292929 88 CHILE 114 NORWAY Cruz-Coke R. Dahl T.
FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF SINTEF CHILE
* IFIM SANTIAGO [email protected] TRONDHEIM [email protected] Medical doctors and social revolutions in Patient approaches in scientific based the XX century. medicine and humoral pathology.
During the XX century more than a hundred of The development of scientific medicine in the early medical doctors were engaged in political activities 19th century is well analysed in different works reaching the highest executive posts in their from Michel Foucault to Roy Porter. The picture of countries. A handful of them adopted revolutionary medicine in this epoch is of a medicine based on programmes and were committed in the destruction autopsy and a location of illness to specific organs of bourgeois society, establishing populist, or places in the body. The development takes place nationalist or socialist states. This paper is an in the clinic, with patients as cases for the account of the role of some outstanding medical generation of new medical knowledge. revolutionary figures around the world in shaping This paper will show that the clinic is also a place the destiny of their countries. for experimental approach, for analyses of patients At the begining of the century, the leading with methods borrowed from natural sciences. We revolutionary role was played by Dr. Sun Yat Sen can see the early existence of laboratories, not as in China and marxists. Drs. Paul Lafargue in units, but through the use of experimental methods. France and Alexander Bogdanov in Russia. In the However, the clinic is not a singular unity. middle of the century, Dr. Juan Negrin in Spain and Juscelino Kubitschek in Brasil reached Parallel with modern scientific medicine, we find republican socialists executive powers and were influential traces of humoral pathology in the same ousted by military coups. During the Cold War, period, even at the most developed clinics. The Ernesto Guevara in Latinamerica and Agostino scientific medicine and the early experiments play a Neto in Angola expanded Marxism-Leninism role primarily in the diagnostic. In the aetiology revolution across the atlantic ocean. In and especially in the therapy, when no surgical Czechoslovaquia, Dr. Frantizek Kriegel failed to method is found, humoral pathology is still the most show a human face in the socialist Prague Spring, dominant medical approach. being dismantled by Soviets. A strong and enduring national dictatorschips were established The parallel existence of a scientific medicine and a by Dr. Francois Duvalier in Haiti and Dr. Hasting humoral pathology inside a medical clinic gives the Banda in Malawi. Finally in Chile, Dr Salvador possibility to analyse different patient approaches in Allende, promising a peaceful transition road to these two types of medicine. On the base of medical socialism, was overthrown by a military coup, reports from a medical clinic at the national hospital symbolizing the beginning of the Fall of real in Norway around 1840, this paper will show the socialisms before 1989… These medical different interpretation schemes for illness at work revolutionary leaders, coming from different in the modern scientific medicine and the fading but cultures and ideologies, showed common political still working humoral pathology. characteristics.
303030 303030 357 ITALY 29 ISRAEL Dainese F. Zanchin G. Davidovitch N. Mainardi F. Maggioni F. ISTITUTO DI STORIA DELLA MEDICINA TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY
VIA FALLOPIO 50, 35121 SHIMON HATERSI ST. 10 TEL AVIV, PADOVA [email protected] TEL AVIV [email protected] Headache and osmophobia in the De Pasteur in Palestine: the politics of the Morbis Artificum Diatriba (1713) laboratory.
In his main publication, De morbis artificum In 1913, Dr. Leo Boehm, a young Zionist doctor diatriba (1st edition 1700; 2nd and final, 1713), who immigrated from Russia to Palestine, considering the possible causes of work-related established the ‘Pasteur Institute for Health, headache Bernardino Ramazzini (Carpi 1633 – Medicine and Biology in Palestine’. At the time Padova 1714), the founder of modern occupational Palestine was a backwash of the Ottoman Empire, medicine, pays particular attention to the presence and at the advent of the 20th century there was not of irritating and toxic smells. It is noted by an one bacteriological laboratory in the country. example in chapter 12, dedicated to head pains that Boehm, who ‘borrowed’ Pasteur’s name without the involve pharmacists who when, during the knowledge of the French laboratory, turned to other preparation of the rose infusions for the gold Zionist-imbued physicians, the most notable – Max syrups, are forced to remain in an environment Nordau, to find supporters for the idea of inundated by intense scents, under conditions that establishing a research laboratory in Palestine. facilitate the appearance of headache episodes. Boehm’s rhetoric was in keeping with Zionist Ramazzini suggests avoiding similar environments ideology that viewed scientific knowledge and and to expose oneself to fresh air as much as technological advancement as an important avenue possible. Also in chapter 15, dedicated to diseases for realizing a Jewish utopian society in Palestine. that strike “producers of oil, leather, and craftsmen Throughout the years that the laboratory operated of other dirty trades,” the cause of headaches should on an independent basis, it operated under threat of have been researched in disturbing odors and closure. Internal tension between the laboratory and inhaled fumes during work activities. As a British Mandate institutions and between the confirmation, Ramazzini mentions that “those who laboratory and other Jewish medical institutions in read or write for a few hours with oil lamps using Palestine – particularly Hadassah, affected its walnut oil, in an enclosed room, without air operation. The paper, based on primary sources circulation, know how the smoke derived from found in the Zionist and the Israel State Archives, walnut oil is quite deleterious to the head” and that examines the social history of the Pasteur Institute these practices “do not often occur without in Palestine from the standpoint of its political and bothersome headaches.” In these cases, headaches national identity context. Boehm’s laboratory was can be prevented by substituting tallow candles unique due to the role it was assigned in Zionist with either wax candles or with oil lamps that use ideology and the laboratory evolution within the olive oil; likewise headaches that occur with those context of a national identity ‘in the process of who read often, can be prevented by avoiding lamps becoming’ that develop its institutions against the with oil from animal fat. backdrop of conflict both with the local both with the local Arab population and British authorities.
313131 313131 338 ITALY 235 ITALY De Carolis S. De Santo N. G. Bisaccia C. Richet G. PRIMA DIV. DI NEFROLOGIA AZ. UNIV. POLICLINICO-SUN
VIA R.FUCINI 24, 47900 5 VIA PANSINI, PAD 17, 80131 RIMINI [email protected] NAPOLI [email protected] Terapia e chirurgia nell’antica Roma: Pierre-Joseph Desault (1738-1785) a contenitori per farmaci da una domus d'età forerunner of modern medical teaching and imperiale. a founder of nephrology.
Nell’estate del 1989, durante alcuni lavori di A very young member of the College of Surgeon riqualificazione urbana in una piazza del centro and of the Royal Academy of Surgery he was storico di Rimini, vennero alla luce in maniera del nominated the first Professor of Surgery in a tutto fortunosa i resti di una domus romana del II French University. Surgeon in chief at lat Hôtel- secolo d.C., distrutta da un incendio verso la metà Dieu he revolutioned the teaching of anatomy by del III secolo. Il caso ha voluto che nell’ala referring to 7 planes: anterior, posterior, superior, dell’edificio successivamente sottoposta ad una inferior, left lateral, right lateral, median. In this lunga campagna di scavo – protrattasi per quasi un way he was able to localize the various organs and decennio – siano stati ritrovati un ricco corredo di to relate them to their functional mechanics, strumenti chirurgici (oltre centocinquanta pezzi) e pathology and surgical anatomy thus developing numerosi altri oggetti, tutti variamente connessi topographic anatomy as a discipline. Following his all’esercizio della medicina, alcuni in particolare busy working schedule students participated (mortai, pestelli, contenitori in vetro ed in directly in the activity of the hospital and received terracotta, resti di bilance) utilizzati nella training “ based on facts and taught from nature”. preparazione e conservazione di medicinali. Ciò ha He had some 600 students yearly, many from permesso di riconoscere l’identità dell’ultimo abroad. Students were captured, “they felt like proprietario della domus (battezzata forse participants in his teaching”. Like Cotugno in Italy impropriamente “del chirurgo”) nonché la he was able to move the university into the struttura architettonica di una taberna medica nelle hospital. Students learned by doing. In fact he did stanze in cui – con sorprendente attinenza alle fonti not write papers buit his associates (Bichat, letterarie – sono stati rinvenuti gli oggetti citati. Cassius, Chopart) wrote on his name. There are few In questa sede, oltre a ribadire l’importanza di un scientists who have achieved such a reputation and simile ritrovamento archeologico per lo studio della written so few papers. The reasons are to be found storia della medicina nell’antica Roma, si in his prestigious position at Hôtel-Dieu, the huge desiderano illustrare i recipienti (in terracotta ed in number of fellow and the total devotion to the vetro) destinati a contenere sostanze medicinali. La hospital and to the fellows. He opened the field of loro presenza non deve stupire: sebbene il vero ruolo Nephrology separating diseases regarding urine professionale del dominus sia ancora controverso, formation from those regarding urine excretion. occorre ricordare che nell’antica Roma la maggior Described anuria from dehydration, and polyuria in parte dei medici praticava contemporaneamente le diabetic patients as well as in patients with athrofic tre branche della medicina (prescrizioni dietetiche, kidneys as it emerges from the “Traitè des farmaci e chirurgia) e che anche i medici che Maladies des voies urinaires” written by Bichat. esercitavano esclusivamente la chirurgia.
323232 323232 383 ITALY 374 MEXICO De Toma S. De Viesca M.R. Viesca C.
SEMINARIO DI STORIA DELLA SCIENZA FACULTY OF MEDICINE, U.N.A.M.
V. DE GEMMIS, 4/A DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPH BARI [email protected] MEXICO CITY [email protected] Marcello Malpighi e Giovanni Girolamo The conception of death in prehispanic Sbaraglia: l'affermarsi del metodo Mexico. sperimentale alle origini del moderno.
La comunicazione si articola in due momenti. In In mexican XVI th century literature there are una prima fase, si ripercorre la controversia multiple indications and entries expressing the avvenuta fra Sbaraglia e Malpighi: entrambi medici views maintained by prehispanic mexicans aboyt e professori all’Università di Bologna, si death. They separated different foprms to die, for scontrarono a proposito del methodus medendi da example the sacrifice after being made prisoner in adottare. Sbaraglia – con la sua dissertazione De war, which garantize the participation in the cosmic recentiorum medicorum studio (1689) – si proclamò life accompanniyng the sun; the death in childbirth, sostenitore dell’antica scuola empirica, che rifiutava with identical cosmic implications, excepting the le speculazioni sulla malattia, in favore di un women will go with the descending sun; the approccio esclusivamente basato sull’osservazione. intervention of some gods, like Tlaloc, the rain god, Malpighi, d’altro canto, propose, nella Risposta allo by means of some illnesses, i.e. hydropsy, Sbaraglia (1697, postuma), una metodologia di thiunderbult fulmination or being drowned; stampo galileiano, ovvero la compresenza di Ehécatl, the Wind god, intervention, with reiterate osservazioni e formulazione di ipotesi da rheumatoic illnesses and cyclonic wind trauma. verificare tramite l’esperimento: il suo scopo era In the text we describe these different types of death l’instaurazione di un rapporto di stretta and its significance to prehispanic mind. interdipendenza fra prassi medica e studio anatomico. Nella seconda parte della comunicazione, ci si sofferma sullo svolgersi dell’argomentazione malpighiana ed il suo sapiente uso della retorica in ambito scientifico. Seguendo i consigli rivoltigli in numerose lettere da Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Malpighi confutò le teorie di Sbaraglia senza dimenticare l’“arte dello scrittore”, ricorrendo in particolar modo alla tecnica della citazione, alla deminutio e all’ironia socratica.
333333 333333 244 PHILIPPINES 153 PORTUGAL Del Prado-Lu J. L. Delgado e Santos A. M. Doria J. L. Esperanca Pina M. UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS DE LISBOA
* RUA MÁRIO BOTAS Nº51 2825 AROEIRA MANILA [email protected] LISBOA [email protected] History of occupational health and sports The limits on the utilization of the medicine in the Philippines. scientific method in experimental medicine.
Occupational health is defined as the promotion of A view over the history should not be limited to the the highest level of health among workers, search of the simple happenings, someway protection of workers against any hazard which motivated by the curiosity. Our knowledge of the may arise out of their work or the conditions in past must also permit our understanding on the which it is carried on, and contribution towards the present, and mainly help us to build bridges over worker’s physical and mental adjustment, the future. Concerning to this are the word of the particularly by the adaptation of the work to French philosopher Blaise Pascal: “we are only workers and their assignment to jobs for which they dwarfs, but dwarfs standing on the shoulders of are suited. The history of occupational health dates giants”, therefore we can see further than they did. back one hundred years ago. This concept developed We are living in stimulating times for medicine, from the practical needs arising from from a technical point of view never before so many industrialization. In the country it started only in great discoveries were done in such a small period of 1903 where labour requirements stipulated the time. However, medicine is not a science but an art, employment of physicians in industries to provide the object is also the subject, it is the person who medical treatment to sick and injured workers. In asks for the meaning and the sense of her disease. 1923-1932, the Section of Industrial Hygiene was From this point of view, it matters to understand established under the then Bureau of Health. This the paths carried over by the medicine across the was followed by the implementation of the Workers’ years, the way of dealing with the duplicity of the Compensation Act No. 3428 and the Emergency patient, as a physical and a chemical organism, but Dental and Medical Service Act NO. 1054. After also mostly as a person. This, in order to anticipate World War II, the Philippine Association of future solutions for the contemporary medicine new Occupational Medicine (now PCOM) was formed. ethical defies, allowing us to build a XXI century In 1950, the Joint ILO-WHO Committee on medicine that can be effectively at the service of the Industrial Hygiene issued its first international mankind. definition of occupational health. In the same decade, the New Philippine Labor Code embodying the basic law on occupational health and safety was enacted. This was followed in 1978 by the promulgation of the Occupational Safety and Health Standard.In 1980, the World Health Assembly Resolution WHA 33.33 stressed the need for “new perspective integrating occupational health in the primary health care of underserved working population, particularly the developing countries This was in the WHO Eight General Program of Work covering 1990 to 1995. 343434 343434 292 ITALY 190 BULGARIA Dell'Erba A. Derijan I. Introna F. De Donno A. MEDICINA LEGALE SOUTH-WEST UNIVERSITY,
P.ZZA GIULIO CESARE, 11 66 IVAN MIHALOV STR., 2700, BARI [email protected] BLAGOEVGRAD [email protected] La medicina legale in Puglia. Study of young persons attitudes towards charity in Bulgaria - Historical roots and current situation.
Gli Autori ripercorrono la storia che ha Study of young persons attitudes towards charity contrassegnato la nascita e lo sviluppo della in Bulgaria – historical roots and current situation medicina legale in Puglia, ripercorrendone le tappe parallelamente alle alterne vicissitudini che hanno The current social relations are going in one caratterizzato l’istituzione e la crescita dynamic time. The main tendencies for dell’Università degli Studi di Bari: dalle prime globalisation of the society dispose active exchange scuole accademiche dei primi del ‘700, all’abolizione of moral values and social practices. In this delle scuole Universitarie del meridione nel 1861, connection the charity are regarded as a complex of alla fondazione in Bari, nel 1924, della Regia conscious values and social activity raised in the Università Adriatica “Benito Mussolini”. modern society but is based on Bulgarian folk Gli Autori si soffermano, quindi, sulla storia tradition. According to the specific situation in the dell’Istituto di Medicina legale di Bari e sulla transition period, the issue for the study attitudes capacità di aggiornamento della disciplina alle for charity in Bulgaria in young people becomes esigenze del territorio, rammentando gli illustri actual. personaggi che ne hanno qualificato la crescita. There is a study in 122 people in two age group (82 girls and boys, age 16-17 and 40 students ages 20- 21). The results supported hypothesis for the existence for charity in young people, as well as positive tendencies for the development.
353535 353535 175 GREECE 320 ITALY Diamandopoulos A. Diana E. Kassimatis T. Goudas P. RENAL DEPARTMENT, ST ANDREW'S CEN.DI DOC.PER LA STORIA DELL’ASSIST. E HOSPITAL SAN. FIOR.
TSERTIDOU 1 VIA POGGIOLINI, 105 PATRAS [email protected] REGGELLO (FI) [email protected] The first clues on statistical analysis in Ricerca scientifica e consuetudine sociale: medicine from Galen’s writings. Le verminosi attraverso i consulti medici dei secoli XV-XVIII.
Until the genesis and the application of statistical Fino alle scoperte microbiologiche di Francesco Redi methods, the treatment of diseases was based on the e di Lazzaro Spallanzani, il termine ‘parassita’ è therapist’s empirical observations or metaphysical stato a lungo confuso con quello di ‘verme’ beliefs. Early signs of a primitive “statistical” (quest’ultimo a sua volta, spesso comprensivo anche analysis of medical observations emerge during the degli ectoparassiti) ritenuto frutto di una 1st c. A.D. in Galen’s writings.Three basic generazione spontanea prodotta dai corrotti umori statistical principles are introduced in Galen’s conseguenti alla malattia. Una concezione che books: graverà per molti secoli sia sull’interpretazione 1)the value of the sample size, eziologica di molte infezioni intestinali, sia sul 2)the importance of the sample representativity and rapporto che la società – e soprattutto certi ceti 3)the need for reproducibility of an experiment’s sociali - intesserà con i ‘vermi’, ovvero, in result. Regarding the first notion, Galen reports: particolare, con gli ossiuri, gli ascaridi, le tenie. “What has been seen but once, that is not scientific, Nella Firenze delle sperimentazioni scientifiche di just as the single grain of wheat is not a perfect Corte e dei progressi delle discipline mediche le heap; but if it is a thing that is seen many times in verminosi saranno vissute sotto un duplice aspetto: the same way, then I call it scientific”. This da una parte, le descrizioni desumibili dagli studi, observation indicates that the greater the sample the dai consulti medici e dalle anatomie; dall’altra, il more reliable the outcome of a trial. Regarding the fenomeno endemico percepito dalla società second notion, Galen supports: “So this is what we attraverso i termini generici di ‘bachi’, ‘mal di assume for the men of arts, not expecting to see pondi’, ‘uscito’. L’apporto della presente every statue that Pheidius and Polycleitus have comunicazione vuole evidenziare una patologia che made, but, from the ones we have seen, from them senza mai assurgere ad evento collettivo, ha minato we have expectations about the other [statues]”. As comunque la salute dell’individuo, specialmente di for the third notion, Galen points out the quelle frange sociali più indigenti (e, all’interno di significance of the reproducibility of the queste, alcune categorie professionali più di altre) e experiment’s result in order to arrive at a reliable segnatamente i minori. scientific conclusion. Characteristically, after the description of an experiment, Galen states: “And this must be shown by anyone [that follows the same experimental method] after I and my pupils have died”. From the aforementioned, it is obvious that Galen was a pioneer in capturing the basic principles of statistics which contribute enormously to modern medicine.
363636 363636 118 ITALY 193 ITALY Dibattista L. Distante A. E. Ignone G.
SEMINARIO STORIA DELLA SCIENZA ASL BR-1
VIA CASSESE 20 VIA ZARA,31 GRAVINA [email protected] MESAGNE [email protected] Applications de la méthode graphique de E. De Victus Ratione di G. Capivaccio. J. Marey à la neurophysiologie et à la clinique: C. E. François-Franck e J.-M.
E.J. Marey, (1830-1904), autorité incontestée, dans Con tale termine il Capivaccio intende la dieta, o la la physiologie du XIX siècle en France, a materia dietetica, riferendosi alle “res non perfectionné et conduit à l’usage la méthode naturales”, come l’aria, ma in special modo agli graphique. Avec ses tambours à levier il a permis alimenti e alle bevande e all’uso di questi, in d’écrire le temps et l’espace, de figer le mouvement rapporto alle proprie qualità, nelle “discrasie des organes, des liquides organiques, des secousses umorali con o senza materia”.Riguardo alla musculaires. L’analyse des mouvements permettait quantità afferma che l'esagerata abbondanza dei cibi de voir – et mesurer avec la règle et le compas – les è nemica dello stomaco; e che il corpo del ghiottone caractères insaisissables aux sens humaines. Dans non si accresce in questo caso, poiché il cibo, più ce travail on va illustrer deux applications de la abbondante del richiesto, non può essere digerito. méthode réalisées par deux autres grands médecins: Riguardo alla qualità, e per prima quella recondita, C.E. François-Franck, qui fut le successeur de Avicenna dice che bisogna evitare gli alimenti che Marey au Collège de France à la chaire d’histoire sono sgraditi, dal momento che arrecano danno allo naturelle des corps organisés et J.-M. Charcot, le stomaco e si oppongono all'analogia dello stesso père de la neuropathologie. Le premier, dans son (con la qualità). Riguardo alla qualità manifesta egli ouvrage sur les fonctions motrices du cerveau, afferma che gli alimenti non astringenti (styptica) (1887), va montrer le retard de la réponse nuocciono allo stomaco.Gli A.a. interpretano le musculaire suivant qu’on excite la zone motrice ou sezioni dell’opera: Diaeta in dyscrasia sine la substance blanche sous-jacente, reconnaissant materia; Dyscrasia composita; Dyscrasia cum dans ce résultat l’un des thèses principales en materia. faveur de l’excitabilité propre de l’écorce cérébrale. Charcot, par contre, va utiliser un double appareil de Marey pour démasquer la fausse catalepsie d’un simulateur de la vraie catalepsie produite par hypnotisation chez certaines hystériques. Comme un moderne lie detector, les tracés du tambour fixé au bras du sujet et d’un pneumographe vont montrer la différence entre la cataleptique et le simulateur. Il s’agit là d’une démonstration de la manière d’accepter les méthodes d’exploration physiologique proposées par Marey, qui va améliorer le diagnostic différentiel et la recherche en médecine.
373737 373737 147 PORTUGAL 170 PORTUGAL Domingues M. O. Doria I. R. P. F. Doria J. L. Doria J. L. Esperanca Pina M. FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS - UNL LABORATORY OF BIOSTATISTICS/LISBON MEDICAL FACULTY
RUA DE PEDROUÇOS , Nº 46, 3 DTº, 1400 - 290 RUA DOMINGOS SEQUEIRA, 50, 4º LISBOA [email protected] LISBON [email protected] Portuguese medicine on board and in ports, Biostatistics, an help to evolutionism and in the discoveries time. heredity theories.
By the end of the Middle Age and the beginning of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) and later Renaissance, all Europe suffered intensive changes Charles Darwin (1809-1882) provided the on cultural, social and political order. Some foundations to evolutionism and natural selection. territorial borders were established, social classes Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) initiate the research on were defined, the marks were set for a remarkable heredity, followed by Karl Correns (1894-1933), development of culture and knowledge. Hugo de Vries (1848-1935) and Erich von Portugal, rising from a dynastic crisis, reasserts as Tschermak-Seysenegg (1871-1962), on they way to an independent country, already with two and a genetics. half centuries of history. Once removed the Francis Galton (1822-1911) and Karl Pearson pretensions of Castile, the Portuguese could (1857-1936), “biometricals”, applied correlation definitively turn to the ocean, and by the and the regression methods to support the natural Discoveries open new horizons to Europe, giving selection theory and contributed to the debate of “new worlds to the world”. heredity and evolutionism. Finally, Ronald Fisher Very important for the success and contributions of (1890-1962) used biostatistics to bridge both the Portuguese Maritime Epopee were the health theories. care and the medicine practised on board of the caravels, and also the knowledge of the European Medicine carried to the visited people. Several small hospitals were founded all over the African and Asian coasts, especially on the commercial ports, to support the navy crew and the commercial and colonial people, but also to attract the locals. Those hospitals could be considered a starting point for the Medicine of Ports. Those aspects concerning the History of Medicine, will be analysed, in a period from the early fourteens to the end of XVI century. It was a period full of new contributions and cultural exchanges, in the botanical and therapeutic areas and in the discovery and reports of new diseases.
383838 383838 208 PORTUGAL 271 BULGARIA Doria J. L. Draganova S. Villarinho L.
FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS - UNIV. INSTITUTE OF BALKAN STUDIES BULGARIAN NOVA LISBOA ACADEMY OF S
R. DOMINGOS SEQUEIRA, Nº 50, 4º , 1350-122 45 MOSKOVSKA STREET, 1000 LISBOA [email protected] SOFIA [email protected] Rules, staff and institutions for the ports Birthrate and death rate in the Danube and maritime sanity, in Portugal. province (according to Ottoman Census registers of the 1860 - 1870).
The fight against epidemics in Portugal begun with In 1839 reforms known as Tanzimat were initiated the beginning of the nationality (12th century) and in all administrative structures of the Ottoman was increased during the time of the Discoveries Empire. One of their outcomes was the (15th and 16th.centuries), by some sanitary rules establishment of the so-called Danube Province for boats and seaports. whose governor was Midhat Pasha. In the 1860s — The development of the commercial sea routs were 1870s he undertook a new census of the local one of the most important ways to spread population as well as registering of its immovable pestilences across different countries, and imposed properties and taxes levied. The close study and the creation of staffs, institutions and rules related analysis of the statistics they contain provides us to Ports and Maritime Sanity. The first specific with a new insight about the demographic, social, Portuguese legislation on the subject was stated in and economic situation in that province comprising 1695. Meanwhile houses for pestilence and what today is Northern Bulgaria as well as quarantine were built, directly connected with the Northern Dobrudja (in today's Romania) and the health system and the seacoast. region of Nish (in today's Serbia). The International Sanitarian Conferences, which In those times only the male population in the started in 1851, provided the last relevant influence Ottoman Empire was registered because of the fact to the Portuguese laws on the subject, before the that the men namely were tax-payers. However, the foundation of the WHO (1948). The Directives for statistics provide opportunity to reveal the quite Maritime Sanitary (1897) and the Health Service interesting situation concerning the then birthrate and Public Beneficence Regulations (1901) and death rate. The figures are noteworthy: temporally delimit this communication. Muslim birthrate: 34 - 44 births per thousand Christian birthrate: 41 - 48 births per thousand Muslim mortality: 30 - 37 deaths per thousand Christian mortality: 16-17 deaths per thousand To answer the question why the Christian birthrate was higher than the Muslim one, and Christian mortality lower than Muslim one respectively, one would take a close look at the registers of the real estates and their incomes, as well as the registers of the livestock in the province. Namely here the situation is rather interesting. According to the data explored the Muslim population was poorer than the Christian counterpart, except for very thin Muslim elite. In fact, prior to formation.
393939 393939 26 TURKEY 38 GREECE Dramur R. Drizis T. J.
UNIVERSITE' D'INSTANBUL FACULTE' DE CERRAHPASA
* V.NEDONTOS 31 INSTANBUL [email protected] KALAMATA [email protected] Les signatures des médecins et des Riferimenti medici nei scritti di due Santi. pharmaciens qui se trouvent sur les ordonnances de l'Hôpital et de la pharmacie
Aujourd'hui le logement du directeur du Palais de Lo scopo di questa indagine è di presentare alcuni Topkapi est la place ancienne de l'Hôpital et de la riferimenti medici che ci sono nei scritti di due santi pharmacie d'Enderun, En 1978 pendant la in epoche diverse. La materia per questa indagine restauration du palais de Topkapi on a trouvé un era 1) Il calendario delta Santa Perpetua della paquet contenant les anciennes ordonnances de cet Cartagene nel 2° secolo A.D. circa e 2) Il Cantico di hôpital et de cette pharmacie. Nous sommes San Francesco d'Asise del 12°-13° secolo A.D. convaincues que ces ordonnances sont les Metodo era l'analisi critica del testo. I risultati di prescriptions écrites par les médecins de l'Hôpital questa ricerca sono che 1) la Santa Perpetua si d'Enderun au palais de Topkapi. Ces ordonnances riferisce a) alla inflamazione della mammela trouvées étaient préparées et faites par les (mastite), b) ad un trauma della faccia, c) alla pharmaciens de cet hôpital à la pharmacie gangrena della faccia e d) al termine «cicatrirce» 2) d'Enderun du Palais de Topkapi. La classification S.Francesco si riferisce considerando l'aria de ces ordonnances sont faites aux archives du atmosferica necessaria e sostegno della vita delle Palais de Topkapi et elles sont conservées dans 104 entità, cosa che è venuta dimostrata da Lavoisier nel enveloppes. Chaque enveloppe est numérotée et sur 18° secolo con l'investigazione dell' ossigeno. chaque enveloppe le nombre de presciptions contenues est inscrit. 11 existe 3087 ordonnances La conclusione è che ci sono riferimenti medici da au total. La date de ces ordonnances est de 1867 S.Perpetua e S.Francesco nei quali si rifletta la 'jusqu'à 1890. Les signatures des médecins sont conoscenza medica dell'epoca rispettiva. clairement lisibles mais certaines ne sont pas lisibles à cause de l'usure. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous allons vous présenter les noms des médecins dont certains sont de célèbres médecins de cette époque. Et sur les ordonnances que nous avons examinées aux archives ottomanes, se trouvent les noms des pharmaciens ainsi que leurs signatures. Sur certaines ordonnances il existe les cachets des pharmacies qui sont les pharmacies illustres de cette période. Ces prescriptions que nous avons examinées sont écrites en français, en italien et en latin et sur certaines, nous avons constaté les indications écrites en turc etrortographiées à f alphabet arabe et ces indications sont écrites à la façon de lire en phonétique française et en italienne.
404040 404040 30 GREECE 39 GREECE Drizis T. J. Drizis T. J.
V.NEDONTOS 31 V.NEDONTOS 31 KALAMATA [email protected] KALAMATA [email protected] Historical references in greek medical The experiment as scientific method in literature about undersea diving medicine. Galen.
This work is addressed to present recent Medical This work is addressed to present the application of Literature from Greek Physicians about the the experiment from Galen as a demonstrating undersea Diving Medicine, scientific method for the demonstrating of medical The material for this, was various proceedings from theories, suppositions and clinical observations in a work-shop in 1997 in Greece. The method was the proportion to his abilities and besides his mistakes. critic analysis of them. The material of this study is various textbooks of The results are that in these (works) there are History of Medicine and various essays of the reports about 1) the Medicine of Diving. 2) about Epistemology. the accidents from diving where in some studies the The method was the critic analysis of the text. majority of the cases of clinical effects, was the The results are that Galen 1) has provoked decompression illness type, 3) about the long term experimentally alterations of the brain in zoos in health effects of diving in respiratory and central order to provide proof the difference between the nervous system, 4) Also there is a work about the alterations of the lobes of the brain, those alterations contraindications of the diving and 5) another work of the cerebellum and those of the brainstem. 2) He about the woman's participation in diving where is had demonstrated the muscular theory of the accentuated that there is not medical problem about cardiac beat, removing the heart and separated it it, 6) Finally there are works about the Units of from all its neural connections. 3) Galen because of Hyperbatic Oxygenation Therapy (HBOT) in was knowing that arteries contain blood, he Greece. demonstrated by experiments the pulses of the arteries. 4) He had demonstrated experimentally In conclusion the Greek Medical Literature has been that when the fifth cervical nerve was removed then enriched recently about the Medicine of Diving. was following paralysis of the muscles of the region of the shoulder. 5) Also he had demonstrated experimentally that when the laryngeal recurrent nerve was cutting off, the voice was disappearing. 6) Finally, Galen was the first who has legated the ureteres both simultaneously or everyone separately, in order to demonstrate their function. In conclusion, Cafen has applied the experiment, as a part of the scientific method and he has been called the first experimentalist and the founder of the Experimental Phisiology.
414141 414141 199 GREECE 200 GREECE Eftychiadis A. Eftychiadis A. Angelou M. G. Angelou M. G.
ATHENS UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, ATHENS UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, GREECE GREECE
TIMARHOU 1, 116-34, TIMARHOU 1, 116-34, ATHENS [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] The roots of the athletic physiology Bioethical perennial principles of medico - according to medico-philosophers. philosophers.
Physiology constitues basic branch for every The activation of the medical bioethics in our days, medical specialiy as as well as athletic medicine. is without any doubt, a very important event which The most significant medico-philosophers determine gives back a tremendous dissensions where its roots and its principles. Hippocrates researches biomedical research took place. Euthanasia, the the physiology of the movements of the human cloning human beings, the transplantation of body. On the other and the knowledge of geometry human organs, and the last cultivation of stem cells and the arithmology is very useful to spots in order to achieve the correct growth of tissues and medicine. Platon support that the movements of the organs ready for transplantation, are some of the human bodie follow mahematic rule. Aristoteles evolution fields of clinical and laboratory medicine. presents the automatical physiological operation of Principals in order the research to be supervised by the organism, and the principles of mobilization and rules which does not offend, the human personality, tranquilty, in physics and physiology. Theofrastos has been marked from the age of proippocrates Eresios attempts to connect the human movements philosophers until now. The bibliographical to the chronometric and geometric dimension. research reveals that all the people involve with this Galen considers nessecary the collaboration of matter, though centuries, conclude to the protection sciences as medicine. The Byzantine physician of the human race from arbitrary actions, and to the Orivasius connectcts the movements of the hyman harmonization of medical research and the human body whiyh physiology and habis. Gregory of disciplines of freedom and humanism, wisdom, and Nyssa, Aetius Amidin, Michael Psellos, Roger honesty to divine and to respect of physical law. Bacon, Rene’ Descertes and Blaise Pascal notice From the early start of the 5th century (Before similar observations and Giovanni Alfonsus Borelli Christ), human is in the center of interest, as studied the movements of the animals. personality, as citizen, as a patient. From the 3rd Conclusion: The roots of the athletic physiology are century B.C. until 2nd A.C century there is found in the ancient greek and Byzantine period. looseness in all these stuffs. After this period a very blooming period arise, due to the present of the great fathers of the church and the great medico philosophers until the middle age. After middle age we have a change of thoughts which ends with industrial revolution. All these years, are a proof, that the center of each research, is and remains, the human being, even with the wrong way. The human’s respect presuppose the keeping of the unwritten laws of nature.
424242 424242 321 U.S. AMERICA 234 TURKEY Eknoyan G. Elcioglu O. Unluoglu I.
BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE OSMANGAZI UNIVERSITY MEDICAL FACULTY
ONE BAYLOR PLAZA, 77030 * HOUSTON, TEXAS [email protected] ESKISEHIR [email protected] Art, anatomy and medicine. Evaluation of health ordinances related with extraordinary circumstances in Turkey.
A mutual interest in anatomy by artists and Extraordinary circumstances may be of a physicians in the 16th century, albeit for differing natural origin . Because of extraordinary motivation, led to collaborative efforts amongst circumstances which have occured in the last 20 them. Most notable of those is that of Vesalius years, more than 3 million people in the world have (1514-1564) and Jan Stefan van Kalkar (1499- died, 1 billion people have suffered damage or 1550), a student of Titian (1488-1576), who physical damage is totalled at an immense amount. illustrated the Fabrica. Less well known is that of Turkey is a country which is exposed to great Matteo Colombo (1516-1559), the immediate number of extraordinary catastrophic events. Since successor of Vesalius to the Chair of Anatomy and the beginning of this century just 2 out of the 25 Surgery in Padua, and Michelangelo (1475-1664). earthquakes which have occured in this country Colombo’s sole contribution to the literature, De Re caused over 10.000 deaths. National and Anatomica, was published in 1559 and became international rules providing guiding information widely used as a textbook of anatomy for over a to all physicians, nurses and other health personnel century, being translated into English in 1578 and on how to act in cases of emergency conditions are a German in 1609. Michelangelo, whom Colombo matter of questions. We evaluate our health diagnosed and treated for kidney stones, had a ordinanaces ( covering entire volumes of laws, lifelong interest in anatomy and aspired to publish rules, regulations, etc. ) in respect to arrangements a book on it for artists. Concerted efforts by before and after extraordinary circumstances Colombo to have his patient, Michelangelo, As a result, there is not any section in our health illustrate his book were unsuccessful. Had he ordinances related with extraordinary succeeded the fame of Colombo and Vesalius and circumstances, expressing responsibilities and their place in the history of medicine may well have obligations of health care institutions and health been reversed. Had Michelangelo collaborated or workers clearly and wholly, but it has been observed published his book on anatomy his contributions to that the issue has been mentioned in various anatomy may well have dimmed those of Leonardo sections of the ordinance partially. It would be (1452-1519). Michelangelo seems to have died from beneficial on the part of health care institutions to kidney failure due to obstructive nephropathy and prepare plans for unusual circumstances by taking appears to have incorporated the kidney in some of into consideration current ordinances, daily his frescoes. developments and conditions of institutions and that in addition to the plans being kept updated the certainty of functionality in terms of training, material support, personnel support etc. should be also be determined on a regular base.
434343 434343 377 TURKEY 376 TURKEY Erbay F. Erbay M.
BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY, HEAD OF FINE ARTS BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY, FINE ARTS DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT,
* * ISTANBUL [email protected] ISTANBUL [email protected] The role of medical museums in the Van Gogh's unkown illness and the education of medicine. Natural Medicines used to treat it.
Medical museums are the institutionalized The Dutch (painter) artist van Gogh lived between indicators of scientific interest and academic 1853 -1890 especially during his late life . He research spirit. Its foundations were laid upon the suffered from epilepsy. The reality behind his formation of scientific museums at the end of 19th paintings was for most of the time very different. A century, and the medical sections were also large number of the letters. Van Gogh wrote to his incorporated in the science and war museums. brother Theo have been examined by medical Today, many medical museums such as hygiene, experts of today. health, medicine technology, and medical history As a result of these examinations his illness have been founded. The medical museums have reminds one more of porphyry. Van Gogh was always been built in hospitals and at university suffering from indigestion, loss of appetite, stomach campuses. Medical museums have great national pains and biliousness. Could these symptoms point significance with an aim to teach the technological to manic depression or epilepsy? development of medical art in terms of presenting Van Gogh talked in many of his letters to his opportunities of funding and research to medical brother about these changes in his body. These education. While the medical museums help the symptoms remined one more of porphyry, which is students witness the affluent historical background, a physiological, genetically inherited disorder. His it also provide cultural, artistic, and scientific healty problems consisted of day dreamings and resources in the vicinity besides education and hallucinations. In porhyry patients recurring research. Medical museums are important in the stomach pains, vomitting, heavyness or paralysses education of medicine in terms of providing access in the limbs and psychological changes that remined to physical, intellectual and museum opportunities. one of hysizria . The use of scrophulariaceae family Physical access is important as the museum (yüksükotu) and artemisia absinthium (pelinotu) evaluation process incorporates visual perception. which were used for the treatment of his paintings. These museums are also important in terms of the It is quite significant when Van Gogh expresses in interpretation of the medical collection with his own letters . If it was not for this mystery illness historical value. The collection includes numerous what could I have achieved. Van Gogh 's genius is examples such as the tools, surgical instruments, not connected with the illness whether he was ill or anesthesia, dentistry, pharmaceutical tools, not his vision of nature, his influence and the way . medicines, drug bottles, hearing aids, first aid tools He found solutions reveal an innovative used in hospitals. These museums provide us with personality. information in plenty of areas such as fighting with epidemic diseases, nutrition, digestion, our sense organs, tooth and oral health, pregnancy process, etc....
444444 444444 49 TURKEY 214 ITALY Erdemyr A. Fasani G. Corrini L.
DEPASRTMENT OF HÝSTORY OF MEDICINE ,FACILTY OF MED
ULUDAG UNIVERSITY,FACULTY OF MEDICIN VIA CADORE 27, 26100 BURSA,TURKEY [email protected] CREMONA [email protected] A perspective to two articles of Prof. Dr. Condizioni sociosanitarie dell’infanzia a Besim Omer Akalin on health and sport. Cremona nell’Ottocento.
Prof.Dr.Besim Ömer Dr.Akalýn (1863-1940) is a L’inizio secolo è caratterizzato,a Cremona come nel famous Turkish physician.He was born in Istanbul resto della Lombardia,da un pressoché totale in 1863.He graduated from the school of military disinteresse per le condizioni sociosanitarie medicine in Istanbul in 1885.He went to France for dell’infanzia indigente. Le madri lavoratrici coatte, obstetrics speciality.Dr.Akalýn became the director troppo precocemente interrompevano l’allattamento of obstetrics clinic and midwife school. After 1909, al seno ed abbandonavano i loro piccoli he continued to the same duty in Haydarpasha alla”ruota”dei Brefotrofi (nei quali il 60%di essi medical school.He retired after 1933 University veniva a morte in pochi mesi)oppure li reform and opened the examining room.Dr. Besim affidavano,nella migliore delle ipotesi solo nelle ore Omer Pasha,who was the founder of modern lavorative,a Baliatico od alle Sale di custodia obstetrics and pediatric in Turkey,wrote 61 books lattanti. I bambini dai 3 ai 6 anni venivano (14).Moreover,he helped the development of some regolarmente abbandonati a se stessi nelle strade per societies on health.He was known as a popular tutta la giornata,malamente vestiti e nutriti,con author of health topics.Dr.Akalýn also became the scarsissima igiene e privati di una qualsiasi founder president of Turkish Society on History of istruzione. A ciò va aggiunto che era consuetudine Medicine(15).Moreover, he wrote encylopedic books pensare che curare i bambini nelle prime età della of 4 volumes called Nevsali Afiyet (It means Small vita fosse inutile,per cui il ricorso al medico per le or Fresh Articles about Health) with the date of malattie infantili era cosa inusitata.Compiuto il 1922.His two articles on health and sport are 7°anno d’età i fanciulli entravano a far parte così present in the fourth volume of this book.One of precocemente del mondo del lavoro come garzoni di them is called as To Provide Health With Exercise. botteghe artigiane,ma addirittura come braccianti In this article,Dr.Akalýn explains some agricoli;le fanciulle, in particolare,lavoravano nelle characteristics of muscles and their duties in the numerose filande della città e provincia dall’alba al body.Moreover,this famous physician points out the tramonto,per oltre 12 ore …”macerando le mani importance of exercise. According to Akalýn, nell’acqua e respirando aria viziata e exercises are divided into two groups:a-Natural fumosa,costrette in una sola posizione ,scalze su exercises:Walkimg,Running,Swimming etc are pavimenti umidi per le natural exercises. b- Artificial exercises:These annaffiature..”(Betri,1981,79-80). La TBC exercises are gymnastic methods.According to polmonare e le varie affezioni respiratorie,le malattie Dr.Akalýn,all these exercises are useful for human reumatiche e la rachitide predominavano e health.The second article of Akalýn on health and frequentemente portavano a morte tanti minori- sport is called Exercise and Health. This article lavoratori. Finalmente nel 1843, al Congresso mentions the uses of exercise.Exercise and physical medico di Milano,cui parteciparono anche i medici activity is beneficial fo health. cremonesi Robolotti e Cerioli ,venne presentato uno studio minuzioso sul lavoro minorile in campo manifatturiero. 454545 454545 179 GREECE 173 U.S. AMERICA Felescouras A. Ferngren G. Papadopoulos C. Diamandopoulos A. RENAL DEPARTMENT, ST ANDREW'S OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL
TSERTIDOU 1 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY PATRAS [email protected] CORVALLIS, OREGON [email protected] Description of Icterohemorhagic fevers by Development in late Graeco-Roman Greek, French and Italian Doctors in the medical ethics. last quarter of the 19th century.
We present 50 case-reports about patients suffering Ludwig Edelstein believed that one could trace a from fever, hematuria and jaundice. These were gradual development in Graeco-Roman medical published in various journals housed currently in ethics during the Roman Imperial period. The the “Old Medical Books’ Library” of St. Andrew’s spirit of pagan medical humanism reflected Stoic Hospital in Patras and were written by several and Cynic popular philosophy and marked an Greek, French and Italian doctors. The fever was advance over earlier formulations found in the high, sometimes remitting, always accompanied deontological literature of Greek medicine. 'The with chills, weakness and muscular pains and morality of outward performance characteristic of hematuria. Most Greek authors debated strongly on the classical era,' writes Edelstein, 'was now the role of quinine administration as the causing supplemented by a morality of inner intention.' factor of hematuria. Renal involvement was This paper will examine several statements of Greek described as parenchymatous nephritis with medical ethics from the Roman Imperial period, hematuria, oliguria or anuria. The autopsies including the Professio medici of Scribonius performed to some of the patients revealed three Largus, the second-century poem of Serapion on the different findings mainly localized in the cortical duties of the physician, the late fourth-century areas of the kidneys. Progymnasma 8 of Libanius, and two documents 1. The collecting tubules were completely filled with penned by the sixth-century writer Cassiodorus on pigmented materials. the duties of the physician. The question that will 2. The kidneys were destroyed by hemorrhagic be posed is the extent to which one can observe infiltrations. change or development in these various statements, 3. There were abscesses or ulcer lesions. particularly in terms of ideas of brotherhood and Jaundice was invariably described as philanthropy. “hematological” often accompanied by swelling and tenderness of the liver. A strong correlation had been found between the incidence of the disease and climatic conditions of the place of living of patients. It became obvious that swamp areas were a favorite environment for the outbreak of small epidemics. The same finding also stands nowadays in cases of infections causing jaundice and hemorrhagic symptoms, such as leptospirosis, yellow fever, Lassa, Dengue and Marburg viruses. An even more interesting observation is that a similar syndrome was referred 24 centuries ago by Hippocrates in his book “On Epidemics” when he described black urination. 464646 464646 164 FRANCE 159 BULGARIA ForlodouP. Frengov H.
FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE SOUTH-WEST UNIVERSITY, BLAGOEVGRAD
22, RUE CAMILLE DESMOULINS, F-29200 10 HRISTO SMIRNENSKI BREST [email protected] PETRICH [email protected] Les fondements de la société biologique de Vladimir Pavlov’s educational school of Paris (1849). Otorhinolaryngology (Scientific-Metric analysis).
Pénétrés de l’idéologie positiviste du XIXe siècle et The purpose of the research is to determine and lassés du conservatisme du monde médical, investigate the scientific-metric characteristics of considérant que les réformes universitaires du Vladimir Pavlov’s educational school. Methods Premier Empire avaient eu des effets stérilisants en employed – bibliographic, library and archival – at imposant aux études scientifiques « le modèle des the stage of historical reconstruction; humanités » en privilégiant la formation des systematization and classification – on the enseignants au dépens de celle des chercheurs, ce empirical level; at the stage of theoretical analysis qui donnait un caractère rhétorique à la science and generalization – analogy, comparison and française, Robin, Rayer, Claude Bernard, Follin, basically, the scientific-metric method. The source Lebert, Brown-Sequard et Segond fondèrent la materials surveyed comprise documentary Société Biologique de Paris en juin 1849, estimant materials, newspapers and magazines, bibliographic que le temps était venu de changer radicalement les and bio-bibliographic editions. The object of the méthodes et l’orientation des recherches en research is the personality and the work of Vladimir médecine. La physiologie et l’anatomie considérées Pavlov, as well as, the work of the research and indépendamment de toute idée d’application seront teaching team led by him. Time period under le socle de la compréhension des maladies. La survey – from 1948, when Pavlov is appointed as recherche s’effectuera dans tous les domaines, avec an otorhinolaryngological illnesses assistant, until tous les moyens disponibles ; recherche sur l’animal 1986, when he retires from active professional and ; emploi de nouvelles méthodes d’investigation creative career. Results and conclusions: 1. comme le courant électrique ; utilisation des Vladimir Pavlov is an eminent Bulgarian procédés chimiques pour les dosages du sang et du otorhinolaryngologist, a founder and a leader of a liquide céphalo-rachidien. Les fondateurs proposent school of otorhinolaryngology. 2. A basic de rassembler les scientifiques venant de toutes les characteristic feature of the school is its disciplines et d’agréger autour d’un projet fundamentally educational function. 3. The ambitieux, des hommes d’ambition pour le progrès scientific ideas elaborated by him and the original des sciences et de la nation. Les moyens dont educational programmes he introduced in his disposent les membres de la Société pour mener à clinical and teaching practices motivate a numerous bien ce projet grandiose, sont à trouver dans les team of teachers and specialists 4. The educational trois procédés classiques de toute science practices, methods and techniques of this leader and d’observation : l’observation proprement dite, his numerous students and collaborators are l’expérimentation et la comparaison. remarkable for the innovative coupling of the subjective skill of the teacher and the technical challenges of modern presentation.
474747 474747 335 ITALY 288 ITALY Gaballo M. Galanti G. Lippi D.
DIP.ANATOMIA, ISTOL.E MEDICINA LEGALE,UNIV.FIRENZE
VIA DUOMO, 51, 73048, * NARDÒ [email protected] FIRENZE [email protected] Catalogo delle Opere Mediche a stampa Educazione fisica e sport durante il della Biblioteca Comunale "A. Vergari" di ventennio fascista. Nardò (Lecce).
La biblioteca comunale di Nardò trae le sue lontane Il 2004 è stato dichiarato Anno della educazione origini dalle raccolte librarie dei monasteri soppressi attraverso lo sport e non a caso, le Olimpiadi dopo la costituzione del Regno unitario e dai lasciti avranno luogo ad Atene. In questa prospettiva, gli del medico Achille Vergari (Nardò, 8/4/1791 - Autori, partendo dalla analisi del percorso Napoli, 11/2/1875), successivamente arricchita con formativo legato alla educazione fisica dagli anni altre donazioni ed acquisti, rappresentando un della Legge Casati, propongono una rilettura delle notevole contenitore culturale, oltre che un prezioso problematiche legate allo sviluppo delle diverse ed inesplorato giacimento per la storia della discipline nel loro rapporto con la pratica sportiva. medicina. Il Ventennio fascista rappresenta un periodo Dei circa 23 mila volumi conservati almeno un estremamente importante da questo punto di vista, quarto riguardano la medicina, con edizioni italiane sia da un punto di vista tecnico, sia da un punto di e straniere comprese tra XVI e XIX secolo, che il vista delle strutture. filantropo e bibliofilo Vergari aveva raccolto ed acquistato con denaro proprio in tutto il corso della sua vita. Fra tutte spiccano il De humani corporis fabrica di André Vésale (Venezia 1568), l' Opera Omnia di Adriaan van den Spiegel (Amsterdam 1645), il corpus delle edizioni cinquecentine di Ippocrate, Galeno e Avicenna, di Aezio, Paolo d' Egina, Celso, Benivieni, Fracastoro, Adrien a Mynsicht, Sennert, le edizioni di Girolamo Mercuriale ed il suo De Arte gymnastica, il De Medicina Aegyptiorum di Prospero Alpino e numerosissime altre opere non facilmente reperibili.
484848 484848 241 POLAND 232 ITALY Gasiorowski J. Gensini G. F. Kladna A. Conti A. A. Conti A. POMERANIAN MEDICAL ACADEMY DIP. AREA CRITICA MED.CHIR., UNIVERSITÀ DI FIRENZE
70-204 SZCZECIN, UL. RYBACKA 1 VIALE MORGAGNI 85, 50134 FIRENZE SZCZECIN [email protected] FIRENZE [email protected] Medical studies of the Poles in exile during A brief history of “Health Technology World War II. Assessment”.
The aggression of Nazi and Soviet soldiers in It is only during the XX century that, in the history Poland in 1939 led to abolition of all the Faculties of of health care, quality standards are defined Medicine in Polish Universities. The effect of their precisely, the health service is structured barbarian activity was exodus of numerous Poles to systematically and the need for a new relationship France, to newly constituted Polish Army between physician and patient, and between patient (evacuated later to England) and to other places and institution is developed. Health Technology where Polish troops were organized. Taking into Assessment originates and develops in such a account the needs of the army as well as casualties scenario. Health Technology Assessment (HTA) is in occupied Poland, Polish authorities in exile defined as the set of multidisciplinary scientific attempted to enable reactivating studies to the activities targeted to evaluate the efficacy, largest possible group of medicals, in order to effectiveness, safety, costs and impact on the quality qualify as doctors. Yet in 1940 the first Polish of life of the technologies used for health care. A students, including medicals, appeared in Lebanon. brief history of HTA identifies several evolutive In general during 1942-1952 fifty Poles studied in steps referable to different decades of the XX the Faculty of Medicine at both French Saint century. In the 1930s early safety regulations in Joseph’s University and American University in health organizations are published in the United Beirut. Forty two of them qualified as doctors. In States and in Europe. In the 1950s the first Switzerland students were recruited from Polish structured efficacy concerns arise, prompting, the soldiers interned there. By the end of 1945 fifty 1980s, the planning of the first large efficacy seven Polish medicals started studies in Winterthur studies, i.e. controlled clinical trials. In the 1980s camp by Zurich and sixteen of them qualified as the creation of formal, and usually governmental doctors, but some continued their studies after HTA programs takes place, while in the 1990s non- 1945. Finally about 20-50 Poles graduated as governmental HTA develops. doctors in Zurich University. The great educational In this same period, Evidence Based Medicine gives achievement was the formation of the Polish Faculty a further stimulus to every currently interpreted of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh in quality systems and to HTA projects as well, also 1941. During its activity 336 students studied stressing the need to evaluate systematically every there and 227 qualified as doctors. Immediately health care procedure implemented, with particular after the end of the war many rescued and reference to technological ones. Still today, at the demobilized Poles strived to be admitted to medical beginning of the third millennium, more than 80% faculties at various european universities. The most of all procedures have not yet been formally abundant groups flowed to Edinburgh (217 analysed, and this awareness should represent a candidates registered in Sep 1945) and to Bologna major stimulus to current and future HTA (227 Poles listed in the University in 1946). activities.
494949 494949 348 UNITED KINGDOM 281 RUSSIA Gibbs D. Glyantsev S. P.
BAKULEV SCIENTIFIC CENTER FOR CARDIO- VASCULAR SUR.
KINGSWESTON, APPLEFORD, OXON OX14 4P RUBLEVSKOE SHOSSE 135, 121552 OXFORD [email protected] MOSCOW [email protected] Pulsilogium to pulse watch - 17th century Russian Surgeon Vladimir Petrovich link between Padua and Lichfield Demikhov – The pioneer of experimental (Staffordshire, England). Bypass Coronary Surgery.
Sir John Floyer (1649-1734) was the first person to Well known that pioneers of bypass coronary time the pulse by means of a watch with a seconds surgery were R. Goetz, D. Sabiston, M. DeBakey hand. By the last quarter of the 17th century and R. Favaloro from USA and V. I. Kolesov from watchmakers in England had gained a position of USSR. They were the first surgeons all over the pre-eminence, allowing Floyer to take advantage of world who in 1960, 1962, 1964 and 1967 have the improved technology to extend the first made direct operations on coronary arteries in observations of Galileo (1564-1642) on the clinic. We also know A. Carrel from New York, G. pendulum and pulse-timing which were developed Murrey and A. Vineberg from Toronto, who and applied by Sanctorius (1561-1636). The means research the possibility to carry out some of these by which Floyer became acquainted with the operations in experiments. pioneering observations on measurement in clinical But ones haven’t knew much that the first operation medicine in Padua, has recently been discovered. of left mammary–left coronary artery anastomosis Dr Anthony Hewett (c1603-1684), who received in dog was made by Russian surgeon Vladimir his medical education at the universities of Petrovich Demikhov in 1952. What’s more, Cambridge and Padua, was recently identified as Demikhov also developed in experiments such the physician who preceded Floyer in practice in operations as right mammary–coronary Lichfield. Among the books which Hewett brought anastomosis, bimammary–bicoronary anastomosis, back to England from Padua were two by sequence and snake bypass coronary shunts that Sanctorius, one of which was Commentaria in practically unknown neither surgeons not Primam Fen primi libri Canonis Avicennae with historians of medicine. illustrations of his measuring devices and As Demikhov’s book named «Experimental descriptions of their application. Floyer acquired Transplantation of Vital Organs», where he this book from his predecessor and it was among described these operations, was translated in some twenty others once owned by Hewett which English and published in New York in 1962, it is Floyer acquired and, in due course, left together impossible to exclude the possibility of influence of with his own working collection, to the library of Russian surgeon’s ideas and experience on The Queen’s College in Oxford. American surgeons, who made these operations for the first time in clinic and were considered to be pioneers of bypass coronary surgery.
505050 505050 368 PORTUGAL 369 PORTUGAL Gomes Da Silva H. Gomes Da Silva H. Doria J.L. Doria J.L. Oliveira L. MEDICAL SCIENCES FACULTY MEDICAL SCIENCES FACULTY
RUA MARQUES DA SILVA, 41 7º RUA MARQUES DA SILVA, 41 7º LISBON [email protected] LISBON [email protected] About Luis De Camões blindness. Goas cholera epidemics by Garcia De Orta and Gaspar Correia in the XVI Century.
Luís Vaz de Camões (1524-1580), proeminent poet Being the Portuguese the first ones to arrive to of the cultural life of the XVIth century in all of India its not surprising that they would be the first Europe, weather by its tumultuous life or by the Europeens to describe the cholera as a epidemic greatness of his poetic writings all immortalized in disease. “The Lusiadas”, master-piece of the renaissance, in The 1543 Goa epidemics, in India, were witnessed which he immortalized the doings of the Portuguese by two of the most erudite Portuguese of the XVIth throughout the world during the discoveries period. century: Gaspar Correia and Garcia de Orta. Luis de Camões stands up, by its own merit, side by Gaspar Correia in the book Indian legends says that side with Shakespeare, Cervantes, Ariosto e the disease called by the indigenae as moryxy, Sanazzarro. didn´t show particular predilection in gender, or The only reliable portrait of Camões, carved in age, and infected indistinctly every keen. This copper by Gaspar de Faria Severim, shows the poet outbreak was so intense that as the author says with a right eyelid ptosis. Several correspondence of “everyday the bells ring and berried dead 12 to 15 the period and letters talk about the poet blindness at the time…” and its cause. Very ambiguous, several speculations Garcia de Orta, medical doctor and a scholar have have rose about the possible aetiology of the lesion. watched the death nearby and has inclusively done By consulting, letters and books of the period we several authopsy to dead ones (according to his will try to make a theory to explain Luis de Camões biographist the count of Ficalho). He starts by blindness. enumerating all the names the disease has been called and makes a detailed description of the symptoms. The author, goes even as far as, proposing a therapeutic for the disease. By making an exhaustive investigation we will make an interpretation that both men made to Goas Cholera epidemics.
515151 515151 370 PORTUGAL 367 PORTUGAL Gomes Da Silva H. Gomes Da Silva H. Doria J.L. Pessanha M. A. Oliveira L. MEDICAL SCIENCES FACULTY MEDICAL SCIENCES FACULTY
RUA MARQUES DA SILVA, 41 7º RUA MARQUES DA SILVA, 41 7º LISBON [email protected] LISBON [email protected] The wheel of the exposed in Portugal in the Historical perspective of the infection by XVIIth Century. Streptococcus Agalactiae.
Christianity gave a new spirit and direction to the Beta-hemolitic streptococci with lancefield´s group society, spreading throughout every institution a B antigen (S. agalactiae) are an important cause of higher standard of superior moral. Charity ended serious neonatal infection since immemorial times. up by giving birth to all new kind of support to Clinically characterized by sepsis and meningitis it indigents and, of course, rejected new-borns by is, even nowadays lethal, particularly, to children. their own mothers were not forgotten. More oftenly This agent is also frequently a cause of post-partum these situation occurred for they were the fruit of a infection. forbidden relationship, or due to the extreme The diagnosis and treatment of this emergent poverty of the parents or to the deformity of the disease has developed seriously since it was first children. described . Treatment has emerged from magical Early in Portugal the Humanitary feelings have and empiric therapy, where bleeding and very naïve spread, and due to the influence of F. Miguel de therapy (such as crab eyes), was the most effective Contreiras, Queen Leonor of Portugal gives rise, in proposed therapeutic, to a cientifical and methodic 1498, to the fellowship of the Misericordiae in prevention and treatment with antibiotics. Lisbon. Throughout consulting several books and ancient The true germen of the exposed wheel, is however medical scripts we will make a historical prespective attributed to S. Vicente of Paula (1575-1660) that of the infection by Streptococcus agalactiae. by travelling all around the world spread his faith and his actions, true engine of modern technology that save thousands of children from a certain death. In Portugal the legislation and privilegies that the exposed benifitted are well exposed in the work of António Joaquim Gouveia Pinto, that made a sumulae of all the scattered documents spreaded throughout the reign. By analysing the work of António Pinto we will give a new prespective of the situation lived in Portugal in the XVIIIth Century.
525252 525252 77 VENEZUELA 177 GREECE Gonzalez-Guerra M. Goudas P. Vasilacos T. Diamandopoulos A. UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA RENAL DEPARTMENT, ST ANDREW'S HOSPITAL
AV PAEZ-RES 2000-ED ELENA-11-EL PARAISO TSERTIDOU 1 CARACAS [email protected] PATRAS [email protected] The department of Medical Humanism: an Early scientific thoughts about genetics and educational necessity. cloning: Observations from classical and Byzantine writings.
There is a common preoccupation because of the The 20th century ended with humanity in its increasing dehumanized medical practice, as if it technological and scientific climax. Amongst the were an inevitable consequence of the time dedicated most impressive achievements is the successful for being on time with the technological progress. cloning of mature animal cells to new animals Facing this, it is exposed that we have to be very identical to their cellular parents. The idea however conscious that, besides the necessary technical of genetic information and cloning is quite old. The formation to try the individual and collective health understanding of the principles of genetics was problems, it is very, very important that the fairly advanced in Classical Antiquity, an era with humanitarian condition of the medical practice no technological means to support research. We requires a well and strong scale of values. Because have traced several passages from the Classical, of that, it is proposed the creation of a Department Roman and Byzantine eras that support our thesis of Medical Humanism in every School of Medicine i.e. that the basic genetic principles of living to develop its bioethics, philosophical, historic and organisms were conceptualized during these early legal principles. Finally, an approximation about ages. In particular, we present the following the respective topics of each is highlighted. passages: 1. From Aristotle, several passages that analyze the existence of an unknown carrier of genetic information from parent to offspring and some properties of the transfer of this information. Also a passage with a hint to natural selection, as understood by the great philosopher. 2. From Galen, several passages concerning the possible relationship between humans and monkeys and his debate with some contemporary natural philosophers. 3. From Johannes Philoponus, a passage concerning the further analysis of Aristotle’s writings about the transfer of genetic information and an impressive passage regarding the use of the term “clone” with respect to its possible application in animals. In the same passage Philoponus highlights the importance of the composition of the (unknown) genetic material for the final macroscopic result, by using a grammatical paradigm.Once more, we witness the phenomenon of loss of pioneering ideas in human history.
535353 535353 265 UCRAINA 185 GREECE Gozhenko A. I. Gravvanis A. Vasilyev K. Tsoutsos D. Ioannovich J. DPT. OF ODESSA STATE MEDICAL DEP. OF PLASTIC SURGERY- UNIVERSITY MICROSURGERY"G.GENNIMATAS"
VALIHOVSKIY PER.,2, 65026 PATROKLOU 10, AGIA PARASKEUI ODESSA [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] Marine Epidemiology: History and the The history in Plastic Surgery in present time. Mediterranean Basin.
Marine epidemiology as a part of the sea medicine The article deals with the most pivotal moments in and on independent whit of epidemiological the history of the surgical field later named Plastic researches was found in the ex USSR in 60-ties of Surgery, which took place in the Mediterranean XX century [K. Vasilyev]. area. Marine epidemiology includes: a) studying of In Egypt (2850-715 B. C.), all the branches of seamen's sickness rate; diseases and toxic human knowledge attained a high degree of infections, a source of which may be sea water; b) development. The Egyptians attained a certain studying a marine transport's role in the wide proficiency in dealing with traumatological patients spread of human's and animals' infections diseases and were the first to describe facial palsy. and improvement of the sanitary-quarantine Gradually, the traditional Egyptian medicine was quarding's system of sea borders and coastal waters. replaced by the Greek medicinal arts, which reached The ideas about marine epidemiology was their maximum period of splendor in the School of completely realized in Russia by the sanitary Alexandria, where Herophilus and Erasistratus, quarantine measures' system on the Black Sea. This pioneers in the study of human anatomy were model may be used for other seas of the World especially renowned. Galen (130-200 A. D.) has Ocean. contributed to the development of plastic surgery during the Roman Empire. Among his 170 books, there is reference to the reconstruction of the penis and the reconstruction of lid and lip defects. Paulus Aegineta (625-690 A. D.) described procedures varying from the treatment of nasal and jaw fractures to operations for gynecomastia, ganglion, and hypospadias. Finally, Plastic Surgery was a fledgling specialty emerging from the front lines of World War I. For the first time ever, surgeons had faced unprecedented challenges in treating soldiers who, like never before, had survived such grave initial injuries. The first Plastic Surgeons became heroes and the authorities in handling such incredibly difficult reconstructions. As they began to share their skills and success, they chose the Greek word, plastikos, meaning, “to form”, as the root name of the fledgling specialty.
545454 545454 52 ISRAEL 289 HUNGARY Greenberg Z. Gyory H. Davidovitch N. Gyory J.
ISRAEL MINISTRY OF HEALTH SZEPMUVESZETI MUZEUM, MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS
P.O.B 34410 JERUSALEM 91342, H-1146 BUDAPEST, DOZSA GY. U. 41 JERUSALEM [email protected] BUDAPEST [email protected] Smallpox and variolation in Palestine, Magical components in ancient egyptian 1921: Public health, culture and colonial ophthalmology. medicine.
In December 1921, in the Arab village of Dawaimeh Ancient Egyptian prescriptions refer to the near Hebron an epidemic of smallpox broke out treatment of various diseases. The highest quantity following variolation of the population. This among them, however focuses on the eyes, which is practice of taking material from the blister of one not surprising, if you consider how widespread eye sick person and purposefully inoculating another, diseases were also in the pharaonic times. They carried out by a local healer, was a common practice distinguished more than 30 different pathological among the local population at the time. This paper alterations, called mostly by specific names. The reviews the history of the outbreak and the cases were treated by several mechanical ways and interrelationship between the local population and by various chemical materials taken from minerals, British Mandate authorities in the course of dealing plants, animals or human beings. Some of the with the epidemic. A host of vintage photos from the materials are very popular even today, although in period archived in the Wellcome Institute in much developed forms, others are forgotten or London reveal that attempts by Mandatory classified as magical ones. The administration of physicians, to carry out a mass vaccination of these drops, concoctions, ointments, and other villagers was met initially by fierce opposition. In forms of medicaments was not a simple professional the course of the vaccination campaign village act, it could not be imagined without magical children were hidden in caves and other hideaways instruments, rites or spells, either. If we look, in the vicinity out of fear of vaccination. Much as however, closer at things said to be magical, we will been written in recent years about the link between be surprised, to find many realistic reasons for their health and colonialism, recognizing the tension that use. In the lecture some prescriptions containing as existed between western and local medicine as an magical materia medica the faeces, are analyzed. important dimension of the history of colonialism. Although in ancient Egyptian world faeces had also This paper examines how various parties reacted to very negative connotation, relatively many the outbreak. In contrast to the simplistic view that Egyptian prescriptions use it for the eye-treatment, western medicine ‘conquered the hearts of the similar to the European "Dreckapotheke". The cases natives’, in fact reciprocal relationships between analyzed here refer to txn = a sort of mechanical colonizers and local population were far more injury of the eye (Eb 349), Adt = pterygium (Eb complex in regard to perceptions of sickness and 365, 370), HAtj = veiled sight (Eb 339), "avoiding, health. In addition the Dawaimeh outbreak, that the hair grow into the eye, after it has been following the variolation of over 300 children, gives pulled out" (Eb 425, 429) and for wbA mAA - us the opportunity to analyze the last large "opening the sight" (Eb 344). Faeces was always smallpox epidemic resulting from variolation and used together with other materiae. Its type and documented in details during the 20th century. condition were also stipulated.
555555 555555 240 U.S. AMERICA 70 U.S. AMERICA Haddad F. S. Harden V.
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
4403 CLEARWATER PARKWAY BLDG. 31 ROOM 5B38 MSC 2092 PHOENIX [email protected] BETHESDA, MD [email protected] Medecine and mathematics. Development of the “aqueous-base” yellow fever vaccine in World War II.
In this paper, we are mainly concerned with three In 1942, an outbreak of “infectious jaundice” struck specific subjects where mathematics have been used U.S. military troops vaccinated against yellow fever in medicine: the new concept of bladder efficiency with a vaccine developed and produced by the (BE), the fertility index (FI), and the annual Rockefeller Foundation. A subsequent doubling rate of tumors (ADR) investigation traced the source of the infection to The fertility index (FI) is a theoretical formula that the human serum used to stabilize the Rockefeller calculates the degree of fertility in males. It is based vaccine. U.S. Public Health Service officer Mason on the sperm count S (millions per cc), the sperm Hargett proposed a new way to produce yellow motility M (percentage of motile sperm), the fever vaccine, using water instead of serum as a spermatic fluid volume V (in ml), and the stabilizer. He had developed this method while percentage of normal forms N. To calculate the studying the Rockefeller’s manufacturing process in fertility index, one can use the following formula Brazil. Hargett was sent to a Public Health Service laboratory in Hamilton, Montana, whose climate FI = S x M x V x N x 2 did not support Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that might threaten the local population with an Bladder efficiency (BE) is a new concept; when no accidental yellow fever epidemic. For the duration obstruction is present, it is equal to the amount of of World War II, Hargett produced all the yellow urine pushed out (M) over the total amount of fever vaccine used by the U.S. military and urine originally present in the bladder (C); the BI in introduced several innovative production methods, percentage is: which he documented in a detailed photo instruction manual. When the war ended, vaccine BE = Mx100/C production was turned over to commercial laboratories. The annual doubling rate of tumors is the number of times that a given tumor doubles its volume every year. It is expressed as follows:
ADR = 365.25 [3(log R – log r) – log N + log S]/ I x log 2
where R is the radius of the tumor, r is the radius of the cancer cell, N is the number of tumor cells implanted, S is the Gauss sphere packing factor, ie around 0.74, and I is the time interval.
565656 565656 410 AUSTRALIA 411 AUSTRALIA Henneberg M. Henneberg R.J. Carter C. J. Henneberg M.
DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMICAL SCIENCES MEDICAL SCHOOL MEDICAL SCHOOL
THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE SA 5005 AUST THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE SA 5005 AUST ADELAIDE [email protected] ADELAIDE [email protected] Archaeology and medicine: The studies of Bones, teeth and the diseases of ancient human remains of the Greek colony people. The biological anthropologist and Metaponto (7th - 2nd c BCE), southern Italy. palaeopathologist account.
The remains of the Greek colony of Metaponto Selected results of the anthropological and (7th - 2nd c BC) have been excavated systematically palaeopathological studies in Metaponto in and intensely for over the last 25 years. Excavations comparison with the results from other skeletal of the area,inspired by the late Professor Dinu series studied by us, are presented here. Up to Adamesteanu led to a close collaboration of the two thisyear, skeletal remains of over 1400 individuals teams of classical archaeologists, the Italian team have been excavated from rural and urban areas from the National Museum of Metaponto and the and from indigenous and Greek cemeteries around American team from the Institute of Classical Metaponto. This vast skeletal and dental Archaeology of The University of Texas at Austin. material, although in varying state of preservation, The American project in classical archaeology presents a good source of information about the included interdisciplinary collaboration of scientists physical condition of individuals and the working together toward unveiling the life in the population. Attempt is made at statistical colony from various perspectives. For the first time rather than individual description of pathological in this region, geologists,alynologists, findings. Analyses of the entire skeletal material palaeozoologists and biological anthropologists using life tables indicate very high infant and child worked on excavations alongside specialists in mortality from simple infectious diseases, resulting various fields of classical archaeology. Well- in newborn life expectancy of about 25 years, while established methods and modern techniques were paleoepidemiological, statistical analysis of employed in the field and in the laboratory work. pathological signs on bones and teeth indicates The project intended to preserve every bit of endemic presence of treponemal infection. Influence information from the excavated area including of environmental conditions and type of food thewealth of biological information from the human consumed on health of the inhabitants of Metaponto bones and teeth. , is also discussed in the light of stable carbon and The systematic and comprehensive studies of nitrogen isotope studies and the incidence of dental human skeletal remains began with the unearthing caries and periodontal disease. of the large rural necropolis of Pantanello. The studies of the skeletal material of more than 250 individuals from this site continue as new methods become developed and new approaches are formulated.With the support of the National Museum of Metaponto the human skeletal remains excavated from a number of necropoleis within the territory of Metaponto are continuously studied in similar, broad and comprehensive way as the material from Pantanello. Some of the methods used and results of the biological studies are presented here. 575757 575757 269 TURKEY 352 MEXICO Henzel Z. Herrera Fuentes L. M.
L'UNIVERSITE DE CUKUROVA DEPTO. DE HISTORIA Y FILOSOFÍA DE LA MEDICINA.UNAM
KURTULUS MH. 19 SK. 50. YIL APT. K.2/10 * ADANA [email protected] * [email protected] L’Organýsatýon de Sante dans le sud The Double Helix. anatolien pendant l’occupatýon Française.
A la fin de la Première Guerre Mondial, les Alliés In the spring of 1953, two scientifics of precocious victorieux avaient décidé de dissoudre l’Empire faculties, who works in Cambridge, England, send ottoman et de dépecer la Turquie et de l’occuper. Le to Journal "Nature" a short resume about one of the sud de l’Anatolie avait été donné á la France. more important scientific discoveries of the twenty Les Français, par leur expérience de la colonisation, century. The letter of two pages approximately, had étaient organisé non seulement militairement dans only one drawing, a simple black and white figure cette région, mais aussi culturellement et like a flow chart: It was the first picture of the socialement, et bien évidement au niveau de la double helix, the scientific icon that determined our santé. Dans le but de guérir leurs blessés et leurs Era. Since this moment, we begin a new period in malades, ils ont utilisé certaine école, église et the man's knowledge; it is a wonderful adventure divers bâtiment. that can close us to the possibility of duplication of Dans ce travail, nous allons faire une recherche sur the man. l’effet du colonialisme français dans l’organisation It's fair to remember this great discovery at fifty de la santé. years that happened.
585858 585858 329 U.S. AMERICA 330 U.S. AMERICA Hilloowala R. Hilloowala R.
WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF NEUROBIOLOGY AND ANA DEPARTMENT OF NEUROBIOLOGY AND ANA MORGANTOWN, WV [email protected] MORGANTOWN, WV [email protected] Michelangelo's Apollo and pathos: The Michelangelo's Madonna and Son: The human form. human form.
The prevalent theme in this videotape program is This videotape program is set against a background the idea of Apollo (grandeur) and pathos expressed of Renaissance Florence. Artistic, anatomical, through the vehicle of the human form. social, psychological and religious threads are Michelangelo's knowledge of the exterior human interwoven throughout creating a truly body was extensive and he manipulated, at will, its multidisciplinary perspective of Michelangelo, the normal proportions while still keeping the whole man, the artist and the product of the milieu of his figure in harmony. In David, the artist comes time. Michelangelo is looked at more singularly closest to the idea of Apollo, Sol Justitia, an from an anatomist's perspective. His use of the inspiration for the citizens of the newly founded human body as the medium to express certain ideas Florentine Republic. It is the climax of the classical and emotions arising primarily from the mother/son style that started with the Greek Apollos. The relationship. Michelangelo barely knew his Adam of the Sistine Ceiling is another mother. In his religious figures is revealed not only manifestation of Apollo. He is almost a second the medieval Christian concept of womanhood, but god - though earthbound. Much later in his artistic also his quest for the absent mother figure. St. career, Michelangelo revives the idea of Apollo in its Peter's Pieta embodies a deep and unabated longing most primitive aspect, the creator and the destroyer, for return to the maternal embrace. It is the legacy the avenging God in the Christ of the Last of the Renaissance that Michelangelo's ideas are Judgment. The proportion of the body to the head is always conceived in human form - that his art is so altered to give the figure of Christ a crushing anatomical. The period witnessed reaffirmation of authoritative appearance. Pathos is symbolized by the belief in the dignity of man, of humanism. In the captives of the tomb of Julius II and by the two his old age Michelangelo turned away from the female allegories of the Medici Chapel. The sensualism of the idealized human nude. In the captive's energy is keyed to one purpose - to break Rondanini Pieta, the anatomical details have been free of its earthly existence. The human body is pared away to heighten spiritual as opposed to beautifully utilized in the various expressions of material reality. this struggle. The female allegories express pathos by their passive acceptance of the tyranny of the passage of time. Dawn with her youth symbolizes the fresh start of the day and year - Night with her physically worn body, is passively accepting her destiny.
595959 595959 364 MEXICO 273 ROMANIA Hinojosa Padilla A. Ietcu I.
HISTORICAL LIBRARY OF THE FACULTY OF HÔPITAL DÉPARTEMENTAL DE SUCEAVA MEDICINE ROUMANIE
* STR. ALEX. CELBUN N.24, 5800 MEXICO D.F. [email protected] SUCEAVA [email protected] The protection of the Rights of the Author L'importance de la station zoologique de of The " Anatomia Viri In Hoc Genere Naples pour l'évolution du Dr N. Léon, Princi...". A great Book of Vesalio, in Professeur à l'Université de Médecine de
It’s possible to transmit the medicine knowledge of L'Université de médecine d'Iasi fut inaugurée lors the past, trough of the creation of a facisimilar de la rentrée universitaire de 1879. L'un des edition in electronical formats, that can include premiers étudiants, N. Léon, mécontent des ideas of great thinkers of the History of Medicine. conditions d'étude, se fait inscrire en 1883 à l'Institut Académique d'Yena dont le patron était le The knowledge of the ANATOMIA VIRI IN HOC savant progressiste E. Haeckel. Il eut son doctorat GENERE PRINCIP... of Vesalio, in this era of en 1887 et revint à Iasi. L'absence d'un laboratoire technology, permit the access to many people, in poussa Léon à solliciter une période d'étude à everywhere in everytime trough the digital systems Naples, dans la Station zoologique créée par un its a marvelous advance in the communications and autre savant haeckélien, Dr Anton Dohrn. La in the Science; against the traditional era of paper station facilitait des études biologiques en général et like in the past,; however this new edition must be la connaissance de la flore et de la faune de la Baie protect trough author rights only the new ideas of de Naples en spécial. La plupart des chercheurs the various professors that give to the document a étaient allemands; chaque semaine, ils analysaient new interpretation. leur activité et en publiaient les résultats dans trois revues prestigieuses. N. Léon avait déjà ramassé This work give us a historical resume of laws of bien des matériaux d'étude à Naples et en Norvège, author rights in Mexico, taking for example the précédemment. De retour à Iasi, il occupa la chaire interesting book of the History of Medicine. d'histoire naturelle médicale entre 1899 et 1931, an de sa mort. Ses recherches eurent pour but de répandre en Roumanie les conceptions évolutionnistes d'Yena, en donnant en même temps une orientation à l'étude de la parasitologie et aux recherches sur le paludisme à l'Université d'Iasi et, pour peu de temps, à celle de Bucarest. L'oeuvre la plus importante du savant Léon reste L'Histoire naturelle médicale du peuple roumain - synthèse des observations, qu'il avait faites dans les villages roumains, des remèdes naturels (végétaux, animaux et minéraux), sans ignorer leur corollaire mystique (sorcellerie, incantations). Son séjour à Yena, ses expériences en Norvège et à Naples.
606060 606060 314 SERBIA&MONTENEGRO 122 ROMANIA Ilic D. Iliesiu D. Jovic P.
FACULTY OF STOMATOLOGY "I. HATIEGANU" UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY
RANKEOVA 4, 11000 BELGRADE STR. MUNCITORILOR 30/M 13, #16 BELGRADE [email protected] CLUJ-NAPOCA [email protected] The first printed work on dentistry in Italy. Opium addiction and creative dreams - S.T. Coleridge.
The fist works devoted to medicine were printed in Writers of distinction in the Romantic age Venice (1471), the most prominent center of the consumed opium in high quantities. They started to printing in Europe. The first books on anatomy take it for various medical problems – pain, were printed in Venice from 1538 - 1559. One of depression, disease - or simply because it was in the first works devoted entirely to anatomy of teeth fashion. However, they all came to consider it an was also printed in Venice in 1563 under the title important stimulant for their creativity. The the " Libellus de dentibus "( 20 years after the English author Thomas de Quincey (1785-1859) printing of Vesalius' anatomy). The writer of this wrote about "the marvellous agency of opium, work was Italian Bartolommeo Eustachio (1510- whether for pleasure or for pain". Charles 1574), an eminent physician of the seventeenth Baudelaire (1821-1867) compared opium to a century, who ranked with Vesalius (1514-1564) as woman friend, "...an old and terrible friend, and, the founder of modern anatomy. Eustachio was alas! like them all, full of caresses and deceptions." practised on cadavers in Rome hospitals Santo And S. T. Coleridge considered that his perception, Spirito and Consolazione. His treatise on the teeth emotion and intellect were “intensified” by the use was the first Italian work specifically dedicated to of laudanum. He even claimed that some of his most that organ, a study of the teeth in any considerable celebrated poems were in fact created in dreams detail - the first dental histology. He first described induced by the use of the drug. the hard outer tissue and soft inner structure of the The author of “Christabel”, “The Rime of the teeth. It was 45 years before the invention of Ancient Mariner” and “Kubla Khan” is a microscope (1608). He provided an important controller of a dream territory called out of the description of the first and second dentitions and subconscious. In Coleridge’s opinion reality is but a attempted an explanation of the sensitivity problem bad dream to be counterbalanced by imagination. of the tooth' s hard structure. Eustachio was the Like his character in “Christabel”, the poet could forerunner of Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), who not prevent his dreams from driving him to new is known as the founder of microscopic anatomy errors. His poetic work is a symbolic representation and propagator of its application in the study of the of his own helplessness and hopelessness when faced teeth. with the temptations that ruled above him: opium, gambling, alcohol, sexual desires, etc.
616161 616161 291 ITALY 401 ITALY Introna F. Iorio L. De Donno A.
MEDICINA LEGALE STRUTTURA COMPLESSA DI NEFROLOGIA E DIALISI
P.ZZA GIULIO CESARE, 11 OSPEDALE G. DE BOSIS BARI [email protected] CASSINO (FR) [email protected] L'identificazione personale nella storia. “The Development Of Nephrology In The Monastic Era (From 8Th To 12Th Century)
Le attuali tecniche di identificazione personale The monastic medicine era started in the VI century utilizzate in ambito criminalistico, si avvalgono dei a.c. and developed in the following centuries. The sistemi informatizzati più aggiornati nella ricerca Monastery was the only reference point for medical di dettagli anatomici in grado di rendere una art, particularly in the IX and X centuries. At the persona unica e, pertanto, differenziabile nel beginning medicine was only studied by the monks, contesto di una intera popolazione. Tuttavia, according to the conviction of some great thinkers l’utilizzo di questi metodiche risale a tempi assai that through the study of liberal arts it was possible remoti, in cui, pur attraverso il ricorso a sistemi to know God’s word better. This surely helped rudimentali di “segnalamento antropometrico”, era preserve the great cultural patrimony of antiquity. possibile fornire un valido contributo alle indagini Afterwards, all medical knowledge was put into investigative. practice, taking the place of magic rites that were Gli Autori ripercorrono le tappe di un settore practised by common people, forming the basis of a scientifico, quello dell’identificazione personale per Medicine which, coming out of Cenobi, contributed l’appunto, accresciutosi tra gli studi di antropologia to the institution of different laic Medical schools. criminale e gli studi di biometria analitica, The development of Nephrology was fundamental illustrandone le tecniche che hanno ispirato gli in this period. For about two thousand years, the attuali traguardi scientifici ed i romanzi polizieschi study of urine was the only test carried out directly e di fantasia di celebri scrittori del passato. by the doctor. This type of test was then put in relation with other signs obtained through attentive observation of the patient, such as the control of pulse, temperature and of pain. Rereading old codes that are still found in Montecassino’s archives, the oldest in Beneventano-Casssinese’s type, the following in Carolino’s type, it is possible to observe the great efforts made by the monks to copy and order ancient texts that weren’t in order, sometimes consisting of only notes, and sometimes written in Greek. These texts were surely used for teaching. At the beginning of each topic many recommendations are made which seem to be addressed to students. These texts were not only for teaching purposes, but were consulted in the “Ospitia”.
626262 626262 139 IRAN 188 IRAN Isfahani M. M. Jafari H. Farasatkish R. Vahedi M. Nasiri E. INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC MEDICINE HISTORY NURSING SCIENCES AND COMPLEME
MINSTRY OF HEALTH, VESAL ST., KESHVARZ FACULTY MEMBERS OF MAZANDARAN UIVE TEHRAN [email protected] SARI [email protected] Position of the book of Pharmacopoeia Nursing in Iran at past, present and future. Persica in Medical interrelation.
Although translations of the Rhazes, Avicenna and In spite of Long history of nursing as one of the Ali-ibn-Abbas Majusi’s works by Latinates and oldest and most honorous professions in caring of Europeans caused direct communications between the patients in the world , the scientific development Persian and European medicine, valuable in nursing in Iran started 60 years after the pharmacopoeia persica written by FR. Angolus establish ment of new methods in nursing led by Carm Tholotanus which distributed in 1680 in Florance Nitingel in 1854. Basic needs of the Paris could be the first study of Iranian medicine patients and development in surgical procodure and has been done by Europeans. internal medicine led to the need of scientific and The pharmacopoeia persica was written basically on advanced nursing of the patients in Iran. Hakim Mozafar-ibn- Mohammad-e-Hosieni-e- The first nursing education center in Iran was held Shafai’s work. This work is precise and complete in 1915 by a mission headed by Dr . Lemee in city and in respect of Hakim’s dignity had been popular of oromiyeh. in Iran and India. - Interest of Iranian youngesters to the nursing In this study we tried to offer a personal history of science was dicussed in two aspects. Tholotanus and his 16 years living in Iran and 1 . A new branch of nursing science due to progress social and scientific feature of Hakim and his and identification of differents diseases and academic work and showing a picture of Hakim specialized surgery was developed . which painted by Reza Abbasi, a famous Iranian 2 . Religeous believes about on the caring affairs painter. Additionally, we show you some pictures of and treatment of patient ,may be one of the main the book and the first edition of the translation. At signs of progress in nursing science in the world , the first page there is a Latin written as follow: to such an extent that, church and christains were Opus MISSIONARIIS, MERCATORIBUS the founders and frontiers of nursing sciencs , In ceterisque regionum orientalium lustratoribus Islam ,nursing is considered as a holy profession necessarium, nec non Europacis nationibus perutile. and Known to be a Kind of prayer. - After revolusion of Iran in 1978 , and 8 years war with Iraq and the presence of many war in casulties and many surgery cases , special progress of nursing Iran took place . Encouragement and support through the rulling administrators led to the progress and developement of nursing science . There is saying of Imam Khomeini the supreme leader of Iran “ nursing is a valuable prayer,s’’. or Alameh Tabatabaee a phylossofer in Iran Says “ one night nursing care of patient is equal to seventy years .
636363 636363 91 POLAND 89 POLAND Jesman C. Jesman C. Jesman J. Jesman J.
* * * [email protected] * [email protected] Instruments for liturgical, medical and Medical military museum of the Medical hygienic procedures in the collections of University of Lodz. museums in Lodz.
Collected flint and iron knives and combs date back The Museum is the largest and unique institution from the 9th and 10th century BC and the of this type in Poland. It was founded in 1972 and beginning of our era. They were found on the Polish covers 700 m2. The Museum contains the following territory. collections: The instruments are the evidence of procedures, mainly liturgical ones, performed at those times by Paintings presenting wounded soldiers and patients Slavs. painted by outstanding Polish painters - Wojciech and Jerzy Kossak, Witold Tracewski, Antoni Piotrowski,
Prehistoric surgical tools for liturgical operations,
Surgical instruments from the 19th and 20th century,
Medical uniforms from the 19th and 20th century – made till the year 1800,
Special documents and medical old prints,
Military medals and medical diplomas.
The collection also comprises unique exhibits i.e., “Herbarium” by S. Syreniusz - one of the oldest medical books from the 16th century written in Polish, and the original medical certificate written by Dr Robert Koch in 1870.
646464 646464 90 POLAND 150 FINLAND Jesman C. Joutsivuo T. Jesman J.
THE RENVALL INSTITUTE
* B.O.X. 59, 00014 UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI * [email protected] HELSINKI [email protected] Sick and wounded soldiers in the polish The affections of mind in Santorio painting. Santorio's "De Statica Medicina".
Since the time of the Renaissance a human body "Grief and fear obstruct the perspiration of the and its suffering were the source of inspiration for gross perspirable excrements; and the obstruction of artists, mainly painters. perspiration, from what cause so ever it proceeds, causes greif and fear," wrote Santorio Santorio In the 19th and 20th century several Polish (1561-1636), the professor of medicine at the painters presented sick and wounded soldiers in university of Padua, in his De statica medicina in their paintings. The subject concerned great Polish 1612. Santorio is famous for his calculating the true National Uprisings and the struggle of the Polish quantity of insensible perspiration, and his method nation for independence, namely: the Koœciuszko basing on measurement and calculations. As above Insurrection in 1794, the Napoleonic War in 1812, quotation suggests the idea of perspiration was the November Uprising in 1831, and the January important for Santorio, and De statica medicina Uprising in 1863. was particularly written to analyse it. Thus, the human suffering became the source of In this paper it is investigated, how Santorio inspiration for the outstanding Polish painters i.e. analysed the affections of mind, and in what sense Wojciech and Jerzy Kossak, Witold Tracewski, he used his ideas of perspiration and new methods Antoni Piotrowski and the others. of investigation in this analysis. The affections of mind, often called passions, were a part of the medical heritage derived from the antique. In medicine, there were common lists of passions, including anger, sadness, joy, fear, and grief, for instance, all of which were understood psychosomatically. The passions were also included among the so called non-natural things that inevitably affected a human body either in a normal and health-supporting or a pathological way. Beside affections of mind, the non-natural things consisted of food and drink, motion and rest, for example. In this paper it is especially asked: What was Santorio's concept of the affections of mind like? Did Santorio's view reflect the traditional ideas, or had he a new insight into the subject? Does Santorio's opinion in De statica medicina differ from those presented in his other books.
656565 656565 309 SERBIA&MONTENEGRO 283 SERBIA&MONTENEGRO Jovic P. Jovic P.
SCIEN. SOC. FOR HISTORY OF SERBIAN SCI. SOC. FOR THE HIST. OF SERBIAN HEALTH HEALTH CULTURE CULTURE
LAMARTINOVA 2, 11000, LAMARTINOVA 2, 11000, BELGRADE [email protected] BELGRADE [email protected] The earliest experiments in modern The first witness of separation of medicine medicine. and pharmacy.
Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464),German philosopher The Antidotarium Salernitanum is one of the more and original thinker was one of the first who famous work of the first Medical School in Europe - introduced experiment in medicine. He was an Schola Medica Salernitana. It is a rich collection of inventor of concave lens sectacles to treat myopia recipes for the preparation of medicines, their and recommended timing the pulse rate ( about application and action. It was not only the basis for 1450). It is less know that Cusa the first measured all later pharmacopoeias, but the first witness on the the specific weight of urine and blood as an aid in separation of medicine and pharmacy. The medical diagnosis. It was one of the earliest Antidotarium Nicolai was written in two versions experiments in medicine of Renaissance The road (for physicians and for pharmacists) by unknown which is indicated by the way of thinking of Salernitan physician Nicolaus Salernitanus about Nicholas of Cusa was walked by Theophrastus 1140. One century later (1240) the first official Paracelsus (1493-1541), who was Swiss physician separation in the West between ars medica and ars and mistical philosopher. His theoretical ideas were pharmaceutica happened in Southern Italy by too clouded in mysticism, but in practical medicine Frederick of Hohenstaufen(1194-1250), German he was more effective.Paracelsus the first emperor and king of two Sicilies, who issued law for introduced physical and chemical analyses of the separation of medicine and pharmacy.The first human body fluids. He distilled the urine and known European legal regulation separating the studied its solid residue. He made the first chemical professions of medicine and pharmacy was issued in examination of urine by using vinegar. Works of French soil for the town of Arles in Southern these two philosopher reflects a strong neoplatonist France. In 1322 College of Medicine of Paris influence. They made a great advance not only in determined the Antidotarium Nicolai as obligatory diagnostic , but in experimental medicine. They book in the pharmacies.This formulary was one of prepared the way to the first printed books (Venice, 1471), which a new knowledge based upon experience , prepared the way for independently development of measurement and experiment .The concept of pharmacy. The first official normative book on scientific method was introduced by Galileo Galilei medicines was printed in Italy (Florence, 1498 ) (1564-1642) at the end of the 16th century. This under the title Ricetario Nuovo. It was the result of was a period of Scentific revolution in which the constructive collaboration of physicians and instruments and techniques of modern science were pharmacists. first established.
666666 666666 249 DENMARK 112 SYRIA Jungersen K. Kaadan A. N.
MEDICAL MUSEION,UNIVERSITY OF ALEPPO UNIVERSITY COPENHAGEN
* P. O. BOX: 7581 COPENAGHEN [email protected] ALEPPO [email protected] The relation between text and colours in Albucasis and Thyroid Surgery. Medieval Urine Wheels.
In the Center for Manuscripts & Rare Books at The Albucasis has lived in Andalus (Spain), and died Royal Library of Copenhagen there are three so- there in 1013. He is considered one of the most called urine wheels: one in the de Ketham celebrated surgeons during the Middle Ages. The edition from 1491, and two others in manuscript influence of his book (Kitab al-Tasrif) in the field of form, one being earlier and the other later than de surgery development in general and thyroid Ketham, but still based on an older manuscript as surgery in particular was tremendous. Guy de stated by Karl Sudhoff in 1912. Chauliac, the “restorer of Surgery” quotes They all show a circular row of coloured jordans Albucasis more than 200 times. The arrangement of with openings facing the centre where inner circles the work, the clear diction, and lucid explanations, demonstrate the different stages of percolation. all contributed to its great success. It soon became In two wheels fine lines connect each stage with the an authority quoted by medieval European corresponding jordans. A central circle states that physicians and surgeons more frequently than "Iste est modus judican-di urinas per colores Galen himself. Albucasis describes the technique of earundem" (This is the way to judge urines by their fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid gland. In colour). this regard, Albucasis says: “This tumour which is Each jordan has a caption with the name and de- called 'Elephant of the throat' is a large tumour of scription of the colour of the urine, but the actual the color of the body; it commonly occurs in women. colouring of the jordans does not fit the descrip- It is of two kinds, congenital and acquired. As to the tions. congenital, there is no treatment for it. The acquired The described urine colours also correspond to the is of two kinds: one resembles a sebaceous cyst, the four temperaments as other resembles the tumour arising from an arterial indicated by circles placed in the corners. aneurysm, and it is dangerous to incise it, so on no The three wheels differ primarily as regards the account must you apply a knife to the latter kind, colouring, number and position of circles and jor- except any that are small; if you try and explore dans. These observations lead to the following them with a probe and you find they are like conclusion: sebaceous cysts and not adherent to any blood- The widespread existence of copies of urine wheels vessel, then immediately cut down upon them as from this period suggests a growing use of imagery you would a cyst and remove them with whatever in education and practice, but a full capsule may surround them, if they are contained un-derstanding of the true powers of accurate within a capsule; and if not, dissect away the whole illustra-tion has not yet been attained. accurately; then treat the place with suitable Thus, the authority of the urine wheels is limited to remedies”. The aim of this work is to shed light on the textual definitions of the colour names. Albucasis and thyroid surgery.
676767 676767 275 RUSSIA 156 TURKEY Kabanova S. Kadioglu F. Aksoy S.
NRCS RAMS (NAT. RES. CENTER OF SURGERY FACULTY OF DENTISTRY RUS.ACAD.)
ABRIKOSOVSKY,2, 119992,CSP2, CUKUROVA UNIVERSITY MOSCOW [email protected] ADANA [email protected] History of Plastic Surgery in Russia. Women pioneers in the history of turkish dentistry.
In the year 1835 N.I.Pirogov had delivered a There are different views in the role of individuals lecture “On Plastic Operations in common and in directing the course of history. Every individual Rhinoplasty in particular”, where he stated the historian, depending on the philosophy of history he fundamental fact for future development of or she favours, takes its position in the spectrum plastic surgery. When performing rhinoplasty, from accepting history as the monographs of 'great N.I.Pirogov introduced in this technique men' to recognizing individuals as the secondary elements of aesthetic surgery, each elements in the events that are dependent on mass time trying to individualize the form of or divine determinants. creation a nose, depending on the peculiarities of In this presentation, that is based on the belief of the patient’s face. His followers - referring to the significant figures of the relevant Yu.K.Shimanovsky, K.P.Susslov, V.I.Zykov, period to report and analyze the events, and the G.S.Zelenko, V.L.Bogolyubov and oth.,have used practicality of the approach to understand and free transfer of various tissues: bones,fat,skin construe the eras and periods, two women pioneers ,chondral tissues, mucous membranes, fascia, of the history of Turkish dentistry Sadiye Hanim muscles and tendons in plastic and cosmetic and Hatice Hanim are introduced with other operations. forerunner female dentists who had walked on the In 20 th years of XX century the transplantation path Sadiye Hanim and Hatice Hanim had opened of vessels and nerves was initiated. and not only practiced their profession but also At the end of 70 th years the experience of various showed the way to others by taking academic and tissues’ transplantation resulted in the administrative responsibilities. suggestion of possibilities for creation of complex Right to enter medical professions and develop flap transfer, composed of several oneself in one of those, in a male dominant world, tissues,depending on the aims of intervention. had been obtained by strong struggle of women for Revascularization of autografts was performed their personal rights. Considering pioneer women with the use of microsurgical technique, which dentists in the ‘background-figure’ context is also considerably improved short-term and long-term important in the name of reaching the information results. Historical experience of the development about the ‘background’ rather than the values of of plastic surgery shows successive trend in the ‘figures’ that they belong to. To this aim, in our usage of previously obtained results in a new study, the changing attitudes of Turkish society scientific idea or a new technology. against the place of women in the profession of Dentistry within last 96 years, from the establishment of the first dentistry faculty of the country (Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry, 1908) will be examined.
686868 686868 160 TURKEY 207 TURKEY Kadioglu S. Kahya E. Uzel Y. Özçelikay G. Saatci E. MEDICAL ETHICS AND HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY OF ANKARA, FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT PHARMACY,
CUKUROVA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL FACULTY * BALCALI 01330 ADANA [email protected] TANDOÐAN/ANKARA, [email protected] Three Ottoman medical books wrýtten for Herba thyme as a drug. the public.
As a professional field, medicine has the character of In Turkey Herba thymi or thyme has nearly 40 a monopoly regarding information on and practices different varieties and it is possible to find different in human health. Professional knowledge is shared kinds of thyme in different parts of Turkey. Some of among colleges but withheld from others, a them known Zahter, Sahter, Anzer chayý, Karabash tradition of the profession mentionned in and Mercanköshk. Hippocratic Oath. Nevertheless, throughout the However thyme is a plant that was used as drugs history some medical authors wrote books for the nearly whole historical periods. For instance public. Some of these books has the purpose of Mesopotamian used it as a drug for certain diseases donating ordinary people the means to protect and of stomach as it happens nowadays. restore their personal healths whereas some others contain the evaluation of medical practices Greeks also used thyme. In his famous work, commonly applied by the people, from the view Materia Medica Dioscorides mentioned it as a drug point of a medical doctor. for stomach too. He also advised to be used its In this article, three books, all written for the public leaves and seeds. and belonging to the three different periods of Muslim physicians from beginning also used it Ottoman medicine is considered. The first one of eighth century until twelfth century. They used its these widely popular works of their times, is Nidai's different parts; its leaves and seeds were used to "Menafiu'n-Nas" (1566). The second one is prepare drugs in Muslim World. We can see that Mustafa Behcet Efendi's "Hezar Esrar" (1862) Avicenna, Ibn Baytar and some other Muslim which is completed by his brother Abdulhak Molla physicians also prescribed thyme as drugs and his nephew Hayrullah Efendi. The third one is including in the Ottoman physicians as Besim Omer (Akalin) Pasa's "Nevsal-i Afiyet" Sabuncuoglu who was named as surgeon and Salih consisting of four volumes (1889, 1900, 1904, b. Nasrullah who was famous as iatrochemist. 1906). These three written works are reviewed and Nowadays, physicians used different varieties of introduced by comparing with each other and also thyme to prepare drugs, especially their flowers and with William Bouchan's "Domestic Medicine" its small leaves. Thyme has nice odour and done can (1769), a very popular book in Europe during the feel it from very distance by the means of this odour. second half of 18th and the beginnig of the 19th It possess volatile oil which has timol centuries. (approximately % 20 or 30) and carvakrol. Nowadays we say that thyme is sedative, antiseptic, carminative. It is also good for the circulation. In addition to them it is used as spice in order to meals to be tasteful.
696969 696969 206 TURKEY 202 GREECE Kahya E. Kalantzis G. Sar S. Tsiamis C. Atac A. Angelou M.G. UNIVERSITY OF ANKARA, FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCHOOL, ATHENS UNIVERSITY, PHARMACY,
* DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF MEDICINE TANDOÐAN/ANKARA, [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] Rose, its usage in the course of history and Cyclopia: Myth or reality? nowadays.
Rose, is a plant belonged to Rosacea family. It One of the well-known monsters in Greek contains volatile oil and tannin. Its leaves are Mythology, which is mentioned also in literature astringent because of tannin, and its water is and art, is Cyclops. antiseptic, for it has phenyl etil alcohol. Rosebuds According to the most recent scientific knowledge, are picked and dried in shadow, and then they are the malformations caused by maldevelopment of the distillate, using steam. At the end of this operation anterior brain and midline mesodermal structures we have rose oil (attar) and rose water. Both of them include cyclopia (synophthalmos), ethmocephaly, are used as drugs and cosmetics. cebocephaly and arrhinencephaly. These severe However, the varieties of rose had been known forebrain lesions often are accompanied by severe by ancient civilisations and used as drugs for systemic malformations, and affected infants rarely cosmetic and drug too. For instance Egyptians used survive. Neither true cyclopia nor synophthalmos is its certain varieties during the preparation of some compatible with life because an anomalous liquids that were used for the preparation of development of the brain is involved. Thus, it is ointment and salve. In Ancient Greek and some difficult to assume that ancient Greeks drew their other people who lived in Anatolia also used rose in inspiration from an adult patient suffering from order to prepare drugs as much as to prepare cyclopia. Cyclops appears for the first time in cosmetics. For there are several varieties of roses literature in Homer’s Odyssey (7th century BC) were planted in Anatolia and Middle East countries and he is blinded by the hero of the epic poem. The beginning from the earliest period of time. For we description of the creature is identical with patients define some figure of rose in their drawings on the suffering from cyclopia; eyes are fused and above cups and some other places. the medial eye there is a proboscis, which is the Dioscorides advised it and he gave some result of an abnormal development of the prescriptions, which were prepared by using some mesodermal structures in the brain. The next parts of rose or its water or oil (attar). We can find literature appearance of Cyclops is at the end of 7th his explanation in his famous book, Materia century BC in "Theogonia" written by Hesiodus, a Medica. His book was very influential on Islam and successor of Homer. Another interesting description then, on the Ottomans. They used it as a kind of of Cyclops is made by Euripides in his name-part pharmacopoeia, but also added some new satirical drama (5th century BC). In conclusion, prescriptions, which were prepared using rose water though it is not certain whether Homer’s and attar of rose. One of them was Ibn Baytar who description of Cyclops was based on his personal was a famous pharmacist lived in 13th century. In experience or the narration of his ancestors, there is the Ottoman Empire we also find nearly whole no doubt that the myth of this creature gave his physicians used it as drug. After the fifteenth name to the ophthalmological disease of cyclopia. century it was used as ornament in gardens in Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
707070 707070 94 TURKEY 339 GREECE Kamaci F. Z. Karaberopoulos D. Ozturk L. Oeconomopoulou A.
SAKARYA UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL INTERNATIONAL HIPPOCRATIC SCIENCES FOUNDATION OF KOS,ATHENS
ILAHIYAT FACULTY, OZANLAR / ADAPAZAR 3 MILTIADOU, KIFISSIA 14562 ADAPAZARI [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] Alcohol in Ibn abu Usaybia’s (D. a.D. 1270) Greek medical manuscripts of the period of records. 16th - middle 19th centuries.
Probably being as old as human history, the alcohol The purpose of the announcement is to examine the has been used for being tipsy and cure during the Greek medical manuscripts of the periods of the centuries. 16th-to the middle of the 19th century, which In the records given by Ibn Abu Usaybia, a circulated in the Greek communities, instead of foremost historian of medicine, there has been some printed books. From our research we have important information about these matters. concluded that the Greek medical manuscripts are The records above all, related to the medical history to be divided into three categories: in a period before Islam seem to have the advice and A). The first category includes 123 manuscripts of writings of particularly Romanian and Greek medical texts of ancient Greek and 95 of Byzantine physicians concerning the usage of alcohol. doctors. Analytically 57 are with the name of Additionally in Ibn Abu Usaybia’s records there is Hippocrates, 67 of Galen, 16 of Dioscorides and few some information about the usage of alcohol in the of Xenocrates, Aretaeus, Rufus of Ephesus and Islamic world, advice of physicians in the palace on Asclipiades. the subject of its usage, the place of alcohol in the Medical manuscripts have been found of the production of medicine and medical treatment, Byzantine epoch of the doctors: Paulus of Aegina, instances about the treatment with alcohol, usage of Aetius, Johannes Actuarius, Nemesius, Meletius, alcohol with medicine, the proper time to use it etc. Alexander of Tralles, John bishop of Prisdrianon, It indicates at the same time to the writings Theophilus Protospatharios, Symeon Sethes, discussing the benefit and harm of alcohol. Maximos Planudes, Nicolaos Myrepsos, Psellos. This paper intends to study the usage of alcohol in B). The second category includes 334 unnamed both medical and social area in the process before medical manuscripts, which are mainly Islam and after alike, in the light of information prescriptions and were used by people in order to about alcohol in the records of Ibn Abu Usaybia. face their therapeutic needs, due to the lack of doctors and the high cost of medication. C). The third category contains 108 medical manuscripts, which are translations of European medical books, as of John Allen's, Jean Fermel, Michael Ettmyler, Nicolas Lemery, Juan Valverde de Hamusso, and the book Elements de Pharmacie Paris 1762. Conclusion: It is therefore ascertained that during the 16th and up to the middle of 19th century in the Greek communities circulated medical manuscripts, which contained the traditional medical knowledge but there are others which contained the modern European medical knowledge. 717171 717171 262 TURKEY 176 GREECE Karaca F. Kassimatis T. Goudas P. Diamandopoulos A. ATATURK UNIVERSITY DPT. OF PSYCHOLOGY RENAL DEPARTMENT, ST ANDREW'S OF RELIGION HOSPITAL
* TSERTIDOU 1 ERZURUM [email protected] PATRAS [email protected] Ýbn Sýna and modern thanatologýcal Paulus’s aegineta contribution in plastic researches. surgery.
Philosopher Ýbn Sina, known as Avicenna in the It is widely accepted that plastic surgery was born West, is a genuine psychologist as well as a at the beginning of the 20th century, when philosopher. The light of science of Ýbn Sina, who is surgeons had to repair the terrible disformities of a productive scientist, still brilliant and guides the war injuries during the 1st World War. Scanty humankind in our times in which technological evidence exist about the practice of this kind of developments have reached the summit.In the surgery in earlier ages. In this article we deal with Western word, from the beginning of the second the most important contributions of Paulus half of the 20th century,a new discipline called Aegineta, an Early Byzantine doctor, in the "thanatology" appeared which handles the surgical field.Paulus Aegineta (625-690 A.D.), phenomenon of death from a psychological author of many books in the field of surgery, perspective.This paper takes into consideration the described many surgical procedures varying from position of Ýbn Sina in the modern thanotological the treatment of nasal and jaw fractures to research. Ýbn Sina considered the fear of death with operations for gynecomastia, ganglion, and multidimensional perspective in his autonomous hypospadias. Although these operations cannot be work named "The Liberation of Death Fear and the termed “plastic”, they certainly did have a strong Medicine of Sickness of Its Thought".Ýbn Sina cosmetic influence.The Byzantine master influenced points out that the fear of death essentially his contebroraries and also subsequent authors of originates from the "incorrect conscience", and this the Middle Ages and Early Rennaisance, such as: incorrect conscience increases the fear of death in Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Albucasis, Avicenna, and different situations. According to Ýbn Sina, to Fabricius. In this paper we present several passages make the fear of death lighter is related with the about his surgical procedures, translated by us from elimination of the wrong conscious. The big the original Medieval Greek into modern English. majority of these ideas of Ýbn Sina were supported From his writings it is obvious that Paulus was by modern thanatological researches. For example, well aware of the importance of his procedures not the fear of death was studied with one-dimensional only for therapeutical but also for social and perspective in the beginning of the thanatolgical cosmetic reasons. The texts are extracts from the research, but later on the fear of death was studied following chapters of his 6th book of the epitome: with multi-dimensional perspective as in the works 1. On wrinkling of the scrotum. of Ýbn Sina. Again the finding of Ýbn Sina that 2. On hermaphrodites. death is absolutely necessary for the ecological 3. On ablation of the clitoris. balance of the word was confirmed by the modern 4. On ganglions. biology. Ýbn Sina also evaluated the fear of death as 5. On gynecomastia. the most intense and the most influential sensation. 6. On fractures and ruptures of the nose. 7. On ruptures of the mandible and the ear.
727272 727272 73 ISRAEL 105 IRAN Kerner R. Khajavi Shojaie K. Parvin R. Naseri M. BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY SHAHED
* TEHRAN KESHAVARZ BLVE .P.O.BOX 15875-57 RAMAT-GAN [email protected] TEHRAN [email protected] Means of bandaging used by Jews in Roman Impairment of sexual potency for view times. point of Seyed Ismail Jorjani.
The means of healing mentioned in the sources, in Disorders that relate to sexual drives,sexual Ancient Roman Time are divided into several types: arousing and disorder in semen are called the the concocting of medicines out of vegetative, impairment of sexual potency there are numerous animate or mineral sources, chirurgic operation, copie for curing this disorder by using simple or bandaging of wounds, diet, immersion in ritual compound drug in traditional medicine texts.By the baths or using amulets as preventative medicines way there has been a strong emphasis on the rule of against illnesses. In medicine books of that period nutrition in curing it.In this article ,food and e.g. “De Medicina” by the Roman author Celsus medicines drug (Herbal ,Animal ,industrial and and also in the writings of the famous doctor Galen, Mineral)have been presented and classified that the most popular means of healing is by taking have been used for curing the impairment of sexual medicines. In Dioscorides’ well-known book “De potency . Materia Medica” which is a pharmacological book par excellence, there appear a very large number of medicines as means of treating illnesses. However, bandaging wounds was also a medical way of daily treatment of illnesses. Bruises which occurred as a result of injuries in the arena or even as a result of falling off a roof were typical illnesses of that period and were treated by bandages. This abstract deals with the variety of bandages mentioned in the sources of the Roman Era. Four main types of means of bandaging are mentioned in the classical sources: Emollient, Plaster, Pastilles and Pessary. The emollient is a soft substance, which is placed on the wound. For this purpose the emollient undergoes a special process that transforms it into a soft, sticky substance which sticks easily to the wound. The emollient is called Melogma in Greek from the Greek verb μαλασσειν – to soften. The second means is the Plaster, which is used as a cover to the wound. The plaster is made out of a piece of cloth, or leather on top of which one used to put medicated compounds.
737373 737373 138 IRAN 107 IRAN Khalili M. Kheirkhah A. Naseri M. Zarisfi A. SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, SHAHED UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE, SHAHED UNIVERSITY
BLVD KESHAVARZ, DEHKADEH STRE.NO:29 T NO 29, DEHKADEH ST. KESHAVARZ BOULVA TEHRAN [email protected] TEHRAN [email protected] Anti-Carcinogenic herbal Medicine in Correspondences of Professor Jalal ancient Iranian traditonal Medicine. Mostafavi and Licshten Taler concering historic basis of allopathy and natural
There are many plants which were used for Professor Jalal Mostafavi was a Professor of medical treatment of kind of cancers in Iranian folk history and traditional medicine in Tehran medicine. The most important and confidental University, he has dedicated sixteen years of his life agents which were used in previous are including to a comprehensive and unrelenting research about the hers which used by Abe- Sinna. The methods for trend of history of medical developments specially using the herbs was different and generally consist from sixteenth century onwards. of orally and local administration. Cuscuta Epihymum, Murr and Helleborus ordinary He and Professor Licshten Taler (the prominent prescribed throuth the mouth and were used for expert in field of world medicine history, the author preventation of the cancer growth. Boswellia was of famous book “medical history” and the nominee used locally for reduction of the tumors in the skin. of the Nobel prize for medicine in 1981) Since 1991 Brassica was used both orally and locally for to 1992 the two experts have written seventeen degeneration of the intrinsic and extrinsic tumors. letters to each other about issues and concerning the However, excluded of the mentioned herbs, Grape medical history and it’s developments . old vinegar, suger and water were intruduced as priventory substances for carcinogenic agents. These letters make comments on number of issues which world have substantial impact on the destiny of mankind and prevention and curing of disease in coming years. Based on beliefs of these two experts, the contemporary medicine is suffering from structural failure and huge amount o risk for patients and to comprehend the roots of these failures, you should consider the ongoing departure and detraction between modern medicine and natural medicine.
The both scientists believed that only way to solve this problem is more application of natural medicine methods, as alternative medicine and in future the world will go toward the natural medicine based on doctrines of Hippocrate , Aveccina and Rhazes.
747474 747474 224 TBLISI REP OF GEORGIA 308 TURKEY Khelaia N. Kiran O. Gurgenidze G. Shengelia R. TBILISI STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY THE ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY
TBILISI ASATIANI STR.70177 MAHFESÝGMAZ MAH. 73 SK. SASA SITESI, B B TBILISI [email protected] ADANA [email protected] Giuseppe Garibaldi and folk healers. The andiz syrup, a traditional nutrition and medicine from the taurus mountains in Southern Anatolia.
History concerned with Italian national hero Jusepe The mountain range that stretches from west to east Garibaldi (1807-1882) reveals the traditions of parallel to the Mediterranean in southern Anatolia Georgian medicine. Famous Georgian philologist, has been known as Taurus for thousands of years. historian, bibliographer, catholic preacher, Michael The Taurus mountains have been inhabited vastly Tarkhnishvili who wrote in all European languages since the earliest times of history and some of the ( German, French, Italian, Latin) and also in present settlers that partly continue a nomadic life Georgian, published his articles and monographs. have some interesting items that are still used as He bought monastery building in Rome. Very nutrition and medicine. The Andýz syrup, made important Georgian Catholic cultural values were from the Juniper berries is one of the unique saved in custody in this cloister. Michael products that have been traditionally produced for Tarkhnishvili was the rector of this monastery. hundred of years. During II world war he amazingly escaped of execution, he was deplored from the monastery. I will try to explore the place and importance of the According his research when hero of Italian people Andýz syrup as a medicine as well as other syrups Garibaldi was injured, Italian doctors were not able made in southern Anatolia. to cure him. They considered amputation of the leg, at this instance one Italian doctor remembered Georgian doctor Turmanidze who was known by his ointment. The patient was in a very advanced condition when doctor started treatment process by Georgian medications. After a short time, condition of the patient improved and he was healed totally. Doctor was with his patient till the absolute recovery. Garibaldi presented his doctor to society. He demonstrated his miracle recovery and he went on a horseback to prove his healthiness. People were happy. Georgian doctor was gifted. After this affair Italian people have belief that Georgian medications are miracle-working. Poor Italian pharmaceutical chemist knew the miraculous of Georgian medications, he hired monastery and spread rumors that he made the medications by Georgian recipes. This made pharmaceutical chemist very rich and popular.
757575 757575 270 SLOVENIA 167 TURKEY Kocijancic M. Kok A. N. Aydin I. H. Konca M. Y. SLOVENIAN SCIENT. SOC. FOR THE HIST. OF ATATURK UNIVERSITY THE HEALTH
BLEIWEISOVA STR.6 ATATURK UNIVERSITESI HUKUK FAK. DEKA KRANJ [email protected] ERZURUM [email protected] Descriptions of Chronic Mercurialism in Ibrahim Hakký of Erzurum in the history of Idrija Mercury Mine, Slovenija. Medicine in Turkey.
Mediterranean region has been known since ancient Turkish Scholar Ibrahim Hakki of Erzurum who times as area rich with natural mercury and lived between the years 1703 and 1780 conducted cinnabar ore (HgS). The Mercury mine in Idrija, studies in such fields as astronomy, theology, Slovenija belongs to this well established and rich mathematics, psychology, ethics, sociology, and region. The beginning of mercury mining in Idrija geometry in the circumstances of his day, and he goes back to the Venetian period, in the year 1490. established significant facts. One of the main fields Mercury has been known , as a toxic substance, he researched was health science. Although what he since ancient times Theophrastus, Plinius and established in the field of health sciences at that time Dioscorides described an acute poisoning caused by has become outdated by present day scientists, we mercury. The medieval Arab doctors were familiar believe that such studies as he made are worth with similar cases. While a mercury was used, to considering in terms of getting to be familiarized treat Syphilis, acute poisoning came ever more with the way covered in the history of health frequent. sciences. The first description of a chronic mercurial ism in Idrija was from Paracelsus (Nurnberg 1530, In this paper, we aim to present the research Dilingen 1567). Follow him Pietro Andrea Ibrahim Hakki conducted especially in the fields of Gregorio Mattioli (Venice 1544 and 1554), anatomy and health sciences to the attention of the Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (Venice 1761), Balthasar experts of these sciences from the viewpoint of the Hacquet (Leipzig 1781), Ludvik Bernard Grbec History of Medicine in Turkey and in the World. (Idrija 1853, 1858), Johann Baaz (Wien 1886) and numerous authors in 20"' century. In the Donald Hunter's, English and World classical text-book The Diseases of Occupations (London 1955) mercurialism in Idrija was mentioned six times.
767676 767676 328 TURKEY 272 GREECE Konca M. Y. Kontopoulou T. D. Aydin I. H. Vaidakis E. A. Konca M. Y. Marketos S. G. ATATÜRK ÜNIVERSITESI, K. K. EÐITIM INTERNATIONAL HIPPOCRATIC FAKÜLTESI, FOUNDATION OF KOS
ÝNGILIZCE BÖLÜMÜ, DEKANLÝK BINASÝ, 25 KOUTARELIA 95 ERZURUM [email protected] VOLOS [email protected] The place of Ibrahim Hakki of Erzurum in Physical training: The cornerstone of good the history of Medicine. health in Hippocratic medicine.
Traditional health science was an area of interest in In modern times millions of people suffer from Ottoman Empire, which initiated the establishment chronic diseases, such as pulmonary and heart of health institutions majoring in different fields of diseases, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis and medicine ranging from simple health problems to skeletal pain. Scientists nowadays claim that all severe psychological disorders. Among many these and many other diseases can be prevented as scholars who carried out researches in this field is well as healed to some degree with physical Ibrahim Hakki, who lived between the years 1703 training. The Hippocratic physician believes that and 1780 in Erzurum, and who conducted studies the care of the man is not complete, unless he takes in such fields as astronomy, theology, mathematics, exercise. Gymnastics and medicine are by nature psychology, ethics, sociology, and geometry in the opposites, because gymnastics is not intended to circumstances of his day establishing significant bring about any changes, whereas medicine must. facts. One of the main fields he researched was In order to treat diseases successfully he should be health sciences. Although what he established in the aware of the lifestyle of his patients, if they are field of health sciences at that time has become athletic or inactive. He should discern the power of outdated by present day scientists, we believe that the various exercises and to proportion exercise to such studies as he made are worth considering in the quantity of the food, to the constitution and age terms of getting to be familiarized with the way of the patient and to the environmental conditions covered in the history of health sciences. In this of the region in which the patient resides. paper, we aim to present the research Ibrahim Hakki Hippocrates goes so far as to declare that if it were conducted especially in the fields of anatomy and possible to discover for the constitution of each health sciences from the viewpoint of the History of individual a due proportion of food to exercise, with Medicine in Turkey and in the World. no inaccuracy either of excess or of defect, an exact discovery of health for men would have been made. If it occurs even a small deficiency of one or the other, in course of time the body must be overpowered by the excess and fall sick. Hippocratic messages about physical training are undoubtedly prophetic in our technological medical era.
777777 777777 62 GREECE 63 ISRAEL Kotsopoulos S. Kottek S. S.
INS. FOR MENTAL HEALTH OF CHILDREN CHAIR OF HISTORY OF MEDICINE, HEBREW AND ADOLESCENTS UNIVERSITY
24 MARKOU EVGENIKOU, 11471 HADASSAH MEDICAL SCHOOL, 91120 ATHENS [email protected] JERUSALEM [email protected] The freudian tripartite structure of the mind Macrocosmos Vs. Microcosmos. "Fortold".
The present study will suggest that key elements of Shabtai Donnolo lived in the south of Italy in the an important psychoanalytic concept may be found 10th century. He was born in Oria in 913. He tells in early Christian thought. us in his brief autobiography, included in his The tripartite structure of the mind proposed by commentary on the Sefer Yetsirah (Book on Freud, whereby the id, superego and ego represent, Creation), that he studied medicine,astronomy and respectively, the instinctual drives, the social- moral astrology, citing a teacher whom he praised in demands and the mediating processes of the mind, particular, a Persian called Bagdas. He copied a has been a cornerstone of psychoanalytic theory. number of manuscripts written in Latin,in Greek, Yet, a similar model of psychic life is clearly evident and in Italian. He also mastered Hebrew, and in early Christian thought and teaching. The possibly Arabic. He became a well-known Christian model, however, was not a theory but a practitioner, and is cited twice in the biography of prototype of life shown in the hagiographies of early Saint Nilus junior. Donnolo left a pharmacological saints and in the thought of the Fathers of the treatise, the “Book of Drugs”,also called Sefer Church. The prototype was modulated by the HaYakar. Another work, entitled Practica Medica, principles of the faith. which was ascribed to him by Muntner, was in fact Important differences are noted between the a product of the Salernitan School. We refer in this Freudian and the Christian models. The former essay to Donnolo’s commentary to the Book on exists in the inner space of man while the latter Creation, entitled Sefer Hakemoni. The Book on exists partly in the inner and partly in the outer Creation is a brief mystical,esoterical cosmogony, space. In the Christian model, man is driven by probably composed between the 3rd. and 6th forces which are part of his inner structure and are centuries. Its author is unknown. Donnolo’s often distorted and inflamed by the Devil. This is commentary was first published and annotated by the equivalent of psychoanalytic 'id'. Man is urged David Castelli (in Italian) in 1880. While to follow the moral principles mandated by commenting at length on Genesis 1: 26,Donnolo God and use his free will to rid himself of evil suggests that the Lord addressed the World, saying: impulses. This is the 'superego'. Man, may strive to “Let us make man in our image, after our live up to the expectations of God, and may succeed. likeness.” Man can only be compared to the Lord in The struggle is not easy and he may experience his spiritual dimensions, therefore the physical suffering. This is clearly the 'ego'. Art, old and likeness is to the World. Donnolo then describes in modern, exemplifies the similarities between the two minute detail the likeness between microcosmos and models.The question thus is raised whether the macrocosmos (i.e., between man and the world). He Freudian tripartite structure of the mind isn't but a thus evinces his wide knowledge in anatomy and modern expression of the older Christian model. (ancient) physiology. We shall describe partially this development of pre-Salernitan theoretic medical knowledge.
787878 787878 198 GREECE 197 GREECE Kousouni A. Kousouni A. Mandyla M. Mandyla M. Kousounis A. Kousounis S.
POL.KONSTANTA 26, 49100 POL.KONSTANTA 26, 49100 CORFOU [email protected] CORFOU [email protected] Greece and Magna Graecia. The parallel Western Universities and the teaching of course of philosophy and medical thinking medical science during the 2nd half of as a base for the scientific medicine. middle ages - Forerunners of medical
The beginning of scientific medicine coincides with At the beginning of the 13th century the progress of the birth of Greek philosophy, where for the first Medical thinking, initially in Italy and later in the time in history there is an attempt of forming on the West, was influenced by several movements. base of theoretical thinking a system that tries to Originally the school of Salerno played a major role explain the phenomena of the nature and research by developing a secular medicine. Meanwhile, a its laws. second movement which was dominated by the Thalis is considered to be the founder of philosophy scholastic Aristotelian philosophy and Christianity and is the founder of the great pre – Socrates school, played an important role in all areas of the mind. the Ionian school of Militos. Its major It is this period that the renaissance of medical representatives were Thalis, Heraklitos and science, through its teaching in Western Anixamenis who considered the water, the fire and universities, is commencing. the air as primordial substance of everything. These universities were founded in the 12th century The Ionian spirit was brought to Magna Grecia by and flourished in the 13th century. Their founding Pythagoras who founded there the school of Kritona is one of the greatest accomplishments of Middle and formed the basis of scientific medicine. ages. The penetration of Greek – Arab medicine in Alkeon the Krotoniatis belongs to Pythagoras’s the West lead to a more rationalistic way of school who combined the philosophical thinking thinking in medical teaching, since the contact with with medical research. nature and the first spirit of Humanism has come From the philosophical system of Pythagoreans, from Hippocrate’s translations and other Greek where the number 4 played a major role, doctors as well as Averois’s comments. Hippocratian thinking was later influenced and Padova University was one of the universities lead to the theory of the four juice that for many prevailed by this spirit. Some of the greatest centuries was the basis of pathological physiology. universities were also the University of Bolonia, the They mainly though influenced the progress of University of Montpelier and Oxford University. medical thinking through the study of nature and At the University of Bolonia, which was pioneer in the research of cause and causal in the phenomena the application of new surgery and teaching of of nature. anatomy with corpses, remarkable doctors were At the time of the development of the medicals distinguished, such as Daddeo Alderotti, Ugo schools of Magna Grecia other significant schools Borgognoni and Mundinus. In the University of related to the progress of medical thought, Montpelier the teaching of medicine had many influenced by the Greek – Italian philosophy, were similarities with the teaching of Salerno University, flourishing in Kirini, Rodes, Knido and Kos and set where in Oxford University medicine was taught the foundations of Hippocratic medicine. since the 9th century. Its model was the University of Paris, also of great importance.
797979 797979 126 BULGARIA 141 INDIA Kovachev A. Kumar N. Kovacheva L.
NEW BULGARIAN UNIVERSITY DELHI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION & RESE
SHISHMAN 20, 2700 DII-28, ANSARI NAGAR, NEW DELHI-29 BLAGOEVGRAD [email protected] NEW DELHI [email protected] The archeological finds with medical Development of pharmaceutical education contents in South-West Bulgaria. in India: an historical perspective.
The area of today Bulgaria is an inheritor of ancient The Profession of Pharmacy was unorganised and medical traditions. Thanks to the numerous mineral was considered much below standard in India upto springs during the antiquity, this region became 1930. The Drugs enquiry report of 1931, reviewed famous with the curative qualities of his baths. The the situation and recommended the formation of strong developed cult to Asclepious is the reliable General Council of Pharmacy and Provincial evidence for this. There are numerous tablets, coins, Pharmaceutical Councils. The report also statutes and churches with Asclepious’s portrayal. recommended two grades of qualification i.e a In some archeological target there are discovered diploma in pharmacy and a degree of findñ, which could be connected with the medical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. The action taken on the treatment of the population. Unfortunately they are Drugs Enquiry report helped in improving teaching not well studied and there is not published research in pharmacy and the Banaras Hindu University date for them. The aim of this paper is to popularize was the first to start a course in 1934. In this paper the more significant objects in connection with the an attempt has been made to study the development medicine in ancient age. This will help to unify our of Pharmaceutical Education in India and to efforts for more holistic and deep study of the rich highlight the efforts made by the pioneers of the material, which is discovered and still not profession. discovered from archeologists.
808080 808080 34 INDIA 242 RUSSIA Kumar R. P. Kuzybaeva M.
ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES NPO "MEDICINAL ENCYCLOPEDIA” OF THE RUSSIAN ACAD.
ANSARI NAGAR PETROVERIGSKIY STREET, 6/8, 111838, NEW DELHI [email protected] MOSCOW [email protected] Growth of medical periodicals in India The Professor V. A. Krasintsev - An during twentieth century. outstanding representative of the Moscow Surgical School.
Periodicals are considered to be a major source of The Moscow Surgical School of the second half of communication of latest thought. They are the 19th century was rich in the gifted professors considered the back bone of any library’s collection. and the researchers who had made the Russian They are indispensable for information and medicine famous. The first supervisor of the research. In every field of human activity, it is surgical clinic of the Sklifosovskiy Scientific- necessary to be aware of the current thought, which Research Institute of the first medicine aid Dr. Prof. is possible only with the reading of periodicals. Vasiliy Alekseevich Krasintsev, a brilliant surgeon- They provide a platform for communications of practician and an organizer of the Russian public ideas, the exchange of experience and the health system. He had written numerous works on transmission of current information. The early the surgery. He had been a member of the learned periodicals developed as an adjunct to books International Society of the surgeons. and a consequence of the increase in number of books, but greater impetus was provided by the need of professional people. In this study, the investigator has made an attempt to study the growth of Medical periodicals in India during twentieth century. The investigator visited different libraries in India for collecting the data. In response to changes in the international climate and patterns of scholarship, the periodicals underwent many changes.
818181 818181 382 ITALY 323 ITALY La Marca A. Lagonia P. Piro A. Tagarelli A. ISTITUTO DI SCIENZE NEUROLOGICHE
* * * [email protected] MANGONE (CS) [email protected] La Chirurgia Romana nei Bruttii. Il colera in Calabria. L’Instrumentarium di un Medico “Condotto” di età Imperiale Romana nella
Nel 1973 in località San Vito di Luzzi (Cosenza) Una indagine documentaristica su ciò che il colera venne scoperta una necropoli di età imperiale ha rappresentato sia sotto il profilo epidemiologico romana (I-II sec. d.C.), e in una delle tombe si che medico-sociale si sta attuando in Calabria rinvenne un corredo completo di strumenti presso i suoi tre Archivi di Stato. In questo lavoro si chirurgici in ferro e in bronzo, questi ultimi con presentano alcuni preliminari dati epidemiologici decorazione in agemina d'argento e niello. Il relativi alla epidemia del 1866-67 che ha colpito la corredo caratterizza il defunto anonimo, come un Calabria Citeriore, quella Ulteriore I e la Ulteriore medico non specialistico, un antesignano del nostro II. Nel 1866 il colera colpì solo la città di Cosenza medico condotto, in grado di eseguire piccoli ed un comune limitrofo (Trenta) con un totale di 86 interventi chirurgici. morti (4,5/1.000 abitanti). L’anno successivo, la L'importanza di questo instrumentarium, Calabria Citeriore fu colpita dal colera in 16 comuni appartenuto ad un medico, che certamente svolgeva (42.752 abitanti) con un totale di morti pari a 539 anche le funzioni di ortopedico e di dentista, cresce (12,61/1.000 abitanti); la Calabria Ulteriore I, in 6 notevolmente se si considera quanto poco numerosi comuni (63.914 abitanti) con un totale di morti pari siano i corredi medici rinvenuti in Italia. a 1.359 (21,26 /1.000 abitanti); la Calabria Gli strumenti chirurgici, simili a quelli trovati nella Ulteriore II solo in 3 comuni (6.750 abitanti) con la “casa del chirurgo” a Pompei, sono interessanti morte di 38 persone (5,63/1.000 abitanti). Infine, perché unici documenti per la conoscenza della dei 1.936 decessi avvenuti in Calabria nel 1867, il chirurgia nella Calabria di età romana. 98% morì nella propria abitazione mentre il resto in La ricerca circoscrive l’attività professionale di ospedale; il 46% dei decessi avvenne in età questo medico che operava in valle Crati alla fine compresa tra il 20 e i 50 anni; i coniugati e i celibi del I - inizi del II sec. d.C. L’attività di un medico, contribuirono con il 43% ed il 41%, si spiegherebbe bene all’interno di un grosso rispettivamente, mentre il restante 16% erano latifondo, che nel nostro caso potrebbe essere vedovi. Interessanti spunti storici e medico-sociali rappresentato dalla villa rustica in località saranno trattati insieme al risultato epidemiologico Muricelle di Luzzi, poco distante dalla necropoli di delle altre epidemie. San Vito.
828282 828282 221 GREECE 407 FRANCE Lazarou G. Lellouch A.
UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL
3 ERATOUS STREET 145 69 ANIXI ATHENS [email protected] [email protected] Greek Physicians in Russia’s navy during De L'Anatomie Pathologique " Premiere " the 17th and 18th centuries. A L' " Anatomie Medicale De Structure " : Continuite Ou Rupture Epistemologique ?
In the absence of a formal Greek state during the Le but de ce travail est d'analyser les facteurs turkish occupation, all students had to travel (techniques, théoriques et institutionnels ) qui abroad, mainly in Italy to study medicine. After permirent, après 1850, le passage d'une anatomie completion of studies, most of them preferred to pathologique " première ", macroscopique (prônée settle in the semi-autonomous Danubian par Bayle, Laennec et leurs émules de l'Ecole Principalities or Russia, not in Greece. Numerous anatomo-clinique de Paris) à une histopathologie Greek physicians, laureates of western Universities, (microscopique). Trés vite, la science nouvelle entered the Russian military service or served as pénétrera les multiples champs de la médecine et, physicians to the court. Most promiment among notamment, celui de l'Oncologie. Elle émergera them is Panayotis (Pavel) Kondoidis, (Leyden) who dans les instituts et laboratoires universitaires eventually became chief of medical staff in 1753, d'Outre-Rhin, bâtiments séparés replacing Herman Kaan-Boerhave. He reorganised topographiquement des salles d'hôpital et de the Russian medical service and established a flow dissection. Le développement de l'histopathologie of medical students towards Leyden. George alla de pair avec le perfectionnement des Dimakis from Constantinople (Padova & Sicily) microscopes, leur fabrication en série et served as medical officer in the Russian admiralty l'amélioration des techniques de coloration des in Petersberg. Damianos Paraskevas from Sinope coupes histologiques. Sans l'avènement de la théorie (Frankfurt & Jena) served in the naval hospital of cellulaire (1848) de Virchow, l'histopathologie Cronstandt in the Baltic Sea. Michael Schendos, n'aurait pas vu, non plus, le jour vers le milieu du served in the military hospital of Petersberg, XIXè siècle. . Diffusée en France par J.-M. Charcot examining over 500 patients daily. Antonios (1825-1893) qui l'appela " Anatomie médicale de Sevastos, (Padova), entered the Russian medical structure ",l'histopathologie marquait une rupture service in 1704, in which he served for 35 whole épistémologique avec l'anatomie pathologique " years (until 1739). Jakob Pylarino, famous for première ", macroscopique qui coupait avec le smallpox inoculation, started his carrier as naval scalpel. Elle signait aussi l'avènement, dans les physician to the Venetian and Turkish Fleets and pays de langue germanique puis, dans toute did served in the Russian court as well. Anastasius l'Europe, d'une nouvelle forme de médecine, la " Galaktiono, a Greek surgeon (non-University médecine de laboratoire ", plus moderne que qualified physician), served in the Russian armed l'ancienne " médecine d'hôpital " de l'Ecole de forces. The presence of Greek Physicians in Russia Paris. is extremely interesting for conceiving the whole scientific status of modern Greece, even before the creation of a Greek state. Their work has not been properly studied and evaluated.
838383 838383 276 ITALY 278 ITALY Leo G. Leopizzi M.
SEZ. CRIMINOLOGIA CLINICA- UNIVERSITÀ DI BARI
VIALE GALLIPOILI, 29 VIA PIAVE 13, 73052 LECCE [email protected] PARABITA (LE) [email protected] Il suicidio nella seconda metà del XIX Les idees medicales de Giulio Cesare secolo: Dalla cura all'educazione. Vanini: Innovation et tradition.
In una precedente pubblicazione (1) l'autore ha Philosophe libertin né en 1585 à Taurisano, dans les cercato di delineare una 'storia della nascita della Pouilles, Giulio Cesare Vanini exprime dans ses clinica' del suicidio parallelamente al consolidarsi ouvrages des opinions novatrices et insolites pour tra '700 e '800 di una scienza psichiatrica a tutti gli son époque. S'adressant en latin à un public effetti autonoma. Il dibattito scientifico che seguì cultivé, il aborde de nombreux sujets dans le seul alla prima metà dello '800 non può essere but de proclamer l'éternité et l'autonomie de la schematizzato in una 'evoluzione' storica che va da nature et de nier l'existence de Dieu et de toute una concezione del suicidio come malattia réalité surnaturelle. C'est dans cette tentative qu'il dell'anima (dalla CURA) ad un'altra che ne fa un traite des questions relatives à la médecine. Il disordine morale suscettibile di EDUCAZIONE. E' consacre de nombreuses pages de ses livres à semmai vero che nella seconda metà dello '800 si exposer ses connaissances à l'égard des moyens mis intersecano paradigmi epistemologici (Kuhn) sul en oeuvre pour la prévention, la guérison et le suicidio estremamente eterogenei tra di loro, un soulagement des maladies. Il se montre intéressé 'coro' di saperi che vede medici alienisti (come B. de aux questions relatives à l'embryologie, à la Boismont), medici 'philosophes' (come Descuret), reproduction et à l'évolutionnisme. A partir de la filosofi cattolici (come Curci), pedagogisti laici notion d'"esprit", il explique tous les mécanismes (come Gambuzzi), medici legali, studiosi positivisti de notre corps et entrevoie des relations entre l'état di 'statistica morale' (come Morselli) e sociologi physique des etres vivants, leur régime nutritif et (come Durkheim) contendersi tra di loro il consenso leurs songes. Quoique imparfaites dans leur fond, sia del mondo scientifico contemporaneo sia quello les idées scientifiques de Vanini ne sont pas dell'opinione pubblica. E' questo panorama dépourvues d'intuitions justes.Il a toujours variegato di concezioni sul suicidio, che, pur polémiqué contre les préjugés et a été non seulement essendo antitetiche, trovano dei fruttuosi tentativi à la hauteur de son époque, mais dans certains cas il di sintesi, l'oggetto di questa comunicazione. a anticipé les temps modernes. Meme si à ses intuitions, Vanini ne répondait pas par de véritables interprétations scientifiques - sa méthode étant dépourvue de l'apport des mathématiques et ses opinions demeurant floues - ses solutions naturalistes, toutefois, constituent des réflexions très audacieuses sur la ligne de la meuilleure tradition rhétorique. Son désir d'aboutir à des connaissances éclairées anticipe la philosophie des Lumières de Diderot et de D'Alembert.
848484 848484 58 ISRAEL 85 RUSSIA Lev E. Lichterman L. B.
HAIFA UNIVERSITY RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
SUKA ST. 14-B ZIHRON YAAKOV 30900. CENTRE FOR THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE ZICHRON YAAKOV [email protected] MOSCOW [email protected] Healing with animals (Zootherapy) at the The Birth of a Neurosurgery Clinic (1920S - medieval and early Ottoman Levant. 1930S).
Animals and products derived from different organs The rise of neurosurgery as a separate discipline of their bodies have constituted part of the was grounded in the discovery of narcosis, aceptics inventory of medicinal substances used in various and anticeptics, as well as in the doctrine of cerebral cultures since ancient times. The article reviews the localization. In 1905 Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) history of healing with animals in the Levant (The coined the term “neurological surgery”. First Land of Israel and parts of present-day Syria, “surgical neurologists” appeared in 1910s. Lebanon, and Jordan, defined by the Muslims in the However, neurosurgery as a specialty with its own Middle Ages as Bilad al-Sham) in the medieval and philosophy, methods, instruments and scientific early Ottoman periods. interests has been formed in the interwar period Intensive research into the phenomenon of (1920s-1930s). The aim of this presentation is to zootherapy in the medieval and early Ottoman demonstrate the specifics of formation of Levant has yielded thirty substances of animal neurosurgery as a separate specialty in USA and origin that were used medicinally. The vast several European countries (UK, USSR, France) . majority of these substances were local and I would suggest to distinguish internal and relatively easy to obtain. Most of the substances external (social) factors of the emergence of a were domestic (honey, wax, silkworm, etc.), others neurosurgery clinic. The former are represented by were part of the local wildlife (adder, cuttle fish, new methods of interventional neurological flycatcher, firefly, frog, triton, scorpion, etc.), part diagnosis (pneumoventriculography, cerebral of the usual medieval household (milk, egg, cheese, arteriography etc.), improvements in anesthesia and lamb, etc.), or parasites (louse, mouse, stinkbug, surgical instruments (electrocoagulation). At that etc.). Fewer substances were not local but exotic, period first neurosurgical societies has been and therefore rare and expensive (beaver testicles, established ( in 1920 in USA, in 1926 in UK, in musk oil, coral, ambergris, etc.). The range 1935 in USSR), first neurosurgical periodicals were symptoms that the substances of animal origin were launched ( “Zentralblatt fur Neurochirurgie” in used to treat was extensive and included most of the Germany in 1936, “Voprosy neirokhirurgii” in known diseases and maladies of that era: mainly USSR in 1937), specialized clinics and research hemorrhoids, burns, impotence, wounds, and skin, institutions were established (for example, Institute eye, and stomach diseases. Sometimes the use of for Surgical Neurology in Leningrad in 1926 and some specific substances was contrary to religious Institute for Neurosurgery in Moscow in 1932). precepts, such as the use of snakes, scorpion, or the The impact of external (social) factors might be mummy by Jewish physicians, or the use of wine by illustrated by WW1 which required to create a Moslem patients and doctors. system of management for head injured military due to the massive influx of these injuries. Organization of a neurosurgery service was shaped both by existing traditions and by the character of a political system. 858585 858585 31 TUNISIA 287 ITALY Limam R. Lippi D.
* DIP.ANATOMIA, ISTOL.E MEDICINA LEGALE,UNIV.FIRENZE
AV. HABIB BOURGUIBA, 7033, * GHAR EL MELH [email protected] FIRENZE [email protected] Les anciennes fonctions medicales des sites La storia della medicina come esperienza archeologiques a Porto-Farina. formativa nel curriculum del medico.
Porto-Farina est une ville portuaire située au Nord- L'Autore, partendo dall'esperienza ottocentesca Est de la Tunisie dans le golf d'Utique sur la rive fiorentina di Giuseppe Bertini, prende lo spunto per sud de la Méditerrannée. Véritable charnière entre una riflessione sul ruolo delle Medical Humanities la Méditerrannée occidentale et orientale, le nel percorso formativo del medico di oggi. complexe portuaire, qui fut construit en 1638, avait Il potenziamento di quelle che vengono chiamate joué un rôle dans la protection de l'occident des "Scienze Umane" rappresenta, infatti, una grande épidémies qui provenaient de l'orient et ce grace à la occasione per la medicina di oggi, costretta tra mise en quarantaine des navires provenant de l'ipertecnologismo e le necessità del prendersi cura. l'extrême orient. Assis à l'ouest de la ville, la Molto probabilmente, una nuova visione del construction du fort Lazaret en 1659 fut dirigée par rapporto medico-malato potrà prendere avvio un ingénieur morisque. Sa situation à un endroit proprio da queste esperienze di riflessione sul ruolo isolé avait permis de l'utiliser, comme son nom del medico, sul suo linguaggio e sull'importanza del l'indique, comme une sorte d'hospice ou l'on isolait contesto in cui si trova ad intervenire. les malades atteints de peste et de choléra et ou l'on gardait les voyageurs suspects en observation. Par ailleurs, La madrasa de Porto-Farina, qui remonte au XVIIè siècle, connue actuellement sous le nom de Mosquée de la madrasa, et qui était destinée à l'époque de sa fondation à l'enseignement et à l'hébergement des jeunes étudiants, servait aussi d'hospice. Cette multifonctionnalité caractérisait les Madrasas ottomanes. Enfin, La Zaouia de Sidi Ali El-Mekki est un monument pittoresque célèbre qui s'élève sur le promontoir de jebel al-Dimna. Cette Zaouia aménagée dans une grotte naturelle est l'œuvre d'un marabout qui a vécu à l'époque hafside bien avant l'édification de la ville portuaire du XVIIè siècle. En outre, le toponyme Dimna suggère que le site médiéval a été occupé par une léproserie qui peut être à l'origine du sanctuaire.
868686 868686 21 RUSSIA 152 GREECE Lisitsyn Y.P. Lomi C. Zhuravleva T.V. Geroulanos S.
CONFEDERATION OF RUSSIAN MEDICINE ONASSIS CARDIAC SURGERY CENTER HISTORIANS
103006,7/39,VOROTNIKOVSKIY PEREULOK. 356, SYGGROU AV., 176 74 KALITHEA MOSCOW [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] Medicine development prospects in the XXI Sir Ludwig Guttmann, "The De Coubertin century. of the paralysed".
The medicine in the XXI century will develop on This presentation is a tribute to Ludwig Guttmann, the way of the more intense accumulation of the man who inspired the Paralympic Games which medical-biological technologies and their usage. In will be help in Athens on 2004. During World War the medical-biological disciplines it concerns the I ca 95% of patients who had sustained spinal cord development of the organism integrity doctrine injury died, most of them within the first two (psychosomatic integrity). New data about weeks. Guttmann was a German neurosurgeon who organism control on basis of Pavlov’s, Salie’s, in 1944 was asked to lead a spinal unit for injured Freud’s concepts will be shown. The research of the servicemen at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. Dealing human’s genome is going to be finished taking into with limited resources, inexperienced staff, and a account ethic and moral norms. Genetic researches prevailing attitude that rehabilitation of patients will move to an advanced stage of development, with spinal cord injuries was impossible, he including genetic engineering, the creation of the developed an innovative rehabilitation program for defense substances and medicines. Medical the victims of World War II. The integration of psychology is going to become a leading discipline. sport, aiming at the social integration for these Clinical medicine will keep on common pathology patients, led to a world sports movement for the and nazology, defining several tens of unknown disabled people, known today as the International diseases. Socio-prophylactic medical branches and Stroke Mandeville Games and the Paralympic hygienic divisions about life’s modes and conditions Games. The legacy that Guttmann left, is the first significance will develop increasingly. in the world sports´stadium for the disabled, the Stroke Mandeville Sports Stadium, the International Medical Society of Paraplegia in 1961 and its official journal:´Paraplegia´. He worked tirelessly until his 80´s. One of his last visions was the establishment of the first´Olympic Village for the Disabled´at Stroke Mandeville but unfortunately he passed away on the 18th March 1980. Today he is recognized as a pionner in the rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. On the occassion of the first Paralympics in Rome in 1960, Guttmann was named by the Pope John XXIII ´the de Coubertin of the Paralysed´. Perhaps a strange tribute for a neurosurgeon, but probably the best way to summarize the great impact his work had on disabled people
878787 878787 79 IRAN 285 ITALY Lotfizadeh A. Lucarella A. Khorsand M. Vakili A. SHAHED MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
NO.1.30 SHAHBAZIST. SHOHADASQU. TEHRA * TEHRAN [email protected] FIRENZE [email protected] Drugs used for diarrhea in Traditional Cosa s'intende per metodo sperimentale. Iranian Medicine (Tim).
Diarrhea and related problems are among the most FILIPPO BOTTAZZI: un pugliese Fisiologo di prevalent gastrointestinal conditions, which have Medicina Sperimentale. Sua la Fondazione della been considered noteworthy during the history of Società Italiana di BIOLOGIA SPERIMENTALE e medicine. According to the statistics of WHO della CLINICA FISIOLOGICA,dal 1925 al 1937, diarrhea is still common and huge annual amounts nell'Università di Napoli. of money is spent for treatment, though the results, particularly in chronic cases is not satisfying. In other words, chronic diarrhea is still a problem in modern medicine. Besides, due to controversies with culture, some drugs used for treatment are not well accepted by majority of people. Nowadays traditional medicine is an issue considered of great significance. Traditional treatment is well accepted in many countries worldwide, due to cultural acceptance. Iran has a very old medical history and great scientists such as Avicenna, Razi, Jorjani and Aghilikhorasani in traditional medicine. In this article we did our best to use TIM to find and rank traditional drugs affecting diarrhea.
888888 888888 71 ISRAEL 127 IRAN Lurie S. Madani S. A. Glezerman M. Siamian H.
TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY MEIDAN-E MOALLEM, SAKHTEMAN-E SHOMARE 2 DANESHGAH
POMERANTZ ST. 6 RAHOVOT 76515, HEAD OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNA RAHOVOT [email protected] SARY, MAZANDARAN [email protected] Cesarean section scope in ancient Laws: The history of the Endoscopy (Osteomeatal Hammurabi of Babylon (1795-1750 Bc), Comples) and our experiences in teaching Roman “Lex Regia” of Numa Pompilius Hospitals of Mazandaran Medical Sciences
“Ibiq-iltum,the son of Sin-magir,adopted the male Endoscopy is the examination of the interior of body child,born through cesarean section[lit. pulled out organs, joints or cavities through an of the womb],the son of the deceased woman endoscope.Projection of the light that has already Atkasim”.This legal text,dating to the 23rd year of been the problem. The first device was the " Hammurabi of Babylon(1795-1750 bc),is probably Lichtleiter" described by Philip Bozzini in 1806. the very first documented evidence of cesarean The source of light was improved in 1853. Antonin section.The Akkadian expression silip remim[pulled J. Desormeaux improved this invention out of the womb]could mean either cesarean section (endoscope) by replacing the candle with a gas- or forceps delivery.The use of obstetrical forceps is burning flame, allowing for a brighter light. not attested until at least the medieval Desormeaux was recognized as “the father of period.Therefore it is referred to a cesarean section endoscopy” for his success in the medical world. done on a dead or dying mother. Endoscopy became practicable with the advent of “A royal law forbids the burial of a pregnant elctricity. New endoscopes have digital capabilities woman before the child is extracted from the for manipulating and enhancing the video images. womb[antequam partus ei excidatur]. Whoever In the early 1900s, the first attempts to view inside violates this law is deemed to have destroyed the the body with lighted telescopes made. These initial child's expectancy of life along with the mother.”It devices were often fully rigid. In the 1930s, semi- was Numa Pompilius,an ancient Roman king(716- flexible endoscopes called gastroscopes developed to 673 bc),who issued this ruling in his “Lex Regia”, view inside of the stomach. Widespread use of fiber the Law of the Kings.Once ancient Rome became optic endoscopes began in the 1960s. Interest in the Roman Empire,the “Lex Regia” turned into the modern endoscope began to develop between 1970 “Lex Cesarea”.From this latter designation,the and 1973 stimulated by the work of M. operation of laparotomy and hysterotomy to deliver Messerklinger P. Illum. A fiber optic cablethat a fetus may have taken its name,the cesarean literally allows light and images to transmit section. "If a woman was in labor and died on the through curved structures. Sabbath,a knife is brought,her abdomen is Materials and methods: the study was retrospective, opened,and the child extracted".This passage in which did on patients in Boo Ali Hospital in 1997 Mishna,the collection of ancient Jewish laws(2nd to 1999 under FESS operations. century BC-6th century AD),describes an Results: the results are as follows: total of patients allowance of postmortem cesarean on the day of rest were 284 that 59.9 % male and 40.1% female. The and sanctification.In addition to postmortem majority of them were 10 t0 20 years old , major cesarean,there is description of a cesarean section signs of patient was %24.3 obstruction in the nose that was performed on living women who survived and the most common variation was deviated the operation. Initially,cesarean delivery was septum in anatomic was %79.2. performed on animals and afterwards on living women with a fair degree of success. 898989 898989 396 ITALY 146 IRAN Magnano G. Mahdavi M. R. V. Khalili M. Atyabi M. * SCHOOL OF MEDICINE SHAHED UNIVERSITY
VIA A. MANUZIO 15/7, 16143 BLVD KESHAVARZ, DEHKADEH STR., NO: 29 GENOVA [email protected] TEHRAN [email protected] L'effetto placebo come analogo Change in humeur was itroduced in Iranian dell'induzione comportamentale in Natura. traditional Medicin as cause of many illnesses.
La presente relazione propone un'ipotesi originale In ancient iranian traditional medicine Humeur has sui meccanismi biologici che sostengono il fenomeno mean to the solvent which flow in vessels or placebo collocandolo in un contesto bio-adattativo hollowed organs like gastrointestinal system di natura inizialmente genetica e finalmente (specially stomach), galbllader and lymphatic relazionale, specificando e sostenendo con esempi vessels. However, there was introduced four kind of tratti dal regno animale il fatto che gli eventi Humeurs including 1) blood 2) Bile (called in iran comunicativi sono tipici e contestuali con i as Balgham) 3) lymph and 4) Soda (in iranian fenomeni vitali e che la comunicazione fra esseri pronunciation) means the constitutent of the blood. viventi sia intra che interspecifici e adddiritura di However, each food stoff following intrance to the differenti phyla, è in grado di muovere eventi body changes to temperature, energy and some kind genici, come per esempio aprire catene geniche of residues. These residues could added to blood, bile attivando geni selettori. Il fenomeno placebo si and lymph and change the constitution of inserirebbe in questo contesto funzionale biologico e Humeurs. Anyway, disturbance of each Humeur ciò renderebbe ragione del fatto che esso si osserva could affected physiological activity of the ralated attivamente anche nei riguardi di soggetti non organs and finally lead to illnesess. An apparent collaboranti e in cui la comunicazione non può example in new medication is the increases of urea essere logica e verbale, come i neonati, gli animali o and acid oric in the blood in artritis. i minorati mentali. In questa direzione esso è In addition, In iranian traditional medicine change senz'altro meritevole di rivalutazione critica. in each kind of Humeur introduced as a real factor for progresstion of related illnesess.
909090 909090 359 ITALY 187 GREECE Mainardi F. Malliou S. Zanchin G. Kriaras J. Geroulanos S. ISTITUTO DI STORIA DELLA MEDICINA ONASSIS CARDIAC SURGERY CENTER
VIA FALLOPIO 50, 35121 356 SYGROU AVE PADOVA [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] Headache diagnosis and therapy in the past The treatment of breast cancer in ancient (1930-1950) from inpatient clinical records. Greece Hellenistic world and Bizantium.
To assess which were the clinical methods used Breast cancer (bc) has been documented since the previous to the introduction of shared diagnostic early Egyptians when treatment was cautery. criterion (International Headache Society Hippocrates was the first who used the term classification 1988 and 2004), and when the "karkinos" or "karkinoma" of the nose, uterus, availability of laboratory support and instruments breasts and neck. He believed that only ulcerated were limited, we examined the hospitalization cancer should be operated, as attempted palliation. records from the Clinica delle Malattie Nervose e Leonides, a Greek physician of the 1st century AD, Mentali of the Università di Padova from 1932- was the first who carried out an operation removing 1950 (n=6708), distinguishing those diagnosed a (bc). He applied cauterization as a method of with headache (n=242, f=156, m=87, average age: treatment. Leonides adapted the extension of the 31.2 years). Headache features and diagnoses operation to the clinical stage. In "De Medicina" of reported in case histories were assessed and the Roman Aulus Cornelius Celsus (30-50AD) we compared with the modern diagnostic criteria. find a clinical description of (bc). He claimed that Among primary headaches (n=185) the diagnosis when the whole breast is hardened and indurated was “headache” without further specifications (n= tumor is fixed to the thorax, operation must be 137, 76% of the cases), “migraine” (n=28), and avoided. Archigenes Apameus (54-117 AD), a “psychonevrotic headache” (n=20). Only one case of famous Greek physician in Rome, agreed with headache was due to possible abuse of analgesics: it Hippocrates: "It is better to give no treatment in would suggest a lower presence of this problem. cases of hidden cancer; (treatment causes speedy Besides difficulties due to inadequate diagnostic death), but to omit treatment is to prolong life". tools of the time, we noticed a heterogeneity in Soranos from Ephessos (2nd century AD) collection of case-history informations, which suggested that when the indurated (bc) is fixed to reflects lack of accurate and uniform classification the thorax, it is better not to operate. The Greek, of various forms of headache. As for the diagnostic Galen (131-201 AD) in the early cases of (bc) tests, EEG and arteriography were introduced in suggested conservative treatment. If, however, the the years 1941-1950, but yet scarcely used. In the tumor had grown into a substantial mass, only same period, rachicentesis became much less surgery could offer any hope of a cure. These permormed (28% vs 58%) with respect to the theories passed into Western Medicine by way of preceding years (1932-1940). This study of clinical the Arabs, Abulcasis and Rhazes. records, from a period chronologically not remote and already belonging to the epoch of exponential growth of medical knowledge, enables interesting methodological, clinical and therapeutic consideration.
919191 919191 257 ISRAEL 46 U.S. AMERICA Man M. Manoliu V.
BEN GURION UNIVERSITY
MORAN 13 ST. TIMRAT, ISRAEL 1504 EAST 54TH STREET, 31404-4641 TIMRAT [email protected] SAVANNAH GA. [email protected] Emek Yizrael Kibbutz nursing in Israel Italy and the international congresses for during the years 1938 - 1948. the history of medicine.
Kibbutz nursing in the Emek Yizrael during the The Italian Society for the History of Medicine has years 1938 - 1948 was part of the health system organized four ICHMs. services devised to provide for the health needs in the kibbutzes. The number of communications from the four This study describes and examines the influences sessions is seven hundred and one (701), with seven on nursing and its impacts, s.a: disease, hundred and thirty-seven (737) authors. Total enviroment, population and health services. These pages added to the historical volumes is forty-six are examined by their political, social, economic, hundred and ninety-seven. demographic and medical relationships during the 40’s in the Jewish and Kibbutz settlements in Emek The 2004 Congress in Bari will be the fifth in Italy, Yizrael. making it the country which has hosted the most The goals of this research were to describe the ICHMs. central health issues and the professional functions of the nurses. Additional goal was to study the influence of kibbutz ideology on health policy. The findings show that at the beginning of the 40’s, incidence of disease was higher than in the mid 40’s. This is the period when health services in the kibbutz started developing. New clinics and sick rooms were established. Nursing widened its scope, bringing nurses in contact with advanced equipment and.treatments In those years nursing in the kibbutz was regarded as an occupation rather than a profession. Nurses functioned with a high degree of autonomy. They had to make decision on health issues dealing with most aspects of human life. This gave the nurses high social standing on the one hand, but, on the other, a sense of great personal frustration. This research has historical implications on the educational levels on the implementation of nursing in community
929292 929292 47 U.S. AMERICA 69 ISRAEL Manoliu V. Manor O.
HAIFA UNIVERSITY.
1504 EAST 54TH STREET, 31404-4641 PALMACH ST. 33 HAIFA 34558 SAVANNAH GA. [email protected] HAIFA [email protected] The italian historians of medicine as Galilee Moshava in the arab rebellion (1936- participants at the I-XXXVI International 1939): the local doctor as an example Congress. between cooperation and detachment.
Professionals from Italy, recording the history of This paper is dealing with the dilemma of the social medicine, participated at all thirty-six International historian when he is studding the Israeli society in Congresses of the History of Medicine (ICHM) the first half of the 20` century. The social historian except for the seventh session. faces special challenges when he studies every society. The society he investigates does not exist The number of Italian authors is five hundred and anymore, he has to reconstruct the social processes, seventy-five (575); coauthors total eighty-nine (89), and institutions and the way people lived in the with six hundred and ninety-six (696) past. Another assignment, is to understand the intercommunications recorded. social behavior according to historical context. A social concept can be changed through time. The Generally, the ICHM presentations of these social historian uses the method of the history, contributors introduced themes from the rich analysis of documents of the writing society, if it history of Italian medicine. has left written documents. For the research the historian ads methods from social studies as well.As a case study to those problems, this paper is presenting the relationship among three social groups who lived in a Galilee Moshava: Jews farmer, Jews workers and Arab workers. The research has found, there was a relationship of cooperation between Jews and Arab in the Jewish villas - Moshava, despite the demand of the Zionist institutions for separation under the ideology of "Hebrew Labor". From the clinical data of the doctor diary, and the committee's protocols, it can be learned who where the patients, the treatment the doctor gave them and the frequency of their visit during the 30` of the twenty century. It is important to note that those where the years of the Arab rebellion in Israel, it was a time of great tension between Jews and Arabs. One can learn that medical services where provided to all population who lived in the Moshava: Jew farmers, Jew workers and Arab workers. It can be learned about sickness of all age: infants and adults.
939393 939393 274 ROMANIA 24 U.S. AMERICA Marcu N. Marcum J. A.
UNIVERSITÉ "CAROL DAVILA" BUCAREST BAYLOR
* DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY BUCAREST [email protected] WACO [email protected] L'enseignement Universitaire de l'histoire Claude Bernard, John Call Dalton Jr. and de la Médecine en Roumanie. the experimental method in american medicine.
L'étude met au jour l'importance et aussi le rôle de The purpose of this study is to examine Claude l'histoire de la médecine en tant que discipline en Bernard’s impact, through his student John Call l'histoire de l'enseignement médical moderne en Dalton, Jr. (1825-1889), on the transformation of Roumanie. Quoique l'étude de l'histoire de la American medical science in terms of the médecine remonte à 1856 dans les écoles roumaines experimental method. In 1850, Dalton began his de médecine, il a été introduit dans l'enseignement postgraduate studies with Bernard in Paris. systématique en 1921,quant on a créé un Bernard’s influence upon the young Dalton was département distinct à la Faculté de Medecine de immediate, and through Dalton Bernard had a Cluj et aussi L'Institute del Histoire de la Medecine major impact on the transformation of American et du Folklore Médical sous l'egide de Jules Guiart, medical science in terms of the experimental parasitologue et médecin historique français. method. Dalton was to appropriate his mentor’s Depuis 1930, Valeriu experimental method, making it the foundation of 1970. V Bologa este consideré le createur de l'école both his teaching and research in medical roumaine moderne de l'histoire de la medecine et physiology. Dalton was not to flag in his zeal for humanisme médical. A Bucarest, le premier cours the experimental method for transforming universitaire de l'histoire de la médecine a été American medical science. In his 1882 Cartwright enseigné par Gh. Z. Petrescu, entre 1925-1938. Au Lectures delivered at the College of Physicians and début de l'année 1948 on a créé des départements de Surgeons in New York, for instance, Dalton l'histoire de la médecine à toutes les facultés de reviewed the achievements of experimental medicine médecine du pays: à Bucarest (I. Ghelerter), à Iassy over the last several centuries. In his lectures, (C. Romanescu), à Cluj (V.Bologa suivi par Dalton stressed the significance of the experimental S.Iszak), à Tg. Mures (I. Spielmann), à Craiova method for generating medical knowledge and for (M.Schiau). Après la révolution de 1989, guiding medical practice, as well as for situating l'enseignement de l'histoire de la médecine a été that knowledge and practice on a firm empirical and bien libéré de toute doctrine dogmatique du epistemic foundation. In this paper Dalton’s marxisme-léninisme et orientè vers les nouvelles adoption of Bernard’s experimental medicine is valeurs et méthodes;une nouvelle histoire de la explored and evaluated, especially in terms of médecine est née, une histoire bien degagée de tout Dalton’s original research and his historical and mythe,bien liberée de tout cliché nationaliste venu introductory lectures on the transformation of de l'Europe Central. La nouvelle histoire de la medical science through the experimental method. medecine se developpe dans le climat de To that end, I begin with a brief analysis of l'humanisme médical, bien lié à la bioéthique, a la Bernard’s treatise on experimental medicine. méthodologie des recherches scientifiques, à Dalton’s review of Bernard’s treatise is then l'anthropologie et aux autres. examined and Bernard’s influence on Dalton’s thinking is explored.
949494 949494 251 BRAZIL 371 ITALY Maria Sueli M. Melillo L. Pumar-Cantini L. Cipollaro M. Manzo A. FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE”
AV. PASTEUR, 196/801 VIA G.PUCCINI 19, 80127 RIO DE JANEIRO [email protected] NAPOLI [email protected] De-Ospedalizzazione: La pazzia, famiglia e “Tra Urbanistica, Archeologia e Dna: societá - Sfide di un nuovo Paradigma. Pompei, Patrimonio unico per la Storia della Medicina”.
Michel Foucault, nel suo libro Storia della Pazzia, La comunicazione intende evidenziare come Pompei ritratta i primordi dell' internazione e della malattia rappresenti un caso ideale e unico per studiare nei mentale, marcando la genesi dell’appartamento che suoi diversi aspetti: era basato nella capacità produttiva del soggetto. 1.l'attenzione romana per la sanità e l'igiene Non c'era all’epoca um discorso medico riguardo pubblica (vedi gli impianti fognari e di alla malattia mentale ma si un discorso giuritico- distribuzione dell'acqua, le terme); politico. In Brasile, nel 1998 la Legge Paulo 2.le antiche pratiche mediche (vedi la casa del Delgado stabilisce l'apertura dei manicomi. Questo chirurgo e il ricco strumentario medico rinvenutovi, implica in un riscatto dell' autonomia dell’ oggi conservato -ma non sufficientemente “ammalato mentale”, dove quest’ultimo comincia valorizzato- nel Museo Archeologico Nazionale di inoltre a avere la possibilità di decidere sul suo Napoli); proprio internamento. Tuttavia, delle domande 3.la popolazione stessa (sia da un punto di vista appaiono: come la famiglia di un “pazzo”, dopo paleopatologico e antropologico sia oggi anche da un anni di un discorso medico inclausurante, riceve punto di vista genetico, come dimostrano le ricerche l'ammalato di nuovo in casa? In che modo questa sul DNA antico). ideologia domina l'immaginario dei parenti? Sarà Questi tre diversi aspetti sono infatti noti che queste rappresentazioni portano i sintomi dell’ singolarmente da altri siti archeologici mentre la “incapacità”, dell' esclusione generata dalla pratica eccezionalità delle caratteristiche del sito di Pompei del confino in asili, ancora presente nella nostra consente di esaminarli in una logica di sistema e in società? Queste rappresentazioni della malattia una sinergia disciplinare da cui scaturisce mentale possono interferire in modo dannoso nella un’articolata e documentata riflessione su un reiserzione dell’ ammalato? ecosistema cittadino antico. Cosí fu nostra intenzione, cominciando dal discorso della famiglia, apprendere con che significato di malattia mentale la famiglia riceve indietro il malato e quali gli ostacoli in questa nuova relazione familiare. Il nostro obiettivo principle é stato il ricupero del discorso della famiglia attraverso l'uso della storia orale come fonte metodologica. Il risultato di questa ricerca ci ha permesso di visualizzare alcune azioni preventive per un lavoro di accompagnamento della famiglia che possibilite una reintegrazione efficiente.
959595 959595 35 U.S. AMERICA 124 IRAN Merrill J. M. Miri S. R. Roghani M. Baluchnejadmojar T. BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
2234 INWOOD DEPT. PHYSIOLOGY, SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, HOUSTON, TX [email protected] TEHRAN [email protected] Art and religion fused to sustain a hospital The applications of Black Seed (Nigella for 600 years. Sativum) in Iranian traditional Medicine.
Siena’s Spedale di Santa Maria della Scala’s begun Many herbs have been used as "cure-alls" or potent in 1090 grew to greatness embodying Augustinian "tonic herbs" in Iranian traditional medicine attributes: care of the sick; distribution of food to the (ITM). Among these is black seed has been used poor; care of orphans; distribution of alms. Milano regularly to prevent and cure some illnesses. asked for a copy of its regulations in 1399 to create Historically, it was used as a lung tonic to clear up a new hospital. In 1440, the Hospital’s rector blockages and phlegm in the lungs due to asthma commissioned a fresco cycle, The Pellegrinaio. HIs and asthma attacks, and for treating stuffy or choice of Domenico di Bartolo as artist was runny noses following colds. Another historical use fortunate for he displaced religious symbolism by of black seed in ITM was for digestive problems - to painting care of the sick as Santa Maria della Scala "dry up" a soggy stomach, ease colic pain, expel provided it: a sick man is removed from a stretcher, intestinal worms, and remove wind and bloating in a physician examines urine, a surgeon has his the intestines caused by eating wheat bread. The pinchers, a priest hears a confession, and two men warmth of black seed also increases the flow of all carry out a coffin. To convey “reception of pilgrims fluids in the body including blood, urine, a nursing and distribution of alms,” the space is filled with mother's milk and weak or halted menses. It had mothers, babies, children, cripples, the lame on also topical application for warts, skin allergies, crutches, and the naked entering the hospital. For insect bites, baldness and gray hair. Since black seed “care of orphans,” di Bartolo drew from a 1305 is very rich in protein, carbohydrates, essential fatty hospital statue that directed the hospital to care for acids, vitamins A, B1, B2, C and niacin as well as orphans’ needs from infancy to maturity. Hence, in minerals, and we most lack these nutrients, it may one part of this fresco, a woman receives a baby in be of benefit. This plant can provide many of the swaddling clothes and in another part, the hospital same nutrients that the FDA recommends to help rector performs a marriage ceremony for an orphan prevent disease and slow down the aging process. girl who is now grown. “Distribution of food to the poor” the last in di Bartolo’s cycle shows a banquet scene where rich and poor are seated together while a hospital official receives a half-naked man. [Strehlke, C.B. (1986). Domenico Di Bartolo.] For 600 years, patients, families, hospital workers, and visitors have had their souls stirred by these frescos. Santa Maria della Scala’s long and succes.
969696 969696 325 RUSSIA 189 BULGARIA Mirsky M. B. Mitova E. Sotirova V. Kamtchev P. THE SEMASHKO INSTITUTE, SOUTH-WEST UNIVERSITY,
* 66 IVAN MIHALOV STR., 2700, MOSCOW [email protected] BLAGOEVGRAD [email protected] The Russian surgeon Yuly Shimanovsky`s Medico - Social Care`s home - Development contribution to plastic surgery. and priorities.
Yuly Shimanovsky, a disciple and associate of the The essential aim of this presentation is to following great Russian surgeon Nickolai Pirogov, was a the historical development of the Medico – Social versatile surgeon. He lived a short life, only 38 Care`s Home in Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria. years, his major successes were achieved in the We put accent on the institutions`s influence to fieldof plastic and restorative surgery. By using the physical and neuro – psychical development of the Pirogov`s idea of osteoplasty, Shimanovsky devised children and the new models for their succesful various osteoplastic operations. Thus, he perfected social adaptation and social development. (1859) the operation of the Italian surgeon R.Gritti The percentage and frequency of the children`s who “had transferred” the Pirogov`s idea to femur deseases are discussed. The causes of the chronical amputation. deseases are treated also and especially we put The fundamental work by Shimanovsky attention on the transition from very strogly “Operations on the surface of human body” (1865) medical… institutions to psychic healt childre`s had become world famous. By applying general institutions and their harmonical development. principles developed by him, he defined more than 60 operations of plastic surgery and transplantology. It should be emphasiged that Shimanovsky was the first to divide the methods of epidermatoplasty into two forms: the shifting and stretching of skin. He drawed up a well drafted and mathematically founded classification of skin defects. Shimanovsky proposed universal methods for closing different defects irrespective of their situs.
979797 979797 129 IRAN 334 ITALY Moein L. Molfese A. Yusefi Pour M. Naseri M. CENTRO REGIONALE LUCANO DELL'ASAS
NO335,EDALAT STREET,14TH AVE.VELENJAK VIALE MAZZINI 123 TEHRAN [email protected] ROMA [email protected] Element: In New Science vs. Traditional La sanità dei porti e i medici di bordo Irainian Medicine (Tim). nell'antichita'.
Although, the definition of element in new science La sanità dei porti e i medici di bordo è materia and traditinal science is similar but, the meaning antica; i primi popoli civili (Egizi, Sumeri, Fenici e and purpose of it is different in each one. Greci) e poi Etruschi e Romani, per far fronte ai What is element? commerci sempre in aumento, utilizzarono sempre In new science element is a simple chemical più navi e porti; ebbero anche la necessità di substance that consists of atoms of only one type emanare leggi affinché il lavoro sulle navi e nei and can not be split by chemical means into simpler porti, fosse svolto secondo norme ben precise, tutto substance and elements are categorized according to ciò anche per evitare danni alle persone e alle cose. mandaliove chart. L’autore passa in rassegna come le conoscenze In traditional science like traditional Irainian scientifiche del tempo nella loro evoluzione hanno medicine (TIM) element is a simple substance accompagnato questa importante attività dei which can not be split to smaller parts. trasporti sul mare, dell’assistenza sanitaria a bordo Elements are categorized in TIM like Ave sina's delle navi dai primordi ai giorni nostri. kanoon as follows: 1)elemental soil 2)elemental water 3)elemental air 4)elemental fire Ave sina, the grand scientist of Iran has written the above category but,has pointed to some substances like Iron,copper,oxygen and etc.in his valuable literatures.How is it possible? The reason is behind the purpose of this categorization .The base of the category above is a sensible categorization not a chemical one.
989898 989898 333 ITALY 378 ITALY Molfese A. Moliterni P. Ferrandes C.
CENTRO REGIONALE LUCANO DELL'ASAS STORIA DELLA MUSICA, UNIVERSITÀ DI BARI
VIALE MAZZINI 123 VIA NICOLAI, 128, 70122 ROMA [email protected] BARI [email protected] Storia dell'assistenza sanitaria sul F.N.Marquet, Nouvelle méthode facile et territorio. La condotta medica. Nascita, curieuse pour connoitre le pouls par les evoluzione e tramonto. notes de la musique, Paris, 1769.
Già nella medicina delle antiche civiltà (egiziana, Curioso trattato che affronta un problema di fenicia, etrusca) erano presenti i tentativi da parte semeiotica medica secondo un doppio registro: dello Stato di assistenza alle persone bisognose in all'interno, cioè, di un'ottica medica e di un'ottica caso di malattia sul territorio. Roma codificò ed musicale. estese anche con l’aiuto della Chiesa l’assistenza Metodi affini erano già conosciuti in passato, ma capillare nelle città e nei paesi; nel XII secolo a l'autore s'impone sia per la competenza medica e Firenze, Bologna ed altre città erano presenti medici l'accurata casistica addotta, sia per la stipendiati dal comune così come nei vari stati preoccupazione di elaborare un metodo accessibile ai (sardo, sabaudo) e poi nell’Italia unita. più, sia per la totale fiducia (ed è questo l'aspetto La condotta medica con l’unità di Italia ebbe un più originale) nel potere taumaturgico della musica, riordino ed una connotazione propria anche perché capace di curare il corpo e l'anima. tanto era il lavoro da svolgere. L’autore passa in Non soltanto, quindi, un "curioso" trattato, ma un rassegna la evoluzione dell’assistenza sanitaria sul documento e una testimonianza di come lo statuto territorio con il particolare riguardo alla nascita della musica, nella coscienza comune e in quella evoluzione e tramonto della condotta medica. scientifica, si avviasse, a metà Settecento, verso una complessa realtà di decodificazione del mondo e non solo di autonomia estetica, sfondo o intrattenimento.
999999 999999 174 MACEDONIA 408 ITALY Murati I. Musajo Somma A.
PRIVATE HEALTH ORGANIZATION DACTI, UNIVERSITÀ DI BARI
32 TANE TCHALEVSKI VIA CALEFATI, 190 KITCHEVO [email protected] BARI [email protected] The history of prevention of traumatization Parum Affinitas In Chirurgia Plastica in fighters in Republic of Macedonia.
The author presents the fight as one of the famous Il tentativo di modellare i tessuti e le forme sports in the world. The traumatization of the biologiche attraverso l’infiltrazione delle stesse con strongest and healthiest men in the world sostanze plastiche è antico quanto le conoscenze accompanies the fight since it growing up till today. mediche dell’umanità. The causes for traumatization in fighters are Ippocrate descriveva l’utilizzo della “acqua di studied and classified in accordance with their catrame” e Plinio il Vecchio e Celso riportavano importance. The paper presents scientific suggested l’uso del bitume e della nafta per le stesse finalità. program for reducing of tramatization, as well as Tra il 1830e il 1833 un barone tedesco, nativo di recovering the sportsman after competitions. The Stoccarda, Carl Ludwig von Reichenbach pubblicò normative documents and the project for new law una serie numerosa di lavori scientifici avendo come for sport or supplement to current law for sport, tema la “distillazione a secco di sostanze organiche”. especially in the part for prophylaxis of Reichenbach scelse come nome per la sua nuova traumatization and posttraumatic rehabilitation. scoperta il termine di “paraffina”, derivandola etimologicamente dalle espressioni latine “parum” ( poco ) e “affinitas” ( affinità ) per designare la qualità estremamente non reattiva della sostanza individuata; era proprio la sua indifferenza agli agenti chimici come i forti acidi e gli alcali a determinare la plasticità del materiale. La medicina, pur nelle sue consapevolezze, è eseguita e sviluppata dall’attività dei medici; in taluni di essi spesso il confine irrisolto fra ciarlataneria e prassi medica condiziona la sofferenza di pazienti che portano nel corpo i segni di una sostanza con parum affinitas con i tessuti biologici giustificando la validità dell’asserzione di Voltaire: “Les médecins sont des gens qui introduisent dans un corps qu’ils connaissent mal des substances qu’ils connaissent encore moins bien”.
100 100 405 ITALY 409 ITALY Musajo Somma L. Musajo Somma L. Musajo Somma C.
DACTI, UNIVERSITÀ DI BARI
VIA CALEFATI, 190 BARI [email protected] [email protected] The Crippled Faces Pavilion In Milan:The I Pionieri Della Chirurgia Plastica Nel First Plastic Surgery Unit In Italy Territorio Della Magna Graecia
In memory of Gustavo Sanvenero Rosselli(1897- Le tecniche chirurgiche che contribuiscono a 1974), the father of modern Italian plastic surgery modellare i tessuti biologici per restaurare una who died thirty years ago, the Authors report the forma alterata sono naturalmente di tipo origins, the activities and the finalities of the first ricostruttivo e datano fin dall’antichità ippocratica plastic surgery unit built in Italy, in Milan, (460 a.C.) ed ancor prima, come descritto nei libri immediately after World War I. Starting from sacri Hindù di oltre 1000 anni a.C. caring of crippled faces, the pavilion day- by- day Durante la prima metà del XV secolo tecniche di increased its activities till to the world known modellamento della piramide nasale con finalità abilities gained by Sanvenero Rosselli’s team ricostruttive vengono praticate in due centri towards reconstruction of all the body areas. dell’antica Magna Graecia. Sulla costa orientale Congresses organization and scientific journals della Sicilia, a Catania, la famiglia dei Branca printings were also main goals achieved by Gustavo sviluppa una particolare abilità tecnica esecutiva Sanvenero Rosselli, the true heir of Gaspare nel ricostruire il naso traumatizzato. Tagliacozzi traditions. In Calabria, presso la cittadina di Maida, un’altra famiglia identificata nei Vianeo (definiti anche Boiano o Voiano) guadagnò fama distribuita in tutta Europa per l’esperienza e la competenza nella capacità ricostruttiva della piramide nasale. La specialità che aveva visto gli albori in Magna Graecia si è oggi distribuita in tutta l’Italia meridionale con la istituzione di insegnamenti universitari e con l’utilizzo delle esperienze di chirurghi, spesso di altra estrazione specialistica, che hanno subito il fascino della innovativa specialità.
101 101 155 GREECE 250 BRAZIL Myrilla M. Nascimento D. Papavramidou N. Pumar-Cantini L. Tzouveleki M. ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ
D.GOUNARY 33,54622,THESSALONIKI, GREEC AV. PASTEUR, 196/801 THESSALONIKI [email protected] RIO DE JANEIRO [email protected] The epidemies of plague in art and La storia sociale delle pratiche di cura: Uno literature. studio sul fare di Rezadeiras in Nova Friburgo.
Whenever plague epidemies stroke ,horor and panic L'obiettivo del presente studio è l'investigazione di were provoked.This has often been the subject for come le pratiche della medicina popolare si numerous novels.Moreover painters have managed costituirono in un tipo specifico di sapere, come si to point out the tromos of the epidemy in their mantennero attraverso il tempo e quale fu la loro creations.The first mention of the plague is occurred influenza su quello che le persone considerano come in the Bible.During 1000 B.C.the filistine camp was parametri per determinare quello che sono salute e infected as a divine punishment for the stealing of malattia nel loro quotidiano. investighei come i the jewish Holy Arc. At the end of the Middle Ages rezadores e le sue procedure rituali si mantennero (1347-1351) the 1/4 of the European population come pratica fra gli abitanti del distretto municipale was vanished due to the horrible epidemy.During di Nova Friburgo. La nostra ricerca consiste del the plague the European ideology was changed and contatto personale con quelli che mantengono vive a new spirit, that of the Renaissance was ready to certe pratiche di cura. Furono realizate e registrate appear. Boccacio ,who lived in Florence during the in nastro magnetico interviste aperte e trascritte plague ,writes in his “Decameron” (1350-1353) integralmente, seguendo un disegno metodologico about the symptoms and the orgians that took place di accordo con il modello che viene sviluppato per la as a result to the general fear.At this time the chiamata storia orale. La nostra proposta è European painters try to present the disease using penetrare in quella rete di relazioni, ricostruendo the darkest colours.The plague is appeared as the un corso storico attraverso la visione dei rezadores. :"Black Death” who leads a horrible dance of youths Le interviste furono elaborate in modo da and elders.In 1665, Daniel Defoe describes the permettere una migliore comprensione di come London plague in his novel “The journal of the queste persone interpretano per se i concetti propri plague year”.In the 20th.c.Albert Camu invents a dell'universo della salute e della malattia. Al new epidemic incident in his novel “Plague”.The contrario di quello che noi immaginavamo, non epidemy strikes Oran,an algerian city and is used esiste una trasmissione di questa conoscenza in a metaphorical way;plague is the equal of the attraverso i rapporti familiari, di accordo con il World War II or even of the absolute evil. succedesi delle generazioni. Il detonatore per la pratica della preghiera è legato intimamente 1) al fatto di ognuno loro appartenere a tradizioni religiose e molto marcanti e 2) di haver provato una situazione in cui c'era bisogno di una soluzione imminente e in quel momento si sarebbe rivelato in lorloro un tipo di “forza spirituale fino ad allora ignorata.”
102 102 74 IRAN 162 IRAN Naseri V. Nasiri E. Naseri M. Vahedi M. Siamian H. SHAHEED BEHESHTI UNIVERSITY MAZANDARAN UNIVERSITY
NO 9, FIRST LALEH, BEHRUD, SHAHRAK GHA DEPT. OF ANESTHESIA ,MAZANDARAN UNIV TEHRAN [email protected] SARI [email protected] Alopecia areata from the viewpoint of History of cardiopulmonary resuscitation traditional Iranian Physicians. (Cpr) and the developmental status in Iran.
Alopecia areata is a common disease affects One of the most important advances of approximately 2 percent of the population. contemporaneous medicine is related to the Cortisone, minoxidil, anthralin and topical recognition of reversibility of sudden death. Just immunotherapy are methods for treatment of about 47 years ago, Peter Safar and Elam invented alopecia areata, but scientist are searching the new mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and the techniques drugs for resistant type of the disease. for CPCR had an independent Random screening to find a new drug is a difficult development. and expensive way. Using the old human medical and pharmacological experiences is another In 1960, CPR was developed. The A H A started a attractive way. Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) program for physicians with closed- chest cardiac involves valuable experiences that the majority of resuscitation and became the forerunner of CPR them are available as written materials. Based on training for all of the people. the frequency and degree of emphasis in quotations The integration of the process, basic Life Support of traditional Iranian manuscripts and texts, the (A, B, C) and advanced life support (D, E, F), has possible value and scoring of the pharmacological resulted in the birth of resuscitation. effects of herbal medicines has been determined. Predisposing factors, such as high rate of road In this study drugs of alopecia areata (Daossalab) accidents in Iran, sea drawning, and 8 years from the point of view of Iranian scientists such as, imposed war against Iran, and also the critical Rhazes, Aghili Khorasani, Ahvazi Majusi and … situation in Middle East caused the more sudden are investigated and the list of related drugs on the victim cases, result to this procedure was advocated basis of TIM texts and manuscripts has been ranked. in Iran. So, the need to evaluate and improve the CPR training and CPR itself in Iran. At present, high percentage of the patients with the critical conditions are died. But , considering the short period of CPR history and progress and development of this science in such a short period , it is expected in future more number of critical cases be revived , In this article the way of reaching this goal and advancement of CPR is discussed in Iran.
103 103 135 MEXICO 100 BELGIUM Neri-Vela R. Nissen C.
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MEXICO UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE
BRASIL 33, CENTRO HISTORICO. 06020 QUAI ROOSEVELT 1B, 4000 MEXICO CITY [email protected] LIEGE [email protected] Ophthalmology teaching Mexico. Un sanctuaire thérapeutique du Dieu lunaire Mên à Antioche de Pisidie.
THE TEACHING OF OPHTHALMOLOGY IN Le dieu Mên était notamment vénéré en tant que MEXICO, XIX CENTURY. dieu guérisseur. Or, cet aspect de sa personnalité a souvent été négligé. Ses compétences médicales sont pourtant attestées par des sources micrasiatiques Along XIX century, ophthalmology was training at aussi bien épigraphiques qu’archéologiques. Dans Real Escuela de Cirugía, and then, at Escuela des inscriptions expiatoires, le malade reconnaît Nacional de Medicina. l’erreur commise à l’égard du dieu et lui demande la In the first years ophthalmology was exercised for guérison. D'autres fidèles implorent de Mên la barbers and surgeons, and in 1824 some intentions sôtèria, càd le salut. Des ex-voto anatomiques ont was made to teach this branch of medicine in a aussi été dédiés à Mên, afin d’implorer son modern form, but is in 1833 when ophthlamology assistance médicale. obtain the recognition as a modern science. De plus, l’archéologie nous a révélé l’existence d’un At the middle of the XIX century came to Mexico sanctuaire de Mên fréquenté par des malades. À new ideas and new procedures to practice Antioche de Pisidie (auj. Yalvaç), les fouilles, ophthalmology, and then, it became a real scientific menées dès 1911, puis en 1982-83, ont permis de job. découvrir un temenos de Mên Askaènos, délimité In this work, I will demonstrate the evolution on the par un vaste péribole quadrangulaire. teaching of ophthalmology. Or, le mur d’enceinte était couvert de brèves prières adressées au dieu entre le Ier et le IVe s. Bien que les circonstances de la visite des fidèles ne soient pas précisées, il est probable, vu sa personnalité bienfaisante et populaire, que Mên ait été souvent imploré pour des problèmes de la vie quotidienne, en particulier des problèmes de santé. L’un des textes confirme d’ailleurs le caractère médical du culte de Mên à Antioche. Consacré par un médecin nommé Hygeinos, il se démarque par des caractères plus grands et par sa position stratégique sur le mur. Conçue pour attirer le regard des pèlerins quittant le temple, la dédicace assurait la publicité du médecin: sachant que de nombreux malades fréquentaient le temenos, Hygeinos avait fait graver son texte en évidence, pour se faire connaître de ces patients potentiels.
104 104 166 CROATIA 210 ITALY Novak D. Ottaviani R. Vanni P. Ridolfi P. MEDICAL FACULTY UNIVERSITY IN OSIJEK FACOLTÀ DI MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA, UN. DI FIRENZE
M. KRLEZE 3, HR 40000 CAKOVEC VIALE G.PIERACCINI, 6, 50139 OSIJEK [email protected] FIRENZE [email protected] An illustrated history of the H. Dunant et les secours aux marins: La Gastrointestinal and abdominal medical Convention de l'aia 18 Ottobre 1907. imaging.
Part I . The early beginnings of the gastrointestinal Ricerca storica delle radici delle idee umanitarie sul radiology Dragutin NOVAK ,Croatia soccorso ai feriti ed ai naufraghi delle battaglie sul Purpose: The aim is to show the early development mare. of the gastrointestinal radiology , as the first step in the history of the gastrointestinal and abdominal medical imaging. Material and Method: In order to achieve an overview of the historical development of the gastrointestinal radiology , the original publications were studied and systemized in chronological order .The biographies of pioneers of the gastrointestinal radiology are illustrated with portrait photographs. Results: The following historical landmarks are described and documented with corresponding illustrations: 1. Upper gastrointestinal studies : W.BECHER (1896), W.B.CANNON (1896), J.-CH.ROUX and V.BALTHAZARD (1897), F.WILLIAMS (1901), G.HOLZKNECHT (1903), H,RIEDER (1904), H.HULST (1905), L.G.COLE (1905), M.KASSABIAN (1906), C.BACHEM and H.GUNTHER (1910), M.HAUDEK (1910), R.D.CARMAN (1917), G.FORSELL (1923): 2. Examination of the colon: A.SCHUELE (1904), G.F.HAENISCH (1910), L.G.COLE (1910), M.EINHORN and H.LAUREL (1921), A.W.FISCHER (1923); 3. Examination of the small bowel : H.RIEDER(1904), H.HULST (1905), L.G.COLE(1911), G.SCHWARZ (1924), G.S.PESQUERA (1929), E.P.PENDERGRASS (1935), J.GERSHON-COHEN (1939).
105 105 95 TURKEY 78 ISRAEL Ozturk L. Paavilainen H.
SAKARYA UNIVERSITY THE SIDNEY M. EDELSTEIN CENTER
ILAHIYAT FACULTY, OZANLAR / ADAPAZAR MIDBAR SINAI 25, GIV'AT HA-MIVTAR ADAPAZARI [email protected] JERUSALEM [email protected] The social life of the Christian physicians The Dead Sea as a source of medications - according to Ibn abu Usaybia (D. a.D. 1270). Ethnopharmacological Study.
Ibn Abu Usaybia is a historian of medicine dying in The Dead Sea, and the area surrounding it, has the late 13th century or so. His writing the so called from antiquity been used for the production of ‘Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba is a unique medicinal substances, one of the most important of work for having records from missing books and which was bitumen, extracted and sold by the valuable information. Thus it enlightened widely Nabateans to Egypt, where it was used in the medical development and the previous history of embalming mummies. The peculiar physical cultures before Islam in the Islamic world. He properties of the water, caused by its high salt presents some valuable information about the social content, were well known to the Hellenistic life of Christian physicians in the Islamic world. scientists, many of whom ascribed healing powers It’s possible to get knowledge of relationships to both the mud and the minerals. In addition, the between the Christian physicians and the caliphs, surrounding desert was rich in medicinal plants. the Christian physician’s attempts and lifestyle in In addition to the medical and pharmacological the palace, their relations with the scientific circle, writings from Hellenistic times and throughout the the troubles they faced in the palace, the places they Arabic and Latin Middle Ages, the Dead Sea, its stayed, their level of income, the goods they got, minerals and vegetation have also been widely their dress, their special interests, collections, social described in travellers’ descriptions, the earliest of preferences, family life, bickering between which date from antiquity. Such references also physicians, their occupations except being a appear frequently in the biblical and Talmudic physician, their examinations, their approach to the commentary literature. code of ethics etc. This paper collects the pharmacological and medical This paper intends to get a general view of the information connected with the medicinal products Christian physician’s social life and discuss them of the Dead Sea and its surroundings from the three through the information that Ibn Abu Usaybia above-mentioned ancient and medieval sources: 1) presented. medical and pharmacological literature; 2) travellers’ descriptions and geographic literature; and 3) biblical and Talmudic commentaries. The purpose of the investigation is to produce an updated picture of the perceived importance and usage of the Dead Sea minerals and vegetation, especially from the medical point of view, throughout history. This information could then be utilized in the search for new medicinal and cosmetic uses for the Dead Sea minerals and for desert plants in general.
106 106 312 UNITED KINGDOM 186 GREECE Pahor A.L. Palazis L. Chavda S.V. Tasouli A. Papadopoulos K. PRIORY ROAD HOSPITAL
34 INGHAM WAY 18 SEVASTOPULOU STREET BIRMINGHAM [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] Some ancient Egyptian and modern Parenteral nutrition: Developments in the proverbs related to ear, nose and throat. course of the 20th century.
This presentation will be a discussion of Ancient In the 20th century important developments in Egyptian Proverbs related to ENT going back to parenteral nutrition took place. In 1928, Matas was circa 1500BC. The modern proverbs prevalent in the first to demonsrate the advantages of parenteral Egypt today related to otorhinolarygology will also nutrition, also introducing the term itself. Proteins be presented. were already administered intravenously in 1889 by Neumeister, while in 1936, R.Elman confirmed the necessity of the administration of aminoacids for keeping a patient alive. Post Second World War, a revolution was brought about by a synthesis of Japanese concentrated aminoacids (Rhode 1949). In 1911, Mills administered olive oil subcutaneousely to a person for sustenance . In 1930, Holt made clear that the supply of more calories is brought about with the administration of lipids. After failed attempts, an advance in parental nutrition was brought about by the discovery of a safe solution of lipids (Intralipid), in Sweden, by A.Wretlind and Schuberth. Its safety is due to the diminished size of the chylomicrons. In 1945, Zimmerman announced the administration of fluids directly to a central vein (superior vena cava), which allows the use of concentrated medicines and solutions. A little later, Dennis administers from the central line intravenously 20% glucose with the addition of vitamins and of 300-400ml plasma instead of proteins. In 1967,Dudrick administers a mixture of proteins and a solution of glucose 40% to a child with bowel atresia. In the years that followed, important progress was made, resulting in its wide application. Today parenteral nutrition is safe and persons have survived due to its use, even at home.
107 107 365 RUSSIA 180 GREECE Paltsev M.A. Papadopoulos C. Stochik A.M. Felescouras A. Yarovinsky M.Ya. Diamandopoulos A. I.M. SECHENOV MOSCOW MEDICAL RENAL DEPARTMENT, ST ANDREW'S ACADEMY HOSPITAL
PETROVERIGSKY PER.,6/8, 101990, TSERTIDOU 1 MOSCOW [email protected] PATRAS [email protected] 200 Years of Scientific Medical Societies in Cultural and political reasons behind the Russia. foundation of asclepia in the Peloponnese area in Greece, and further beyond.
The first in Russia Scientific Medical Society was The Asclepia were temples consecrated to Asclepios. created in 1804 at Medical Faculty of Moscow Places of worship and health centers, they were University. It was called Society for Competition of plain buildings in the beginning, acquiring Medical and Physical Sciences; later it received a additional structures through time. In the new name: Physico-Medical Society and existed till Hellenistic era they developed into luxurious 1918. monumental complexes or even groups of buildings Professors of Medical Faculty were initiators of reminiscent of citadels. It is interesting that as the Society of Russian Physicians in Moscow (F. I. size and the luxury of the temples increases the faith Inozemtsev, 1861) and many other scientific of the followers usually decreases.The great Asclepia medical societies: Surgical (I. N. Novatsky, 1873), of the Peloponnese were founded in the area where Moscow Therapeutic (A. A. Ostroumov, 1879), Asclepios operated during most of his active life. Moscow Obstetrical and Gynecological (A. M. These events took place in the formative years of Makeev, 1887), Society of Neuropathologists and Greek mythology (1300 to 700 B.C). Three Psychiatrists (A. Ya. Kozhevnikov, 1890), Society provinces, Arcadia, Korinthia and Argolida, were of Pediatricians in Moscow (N. F. Filatov, 1892), the main centers of Asclepios worship. Local etc. disputes were fertile soil for antagonism. In the By the end of the first half of the 19th century the Peloponnese there was always a division between number of scientific societies did not reach 10, while the descendants of Achaeans and Dorieans, where by 1896 there were 120 scientific medical societies that between friends of Sparta and friends of Athens in Russia. was added, while the big commercial centers of The Society of Russian Physicians in Memory to N. Corinth and Sikion were involved in the struggle. I. Pirogov (Pirogov Society), created in 1883, Thus the multiplication of the Asclepia was played a special role in the development of scientific expected. In the competition Arcadia was the loser and public medicine. Professors N. V. Sklifosovsky, and its Asclepion of Gortyn, albeit older, was F. F. Erisman, and S. S. Korsakov played an active overruled by Epidauros. From Epidauros the role as leaders of the Pirogov Society. The Pirogov worship of Asklepios spread to Athens after the Society was liquidated in 1922 and resumed its great plague of the 5th century B.C, to Kos work in 1995, with the aim of creation of social self- (influenced by Trikki), Sikion, Epidauros Limira, government of physicians in Russia. Taras, Syracuse, Pergamon and finally Rome in 291 B.C. Thus, Epidauros became the Mother- Church under whose aegis new spiritual and therapeutic centers were founded. Detailed photographic and textual material supports this thesis.
108 108 104 GREECE 184 GREECE Papadopoulos G. Papadopoulos K. Andriopoulos P. Palazis L. Spiropoulos T. Kriaras J. INST. OF PHARMACOLOGY, UNIV. OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL
KLISSOURAS 9, GR-15452 PSYCHIKO 126 MAVROMICHALI STREET ATHENS [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] Some thoughts on studying and teaching Parenteral nutrition: An historical view the history of pharmacology and from antiquity to the end of the 19th pharmacotherapy. century.
The history of pharmacology and pharmacotherapy Hippocratic Medicine (4th B.C.) recognized the is often simply viewed as a collection of interesting relationship between nutrition and disease and or curious or even amusing stories. At a more rules for prevention of illnesses by means of a serious level, it is usually argued that it is particular diet were formulated.For parenteral important to follow the enormous progress made nutrition, clear mention is found of indirect through the centuries both in establishing methods of parenteral administration, e.g. the knowledge and in developing new methods - or, mixture of medicines with honey administered alternatively, to realize the tragical mistakes made sublingually or rectally.In Byzantine Medicine, sometimes with the development and use of drugs. dehydration was fought with an enema of But mistakes can be dependably investigated only chamomile, honey, wine and vinegar, a practice for the period of the last century. On the other adopted by the Arabs. hand, instead of studying a presumably triumphant The History of modern nutrition begins 300 years course, it is rather more interesting to concentrate ago with Thomas Sydenham who revived on the merits and the problems of the end of the Hippocratic ideas in the West.The first attempts of course, i.e. of today’s situation. But a more careful the intravenous (i.v) administration, firstly of study can discern some important features. Instead medicines and fluids , and then of nutritional of confirming an upward course with continuous components from peripheral veins, date from the accumulation of knowledge and improvement of middle of the 17th century with the discovery of the therapeutic applications, one could see to emerge, flow of blood by W.Harvey. Christopher Wren is again and again, a quite different picture: rightly considered the father of i.v. administration Presumable knowledge about drugs and their as he was the first to attempt i.v. injection in 1656. therapeutic use change during history on grounds In 1831, Latta administered intravenously salt and under conditions that are difficult to consider water to a cholera patient. In the mid 19th century, as based on what could be called sound scientific Claude Bernard administered hydrocarbonates criteria, but are rather related to divergent intravenously to animals. In 1887, Landerer theoretical systems or even world views. In the administered intravenously glucose to prevent framework of such an approach, which is clearly shock, also discovering its administration as akin to that of Thomas Kuhn’s ‘paradigms’, some nutrition, while in 1896, Kraus was the first to discussion follows on a) possibilities to understand administer a solution of 10% glucose to a human. better some motives or factors underlying such Consequently, the idea of parenteral nutrition is a changes in views and in practices, b) consequences very old one, but only in the end of the 19th century regarding desirable aims and content of the was it introduced as a clinical practice similar to the teaching of the history of pharmacology and contemporary one. therapeutics.
109 109 191 GREECE 32 U.S. AMERICA Papadopoulou M. Parascandola J. Geroulanos S.
UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE HISTORIAN
PAULOU MELA 31 2617 HOLMAN AVENUE, 20910, IOANNINA [email protected] SILVER SPRING, MD [email protected] Physicians grace lightened the medical Quarantining prostitutes: Vd rapid society. treatment centers in World War Two America.
The circle of physicians that became Saints is Concerns about venereal disease have typically separated into four units. They are the 20 Saints increased during time of war, and the United States who offered their medical knowledge without in the Second World War was no exception. In an money. They offered their charity as the only effort to reduce the spread of VD, the U.S. Public protractor. They are widely known as Saints Health Service (PHS) set up a national program of Anargyroi (the three pairs of Saints Kosmas and VD quarantine hospitals, with the cooperation of Damianos from Rome, from Asia Minor and from state health officials. By the end of 1943, over 20 of Arabia), Saint Lukas who wrote and kept the these facilities were in operation, and by the Gospel, Saint Asclepiad, and the 12 women following year the number had grown to 47. Most physician/Saints. These women were Saint of the hospitals were established near military Hermione, Zinais and Filonilla and are all exposed training facilities or important war industry cities. in the History of Medicine Museum, at the Although some of these treatment centers University of Ioannina. eventually accepted a variety of venereally infected Various physicians are famous as patients’ Saint- patients, including men and even children, the protectors specialized in certain diseases, as leprous, initial impetus for the development of this national blindness, deafness, mute and paralysis as Saint network of hospitals was the concern about the Gerasimos, Saint Paraskevi, Saint Antipas of the infection of servicemen and men involved in dentists, and Saint Stefano. essential war industries by prostitutes and other Apart from the physician-Saints, Christ is also women who were deemed to be a threat to the health known as the Great Physician. Smaller paints of of these men. PHS Surgeon General Thomas His 24 medical miracles surround His portrait, Parran described these centers in 1943 as a program which is unique in quality. These physicians “to provide medical care for prostitutes and other lightened both the Ancient and the Byzantine era. promiscuous females who have a venereal disease.” They adopted the ancient medicine of Hippocrates Using quarantine powers of the PHS and of the and they combined it with the Christian for faith various states, government officials forcibly curing the human body and the soul. They were the detained VD-infected women in these centers and natural advocates of the poor, and social problems treated them for their disease. Although some were largely within their jurisdiction. They offered objections were raised against this policy, especially their experience, knowledge, and faith to their on the grounds that it discriminated against patients. They gave everything to their patients, women, on the whole it seems to have been accepted and their life to the God. These physicians, men and by the public as a necessary measure in the defense women, became Saints and lightened the people of national security. with their knowledge and miracles. They are considered the pioneers of the social medicine.
110 110 149 SERBIA&MONTENEGRO 394 AUSTRALIA Parojcic D. Pearn J. Stupar D. Stupar M. BELGRADE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ROYAL CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL PHARMACY
450 VOJVODE STEPE, 11000, DEPARTMENT OF PAEDIATRICS & CHILD HE BELGRADE [email protected] BRISBANE QLD [email protected] The Saints - Healers in Serbia medicine and The iconography of medicine and the pharmacy. healing arts.
The Cult of Saint Healers (Sveti Vraci in Serbia The collective iconography of medicine and the language) is closely related to foundation of first healing arts is extensive. There are at least fifteen Serbia monasteries, hospitals and pharmacies. As it symbols commonly used to portray the disciplines was in the Byzantine time, religion and healing of medicine and the professions of health. These were interwoven in medieval Serbia. Healing include the direct deiform representation of techniques used at those times resembled those that Aesculapius and Imhotep; metaphoric symbols Christ used—not just healing with prayers but also such as Hipppocrates, Rhazes and Ibn al Jazzar; with remedies as God's gifts. In some cases, when and metonymic symbols such as the Aesculapian the contemporary medical practice could not give staff with its entwined serpent, the caduceus, the the answer, one would seek for Christian Saints` patera and aspersorium, the eye of Horus, the cock, religious and medical protection. Because of all this, mortars and pestles and the Red Cross and Red the Christian Saints-healers were highly respected. Crescent. The late twentieth century saw an Serbia ethno-medicine and ethno-pharmacy explosion of the iconographic symbolism of recognized a large number of healers, such as: St. medicine and this trend continues vigorously Cosmas, St. Damian, St. Pantelemon, St. Cir and today. An analysis of the contemporary symbols of John, St. Sampson, St. Diomid, St. Talalej, St. medicine and a review of their evolution in the Lucas, St. Anastasija and St. Paul. nineteenth and twentieth centuries shows that the As a tribute to them, many monasteries and process of such representation and symbolism churches decorated with valuable icons, were built begins with that of symbolic illustrative metaphor, in Serbia. Some of the iconographical aspects will be passes through illustrative metonymy to that of presented in this paper as illustrations. catachresis and reverse synecdoche. The The influence of "miracle" icons to the health imagination and ingenuity of those who design new protection in 19th and 20th century, although symbols of medicine knows no bounds - sometimes based on autosuggestion, was so powerful, that the to the point where contemporary symbols of Cult of Saints Healers was spread through various medicine and the health sciences have become institutions, not just religious but scientific, obscure and their original datum lost. In extreme medical and pharmaceutical ones. cases, if one does not have a knowledge of the history of medicine, the significance of modern medical symbolism has to be interpreted for those to whom the message is directed. This paper reviews the evolution of medical iconography which is portrayed in books, on signs, on medals and extensively in the institutional and commercial world of today.
111 111 393 AUSTRALIA 218 BULGARIA Pearn J. Penka I.
ROYAL CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH TO THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF PAEDIATRICS & CHILD HE * BRISBANE QLD [email protected] SOFIA [email protected] Arthropods And Disease: The Evolution Of Plastic surgery in the Bulgarian Monastery Knowledge About Insect-Borne Disease in the 19th century.
Five datum points define the evolution of knowledge Inspite of the canonical taboos of the Orthodox concerning the pathogenesis of human disease. Christian Church in one of the medieval Bulgarian These include the Hippocratic four-humour theory monasteries – the Glozhen one, situated in the (400 B.C.E.),organ-based pathology (Morgagni, Central Balkan Range, small surgical operations 1761), tissue-based pathogenesis (Bichat, 1800), are being practiced. The authors describe the cell-based pathology (Virchow, 1858) and gene- surgical practice of the abbot of the monastery based or gene-modified disease (2001). Hadji Evtimii /19th century/, who realizes plastic Superimposed upon this paradigm has been the corrections of the face – skin transplantations and parallel evolution of the understanding of external rhynoplastics, he treats glaucoma by operation, otits agents which cause disease.One important group of and polypuses, he operates traumas of the such agents are arthropods.The specific role of locomotory system. The beginnings of his surgical insects as vectors of human disease was discovered activity, realized with modern surgical relatively late in the history of medicine. The datum instruments, can be traced back to 1875. The discovery was that of Sir Ronald Ross of the Indian authors present him as the first Bulgarian monk Medical Service,who demonstrated Plasmodia performing surgical operations which is a breach of parasites in the stomach wall of Anopheles the laws of the church. The activity of Hadji Evtimii mosquitoes which had been fed upon the blood of shows the high standard of the Bulgarian medicine malarial patients(1897). However, prior to this in the monasteries during the late Middle Ages. time, in Australia, the first linkage of insects as potential vectors of human disease was made by Dr Joseph Bancroft (1836–1894) who identified an adult nematode worm (later named Wuchereria bancrofti) in a lymphatic abscess of a patient in Brisbane in 1876. Wuchereria parasites were demonstrated in mosquitoes of the genus Culex; and it was suggested that the worm passed from the mosquitoes to the human host by contamination with water-borne parasites.Joseph Bancroft’s son, Thomas Lane Bancroft (1860-1933) undertook meticulous experiments (1893-1901) to show that the mosquito was the intermediate host and vector of Wuchereria bancrofti and the cause of human clinical filariasis. Joseph Bancroft, in Brisbane Australia,was also the first to describe tick paralysis.
112 112 55 HUNGARY 350 ITALY Peto M. Ponte E. Bevilacqua C.
CLINICA MEDICA UNIVERSITARIA
KOSSUTH L.U.122.IV.28, 1214, VIA MARCONI, 18 BUDAPEST [email protected] TRIESTE [email protected] Ricordi della sanitá pubblica e della storia Le malattie dei marittimi tra il 1700 ed il della medicina di Aquincum. 1800 in due porti dell’alto Adriatico: Trieste e Fiume.
Alla metà del 1 secolo della nostra era la parte del Trieste diviene porto franco durante il regno di Transdanubio dell’Ungheria odierna cadde sotto il Carlo VI (1716-1740) e, in particolare con lo dominio romano. Sotto il regno dell’imperatore sviluppo dato da Maria Teresa (1740-1780), presto Claudio (dal 41 fino al 57) vi crearono una nuova il suo porto diviene un punto di riferimento provincia, con il nome di Pannonia, che difese i importante per i traffici. Fiume, con minor numero confini dell’impero dagli attacchi delle tribù di abitanti, comunque aumenta i traffici e la minaccianti dall’altra parte del Danubio. All’inizio ricchezza. A Trieste, si insegna “scienza nautica” furono truppe più piccole di cavalleria che ebbero presso il Collego dei Gesuiti (che chiude nel 1772) e questo compito e dopo mandarono nell’89 sul successivamente in Scuole controllate dallo stato, territorio di Aquincum, antenato dell’antichità di vero e proprio embrione della Scuole Nautiche. Sia Budapest, il Legio II Adiutrix. Nel 106 l’imperatore Trieste che Fiume, dotate di ospedali e “controllate” Traiano divise in due la Pannonia e da questo da lazzaretti, sono punti di riferimento sanitari per tempo Aquincum diventò la capitale della Pannonia coloro che, imbarcati, scendevano a terra. Il Inferiore e la sede del proconsole.La presenza dei fiumano Antonio Felice Giacich dirige per molti militari e l’organizzazione della pubblica anni l’ospedale “dello Santo Spirito” della sua città amministrazione romana non portò solo (dal 1880 Ospedale Civico della Spirito Santo) ed è cambiamenti politici nella vita degli abitanti del professore dell’accademia nautica; scrive “Lezioni territorio, ma risultò anche la prosperità economica mediche per i naviganti” opera fondamentale, in ed il cambiamento di qualità della loro vita. La vita lingua italiana, del 1855, che, in cinque successive economica e commerciale cominciarono a fiorire, la edizioni, diviene il manuale d’uso per tutte le navi nuova capitale Aquincum fu costruita secondo il della Monarchia. modello romano, le vie furono lastricate, Relazioni sanitarie, registri ospedalieri, verbali costruirono acquedotti e canalizzazione, nelle casa autoptici mostrano le patologie più comuni nei più ricche ci fu un riscaldamento del pavimento, naviganti, in particolare i traumi ed un gran costruirono bagni pubblici e privati, gabinetti con numero di forme infettive tra le quali dominano la sciaquone, mercati coperti. Un valetudinarium, un sifilide e la tubercolosi. Non vanno infne ospedale militare si attacò dal lato settentrionale al dimenticate le epideme: tifo addominale, tifo bagno che si trovava sul territorio del campo della esantematico, peste, ed infine colera, la cui ultima legione. Durante gli scavi emersero parecchi epidemia colpì le coste dell’alto adratico negli anni strumenti medicinali, pinze, spatole, bisturi, piatti 1885 e 1886. di fregamento adatti alla preparazione dei medicinali, anzí lapide che conservarono i nomi dei medici dell’epoca.
113 113 183 ITALY 201 GREECE Porro A. Poulakou Rebelakou E. Tsiamis C. Tompros N. UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI BRESCIA HISTORY OF MEDICINE, ATHENS UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SC
VIALE EUROPA 11 THEMIDOS 51, 151-24, BRESCIA [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] Insegnare la Medicina in tempo di guerra: Port Medicine in the Ionian Islands during L'esempio delle campagne militari del the British protection (1815 - 1864). 1848/49 e del 1859 in Lombardia.
Molto si è scritto a proposito delle campagne The seven Ionian islands at the western part of militari del 1848/49 e del 1859 in Lombardia, da un Greece had a different cultural development, as punto di vista storico-medico; meno intorno al they avoided the Ottoman dominion and since the rapporto fra l'attività delle strutture ospedaliere end of the 15th c. were conquered by the Venetians (civili e militari) indirizzata all'assistenza e la cura, , followed by French, Russian and British Rule, e quella di formazione del personale. before the union with the independed Greek State ( Noto è il ruolo giocato dai grandi ospedali durante 1864 ).Their differentiation in social organization, il periodo di chiusura delle Università lombarde; legislation and traditions influenced the attitude to meno studiato è il ruolo degli ospedali militari public health, social welfare and protection against (spesso di breve vita) in centri minori, nei quali si disease. svolse anche un'attività di formazione del After 1815 general standarts were quite personale. Su questo aspetto si richiama satisfactory and comparable to the situation in other l'attenzione dei Colleghi storici-medici. Si porterà British colonies in the Mediterranean. Measures l'esempio di Chiari, città della Lombardia orientale were taken for safe water supply, drainage of (in provincia di Brescia), sede di attività di livello swamps, burial of the dead. Particular attention universitario già nella campagna militare del was paid to the measures governing the free 1848/49. Sarà ricordato Antonio Rota (1838-1897), communication among the islands, the operation of esponente di una delle più importanti famiglie the Lazzaretti and the institution of quarantine. clarensi del tempo (il fratello Giovanni Battista This paper analyzes the medical ideas applied in (1834-1913) fu Vescovo di Lodi), che fra il 1857 ed the Ionian islands when the principles of the il 1861 (anche durante la campagna del 1859) preventive medicine were being established and the compì il suo corso di studi medici. Egli frequentò role of free communication from port to port in l'università di Pavia, quella di Padova nel primo cases of epidemics was interprated. The British and semestre dell'anno accademico 1858-59, gli ospedali the local archives, the laws and the newspapers were della sua città natale durante la campagna del 1859, the sources on which our study is based. e di nuovo l'Università di Pavia, ove si addottorò Conclusion: the only part of Greece under the nel 1861. British Rule for 50 years was differentiated in precautionary measures taken mainly in the ports to protect the population from epidemic diseases.
114 114 252 BRAZIL 279 ITALY Pumar-Cantini L. Putignano G. Da Silva N. M. Carriero C.
FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ CLINICA OSTETRICA GINECOLOGICA II UNIV. BARI
AV. PASTEUR, 196/801 PIAZZA G.CESARE RIO DE JANEIRO [email protected] BARI [email protected] Spaventare o informare? - Esistono uscite? Obstetric procedures that are obsolete and the relative instrumentation.
L'obiettivo del presente lavoro è indagare che tipo di Embriotomy is the dismemberment of a fetus, when effetto le campagne usate dal governo brasiliano per natural delivery is impossible, in order to effect its prevenire e intervenire nell'abuso di droghe lecite e removal. illecite causa nella popolazione. Embriotomies are classified into three groups: Per le campanhe anti-droga, il Brasile usò due 1. embriotomy to reduce the foetal head modelli: il modello dell' inpaurimento e quello della (craniotomy) a) perforation and b) cranioclasy; informazione scientifica. 2. embriotomy to reduce the shoulders La nostra ricerca usò un totale di 34 adolescenti di (clavicotomy); 14 a 19 anni interni di una clinica conveniada con 3. dissection of the foetus: decapitation and il Sistema di Salute. evisceration. Noi mostrammo sei posters – che fanno parte di Embriotomic operations are among the most ancient campagne statali per il combattimento e o la obstetric procedures, and until the 16th century prevenzione dell'uso di droghe nel paese - a pazienti they constituted the central core of obstetrics tra i quali fumanti, non fumanti, viziati e ex-viziati, (Naujoks). chiedendo che loro se manifestassero, dentro i suoi Nowadays there are very few situations in which gruppi, sull'impatto che il manifesto gli causava. these operations are indicated and modern obstetrics I manifesti utilizzati non causarono nessun impatto has been able to eliminate embriotomy on living negli utenti di droga e nei fumanti, causando, al fetus. Craniotomy can be still used on dead foetus contrario, profondo impatto nei non fumanti e negli to avoid caesarean section, when the head is well ex-drogati. engaged, but the delivery is not possible. La questione della salute deve essere pensata in rete, Clavicotomy may be indicated on dead foetus with ossia nelle relazioni delle malattie coi i fattori severe shoulder dystocia. Foetal dissection can biologici, sociali, culturali e principalmente nel rarely be used in big foetal malformations. gioco politico-economico. The techniques of embriotomy and some Molto si é detto circa l'espansione dell'uso della instruments (cranioclaste, perforator, etc…), that droga, ma poco si é riflesso criticamente circa le have by now almost exclusively historical value, are ragioni della sua crescita. reported. Possiamo verificare che la droga è molto più una questione intrincada di un gioco di forze tra gli interessi economici e i politici, che propriamente volontá e atteggiamenti etico-umanitari attenti alla salute della comunità.
115 115 216 AUSTRALIA 119 ROMANIA Pynt J. Radu A.
"I. HATIEGANU" UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY
42 THE GRAND PDE, 2216, STR. REPUBLICII NR. 15 BRIGHTON-LE-SANDS [email protected] CLUJ-NAPOCA [email protected] An historical review of the influence of Corps humain et maladie chez Celine, medical knowledge on posturally healthy Sartre et Malraux. seating design.
Current research demonstrates that the health of the Trois écrivains, trois manières différentes low back is best served by seating that maintains d’envisager le corps humain et la maladie. the natural curve of the low back, allows movement, Céline, le seul des trois ayant une formation and facilitates task. médicale, se situe sur la position du réalisme biologique. Pour lui, le corps est quelque chose de « Seating permissive of these three criteria first triste et de dégoûtant à regarder ». L’homme est existed in 2800 BC. Interpretation of evidence déchiré entre sa volonté de vie et la réalité de la indicates experience of comfort afforded by such dissolution inéluctable de la matière organique dont seating and cultural concepts of posture contributed il est composé. Fasciné par le visqueux, qui est to these early healthy designs. In the millennia since essentiellement consentement à la perte du temps, il such seating, cultural concepts of desirable posture le repousse de tout son être. La prédominance du have often been more influential in determining visqueux dans le monde et sa complicité avec une seating design than medical knowledge. The first conscience malheureuse est le thème privilégié de correlation between medical knowledge and healthy Voyage au bout de la nuit. seating design appeared in China. In the 17th and Même dégoût chez Sartre, où le temps a des effets 18th centuries AD., Chinese knowledge semblables sur l’individu, avec son image : « …je simultaneously influenced both Western me regarde, je me dégoûte ». La maladie est vue physiotherapy and seating design. However, the comme une décomposition du corps. Dans La path to current concepts of posturally healthy Nausée, la mollesse indifférenciée des individus, sitting and seating has not been a straightforward leur vieillissement sont irréversibles comme le marriage of medical knowledge and seating design. temps. Malraux se situe à l’antipode de ces tendances. Il This paper traces the correlation between medical détourne son attention de l’anatomie du corps, knowledge and the rise and demise of seating comme de ses instincts, fonctions et malaises. Il fait functional to spinal postural health and facilitative parler le « langage de chaire » seulement lorsqu’il of task over relevant periods in history. s’agit de personnages devenus inhumains, comme Grabot dans La Voie royale. Un aspect de la prise en compte du corps est la maladie qui l’envahit et empêche le héros d’agir (Perken dans La Voie royale, ou Garine dans Les Conquérants). Elle est expérience contiguë à la mort.
116 116 42 MEXICO 83 IRAN Ramírez Leyva E. Ranjbar Fakhri M.
UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA IRANOLOGY FOUNDATION METROPOLITANA – AZCAPOTZALCO
AV. UNIVERSIDAD # 154 EDIFICIO 30, DEPTO. NO.62 DARB E-SORKHAB ALLEY SEQQATALIS MEXICO, D.F. [email protected] TABRIZ [email protected] Herb medicine and healing rituals in the Avicenna and Zeinaddin Esmail Jorjani’S Nueva España. theories on health.
Mexico is rich in information about the Nueva The main task of a physician is to have perfect España Inquisition system. In these archives, there recognition of health dimensions before accurate is a lot of information about the wide range of diagnosis of a disease (Avicenna) plants that medicine men and women used during the Viceroy Era for carrying out their healing Avicenna (980-1037) and Jorjani (1042-1136) view rituals. that health is the result of interactive effect among In general, these rituals were part of quite complex four variables: heat, cold, moisture and dryness in a practices in which plants were just one element. particular state of human body, which is called Altogether, the several activities performed during temperament moderation. This moderation also this process had the objective of cure the person depends on such other variables as sex, time and from his or her physical or psychological diseases. place. Time can be considered the four seasons or Such practices were very strange for several other the ages of human beings and the place can be population sectors and were declared too mysterious assumed an extension of the climatic conditions or by the Inquisition. In fact, they satisfied a social the different parts of the body. They have defined need and kept alive the ancient Aztec tradition of temperament as the most important index of health healing, herb medicine. or illness . They have mentioned nine possible This lecture will go over the general characteristics situations that is : moderate, hot, cold, moist, dry, of this kind of plants, as well as the use of herb hot & moist, hot & dry, cold & moist, cold & dry, medicine as a ritual practice and the impact it had and each of those may be considered a moderate on the colonial society sectors. temperament in terms of the body need. The temperament of ages is another issue which both scientists have dealt with. and they view that similar limbs of the body have their own temperament.. On the other hand, people of different climatic conditions have specific temperament and moderation. Therefore, Jorjani has concluded that every body has its own particular temperament .Morover, the temperament moderation of the body varies between extremes such that it will lose health if it exceeds these limits. and Avicenna believes that men’s temperament has more warmth and dryness than women and on the whole ; Health and temperament need warmth rather than coldness.
117 117 226 RUSSIA 284 IRAN Rapoport I. Haidary A. M. Nasiri E. Jafari H. YOUTH CENTER OF JEWISH AND ISRAEL MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC AZAD CULTURE B.AGNON UNIVERSITY OF IRAN
* BABOL BRANCH, WEST RING WAY, P.O.BOX:7 MOSCOW [email protected] SARI [email protected] History of acetyl salicylic acid discovery Avicenna; and his influence on Medicine remains unclear. advancement.
INTRODUCTION:The name of Felix Hoffmann is Avicenna or Abu Ali cina was born in 980 A.D in proclaming as the name of the acetyl salicylic acid Bokhara Iran (Iran in the past was very large (ASA) inventor in Bayer AG official version till country containing Uzbakestan ). Avicenna was nowadays. But some works from 2000 supposed very clever and when he was very young , that another man, A. Eichengruen, Jew, took main progressed in all knowledge at that time . He was a part in this historical discovery in 1897 and that he genius and started to study medicine at 16 years of was excluded from official version of Bayer in 1934 age. He became a famous medical doctor at 18 there (when the Nazis came to power) due to his Jewish fore he was chosen as king’s palace doctor in origin, because F. Hoffmann was a German. samanian era. Avicenna studied all books and PURPOSE: To try to estimate real pattern of papers about Greek medicine. Then he examined situation in 1897-1898 years and yield whether and searched independently in medicine himself and anti-Semitic ideas played role in the absence of A. he be came an expert in medicine .he decided to Eichengruen name in the history of ASA or this create a method in medicine and he succeeded to took no place. write a lot papers and books about diseases and METHODS: I examined materials of modern treatment of diseases. One of the most famous books researching, accessible Bayer archives and official of Avicenna is Ghanoon (means low). This book was Bayer AG PR office information and made a a textbook of medicine in the past. All scientists and comparative analysis. RESULTS: I’ve got a lot of medical doctors in the Middle East knew this book contradictory information from both sides. The and when they wanted to cure patient's reffered to main idea of A. Eichengruen defenders is that he this book in that time. Avicenna died in 1037 (A.D) asked F. Hoffmann to synthesize ASA and in Hamadan When he was 57 years old. he was the distribute it among some doctors, without founder of classic method of medical education .His information about real sense of this substance. books and papers about disease and methods of Another pint of view (Bayer’s) insists that A. treatment were reference – books in middle East and Eichengruen had no "reason to acknowledge the Europe from 12 century until 17 century , synthesis of ASA to him” – as wrote in their official Avicenna's method was the best method in information I’ve got. medicine . His book (Ghanoon) was a textbook in DISCUSSION: It’s a great field for further medical colleges in Belgium and France until 1650. investigations because of lack of additional This book was republished many times in 15th and information and doubts in juridical opulence of 16th century. claims from both sides. So, for nowadays it remains Avicenna not only was a great scientist and medical unclear who was the real ideological inspirer of doctor in Iran but also he was an universal scientist ASA discovery and clinical use: A. Eichengreun, and his name will remain in history of medicine . Jew, or a F. Hoffmann, German.
118 118 41 MEXICO 165 ITALY Ríos de la Torre G. Rizzardini M.
UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DIP. DI FILOSOFIA - UNIV. DEGLI STUDI DI METROPOLITANA – AZCAPOTZALCO MILANO
FACTOR NO. 19, SAN JOSÉ INSURGENTES 0390 VIA DELLE FORZE ARMATE, 68 MÉXICO, D.F. [email protected] MILANO [email protected] Insanity or prostitution. La Castañeda Secreta, experimenta, mirabilia. Dalla Mental Hospital (Mexico 1910). magia tropaensium alla rinoplastica di Leonardo Fioravanti.
“La Castañeda” General Mental Hospital was Bisogna aspettare gli inizi del 1800 affinchè opened in 1910 with a double function as hospital J.C.Carpue introduca la rinoplastica nella pratica and asylum for the psychiatric attention of mentally chirurgica occidentale. Il suo procedimento ispirato sick people of any age, nationality and religion. A alla tradizione medica indiana vendicò in parte secondary objective was to provide medical teaching l'insuccesso del connazionale Garangeot, che un through clinical practice for specialized physicians. secolo prima aveva pubblicato il resoconto di Who were the people taken to this institution? This un'operazione di reimpianto nasale dopo sezione modern hospital was inhabited by children, completa. Tuttavia, la sua tecnica acquista un criminals, old people, drug addicts and prostitutes. rilievo scientifico ignorato dai più. L'intervento According to the hospital regulation, the inmates illustrato dal chirurgo francese nel 1724 replicava would be distributed in the following sections: infatti, dopo due secoli di silenzio, la medesima Ward of the distinguished dangerous imbecile and procedura che Leonardo Fioravanti aveva utilizzato infectious women. Here is where prostitutes were nella campagna di Barberia del 1550. Allo stesso concentrated. modo, il processo che portò Gaspare Tagliacozzi ad Frequently, anything that could be done in favor of essere universalmente considerato il fondatore della the patients was hindered by a powerful system. plastica facciale scientifica è molto più complesso di This system created the very same problems it tried quanto comunemente si ritenga, ed ha in Fioravanti to solve. It was a system that created more mentally un ispiratore non indifferente. Sviluppando un'idea sick people, in the same way that prisons create di innesto mutuata dalle tecniche agrarie di more delinquency. insizione promosse dall'empirico e secretista To begin, first women in this hospital were bolognese, il più noto chirurgo si era avvalso del discriminated because they were labeled as tradizionale "metodo italiano", che prevedeva prostitutes and mentally ill. Then, the effectiveness l'utilizzo di un lembo cutaneo asportato of the medial and administrative staff in the dall'avambraccio. La diffusione di questo modello institution was highly questioned. And lastly, the chirurgico, praticato prima dai Branca in Sicilia e patients were stripped of any rights they may be poi dai Vianeo in Calabria, va proprio attribuita a entitled to. Consequently, these factors worsened Fioravanti, che nel "Tesoro della vita humana" the health of the inmates rather than helping their racconta di aver sottratto agli stessi Vianeo il condition. secretum della tecnica chirurgica. La magia tropaensium cessava così di esistere come patrimonio privato entrando a piena forza in quello divulgativo. La fine del secretum, stano a dirsi, avrebbe coinciso con l'ascesa della secretistica rinascimentale.
119 119 204 MEXICO 125 IRAN Rodríguez de Romo A. Roghani M. Baluchnejadmojar T. Vaez Mahdavi M. R. DPT.OF THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICI, UNAM
ED. 11, DEPTO. 903, VILLA OLÍMPICA, TLALPA DEPT. PHYSIOLOGY, SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, MEXICO [email protected] TEHRAN [email protected] The experimental work of Claude Bernard: The Medicinal Plant Fenugreek (Trigonella An example from digestive phisiology. Foenum-Graecum) in old Iranian Medicine.
In this essay, I attempt to trace the grand ideas in When considering the value of medicinal herbs, it is the thought of Claude Bernard by analyzing one of not their cost or exotic quality that matters as much his most important discoveries. In 1848, Bernard as their versatility. Among these herbs is fenugreek. observed that pancreatic juice is capable of Fenugreek is a medicinal herb that was favored and emulsifying and saponifying neutral fats in the diet. advocated by the Prophet Mohammad (SAW) to be This discovery was so important that he used it to used regularly and by medicinal plant scientists illustrate his ideas concerning the experimental (the so-called herbalists) for thousands of years and method in medicine. Bernard´s intellectual lucidity has been used extensively in Iranian Traditional was based on studying scientific reasoning logically Medicine (ITM). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- and placing it in specific conditions around a graecum) was traditionally used for methodological discourse. Breaking down this gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and respiratory concept and resorting to simplism in order to disorders. It has also been of benefit for anyone achieve a clearer understanding, laboratory suffering from metabolic disorders including procedures (scientific reasoning) were to be guided diabetes as well as fatigue. It has also been by ordered thinking (logical structure) and to follow administered as a topical drug for skin strict experimental conditions (methodological conditioning. There are also some strong documents discourse). For Bernard, ordered thought was on its application in anemia, constipation, urine indispensable in laboratory work, as was the retention and candida albicanas. establishment of experimental strategies, all of which were to be guided by a method. Within the complex of bernardian terminology, the following concepts are fundamental: a priori ideas, experimental criteria, determinism, doubt and counterproof. Each of these elements will be illustrated by elucidating the various steps involved in Bernard’s discoveries in the field of the digestion of fats.
120 120 67 ISRAEL 259 FRANCE Romem P. Roquigny P. J. P.
REKANATI SCHOOL OF NURSING
BEN GURION UNIVERSITY 40 RUE BENJAMIN CONSTANT, 18200 BEER SHEVA [email protected] [email protected] The activity of ajdc`s relief organization Histoire de la comprehension de la (Malben) in Israel (1949-1976). cataracte.
The Jewish population in Israel counted 650.000 La chirurgie de la cataracte débuta il y a environ people at 1948, awaiting the mass immigration of 4000 ans lorsqu’un chirurgien décida d’enlever Jews from Europe after the Holocaust and refugees l’opacité blanche qui rendait les gens aveugles. from the Muslim countries. The very young Toutefois la compréhension du mécanisme de la country was exhausted, mourning the victims of the cataracte est beaucoup plus récente. Independence War and was barely able to absorb the immigrants that many among them were sick, weak L’existence du cristallin dans le globe oculaire est and old. During 1948-1951 almost 700.000 new connue depuis l’école d’Alexandrie. Les médecins immigrants arrived, bringing with them their accordaient alors au cristallin un rôle important diverse historical, social, cultural traditions as well dans la vision, mais en pensant que ce dernier as a broad variety of diseases and disabilities. The émettait des rayons vers l’objet regardé ! Il fallut burden was overwhelming! ensuite plusieurs siècle avant de comprendre la In 1949 the American Jewish Distribution fonction du cristallin, puis d’envisager l’idée que Committee (AJDC) was asked by the Israeli son opacification était responsable de la cataracte. Government to help and work in Israel. Their Ce n’est en effet qu’au XVIIe siècle que Johannes mandate was to take care for the aged and Kepler (1571-1630) précise que le cristallin est une handicapped new immigrants. lentille capable de focaliser les rayons lumineux sur For this purpose MALBEN was established, taking la rétine (qui devient alors le siège de la réception its name from the first letters of four Hebrew words des signaux visuels). Et ce n’est que plus – Mosad L`tipul B`olim Nechshalim. tardivement encore, en 1705, que Pierre Brisseau The top priority was given to provide suitable care (1631-1717) comprend que la cataracte était une for the immigrants with Tuberculosis, which opacification du cristallin, découverte confirmée en threatened to endanger large sections of the Israeli 1707 par Antoine Maître-Jan (1650-1730). population. In addition MALBEN expanded existing small facilities to accommodate thousands of aged, established rehabilitation centers for children, as well as numerous out-patient clinics A large percentage of the “hard core” cases became useful, self supporting citizens of Israel during the years of MALBEN`s activity. This kind of health care implementation by a relief organization, can serve as a model for other countries in times of crisis, due to war or natural disasters.
121 121 163 ARGENTINA 239 UCRAINA Rosso A. M. Ruda S.
UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES STEPS CENTRE OF NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF UKR
SANTA FÉ 2844 P 18 "E" BOULVD. T.SCHEVCHENKO, 60 BUENOS AIRES amrbox@sinectis,com.ar KIEV [email protected] Du sommeil aux songes: théories et State organization of Navy Medical Service croyances dans l'antiquité. in Russia (XVIIIth century).
Le sommeil, un don divin, décontracte à l’homme State reforms in Russian navy service began at the accablé et lui fait oublier ses inquiètudes. Par age of Peter the 1st. In XVIIIth century the naval contre, une insomnie persistente, produite par la frontiers of Russia were longer then in any other douleur ou l’angoisse, peut déclencher la folie. Dans European state. Russian fleet grew appreciably, its la conception égyptienne les hommes endormis, staff included 50.000 persons. Meanwile the living comme les morts, plongés temporairement dans les conditions of seamen were quite heavy. The profondeurs du cosmos en compagnie du soleil, foodstuffs for long term preservation had low résident dans l’océan primordiale, Noun. À l’aube nutritional value. Drinking water got bad in ils rajenissent, purifiés et vivifiés, avec la ré- wooden barrels. The air in small cabins was close émergence du soleil. Néanmoins, chaque nuit les and humid. The tallow candles gave not enouph of ténébres reviennent et les rêves montent de cette light but a lot of fumes. The lack of sleep, the profondeur abyssale avec les forces malignes du laborious work, the corporal punishments favoured chaos: génies hostiles, émissaires des dieux, the development of deseases. Well-known navy revenants. L’âme, en liberté, interroge les divinités doctor D.Lind affirmed that in time of peace the sur l’avenir ou se soumettre aux risques des death-rate on ships from deseases was such as in cauchemars. En outre les songes profetiques wartime. Substantial rate of morbidity and high insondables et l’incubation, provoqué dans les mortality among seamen induced tsar to give temples, étaient déchiffrés seulement par particular attention to their health. A number of l’oneirocritès, prêtre de la Maison de la Vie. his edicts (1696, 1714, 1716) ordered to impruve Le monde grec, á son tour, supposait que le sommeil provision and sanitary condition of fleet. These arrivait au corps à cause d’un refroidissement instructions were realized with the help of Naval modéré du sang et qu’avec le repos physiologique les Statutes (1720) and Admiralty Regulations (1722). songes surgissaient. Selon les idées orphiques, However Russian fleet constantly experienced acute l’âme, délivrée de ses chaînes corporelles, se réplit shortage of doctors and must have invited them sur soi-même et déploie sa propre activité. D’après from abroad. At the beginning of XVIIIth century Platon sa partie rationale s’endormit et les désirs et the hospital schools attached to navy hospitals, pensées de la veille se réveillent. Il y avait deux created by Peter the 1st in Moskow, Petersbourg espèces des songes : les divins, inspirés par les and Kronstadt, began graduate home doctors. At dieux, allégoriques et interpretés avec un art the beginning of XIXth century Russia possessed régulier et des règles précises et ceux qui the mighty fleet disposed on Baltic, White, Black, proviennent d’un état corporel. Plus tard Hérophile Barents and Mediterranean seas. Meanwiles the propose une taxonomie innovatrice qui se fleet kept on the lack of doctors as it was indicated maintiendra au cours du christianisme avec in appeal of D.Samoylovich, inspector of Black sea quelques variantes. Board.
122 122 15 ITALY 60 TURKEY Russo R. Sahinoglu S.
MARY IMMACULATE HOSPITAL ANKARA UNIV. MEDICAL FACULTY, DPT. OF DEONTOLOGY
679 BEDFORD ROAD, PLEASANTVILLE, 06100 SIHHIYE, NEW YORK [email protected] ANKARA [email protected] Navy medicine in the desert. A concept of visual aesthetics in medicini.
Twentieth Century warfare has seen the extension Aesthetics in medicine is a differentiated extension of naval power to land based sites. Military of the idea of esthetics into the medical domain and operations in Iraq and Kuwait are recent examples. the evaluation of medical activity from an esthetics These conflicts have necessitated an adaptation of standpoint. It can be seen as the realm of aesthetics traditional naval medical procedures to desert-based in medicine as a whole. Accordingly, the topic of sites. The United States Navy has had to reorganize aesthetics in medicine and its evolutionary its medical services to adapt to these new realities of dimension have been grouped and discussed under warfare. three headings in this context: 1) The aesthetics of Among the many adaptations that have occurred those spaces where medical activity takes place in are the reliance on prepositioned medical supplies general; 2) The aesthetic dimension the physician- and equipment, a highly sophisticated transport patient relationship; and 3) The aesthetic changes in system, coordinated multinational services, reliance the patient as a result of clinical applications. on both active duty and reserve (civilian) health Although the basic concern of medicine is the care professionals and a flexible array of medical preservation of health, the third set has been facilities ranging from the Battalion Aid Station to considered more comprehensively in this study. the full service, tertiary care floating hospitals. Integrating these complex medical operations, In this study, medical activity and its evolution has involving health care professionals from several been considered and reevaluated in the light of a allied nations in a single command, is a landmark new perspective. This re-evaluation, with the development in naval medicine. This paper concept of Aesthetics as its departure point, has examines the training and perfomance of a 500 bed been realized thanks to what we have termed fleet hospital based in Saudi Arabia from February “Aesthetics in Medicine”. to April 1991 in support of "Operation Desert Storm", the term used by the United States and its In this study the concept of visual aesthetics in coalition allies for the military operation to remove medicine has been described and its meaning has Iraqi forces from Kuwait. been discussed for medical student. The Fleet hospital was the major source of health care in the war theater in support of the Marines of the First Marine Division and attached coalition forces. It managed the majority of the combat casualties the Marines experienced.The paper details the training and performance of the fleet hospital during the conflict.
123 123 363 MEXICO 304 IRAN Sanfilippo Y Borras J. Sargolzaee M. R.
DEPTO. DE HISTORIA Y FILOSOFÍA DE LA MASHAD UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES MEDICINA.UNAM
BRASIL # 33 COL. CENTRO, MÉXICO D.F. C.P: 0 * MÉXICO, D.F [email protected] * [email protected] "The Remedy Of The Lizard". A treatment The comparison of Yoga philosophy and against Syphilis of XVIII Century. psychtherapeutical schools; where is the place of mystical psychology?
Around 1782, an illustrated Doctor called Joseph In Yoga, the theory of chakras has an essential role Felipe de Flores gave a remedy to the treatment in the understanding of the emotion and behavior of against syphilis. It consists in a special kind of the human beings. Chakras are the main points in lizard that only was in a very distant place of the stream of energy throughout the body. America, In "The Kingdom of Guatemala". The The lowest Chakra is located in the lower limbs treatment published, explained the makings of this (feet) and when all of the above Chakras are closed animal and the kind to be administrated to the all the energy streams through this Chakra, this patients of "The horrible sick". produces tension, hostility, agitation, fear or This document caused a great argument between anxiety in the person. Therefore there is the need for many important people, like Antonio de León y opening the above Chakra for resolving of these Gama, who wrote directions about the remedy. problems. The above Chakra is Pelvic Chakra that is Subsequently Manuel Antonio Moreno, the located in sexual organs. Therefore, satisfaction of Director of "The Real College of Surgery of sexual drive is a necessary step for resolving of Mexico" wrote a letter where the remedy appears tension, fear, anxiety, hostility and other problems. like good for This step is similar to the Freudian theory of nothing. Another people said the good nature of the Psychoanalysis with the emphasis on the role of remedy, et cetera. libido and the importance of satisfaction of sexual This work only try to expose the different postures needs without fear and conflict. of some personages of the Illustrate period in But if the other Chakras are closed and all of energy Mexico, that permit us to know the medical streams through pelvic chakra, the main life style of knowledge of this epoch. the person will be enjoyment seeking, such as the persons with substance dependence, sex addiction and so on. What is the solution? Opening the above Chakra, the umbilical Chakra, and the Chakra of superiority, powerfulness and dominance. The main work of Alfred Adler, the founder of " Individual Psychology ", was try to overcome the" inferiority complex". When this Chakra is open the main lifestyle of the person will be try for accessing more advantages, dominance and fight for victory, it's a necessary stage but if the above Chakras are closed and all of energy streams through this Chakra (etheric body) the person will spend al
124 124 332 TURKEY 381 ITALY Sari N. Sassi A. Dionigi A.
MEDICAL HISTORY AND ETHICS UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DELL’INSUBRIA DEPARTMENT.
I.Ü. CERRAHPASA MEDICAL SCHOOL DIPARTIMENTO DI MEDICINA E SANITÀ PUB ISTANBUL [email protected] VARESE [email protected] On the philosophy of treatment by means of Anthropological and paleopathological music in Ottomans. investigations at the laboratories of the Varese Faculty of Medicine.
In Ottomans, the philosophy of treatment by means In recent years, the Archaeological of music was a continuation of antique and Islamic Superintendency of Lombardy has performed philosophy blended in Turkish Sufistic experience. several emergency excavations in the Varese area The theory of humors and temperaments was the and found a large number of human remains. This main basis for medical evaluation. However, led to a collaboration between the Head of the astrology, angelology, numerology, physiognomy Superintendency and the University of Insubria, in and the specific musical tunes all were effective particular with the Institute of Forensic Medicine, means required for successful treatment. where personal identification is routinely studied. In some manuscripts on medicine and music we After the completion of the basic anthropological find information on illnesses treated by specific examination, we decided to extend the collaboration tunes played at a time regarded as effective for to the Laboratory of Human Morphology at the treatment. When the texts are studied carefully, it University in order to carry the investigations seems obvious that the aim of the musical therapy further. extends beyond the practice of medical treatment of We used forensic methodology as our first approach organic diseases. For instance; provision and for examining the human remains. This allows the maintenance of a stable and sound character, definition of general identification parameters and training one to be a perfect person and maintain the detection of any macroscopic anatomical good will and motivating various emotions etc. As variations or abnormalities. When examining a matter of fact, when diseases expected to be treated multiple burials, it allows us to define the DNA by means of music is studied, most of them are profile so as to determine the relationship between found to be psychiatric. However, it is interesting to individuals. notice that musical tunes were also expected to Further details can be obtained through SEM influence specific organs of the body, that is having analysis of hair, teeth and other tissues, with a a physical effect. range of magnification from panoramic to ultrastructural view (20-300,000 x), as was done in Therapy by means of music as a field comprises and the case of the mummy found in Rimini. reflects all the aspects of the philosophy of the Paleonutritional information was obtained through period. Consequently, it is misleading to approach X-ray microanalysis of bones and burial earth. Our the subject merely as a method of treatment. close collaboration with archaeologists was invaluable: it enabled us to participate in site inspection and study the human remains in situ, thus reducing the amount of data lost.
125 125 380 ITALY 356 ITALY Savaglio A. Schena F.P. La Marca A.
DIV. NEPHROL, DETO, UNIV.OF BARI
* POLICLINICO, PIAZZA G. CESARE 11 * [email protected] BARI [email protected] Medici, chirurghi e assistenza sanitaria The role of Domenico Cotugno in the negli atti di canonizzazione di due Santi History of Proteinuria. calabresi: S. Francesco di Paola e S. Umile
La relazione, basata sui processi di canonizzazione e Domenico Cotugno (1736-1822) was the first le memorie agiografiche di San Francesco di Paola physician to describe the presence of albuminuria in (1416-1507) e S. Umile di Bisignano (1582-1637), a case of dropsy which was described in the “De pone l'attenzione sullo stato della medicina Ischiade nervosa commentarius”. He aimed to calabrese, il suo sviluppo tra la fine del medioevo e demonstrate that coagulable substances are l'età moderna; un'epoca in cui gli uomini, senza responsible for edema in dropsy as well as in the distinzione di classe, mostravano grande diffidenza sciatic nerve sheath. Thus if drugs are able to move per i rimedi scientifici, preferendo quelli naturali e edema fluid into the urine with the consequent divini, come dimostra il comportamento del barone resolution of the dropsy, the same procedure could di Belmonte, Giacomo de Tarsia, guarito dal be useful in improving sciatica. In fact, he taumaturgo paolano da una cancrena alla gamba. concluded that the use of vescicants on the affected site by inducing a skin ulcer, might remove edema Lo studio ricostruisce anche l'attività dei più celebri fluid from the sheath of the sciatic nerve. Cotugno medici cosentini del '500, la loro azione contro la did not give much emphasis to his discovery since malaria, la peste, il vaiolo e la loro incapacità a his life was characterized by a myriad of other curare gli effetti letali del veleno, spesso propinato a observations and discoveries throughout his 20 nobili e potenti, come testimonia la morte di Enrico years of intensive scientific and clinical activity, but d'Aragona, avvenuta a Terranova da Sibari il 25 his work had repercussions on other European novembre 1478. scientists. In fact, his description was quoted by John Blackall who was one of the first scientists to do systematic studies of albuminuria. After that William Charles and Richard Bright related albuminuria to renal disease. Finally, in recent decades newer techniques, such as micropuncture in the rat and the use of dextrans, have provided much insight into the mechanisms of proteinuria.
126 126 258 FRANCE 317 TURKEY Ségal A. Sevimli S. Kirkup J. Arslan E.Sedat
SOCIÉTÉ FRANÇAISE D’HISTOIRE DE LA - MÉDECINE.
1 , RUE DE LA BARBE AUX CANNES CUKUROVA UNÝVERSITY MEDICINE FACULT AUBILLY [email protected] ADANA [email protected] Nouvelles réflexions sur les instruments The well-received and appreciated proposés avec figures dans le traité de hallucations in the ancient anatolian Fistula in ano de John Ardern. Hittite Culture B.C. 2000 -750.
Les auteurs pensent que l’usage des instruments The significance of the relatonship between culture proposés par John Ardern pour traiter les fistules à and psychpathology has well been appreciated in the l’anus n’est en rien explicite. Les manuscrits avec 21. century. les dessins des instruments posent des problèmes d’interprétation de leur emploi exact. Le texte exprimé en latin et en vieil anglais du XIVème siècle n’est en rien limpide et pourtant John Ardern insiste sur l’importance de ces dessins puisqu’il écrit même : « …that is it painted ». La méthode de recherche historique et critique nous a poussé à scruter et comparer d’abord les plus vieux manuscrits de la fin du XIVème siècle puis ceux du XVème. Nous voyons la transformation du graphisme des instruments au fur et à mesure du passage du temps. La beauté de certains manuscrits et de leurs figurations ne doit pas être un critère de valeur scientifique et cela se voit bien dans l’étude surtout de l’appareil innovant qu’est le Tendiculum dont l ‘emploi multiple prête à discussion.
127 127 268 UNITED KINGDOM 192 SYRIA Shaikh I. Shayeb M.
MANCHESTER MEDICAL SOCIETY FELLOW ALEPPO UNIVERSITY
22 MATHER ROAD , ECCLES, M30 ONY DR. M. SHAYEB HOSPITAL, AL-MOHAFAZA S MANCHESTER [email protected] ALEPPO [email protected] Indo-Italian nose job. The important role of Italy in transmitting Medicine to Europe through the Salerno Medical School.
2,500 years ago Plastic Surgery has its beginnings We all know that Salerno Medical School had an in India. Indian Rhinoplasty, as it is now called is important role in transmitting medical sciences to the method of choice for reconstruction of the nose Europe. It was the first faculty to teach medicine in to this day. It arrived in Italy, according to Europe. The Salerno Medical School was the major Castiglioni " Rhinoplasty was known to the ancient connecting link between Hindus, [and was] practiced by the Branca family East and West before the birth of European in Sicilia , to which it had been introduced by civilization and for many centuries transmitted Arabian surgeons" (Castiglioni) Gaspare Arabic medicine and other sciences to Europe. Tagliacozzi (commonly Taliacotius) in Bologna is The method of teaching in this medical school was considered the father of Plastic Surgery. In 1597 similar to the Arabic method, i.e. in the form of published a detailed and illustrated account of his “teaching circles” where professors sat and each method of raising a skin flap from the arm and Josef medical student was attached to and remained with Constantine Carpue, the forehead flap of the Indian his professor. There were four teaching circles and method, in October 1814 and Jan 1816 published four professors. The first teaching circle was Arabic, the work that stimulated surgeons in Germany and the second Hebraic (Hebrew), the third Greek and France and gave details consideration to Tagliacozzi the fourth Latin ( Romanic ). The goal of this type and his method, to the Indian method, his of teaching was to attract as many foreign medical publication was a land mark in the development of students as possible. Plastic surgery and as a classic in the history of The Salerno Medical School taught medicine for Plastic surgery. four centuries ( from the tenth century until the In this slide illustrated presentation it will be seen end of the thirteenth century ). The Salerno Medical Hindu surgery was made known in Europe in the School was the first faculty in Europe that allowed middle ages by the great arab physicians It surely women to study and teach, for example Trutolla ( was related to the making of new noses in Sicily in Trutta ). the early 1400s and ultimately to the publication of Finally we can say that the Salerno Medical School Tagliacozzi's famous book De Curtorum chirurgia was considered the first organized school in Europe, in 1597 ". in which both Byzantine and Arab civilizations From Poona in 1792 Thomas Cruso and James were integraded and through which most of the Findlay Senior British surgeons witnessed famous sciences entered Europe. 'Indian rhinoplasty', and further evidence eye This had a major role in spreading the scientific witness Manucci in 1686 of Rhinoplasty operation renaissance to most European countries. which took place in Bijapur. this Indo-Italian nose The aim of this paper is to highlight the important job will be discussed. role of Italy through the Salerno Medical School in transmitting medicine to the world.
128 128 16 ISRAEL 222 TBLISI REP OF GEORGIA Shefer M. Shengelia G. Khelaia N. Shengelia R. TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY. TBILISI STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPT. OF MIDDLE EASTERN & AFRICAN HIST TBILISI ASATIANI STR.70177 TEL AVIV [email protected] TBILISI [email protected] A note on Ottoman naval medicine. Medical activities of teatinelian monks in Georgia.
Carlo M. Cipolla opens his Guns, Sails and “During many years Georgia was my favorite Empires explaining why a pacifist like himself who country” notices famous Italian missioner suffers from sea sickness the minute he sets foot on Christoforo de Castelei (1627-1654) about our a (docking) ship is engaging in a research on guns country. Catholic popularization in Georgia takes and sails. He claims that his studies on early place from XIII and completes in 1845. During the modern Europe brought him to the realization, period of time several representatives of the order of almost against his will, that during this period Jesuits work in various regions of Georgia. navigation and maritime warfare were of outmost Noticeable from them is the order of Theatinelians importance in European history. This claim is members of order: Archanjelo Lamberti, Giuseppe applicable to Ottoman history as well, although the Judiche, Putro Avitabile, Geronimo Karapha, Justo gaps in our knowledge are still considerable. The Prato, Antonio Jardina, Seraphino Philinjeri, great Ottoman naval encounters in the Claudio Gaetano Korlito, Mateo Phlorini and Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean have been Christoforo de Castelei. From them returned to the studied, but we are sill unclear about Ottoman motherland only Arqhanjelo Lamberti and naval administration or the Ottoman perception of Cristeforo de Castelei, others died in Georgia. themselves as a maritime power. The identity of Noticeable representative of this order is Christoforo those who manned Ottoman ships has to be de Castelei. The main aim of the missioners was to unraveled as well. Ottoman sources from the spread Catholic religion among the Christian and sixteenth and seventeenth century have a lot to say Muslim Georgian as well as other nations on the about naval finances or dockyard operations, but Georgian territory. They never deg, they always are silent on the people involved, especially the rank- support themselves by working as painters, and-file. Here a unique document from the end of carpenters jewelers, doctors and so on. The last one the seventeenth century, found in Ottoman Prime was most important in their activities and they gain Ministry Archive (Baþsbakanliýk Osmanlý the trust of local population. The part of the Arsþivi) in Istanbul, can shed some light on the residents they baptized as Catholics. Christoforo de 'behind the scenes' of Ottoman naval activities. The Castelei notices that “compared with Hypocrates document, written in Ottoman Turkish, is an medications the local medical plants have internal correspondence in the Ottoman magnificent treatment facilities” and this means bureaucracy. It deals with the appointment of a that by his own observation and practice he prefers surgeon by the name of Hasan to the prison at the herbals of western Georgia. The manuscript which Istanbul imperial dockyard. Hasan was to put the describes activities and work of Christopforo de sick prisoners back on their feet: they should be able Castelei remains deposited in Palermo translated to board the ships again in time for serving in the into Georgian and published. In the book except of coming voyages. his “relations” there are 570 drawings, which makes very impressionate introduction of that time Georgian medicine issues. 129 129 223 TBLISI REP OF GEORGIA 142 RUSSIA Shengelia R. Shingarov G. Khelaia N. Balalykin D. Gurgenidze M. TBILISI STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
TBILISI ASATIANI STR.70177 USACHEVA STR., 62, BUILDING 1, OFFICE 2 TBILISI [email protected] MOSCOW [email protected] Medical properties of archeological Problems of integration of physiological excavations in Georgia. experiment and clinical practice in scientific works of V. A. Basov and I. P. Pavlov.
A lot of issues of Georgian Ancient medical history V.A.Basov in 1862 has created a method studied based on the information of archeological gastrostomy - an experimental basis of physiological findings. On the medical scope the materials research of function of a stomach and gastric gathered on the Georgian territory we grouped by surgery - using a clinical case of a posttraumatic the usage in Medical practice. From medical tools gastric fistula as methodological base. Also, which have been made by iron, copper, horn, stone, I.P.Pavlov has created a method of imaginary bronze, bone remarkable: Early Paleolithic era - 1. feeding on methodological base of a clinical case Axe, 2.Scrubbers, 3.Knifes, which have been used in gastrostomy, the imposed to the patient concerning birth delivery, removing haematomas and abscess, thermal stricture a gullet. removing alien agents from the body, refitting the The combination of a method of imaginary feeding surfaces of wounds; Late Paleolithic era - with the method of gastrostomy has allowed 1.Scrubber for trepanation 2. Needle (sawing I.P.Pavlov to create the model of physiological wounds). Mesolithic era - Kephalotribe for surgery of a gastroenteric path and to discover embryotomy and removing the infant body parts principles of gastric secretion. from uteri. Neolithic era 1. Knifes, 2.Naggers, 3. Hammer, 4. Saxifrage, 5. Tweezers, 6. Needles which have been used for treating the severe wounds and lesions, 7. Bronze oval probe which have been used in medical manipulations for treatment and diagnostic activities. Enolithic era - 1. Double-sided knifes, 2.Swords , knifes for embryotomy, abscess and phlegmon treatment. 3. One two and three cogged hooks for dilatation of medical manipulation area 4. Segmental tools used like shears. Antique era - 1. Shears 2. Silver and horn spoons which have been used for medical manipulations also for dosing and pharmacy. Medical crockery: Neolithic era - 1. Stone cupful, 2. Loam crockery with snake image; Eolithic era - 1. Double-vessel cap, 2. Tuns with image of snakes and goat, 3. Double-Cone shape torch 4.Double- belly vessel with the image of snake mouth and eyes, 5.Chint, 6. "Sucker";
130 130 306 ISRAEL 106 IRAN Shvarts S. Siamian H. Stoler Liss S. Younesi Rostami M. Nasiri E. BEN GURION UNIVERSITY MAZANDARAN MEDICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY
14 HARUV ST. OMER 84965 MEDICAL RECORDS DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OMER [email protected] SARY, MAZANDARAN [email protected] Hygiene of the women, hygiene of the History of medical records from the cave to nation: the socio-political and medical cyberspace. View of Dr. Miriam Aharonova 1889-1967.
Dr. Miriam Aharonova is one of the forgotten The Medical record is the who, What, Why, Where, founders of the Israeli Health system, and one of the and How, of patient care in the hospital. The history few female doctors that made there way to the top of of medical record parallels with the history of it. Born in White Russia in 1889, she learned medicine. Primitive medical records carved in wood medicine in St. Petersburg, and was trained as a and chipped in stone date back to approximately Gynecologist. Since 1921 she was the head of the 2500 BC. In subsequent centuries, hieroglyphs Bryansk maternity hospital. In 1929 she left it all found on parchments recorded scientific records. behind, and immigrated to Palestine, then ruled by Although very different from modern medical British forces. After few months in Ein-Harod, She records, those chronicles preserved medical moved to Tel-Aviv and established (and then achievements of those eras for later generations. headed) the first consulting station for women in Throughout the millennia, medical records have Palestine. evolved in conjunction with the advances in the art Through her life Aharonova dealt with spreading and science of medicine. what she saw as the right ideas about hygiene and The earliest documentation of medical practice in public health. She frequently wrote in medical India is found in Athervaveda. The sage Atreya newspapers, both professional and popular, and wrote the first Indian textbook of medicine Atreya even published a revolutionary book, dedicated to Samhita. Ancient Greek medicine was influenced by women health in Hebrew. One of her main interests contributions from Egypt, Babylon, and Assyria. was mothers’ guidance, especially in the pre- Greek Medicine started a scientific approach in to marriage state. the heart of healing. Hippocrates, the father of Her articles reveal a fascinating mixture of ideas: medicine (around 460 BC) wrote the Oath bearing European medical ideas from St. Petersburg aside his name, still sworn by physicians today. Zionist views, Eugenics aside with Socialism, Hippocrates maintained detailed case reports of his women rights aside with believe in male superiority. patients in ancient Greece. Ancient Persia: (200 Her concepts about birth (at least three for each AD) After the fall of Rome, ancient medical records Jewish woman) and abortions, emasculation and were best preserved in Persia These ancient records self restraint, and proper personal as well as showed a treatment for Sciatica by cauterizations national hygiene restrictions shed a light on the on the ear.The earliest improvements in medical medical concepts that accompanied the Israeli record services derived from hospital nation building process. standardization movement in 1918, and ultimately led to improved organization of medical record services and medical record staff. Today we can see many formats of medical records, and their grate role in health Industry.
131 131 93 BAHRAIN 37 BRAZIL Skerman J. Soares I. C.
ARABIAN GULF UNIVERSITY CMMS MUSEU ABRAHAO BRICKMANN
* AMERICO BRASILIENSE, 1418 MANAMA [email protected] RIBEIRAO PRETO [email protected] History of anaesthesia. Il ruolo dei musei sull'insegnamento della storia della medicina.
Perhaps no advance in medical knowledge has Un museo di storia della medicina che lavora come alleviated more human suffering than the discovery istituzione di preservazione delle esperienze di of anaesthetics. An overdose of alcohol had been a diverse culture nel campo della salute, ha bisogno di convenient and often employed agent to produce a svolgere un ruolo più significativo sulla formazione state in which the pain of surgery was relieved. medica. Partendo da questa filosofia, il Museo During the late 1700s and early 1800s in England, Abrahao Brickmann (Ribeirão Preto, Brasile) dal a great deal of research on the properties of gases, 1985 svolge un ruolo importante nel corso della including their effects on human beings, was formazione di specialisti. Lavagna luminosa: temi carried out at "pneumatic institutions." The diversi sulla storia sono presentati per la skeptics lost no time in lampooning these ‘games’, discussione, con visite diverse al Museo, alle and many of their efforts were very funny. biblioteche e lo completa con una monografia. A great gift to mankind was made by an American Dopo 18 anni di lavori con risultati positivi, dentist Horace Wells in 1844, with the use of raccomandiamo che il tema, l'importante funzione nitrous oxide for a tooth extraction, still a durable dei musei sull'insegnamento della storia della legacy. Shortly thereafter the famous use of ether medicina debba essere più considerato nei congressi (Letheon) by Morton at MGH in Boston for the per migliorare la formazione medica. excision of a neck tumour spread throughout the world. The discovery of chloroform by Sir James Simpson and its use in childbirth by Queen Victoria was another landmark. When Carl Koller utilised the effects of cocaine, it led to the origins of regional anaesthesia. Then followed spinal anaesthesia by August Bier. Now an intimate knowledge of anatomy along with pharmacology had become all important. The use of intravenous access led to further use of local anaesthetics, but it was the discovery of the muscle relaxant d-tubocurare and the advances in the manufacture of ‘pure’ narcotics (following morphine) that truly led to the techniques of “balanced anaesthesia.” Some authorities stated that in conscious individuals, all noxious stimuli reach the brain. But the last century truly saw an exponential growth in the knowledge of pain transmission.
132 132 64 ISRAEL 355 RUSSIA Soffer T. Sorokina T. Goldberg A. Davidovitch N. BEN GURION UNIVERSITY PEOPLES' FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY OF RUSSIA
MORIA ST. 52/6 BEER SHEVA 84307, MIKLUKHO-MAKLAY STR., 18/1 – 165, 117437 BEER SHEVA [email protected] MOSCOW [email protected] From healing plants to chiropractic. The founder of the Russian experimental physiology.
In recent years, the population's awareness and use Ivan Mihaylovich Setchenov (1829–1905) is the of complementary medicine therapies have increased Great Russian physiologist, the founder of the in Israel and the rest of the world. Therefore these doctrine on reflexes of a brain and scientific therapies have been incorporated into the health psychology. For the first time he has distributed a services. reflex principle to activity of a brain. In Some people consider this medicine as an experiments on frogs he has shown that in alternative field to the conventional medicine, while myelencephalon there are mechanisms which others regard it as a complementary field. This is actively detain reflex movements. Thus, he has the reason for the multiplicity of names, like: discovered central (Setchenov's) inhibition (1863). "alternative medicine", "integrative Medicine", He has put forward an idea about reflex as a basis of "unconventional medicine", etc. mental activity: "All acts of conscious and Complementary medicine includes a large range of unconscious life are reflexes". He has suggested therapies, some of them which are accepted by studying mental processes by means of doctors and some are not known at all. From physiological methods described in his classical cupping glass, medical plants, reiki and meditation work "Reflexes of a brain". I. M. Setchenov became that are considered as an ancient traditional a founder of a new trend in airspace medicine in medicine to chiropractic, homeopathy, hypnosis, Russia. The tragic death of two French aeronauts acupuncture etc, that are considered as Croce-Spinelli and Sivel who rose in 1875 on a complementary medicine and are popular in the “Zenith” balloon to the height of more than 8600 m western world. struck Setchenov and stimulated him to investigate Currently, people turn to complementary medicine the causes of the disaster. The alveolar air mainly because of musculoskeletal problems composition was unknown at that time, and (particularly low back pain) or tension and anxiety Setchenov wanted to understand how the changes symptoms. in partial oxygen pressure in the lung air were This research will describe the development of the related to changes in atmospheric pressure. He complementary medicine in Israel in recent decades, designed an absorptiometer, a device permitting to it's position in the medical services in the Israeli analyze gas consumption by whole blood and health system, and the various complementary plasma with high accuracy and to study gas tension treatments in the medical history of Israel. in the blood. His estimations showed that aeronauts reached the height at which partial oxygen pressure was so low (20 mm Hg) that it could no longer support life. Setchenov was the first to investigate in detail partial oxygen pressure in the alveoli in health and in "fluctuations of air pressure downwards".
133 133 354 RUSSIA 108 GREECE Sorokina T. Spiropoulos T. Papadopoulos G. Andriopoulos P. PEOPLES' FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF RUSSIA PHARMACOLOGY
MIKLUKHO-MAKLAY STR., 18/1 – 165, 117437 5 VARDOUSION ST, 11526 MOSCOW [email protected] ATHENS [email protected] Physicians of the world against violence Can contemporary medicine explain the and terrorism. placebo effect? From conditioning to meaning response.
Physicians as representatives of the most humane Claude Bernard in 1867 recommended profession have always been against “comparative observation” to “ reason about what violence,terror,and terrorism.The principles of we have observed, compare the facts and judge them European and World medical ethics were laid by the by other facts used as control”. ancient Greeks.They were formulated in the In the early 1950s the acceptance of the so called Hippocratic Corpus and the Oath.Later it was “double blind procedure” increased noticeably and interpreted by the ancient Romans as "Primum non after 1960 Randomized Controlled Trials were nocere",a universally worldwide medical principle. widely accepted as the only valid method to evaluate Mediaeval doctors protested against the efficacy and safety of new therapeutic methods violence:Paulus Aegineta, Ibn Sina, and Paracelsus or agents. who had the courage to assert during the epoch of During this period we can identify increasing inquisition that "Physician has no right to be an concern about the placebo effect itself and its executioner or his helper". explanatory mechanisms. A lot of studies appeared Wars have been a cruel manifestation of violence at between 1960 and 1980 that tried to attribute all times.In the middle of the 19th century the placebo effect to personality factors and to identify, mankind recognized the need in organized care of what kind of individuals were “placebo wounded and sick warriors during war.Florence responders”, without any significant success. Nightingale headed the first of Sisters of Mercy in In the same period some researchers tried to Scutari(1854,Turkey).N.Pirogov for the first time demonstrate that some placebo effects can be organized the activities of Sisters of Mercy at the attributed to classical (Pavlovian) conditioning. battlefield (1854,Crimea),and H.Dunant,after the However, the focus in psychological theory is rather Battle of Solferino(1862),became the founder of the more cognitive than behavioral. Accordingly, the International RedCross movement(1863).His most recent explanatory mechanisms implicated appeal to render care to all victims of war expectancy, social learning and meaning response irrespective of the nation,race or religion got (the physiological or psychological effects of worldwide support.Due to their meaning in the treatment of illness) and have profession,physicians were the first to realize the shown promising relationships with placebo effects. horrors of nuclear war consequences and initiated the movement "Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War" (1980,B.Laun,USA;E.Chazov,Russia).Today international terrorism troubles physicians all over the World.We admire Dr. L.Roshal who participated in negotiations in the captured theater Nord-Ost,rendered care to all who needed it.
134 134 161 BULGARIA 33 U.S. AMERICA Stancheva-Popkostadino Steinberg D.
DEPART. OF MEDICAL-SOCIAL SCIENCES, SÅA INSTITUTE SWUNIVERSITY
66 IVAN MIHALOV STR., 2700, 15111 TYLER ROAD BLAGOEVGRAD [email protected] FIDDLETOWN [email protected] Child-Youth psychiatry in Bulgaria- Mathematics and the history of Historical aspects and perspectives. neuroscience.
The child-youth psychiatry in Bulgaria is one of the Sophisticated applied mathematical and physical youngest branches of psychiatry, but with rich techniques have expanded the utility of medical traditions and achievements. The child and youth imaging devices. With the advent of functional psychiatrists Prof. Christo Christozov, Prof. magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission Meglena Achkova, Prof. Lubomir Timchev, tomography, in vivo physiologic measurements can Ass.Professor Svetla Stambolova, Ass.Professor be made illuminating neurological and cognitive Nadja Polnareva are well known internationally. processes. The information gained by these imaging The listed below autors have contributions not only techniques has allowed an additional application of to the development of child-youth psychiatry in mathematical techniques to the modeling of brain Bulgaria, but in Europe as well. and mind functions. Brain functions have been The aim of present paper is to evaluate the effectively modeled using techniques such as neural development of the child-youth psychiatry in networks, while cognition has been modeled less Bulgaria with stress on the achievements in the successfully by advanced physical theories. I will different periods and it's main representatives. raise the question of whether mathematical/physical There is discussion on current trends and problems. modeling of cognitive processes is theoretically possible. In this regard, two important questions arise. First, what is the relation of brain activity to cognitive processes? John Hughlings Jackson provided an answer to this question in his formulation of neurology as a science in the mid- nineteenth century. Second, are cognitive processes amenable to treatment by mathematics and physics? The answer to this question involves the nature of cognition and the definition of mental functions. I will argue that the application of mathematics to imaging technology has yielded important scientific and clinical information about the brain, but is by its nature incapable of answering such questions about the mind.
135 135 336 RUSSIA 341 RUSSIA Stochik A.A. Stochik A.M. Zatravkin S.N.
INSTITUTE MEDICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA I.M. SECHENOV MOSCOW MEDICAL RESEARCH COMPANY ACADEMY
PETROVERIGSKY PER., 6/8, 101990 PETROVERIGSKY PER.,6/8, 101990, MOSCOW [email protected] MOSCOW [email protected] M.Ya. Mudrov - the Reformer of University Teaching history of medicine at I. M. medical education in Russia. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy.
The famous Russian intern M.Ya. Mudrov played History of medicine (H.m) is a compulsory an outstanding role in the reformation of medical subject which is included into the curriculum of education at the Universities in Russia .The result all higher medical educational establishments in was a radical reorganization of medical teaching Russia. At I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical that took part in the first quarter of the 19th Academy the cultural-civilized method of century which brought medicine in Russia closer to teaching is used. Medicine is regarded as an the medical standards of Western Europe . inseparable part of culture. A compulsory course of An introduction of clinical teaching into the H.m. covers a wide range of topics such as the subject of internal diseases at Moscow University evolution of medicine in all civilizations, the was also connected with the name of Mudrov. connection of medical and hygienic notions, He amplified the educational model of I.P. Frank health and disease definitions, scientific concepts with his own pedagogical ideas which helped to and the used technologies with ethnologic improve the level of clinical training of students. cultural traditions, religious and philosophic M.Ya. Mudrov initiated the teaching of pathologic theories. Such an approach in teaching makes anatomy at medical faculties of Russian it possible to show the succession in the Universities. He was one of the first in Europe development of ideas and technological (1825) who suggested introducing pathologic opportunities of medicine, as well as their anatomy to students not only as a practical subject dependence on a cultural level, a state of of morphologic signs of diseases but also as economics, natural science, social ideology and fundamental science that studied the morphologic technology. Other specialized topics of H.m. are base of pathologic processes and pathologic anatomy discussed in the courses of different subjects was recognized as a scientific base of clinical such as anatomy, physiology, surgery etc. medicine. M.Ya. Mudrov made a great contribution to the introduction of the first unified curriculum at the medical faculty of Moscow University , which regulated a severe consecution of teaching of all subjects. This curriculum identified clinical teaching as the core and the final stage of medical education.
136 136 392 SERBIA&MONTENEGRO 243 FINLAND Stojanovic S. Strandberg H.
MEDICAL VOCATION SCHOOL HELSINKI UNIVERSITY MUSEUM
LJUBOMIRA IVKOVICA SUCE 2/16 P.O. BOX 11 FIN-00014 UNIVERSITY OF HELSIN BELGRADE [email protected] HELSINKI [email protected] Queen Mary Karaðorðeviæ great benefector Teaching in the history of Medicine and Of The Red Cross Nurse School. Health Care in Finland.
According to the memory of the contemporaries Since the 1920s the history of health care has been Queen Mary Karaðorðeviæ (1900-1961) has been taught in Finland. And since the 1930s courses in known as a quiet, patient and modest person ever the history of medicine have been given when MD since her childhood. Through the Queen Office, Gunnar Soininen was appointed docent in the Queen Mary was benefactor and founder of over history of medicine. He lectured on the history of fifty humanitarian societies, sometimes a lone, medicine until the end of the 1950s. A new era sometimes together with the community of started in 1975 when these lectures were started Belgrade. Queen Mary, all by herself, was taking again by Professor Harald Teir at the Department care of the donations for churches, hospitals, of Medical History. In the beginning these courses children’s homes, students and the old people. Soon were given twice a year, but later once a year. These after coming in Belgrade, Queen Mary became courses have been both compulsory and optional interested in the work of the Nursery School. This courses. Since 1993 on the initiative of Professor School was founded in the spring of 1921. and in Ismo Virtanen the courses have also formed a part June of the same year, an entry competition for the of the postgraduate studies at the Faculty of school girls was opened. In the same year, a Medicine. And the amount of the students cornerstone for the School in Deligradska Street No attending these courses has increased year by year. 31 was laid. Lectures and practical exercises, But also courses or lectures on the history of according to the fixed schedule, started on the first pharmacy, odontology and veterinary medicine November. Queen Mary to 1923. has given the have been given at the University of Helsinki. Even regular, annual financial support amounting to at the other faculties of medicine in Finland history 10.000 diners of that time. Queen Mary visited the of medicine has been taught. In 2001 MD Heikki S. Red Cross Nurse School regularly. A photography Vuorinen was appointed docent in the history of of Queen Mary white the director, teacher and the medicine at the University of Tampere and one year schoolgirls has been conserved as a proof. There is later at the University of Helsinki. And the also a photography of Queen Mary in the nurse collections of the history of medicine, health care, uniform, with the face of Kosovka girl. The first odontology, pharmacy and veterinary medicine, emblem of the Nurse School being also a symbol of which have been used in the teaching in the history this profession, was inspired with the painting of medicine, are now, since November 2003, opened »Kosovka girl«, by Paja Jovanoviæ. This girl was to the public at the new Helsinki University our first nurse. The chroniclers had recorded Museum. charitable work of Queen Mary, and our duty is to bring it out of oblivion.
137 137 361 GERMANY 172 SERBIA&MONTENEGRO Strätling M. Stupar D. Schmucker P. Parojcic D. Stupar M. UNIVERSITÄT ZU LÜBECK BELGRADE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PHARMACY
RATZEBURGER ALLEE 160 450 VOJVODE STEPE, 1100 LÜBECK [email protected] BELGRADE [email protected] Inhalative oxygen therapy - A reassessment Archeological discovery of medical of the History of the most Basic instruments and equipment from the Therapeutic Agent in Medicine. ancient roman period at the territory of
This survey analyses the history of inhalative Archeological excavations at different locations on oxygen therapy and its interactions with the history the territory of Serbia revealed the existence of of anaesthesiology. We start with illustrating „the original objects from the Ancient Roman period. long way of oxygen” from its first isolation by Carl The significant number of those objects belonged to Wilhelm Scheele (1772) and Joseph Priestley (1774) the history of medicine and pharmacy`s field. The to its breakthrough for therapeutic application in equipment and instruments are well preserved and the 20th century. We show that the two main dated back between 1st and 3rd century. In factors delaying the successful implementation of a Viminacium, that was the capital of the Roman truly rational oxygen therapy were of technical province of Upper Mezia (today Kostolac), five nature [1, 2]: The complicated and costly tombs of physicians were discovered. The original production of the gas and insufficient means to medical instruments burred with the deceased, were apply it continuously and with reliable and preserved in the cylindrical bronze boxes (theca sufficient dosages to the patients. Both problems vulneraria). In one of those boxes, found in a tomb could not be satisfactorily solved until 1902. From of the "medicus et chirurgus ocularius" from this year on, however, the „Linde Process” allowed Viminacium, nine medical and surgical cheap mass-production of oxygen. Simultaneously, instruments from the period of Dioscorides` were various inventions of modern pressure gas found. Interestingly enough, it also contained two- technology allowed to overcome the application millennium old medicines in forms of pastilles problems. Here, a special importance is to be (catapotiae) and powders (parapaste). Different awarded to pressure reducing valves. These were forms of surgical and pharmaceutical instruments first introduced into medical technology by Draeger employed at Roman time were found in other Inc. (Lübeck / Germany) on a significant scale, locations in Serbia: Singidunum (today Belgrade), proving particularly successful in anaesthesia and Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica), Felix rescue-devices [e.g. in the „Roth-Draeger Romuliana (today Gamzigrad). The most common Anaesthesia Apparatus” (1902)]. Critically types of medical instruments found are: scalpels, discussing earlier research, which assumes that surgical scissors, tile cautery, epilation forceps „modern oxygen therapy” was „founded” by the (vilsella, volsella), hooks, blunt and sharp (hamus, British physiologist J.S. Haldane (1860 - 1936) in hamulus), cataracta hooks, bone forceps employed 1917 [2, 3], we finally propose a historical with fractured bone, instruments for trepanation. reassessment, accepting the year 1902 as the The pharmaceutical equipment and tools used for internationally decisive „turning point” towards preparing medicines of various shapes and sizes the development of modern oxygen therapy. that were discovered, included balances, mortars with pestles, mixing bowls, spatulas, storing jars and vessels for medicines and cosmetics.
138 138 45 MEXICO 277 POLAND Suárez Escobar M. Supady J. Bieganska M.
UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL HISTORY METROPOLITANA – AZCAPOTZALCO MEDICAL UNIV.OF LODZ
SAN LUIS 10, RESIDENCIAL STA. CRUZ, SATEL 90 – 151 LODZ EDO. DE MEXICO [email protected] LODZ [email protected] Medicine and Crime at the end of the 19th Diseases and medicine in Soviet camps in century in Mexico. memories of former prisoners of Gul-ag.
Mexican medicine during the last years of the 19th On the map of Russia, captured by Bolsheviks, the century was quite aware of the scientific advances camps, called initially 'concentration camps', of Europe and the United States of America. As became characteristic islands of particular part of such advances, Mexicans also observed what repressions. The people imprisoned there originated was done to deal with criminals and delinquency in from all the nations of the Soviet State, from almost general. all the nations of the European continent; also there The positivist, liberal, Darwinian and Spencerian were people from Asia and a few from both trends proposed a wide array of theories about the Americas and Australia. All social groups and causes of crime and why a person would become a classes could be found in the camps. The so-called criminal. Medicine was the main engine to create 'work reformatory camps' were supposed to fulfil hypotheses within a new branch of science called two basic functions: a repressive and criminology. Important contributions were also exterminational one and also they were a huge made by scientific advances regarding physical and reservoir of almost free and mercilessly exploited moral standards. labour. Work was the main right and the main duty This lecture will cover the birth of this new science of the prisoners (zekhs). The amount of food, the in Mexico and the causes and treatment of crime in prisoners were served, depended on individual effort this country during a peace time between two put into work. That system of exploiting physical revolutions. possibilities as well as extremely harsh conditions in camps (severe and unhealthy climate; living in primitive and dirty barracks, dugouts or tents; scarce clothes, that did not protect from cold; a plague of parasitic insects; persecution from prisoner-criminalists,etc, etc.) resulted in numerous diseases, first of all the hunger disease. It was manifested by enormous decrease of body mass, oedemas, chronic diarrhoea (panos) and avitaminoses: scurvy, pellagra and night-blindness. The prisoners suffered and died, among others, of tuberculosis, spotted fever, dysentery, infections of respiratory and genitourinary tract. Among noncontagious diseases accident traumas and internal organs diseases (heart, kidneys) as well as skin illnesses dominated.
139 139 324 ITALY 322 ITALY Tagarelli A. Tagarelli G. Lagonia P. Lagonia P. Piro A. Tagarelli A. ISTITUTO DI SCIENZE NEUROLOGICHE ISTITUTO DI SCIENZE NEUROLOGICHE
* * MANGONE (CS) [email protected] MANGONE (CS) [email protected] La malaria in Calabria. Il Vaiolo in Calabria.
La malaria in Calabria trova le sue origini nella fine Questo lavoro presenta, preliminarmente, quanto del periodo magno-greco (VI sec. a. C.). Da questo gli Archivi di Stato di Cosenza, Catanzaro e Reggio secolo, la storia della malaria diventa storia Calabria conservano sul vaiolo in Calabria. In dell’uso del territorio ma anche storia politica, particolare, dal fondo Sanità Pubblica e Marittima economica e sociale. – sezione Intendenza – dell’Archivio di Stato di Dall’analisi delle carte topomalariche redatte dal Cosenza, si è risaliti a sei epidemie avvenute negli Comitato Provinciale Antimalarico delle tre anni 1858-59-68-69-70 durante le quali si ebbero provincie calabresi (Cosenza, Catanzaro e Reggio 2.305 casi con 308 morti e 181 guariti. Le epidemie Calabria) negli anni della bonifica (1930-1935), è si susseguirono, come si evince dallo stesso fondo – emersa la geografia della distribuzione del vettore sezione Prefettura – negli anni 1919-20-21 durante (zanzara “anopheles”) del parassita malarico le quali si ebbero, nei soggetti non vaccinati, 628 (Plasmodio) in Calabria (15.080,32 km2) ottenendo casi e 154 morti su una popolazione media di un’area con alta presenza (3.270,75 km2; 21,69 %), 556.375; nei soggetti vaccinati, i casi furono 324 e i una con media presenza (4.606,56 km2; 30,55 %) e morti 64. Dal 1913 al 1921 furono operate 79.581 una con totale assenza (7.203,01 km2; 47,76 %). Le vaccinazioni di cui 62.727 con esito positivo e aree storicamente (XVIII-XIX secolo) umide 84.459 rivaccinazioni di cui 52.184 con esito coprivano una superficie di 2.290,70 km2 , pari al positivo. Dall’Archivio di Stato di Catanzaro, fondo 15,19 %. Sanità Pubblica e Marittima – sezione Intendenza La malaria in Calabria ha selezionato positivamente – si sono estrapolate le prime campagne di due anomalie genetiche: la talassemia ed il deficit di vaccinazioni effettuate tra il 1807 e il 1811 in glucosio-6-fosfato deidrogenasi. Le distribuzioni di alcuni comuni della Calabria Ulteriore (nel periodo frequenze di queste anomalie sono perfettamente napoleonico le due Calabrie Ulteriori erano correlate alla distribuzione del vettore malarico. unificate). Dallo stesso fondo – sezione Prefettura – invece, si sono estrapolate le vaccinazioni effettuate negli anni 1888-89-90-91-92, nella maggior parte dei comuni della provincia di Catanzaro (attuali provincie di Catanzaro, Crotone e Vibo Valentia), con 12.436 vaccinazioni di cui 11.142 diedero esito positivo. In particolare, si è acquisito il dato definitivo relativo ai casi e ai morti di vaiolo avvenuti nel 1889 nella intera provincia di Catanzaro. Su una popolazione media di 424.194, si registrarono 390 casi (con 126 morti).
140 140 194 TURKEY 117 IRAN Tahberer B. Tarokh A. Uzel Y. Naseri M. Poorzarabi P. THE ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE, SHAHED UNIVERSITY
RESATBEY MAH. 4 SOK. NO3 ÖZLER APT. K./25 NO 29, DEHKADEH ST., KESHAVARZ BOULVA ADANA [email protected] TEHRAN [email protected] Asklepios in ancient cilician numismatics. The history of anesthetics and recovery in Traditional Iranian Medicine (Tim):
Various gods and goddesses were the primary Natural drugs with anesthetic properties date back subjects of ancient coins. The Healing God to at least several centuries ago and have repeatedly Asklepios and the members of his family and his administrated by ancient famous Iranian physicians attributes were among the frequent coin subjects in for some kind of surgical interventions, even before ancient Cilicia. As a coin type most of the time, the development of current anesthetic agents. There Asklepios/Hygieia representations for many cities are many documents about this usage of traditional didn't have a particular importance unless they drugs by inhalation or by oral administration to needed the help of the Healing God. induce or maintain anesthesia. Furthermore, there However, there were some cities with an Asklepios are also some strong evidence on natural medicine, temple where the cult of the Healing God was which can facilitate or accelerate the recovery especially important. Together with others, ancient process following anesthesia. In this respect, a book numismatic materials prove that ancient Aigeai and entitled “Kerghe Bakheih” has introduced some Irenopolis in Cilicia were two cities that owned herbal mixtures for these purposes. significant cult places of Asklepios. The coins that we study in this paper will shed light to some important aspects of the Asklepios cult in Cilicia that were either obscure or unknown before. This paper will add to our knowledge on the worship of the Healing God and his cult in ancient Cilicia during the Roman Era.
141 141 171 GREECE 217 PHILIPPINES Tasouli A. Tayag J. Papadopoulos k. Geroulanos S. U. OF THE PHILIPPINES
18 SEVASTOPOULOU STREET COLLEGE OFARTS AND SCIENCES ATHENS [email protected] PADRE FAURA [email protected] Historical aspects of enteral nutrition. The history of sports and sports medicine in the Philippines.
The history of nutrition is as old as the history of Sports medicine in fairly new in the Philippines humanity. Interestingly, we find the first written and is now only being advocated. But one cannot references concerning the importance of feeding for view it apart from the history of sports in the health and life in Homer’s epic poems (1200 b.c.). Philippines in general. However, only the last decades has the principal This paper traces the history of sports in the role of enteral nutrition been adopted in clinical Philippines, especially its indigenous sports, and practice for the better outcome of diseases. The the introductions made by the American colonizers; decade of the 1970’s constitutes the starting point the main problems encountered and some of the in the application of direct enteral nutrition. In latest policies, innovations and concerns. Then it 1973, Delany for the first time used elementary will go into the early inroads of sports m,edicine, alimentation with an intestinal catheter directly to what have been done so far, what the problems the small bowel and in 1980, Hoover demonstrated encountered are, mainly, in correcting many myths that with this method the intestinal mucosa remains and misperceptions that abound, in the need for intact. Two years later, in 1982, D. Mona proposed specialists, further training and the setting up of that enteral nutrition begin immediately after the clinics nationwide, to be truly scientific and in the placement of intestinal catheter, in the operation service of sports in the country. theatre. In 1987, J. Daly confirmed that with timely elementary alimentation, abdomen distension is The paper also delves into the attempts to start " a avoided. He remarked that small initial doses of 10- revolution in fitness and sports and the value 20 ml are sufficient for avoiding postoperative transformation that goes with it. These were part of paralytic ileus. He has also verified that the delay of the nation-building and national recovery program nutrition commencement increases the risk of of then President Fidel V. Ramos. AT that time, a complications from intestinal inertia. F. Moore, at Master Plan for sports was crafted as well as a the same time, demonstrated the superiority of total Sports Summit held. enteral nutrition, in comparison to the total Just what have been the follow-up and resuts of parenteral nutrition, in reducing septic these initial moves to improve sports considerably, complications after severe abdomen trauma. under subsequent administrations of Joseph Estrada Finally, in 1992, J. Daly introduced the addition of and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo will be discussed, arginin, ù3 fatty acids and nucleotides in the including the lessons learned and the tasks ahead. elementary diet to ensure the decrease of septic complications. The time will show, if the combination of enteral with parenteral nutrition (overlaping) constitutes the method of choice.
142 142 248 ALGERIA 305 IRAN Tchikou M. Tofani H. Mosavi S. A.
EBNE SINA HOSPITAL MASHHAD
CITÉ DU 5 JUILLET, BT. D88, BAB-EZZOUAR * ALGER [email protected] * [email protected] Histoire de la Tracheotomie a travers les Lunar position and attempte suicid with ages. drug poisoning?
Ce geste chirurgical qui consiste en l’ouverture In This Study moon Phases ? Condition Of The antérieure de la trachée est destiné à empêcher un moon in The SKY? and attempt To Suicide With être humain de mourir. Cette intervention est drug intocicated policy ? effort of suicide? has been rapportée comme étant la plus ancienne de la studied. spécialité O.R.L. This Study has been ? done? From shaban 1416 to L’histoire de ce geste est intéressante mais shaban 1419 during 3 Lunar years on The Patient étonnamment brève. Et comme tous les actes That Cantacted to mashhad Emam Reza hospital in majeurs, avant de trouver sa place dans la poisoning emergency room . thérapeutique, la trachéotomie, va connaître des In This Study 13422 case of Attempte Suicide who heures de gloire et d’oubli. were registered in the insurance policy of hospital has been investigated ? studied? with out considering its success or fail ? most of Them have been failed? and patient sex ? most of Them were female? Regestration was in solar day of the years so it comverted to the lunar years . The days have been devided in to four groups due to the situation of the moon ? point of view of the person who was in the earth? and the cases have been categorized in four groups as follows (crescent,crescent to full moon ,full moon ,complet moon to crescent ) the conclusion has been analized statisticaly with ?chi?square test. Conclusion : most of contact pationt with attempt to suicide were in date that full moon or likeness distribiution of case in fuor grups of moon period was significant statistical different ( p < 0.05).
143 143 266 U.S. AMERICA 98 IRAN Tomlinson W. K. Torabi G. Dowling P. J. Naseri M. Vasei F. TULANE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE SHAHED UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES.
1527 SEVENTH STREET, 70115 #19,6TH CENTRAL ST,GHANAT KOWSAR,TEH NEW ORLEANS LA [email protected] TEHRAN [email protected] Moctezuma: An early description of Susto A comparative study on basic and clinical from contemporary sources. pharmacology and traditional Iranian Medicine (Tim).
Susto is a culture-bound psychiatric syndrome The following viewpoints of the present prevalent in Mexico, and Central and South pharmacologists are very close to the scientists of America, as well as among Latinos in the United the Traditional Iranian Medicine. There are many States. Symptoms, as described in the DSM-1V, evidence for this idea as follows: include sleep and appetite disturbances, feelings of 1. Experimental findings: sadness, lack of motivation, and feelings of TIM scientists were interested in true worthlessness and dirtiness. Somatic symptoms experimentation. For instance, Zakaria Rhazi may include, muscle pains, headaches, abdominal (Rhazes) had mentioned more than 60 points about pains, and diarrhea. Victims of this condition "also trial (Al-Havi Fit-Teb). Although they believed experience significant strains in key social roles." It animal experiments are very important, testing is traditionally attributed to a frightening event drugs on human beings could determine validity of that causes the tonalli or "soul" to leave the body. final results (clinical trial). For the potential Drawing on the observations of contemporary toxicity of drugs, testing on animals had always sources, the authors of this paper propose that been primer to mankind as a matter of safety. Moctezuma, a brutal warrior and emperor of the 2. Classification, Pharmacodanamics & Aztecs at the time of Spanish contact, displayed all Pharmacokinetics: the symptoms of this disorder, and was thus so TIM scientists have divided drugs in to different immobilized that he was unable to lead a resistance groups according to their potency-toxicity and their to Cortez and his small band of soldiers. In the effects. For example, according to potency-toxicity, relatively short period of two years, he did nothing drugs have four degrees from safe to toxic and they to counter the Spaniards as they fomented rebellion are divided in 3 major categories, for their effects. among his subject peoples, and he allowed himself to They have also worked and researched on different be held a virtual prisoner, though his warriors were, effects of drugs on the human body. For example, at least initially, more powerful than his captors. Avecina has worked on reduced effects of drugs due The authors conclude that a major factor in the to frequent usage. He believed that a single drug conquest of Mexico was the lack of effective shouldn’t be used continuously for a long time leadership because the Aztec leader suffered from because the effects would be diminished, and he calls this psychiatric disorder. this phenomenon as “TAHAMMOL” which equals “TOLERANCE”, in the current medicine. 3. Logical drug therapy: Traditional Iranian Medicine scientists had used diet therapy as the first choice for the treatment of diseases, then using monotherpy and, finally combination therapy.
144 144 387 GREECE 386 GREECE Trompoukis C. Trompoukis C.
UNIVERSITY OF CRETE, MEDICAL SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF CRETE, MEDICAL SCHOOL
MAIL BOX 2208, 71003 HERAKLION MAIL BOX 2208, 71003 HERAKLION HERAKLION [email protected] HERAKLION [email protected] Hippocratic methods in the wandering Greek hospitals in the eastern empirical doctors of eastern mediterranean Mediterranean at the post Byzantine period at the Ottoman period.
A great number of empiric doctors performed The Byzantine tradition of hospitals (xenon) is specific medical practice in the geographic and continued in the wider region of Eastern mainly in the legal frame of Ottoman Empire, Mediterranean even after the change of historical – presenting an explicit categorisation. They were political background, due to the dramatic events of distinguished in: a) those who dealt with internal 1453. Two cases of xenon in Constantinople, those diseases, b) those who were specialised in fractures of Duke Petros Sofianos and monk Josef at the 16th and the re-setting of the limbs, c) practical doctors century are the natural continuation of this specialising in the treatment of abscesses by cutting tradition. them open or with the application of poultices, d) A line of hospitals (Nosokomeia) are developed by those who specialised in the removal of stones e) or the local Greek communities, depending on the with the treatment of hernias, and of course all political conditions that prevail. Cases such as that these categories were differentiated by that of of island Chios, that because of the sovereignty of charlatans. In the present paper the medical action Genoese created a powerful infrastructure in the that is carried out by the empirical doctors, and subjects of sanitary care, that were also continued mainly surgical techniques, is studied in detail and during the Ottoman domination, constitute a is compared with the systematic descriptions of particular example. The action of certain economic- Hippocrates and Galen, and also those of the professional teams also imposed the building of greatest and famous Byzantine physicians. A Hospitals, such as the Hospitals of Constantinople continuous and strict application of these methods during the 18th century. by these empirical doctors, appears to be rescued In the present article the recording of all hospitals, through a close oral teaching and an absolute the study of the effect of various factors in their specialisation passed on from father to son, in a foundation and operation, the concise analysis of very close family professional network, so much the system and the quality of services in the Greek close that in certain cases required the use of special Hospitals of the wider region of Eastern idioms, in order to prevent the perception of the Mediterranean is attempted, in order to enlighten medical terms from the patients and their the situation of medicine in the region, in a time environment. The fact that these traditional medical period of sovereignty from a different political- families did not have any relation or contact with religious system, and emphasize the links with the the medical schools of West supports absolutely the Byzantine and furthermore the Hippocratic medical opinion that medical knowledge was transferred at tradition, and also the very important effects of the same time via the Byzantine authors and the Renaissance in the operation of these institutions oral spread in both worlds of East and West. and in the medical progress.
145 145 203 GREECE 115 AUSTRALIA Tsiamis C. Tyler P. Poulakou Rebelakou E. Lascaratos G. HISTORY OF MEDICINE, MEDICAL SCHOOL, "MEDICAL HISTORY AUSTRALIA" NATIONAL UN.
FORMIONOS 104 PO BOX 5064, GREENWICH NSW 2065 ATHENS [email protected] SYDNEY [email protected] The great plague of Candia (1592 - 1595). Detecting Tuberculosis - analysis of a national campaign.
After the Latin conquest of Constantinople in At the end of World War II, many countries made a 1204, the Venetians conquered Crete and the most concerted effort to deal with the endemic scourge of of the Greek islands. Crete and its geographic place pulmonary tuberculosis. The Australian Federal played a very important role as a colony and the government began a national campaign which the capital Candia represented the major trade center Prime Minister expected 'to reduce tuberculosis to and a main naval base of East Mediterranean Sea. a problem of minor importance within two During the Venetian rule, 45 plague epidemics decades'. This ambitious project involved regular occurred in the city of Candia and the other cities compulsory mass screening of the entire adult of the island. population, spread over an area of nearly eight Historical sources, like the << Historia della peste million square kilometres. Thirty mobile X-ray nel Regno di Candia >> ( 1592 ), by the chronicler units traversed cities, rural areas and offshore Ioannis Vergitsis and the correspondence of the territories until 1981, when the campaign finished. Venetian officers , Nicolo Donato and Filippo By that date, the incidence and mortality rates of Pasqualigo with the Great Council of Venice, tuberculosis were amongst the lowest in the world. provided us with detailed information about the Public health officials credited this achievement to disease and its political , economical and the intensive case-finding project, but their psychological effects on the Greek and Venetian confidence may be misplaced because the population of Candia, as well as the hygienal commencement of the campaign coincided with the organization, the principles of preventive medicine introduction of effective chemotherapy. In any case, and the authorities’ activities in emergency the incidence of the disease in Australia had been situations. steadily declining for almost a century. At the same time, an explanation is given to interprate the lost opportunity for the Great Ottoman Armada to conquer the deserted city. Conclusion: A great epidemic of plague in Candia , Crete , under the Latin rule is analyzed and studied according to historical and various other sources.
146 146 61 UNITED KINGDOM 353 TURKEY Ucel-Aybet G. Ulman Yesim I.
MIMAR SINAN UNIVERSITY, ISTANBUL- CERRAHPASA TIP FAKÜLTESI TURKEY
80 EATON DRIVE,KINGSTON HILL,KINGSTON DEONTOLOJI A.D. 34303 SURREY KT2 7QX [email protected] CERRAHPASA-ISTANBUL [email protected] 17th century Turkish medical works by The life and works of an Ottoman unknown autors on experimental medicine. Pharmacist of italian origin: Antoine Calleja (1806-1893).
In this paper I have introduced some works written Belonging to a Ottoman family of Italian origin, by unknown authors on medicine in Turkish in the Antoine Calleja was born in Constantinople in the 17th century. This sort of works are in few in beginning of the 19th century. He studied number some of them even has no dates. They pharmacy probably in Italy-Pisa. On his return to mainly deal with mystic and medical subjects. the Ottoman Empire he was charged in teaching One of these works was a treatise on colds chemistry and pharmacy at the Imperial Medical ,influenza (ailments). The author of the work says School in Istanbul and ran pharmacies at the that he treated an Ottoman official in Smyrna Capital City for fourty years. (Izmir) and he was asked to write about on the Named as Kalye Effendi Kalya Bey or Master subject. Antuvan in the archival sources, he was formally In comparison to 14th century unknown authors ' gratified with the top civilian title (ula evveli) works in Arabic these 17th century Turkish medical equivalent of military pasha due to his services to treatises merely deal with treatments of common the Empire. He was the founding member of several ailments. To clarify the matter I also associations of pharmacy and medicine in give some examples from the 14th century medical Constantinople, contributor of legal texts works by unknown authors in Arabic on human regulating the pharmaceutical practice in the anatomy and medical science probably based on Ottoman Empire and author of coursebooks he translations from ancient Greek works or professed at the Medical School. Avicenna's work. The paper will deal with this interesting Ottoman- This research work of mine based on my recent Italian figure on the basis of excerpts from his life studies in the University libraries in England, and and works in the Ottoman State. Scotland and the British Library in London.
147 147 75 NETHERLANDS 209 ITALY Vanagt K. Vanni D.
UNIVERSITEIT TWENTE - DEPT HISTORY - UFFICIO STORICO CRI (REGIONE TOSCANA) CAPITOOL
PB 217 * ENSCHEDE [email protected] FIRENZE [email protected] Kepler among the doctors: V. F. Plempius's Sui “Principi elementari di Frenologia” del 'Ophthalmographia' (1632). Dottore Giuseppe Canziani (1838).
In 1632, V.F. Plempius (1601-1671), a Dutch Viene presentata l’opera del Canziani sulla doctor known for his participation in the scientific frenologia. Trattasi di un testo originale pubblicato polemics of his time, published an ophthalmic a Milano nel 1838, dedicato dall’autore a Pietro treatise entitled Ophthalmographia, which included Molossi, nel quale si tenta di sistematizzare le anatomical, physical, mathematical - i.e. optical - relazioni tra struttura anatomo-fisiologica del and philosophical approaches to sight, as well as a sistema nervoso e attività psichiche. section on ocular pathology. Most of the seventeenth century doctors believed vision occurred by an extramission of visual rays, following Galen (ca.129-ca.199), while mathematicians had tried to prove, and further refine, the so-called intromission theory. An important step in the mathematical tradition was made in 1604 with the publication of Kepler's theory of image formation. In an attempt to bridge the gap between mathematicians and doctors, Plempius advocated Kepler's theory of the retinal image in his 'Ophthalmographia'. In this paper I will explore how Plempius tried to make Kepler's theory understandable for his colleagues, by fitting it into the framework of Aristotelian philosophy and humoural medicine, and discuss some of the medical consequences of drawing on Kepler's insights. One of the main consequences for a doctor of assuming the Keplerian theory was that the entire process of image- formation in the eye could be explained without any additional flux of visual spirit, a process which I will call 'the emancipation of the eye': the eye can deliver itself from the 'tyranny' of the body. This means not only an important step in the decline of the humoural therapy, but also a step towards specialization.
148 148 303 VENEZUELA 384 ITALY Vannini de Gerulewicz Vanzan Paladin A.
UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA UNIVERSITÀ IULM
AV. LOS PINOS Nº 27 LA FLORIDA S. CROCE 1626 30135 VENEZIA CARACAS [email protected] MILANO [email protected] Erbario medicinale magico folklorico Melancholy and Islam. sudamericano.
Intendiamo per piante magiche quelle piante dell’ The word "melancholy" carries different meanings America meridionale alle quali si attribuiscono as its significance deeply varied in different epochs propietá che vanno oltre i limiti del normale, e il cui and context. In the Islamic world too the term uso non si limita ad una applicazione puramente "melancholy" has connoted diverse morbid terapeutica o medicinale, ma abbraccia il mondo conditions according to the historical time, the fantastico, sia perché il loro consumo per essere geographical setting and the interpretation of the effettivo presuppone qualche rito o cerimonia, sia scholar who was describing the "melancholic" perché sono circondate da misteriose leggende, o manifestation. perché sono usate dagli indígeni e nativi con scopi The present paper describes the various meanings of rituali o mistici. Alcune di queste piante hanno the term "melancholy" as they are dicussed in virtú benefiche: sollievano mali spirituali e curano Islamic medical texts; in addition, it brings about malattie causate da influenze negative. Altre, some samples of the concept of "melancholy" has it invece, possiedono propietá malevole, e sono capaci has been shaped in the Muslim imaginary. di provocare indisposizioni, disagi e danni mortali secondo la quantitá usata. Questo favoloso universo della botanica locale ereditato dall`antico lascito aborigeno insieme con la miscellanea razziale ed il bagaglio di credenze magiche di tre culture (l´autottona, la spagnola e l´africana) combinate armoniosamente in una sola, forma parte della vita del latinoamericano in generale, ancora oggi. Esiste un gran numero di alberi, radici, foglie, fiori, erbe, la cui esistenza é legata perennemente a quella di queste genti, abitino esse nei campi o nelle cittá, che ricorrono abitualmente alle piante, amiche da sempre. Fra loro abbiamo eseguito la nostra ricerca ed abbiamo raccolto informazioni corroborandole con varie fonti di distinte origini. Ai fini della nostra esposizione abbiamo organizzato il materiale raccolto in tre sezioni. Senza pretendere esaurire il tema, proporremo di ogni sezione investigata alcuni esempi che consideriamo significativi.
149 149 264 UCRAINA 402 ITALY Vasylyev K. G. Veneziani S. Babienko V.
ODESSA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
* VIA POSTIGLIONE 26 ODESSA [email protected] BARI [email protected] Evolution of Sanitary-Quarantine Dall'Antichità Classica A G. Mercuriale: Il measures' development in Russia and Nuoto Come Pratica Medica E Ukraine. "Apoterapeutica"
There are some stages in the history of sanitary- “Gli antichi tennero sempre il nuoto in grandissima quarantine measures in Russia and Ukraine: a) considerazione,…”, riferisce Girolamo Mercuriale sources are building the temporary barriers on the nel De Arte Gymnastica. La “scienza del nuoto”, boarders if some signal connecting with epidemic più di qualsiasi esercizio ginnico, era ritenuta parte conditions have appeared neighboring countries; b) fondamentale della paideia, insieme al saper leggere the creation of permanent bordering quarantine on e allo scrivere. Storici e lirici, da Omero ad Erodoto, the land borders and in the sea-ports; c) the creation decantarono la competenza natatoria come capacità of the sanitary-quarantine net of offices on the salvifica e vantaggiosa in caso di battaglia navale, boarders which are regulated by General propria di ogni singolo combattente greco. Il valore Quarantine Charter; d) Russia's and USSR's del nuoto venne poi mutuato dai medici joining the International Sanitary Convention due dell’antichità per le sue intrinseche proprietà to which activity of realized according to the curative ed “apoterapeutiche”, atte, cioè, a International Sanitary rules/ migliorare la forma fisica. Sono sottolineate dai Long term is the transition from the national diversi autori le prerogative salutari dei vari tipi di quarantine to the International epidemiologic acque: da quella marina a quella sorgiva, da quella guard (International Quarantine). lacustre a quella stagnante, in relazione alla temperatura dell’acqua e dell’ambiente. Il nuoto, di cui però non si specificano gli stili adeguati, e le abluzioni vengono indicate per i più diversi stati patologici. L’analisi delle virtù terapeutiche del nuoto ricopre due capitoli dell’opera De Arte Gymnastica. Nell’ambito del rinnovato interesse rinascimentale per la cultura del corpo, l’eruditissimo Mercuriale raccoglie l’eredità dei suoi illustri predecessori, nel tentativo di proporre ai suoi contemporanei di dedicarsi agli esercizi ginnici, di essi il nuoto è considerato il più completo, a scopo medico- preventivo, sostanziando le proprie opinioni attraverso l’autorità dei classici. Il lavoro ha lo scopo di ripercorrere, attraverso la lettura delle fonti classiche, la dotta opera di collazione di Mercuriale, di adattamento ai propri tempi e divulgazione.
150 150 373 MEXICO 366 RUSSIA Viesca C. Yarovinsky M.Ya. De La Fuente J.R. Paltsev M.A. De Viesca M. R. FACULTY OF MEDICINE, U.N.A.M. I.M. SECHENOV MOSCOW MEDICAL ACADEMY
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPH PETROVERIGSKY PER.,6/8, 101990, MEXICO CITY [email protected] MOSCOW [email protected] Pathological representations in Mexican A. P. Chekhov as a historian of medicine. prehispanic plastic arts.
Mexican Prehispanic plastic arts are an important The great Russian writer A. P. Chekhov died 100 source for the History of Medicine because the high years ago at the age of 44 years. His dramas and number and variety of patholoogical representations. short stories are known all over the world. The great From the first mesoamerican cultures, around 2000 L. N. Tolstoi wrote: "Chekhov is Pushkin in BC, to the Aztec (mexica) Empire, illneses were literature". represented vividly and with luxury of details. Chekhov entered the Medical Faculty of Moscow There are some beautiful representatoions of life and University in 1879. His first literary work "A death, a circular process, in the form of a face with Letter to a Learned Neighbor" was published in the normal traits in one half and the other as a skeleton “Strekoza” (“Grasshopper”) journal in 1880. or affected with facial paralysis. There are also When a student, he first thinks about research representations of dwarfs, of endocrine transtorns, activity. rheumatic illnesses and some genetical syndromes, He chooses the theme "History of Sexual club foot, etc. We present a revision of their tipólogy Authority" and starts its active development. He and the illnesses represented and an interpretation collects data for his thesis, in fact, in history of of illnesses from the double point of view, that of medicine: "Practical Medicine in Russia". This their identification in modern medicine and that thesis was never finished. corresponding to mexican prehispanic medical In 1884 A. P. Chekhov got his Diploma and system. Certificate of a Zemstvo doctor and started working in the Zvenigorod hospital near Moscow. In 1888 he won the Pushkin Prize for collection of short stories "In the Dusk". In 1890 he made a voyage to the island of Sakhalin, where he conducted extensive socio-hygienic studies. He wished to present his book "Island of Sakhalin" as a thesis for a Doctor Degree. In 1892-1893 he took part in cholera control measures and published "Ward No. 6". Like in his short stories "Ionych", "Scamperer", etc., he depicted here the history and status of zemstvo medicine in Russia at the end of the 19th and beginning the 20th century.
151 151 395 ISRAEL 96 TURKEY Yefet Eliya Yilmaz S. Kamaci Z. Ozturk L. HEBREW UNIVERSITY SAKARYA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ILAHIYAT FACULTY, OZANLAR / ADAPAZAR JERUSALEM [email protected] ADAPAZARI [email protected] Hospitals for the insane in Palestine (1895- The religious life of the Christian 1948). Physicians according to Ibn abu Usaybia (D. a.D. 1270).
In 1895, first institutes for the care of insane and Ibn Abu Usaybia is a historian of medicine dying in incurables in established in Jerusalem, by Jewish the late 13th century or so. His writing the so- initiatives. That was the first hospital in Palestine called ‘Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba is a for that object, and maybe the first in the entire unique work for having records from missing books modern- times Middle East. and valuable information. Thus it enlightened The treatment of sick people in an institute outside widely the medical development and the previous their house is relatively recent. Accept Leprosy, history of cultures before Islam in the Islamic treatment was the family's responsibility, at their world. house. Chaining the insane, taking them to holy Ibn Abu Usaybia containing opulent knowledge of places, turning to witchcraft or praying- Christian physicians in the Islamic world is one of considering the alternative treatments of lunatics the highly important sources. Some details that it till then, none of which was based on modern gives in the biographies of Christian physicians are attitude of medicine- this hospital was a great step quite enough to make right interpretations about forward in the history of Palestine medicine, an their religious life. adequate one. It shows that Christian physicians used to go to the As time went on, the population grew as well as the churches for praying, have some mystic experiences, awareness of the need to a professional treatment sometimes be influenced in election and and the need (combined with a successive change of appointment of religious functionaries, participate social norms) to isolate the insane from society. in festivals in the churches, taking permission, to go Three were the limiting factors of building more to churches and pray while travelling with the homes: first, there was the Othman law concerning caliphs. the establishment of such hospitals, second is the In the light of these records it’s possible to reach a lack of funds and the third, most dominant factor, is conclusion about Christian physician’s religious life the British Policy in Palestine. As a state with and to get a nearly certain view of religious life of explicit rules for the treatment of insane people Christian physicians being under the Islamic running an experienced mechanism of hospitals and Caliphate in the East. state care of them, it would be expected that the In this paper we are concerning to get a general British government would encourage this trend. view of Christian physician’s religious life through Alas, it contradicted a fiscal policy of investing the information that Ibn Abu Usaybia presented. money in British colonial territories. Hence, not only we find a consistent refusal to build more hospitals, in spite of the great demand for it, but we also find a refusal to aid those Jewish initiators.
152 152 227 U.S. AMERICA 181 BULGARIA York G. K. Yovkova A. Steinberg D. A. Chincheva S.
SÅA INSTITUTE SOUTH-WEST UNIVERSITY, BLAGOEVGRAD
21201 OSTROM RD, 95629 66 IVAN MIHALOV STR., 2700, FIDDLETOWN CA [email protected] BLAGOEVGRAD [email protected] Hughlings Jackson’s neurological method. The Health Care in South-West Bulgaria in the period 1900-1970.
This study is intended to demonstrate John The aim of the study is to presents special features Hughlings Jackson’s method of case analysis. of the health care in historical aspect. The medical- Physicians in mid-Victorian England did not use a historical survey for development of health care in systematic method of clinical case analysis. Many, SouthWest is presented. The stress is made on the but not all, followed Moritz Romberg’s 1840 role of Bulgarian Church authority for carry out of classification of neurological diseases into disorders holistic health-social care. of increased and decreased sensation and The impact of foreign doctors, worked in Bulgaria movement. Robert Bentley Todd and Charles before and after the liberation, as well as young Edouard Brown-Séquard advocated an inherently generation of Bulgarian doctors, received their physiological approach to analysis of sensory and education in the foreign countries are discussed. All motor signs and symptoms. We examined of them are inspirited from charity idea for Hughlings Jackson’s published works up to the improvement of health and health education of published exposition of his method of study of population in this region. These efforts were base for diseases of the nervous system, given at the London building of good health care in Pirin region. Hospital in June 1864. Hughlings Jackson proposed to make an explicit evaluation of the anatomy, tissue pathology and pathological physiology in every patient with disease of the nervous system. This was an expressly biological approach to case study, a scientific method that had not been previously applied to neurology. Hughlings Jackson showed the power of his method by publishing a series of thirty-eight patients with mitral stenosis, middle cerebral artery embolism, aphasia and right hemiparesis. This study supported Broca’s assertion that there is a center for language in the left inferior frontal lobe. Hughlings Jackson went on to use his tripartite method of scientific case analysis to produce his theory of cerebral localization.
153 153 360 ITALY 358 ITALY Zanchin G. Zanchin G. Panetto M. Mainardi F. Maggioni F. ISTITUTO DI STORIA DELLA MEDICINA ISTITUTO DI STORIA DELLA MEDICINA
VIA FALLOPIO 50, 35121 VIA FALLOPIO 50, 35121 PADOVA [email protected] PADOVA [email protected] History, Art And Patient-Physician Headache causes and prevention in the De relationship in Headache. Morbis Artificum Diatriba (1713)
A historical outline of this fascinating chapter of Bernardino Ramazzini (Carpi 1633 – Padova 1714) medicine, headache, allows an ample overview on demonstrated a great interest in the cause and beliefs, conception, knowledge, cultural and social prevention of headaches. The second, larger and backgrounds of different epochs; indeed, there is not final edition (1713) of his most important work, De a more widespread pain experience. This intimate morbis artificum diatriba, which marks the birth of suffering, so individually perceived, has found modern occupational medicine, reports headaches as various artistic expressions. To be more specific, it caused by work-related activities in 12 of 69 may stimulate patients to represent their feelings professions considered. and/or their visual perceptions, documenting the Ramazzini does not limit himself to clinical extensive variation of this peculiar ailment. In a description, but also often adds considerations on subtle, indirect way, it possibly inspires some possible etiopathogenic factors and preventative artists in their creativity. suggestions, such as with regards to the following From the complex dimension of this very common professional categories: wet-nurse (“exhaustion,” form of human suffering, the primary headaches, sleep); clerks, menders (prolonged attention); characterized by chronic periodic recurrence and by footmen, singers (blood pletora in the brain); the emotional as well as physical participation of the hunters, sailors (temperature fluctuations); wine patient, it emerges that in the cure of diseases the producers, brewers (an excess of animal spirits); individual comprehensive consideration of the carpenters, confectioners, and those that work with patient in all of his human aspects is of paramount oil and leather (bad odors). relevance. An attitude already present at the first From what he reports about his own experience beginnings of medical treatment when the care, with irritating, unbearable odors when visiting rather than the cure, was the help medicine had to grimy shops, Ramazzini seems to have been a offer. migraineur himself, for whom bad smells could have triggered role on attacks.
154 154 404 ITALY 331 RUSSIA Zanna M. Zatravkin S.N. Musajo Somma C. Stochik A.M.
CENTRO DI RIFERIMENTO ONCOLOGICO INSTITUTE MEDICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA DELLA BASILICATA RESEARCH COMPANY
- PETROVERIGSKY PER., 6/8, 101990 MOLFETTA [email protected] MOSCOW [email protected] A Brief History Of Mastectomy Formation of University Medical education in Russia.
Breast cancer has always been a major health The formation of the University Medical education problem.The first written evidence suggestive of in Russia took place from 1758--1863 in three breast cancer is from ancient Egypt and is found in stages. The first stage (1758--1804) consisted of a the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus dating back transfer of the fundamentals of the canon of the from 3000 to 2500 b.C.E. Surgery was recognized European tradition of the University Medical as a "form of therapy"in the second century C.E. by education onto Russia ground. Only the students the greek physician Leonides,who related the first who had studied the Philosophical Faculty mastectomies.From the fall of the Roman Empire to curriculum were admitted to the medical faculty. the Renaissance medical progress remained Ten to fifteen disciplines grouped into four to five stagnant as Christianity and Islam prohibited professorial courses were taught. The two modes of anatomical dissection and, in turn, limited surgical teaching — lectures and disputes — were mainly practice. Anatomical paradigms for breast cancer used. There was no clinical base and no training at arose with the Renaissance and the renewed study the patient’s bed. The graduates received the degree of anatomy. The same Andreas Vesalius(1514- of Candidate of Medicine which gave no right to 1564)who was also a surgeon, advocated the practice medicine. The second stage (1804--1840) complete removal of the breast. But it was Jean aimed at the creation of the Institute of Medical Louis Petit of Paris(1674-1750)who developed an Faculties and a reorientation of their work towards en bloc resection of the breast and palpable axillary the training of doctors with the right to enter into limph nodes.In the second half of nineteenth private practice, and was known for the century, the establishment of the cellular origins of introduction of clinical teaching, visual aids and disease and the local pattern of cancer's new principles of teaching process management. progression,provided a more rational framework on Universities were given the commission to confer which to structure surgical treatment. The surgical the rights for medical practice. The aim of the third revolution brought by general anaesthesia in 1846 stage (1840--1863) was the elaboration and and antiseptic practice in 1867 led to an escalated introduction of a common all-Russian standard for effort to surgically treat breast cancer until the en medical training. For this purpose State reforms of bloc removal of breast and pectoralis major muscle higher medical education were implemented and a with wide resection of the skin and axillary nodes principally new curriculum based on the idea of the known as the Halsted mastectomy(1894). stepwise principle of clinical training was elaborated and introduced.
155 155 144 RUSSIA 410 ITALIA Zhuravleva T.V. Giordano E. Lisitsyn Y.P.
RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL UNIVERSITÀ DI BASILICATA. SCIENCE
PETROVERIGSKY PER., 6/8 DIPARTIMENTO DI ST.FILOLOG. E LETTER. MOSCOW [email protected] MATERA [email protected] Studying and teaching the medicine history Un inedito 'librecto de la conservatione de of the XX- the beginning of the XXI la sanità' di area meridionale del XVI centuries. secolo.
A new medicine history textbook is written. The Serbato in un manoscritto miscellaneo della half of it is devoted exactly to the XX - the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli, il Librecto de la beginning of the XXI centuries. In the textbook and conservatione della sanità è una redazione the corresponding syllabus such problems as: manoscritta acefala di più 500 pagine composta medicine development conditions of the XX probabilmente agli inizi del XVI secolo da una century; prominent achievements; basic medico tarantino di origine lucana. Suddiviso in conceptions; the most well-known medicine schools sette trattati, destinati progressivamente 1) all’aria, in all branches of the science; the main medicine 2) al cibo e alle bevande, 3) al sonno e alla veglia, 4) course of the XX century (socio-prophylactic); al moto e alla quiete, 5) agli accidenti dell’anima, 6) changes in population's health; the development alla reple-zione e all’evacuazione, 7) alle and usage of modern technologies, especially prescrizioni medi-che per i vaggiatori, il Trattato è demonstrative in surgical disciplines; appearance of dedicato ad uno degli ultimi rappresentanti della new diseases (more than 80); the risk factor's role in casa regnante aragonese in procinto di fug-gire in social health and others are popular elucidated to esilio dopo la vana resistenza all’assedio francese di students. All pedagogical methods are used in Taranto. Nel suo corposo compendio l’autore, teaching: lectures, seminars, discussions and others. probabilmente addottoratosi all’Università di The approximate curriculum is given. Padova, trasfonde i principi della dottrina umorale di Avicenna adeguando le pre-scrizioni rivolte al giovane erede aragonese alla ti-pologia delle condizioni dettate dal luogo e dal tempo; si rinvengono così utili e interessanti casi-stiche per l’instaurazione di un corretto regime dietetico alimentare fondato sulle peculiarità cli-matiche e produttive dell’area meridionale italiana, non trascurando una serie di consigli utili per l’individuazione di idonei ambienti abitativi. Il materiale presente nel Trattato si rivela di indubbia importanza per lo studio della situazione lingui-stica della zona meridionale adriatica della nostra penisola, ma può rappresentare anche una sicura base documentale per la storia di una branca della medicina, quella preventiva, oggi fondamen-tale per i suoi riflessi sociali.
156 156 411 ITALIA 412 ITALIA Ammirati A. Pierri G. Zito V.
UNIVERSITÀ DI BARI. DIP. DI SCIENZE NEUROLOGICHE E PSICHIATRICHE.
* SCUOLA SPEC. IN PSICHIATRIA, AZ.OSP. POLI BARI [email protected] BARI [email protected] Historical use of liquorice in therapy. Le fanciulle miracolose del XVI Secolo.
L’uso della liquirizia in ambito medico- Vengono presentate le storie di due fanciulle farmacologico affonda le sue radici a tempi miracolose: Margaretha Wiss e Eva Vliegen, vissute lontanissimi. I Cinesi la indicano,nei loro testi di nel 1500 circa. medicina,come rimedio per allungare la vita,mentre La prima aveva rifiutato di nutrirsi da quando gli antichi Egizi,i Greci, i Romani e gli Sciiti la aveva 10 anni. La sua celebrità si era diffusa consideravano essenziale per la cura ditosse ovunque e tale miracoloso digiuno divenne oggetto secca,asma,bronchite e tisi nonché per la cura di di una quantità di opuscoli e trattati medici. Anche malattie gastroenteriche e delle vie urinarie. Diversi un poeta e diversi artisti la scelsero come fonte di medici naturalisti greci, da Teofrasto ( IV sec. a.C. ) ispirazione e fu addirittura convocata a Corte. a Dioscoride di Anazarba di Tarso ( I sec. a.C. ), La seconda, Eva Vliegen, invece, perse l'appetito nel l’hanno tenuta in grande considerazione anche per 1594, a 19 anni, e dopo tre anni smise di toccare curare, sotto forma di pomata, le infezioni oculari. cibo e bevande. Diceva di vivere della fragranza dei In clima di Rivoluzione francese, il filosofo fiori e di avere contatti con gli Angeli. Rousseau consigliava di far succhiare ai neonati un Dopo aver dichiarato per trent'anni un digiuno bastoncino di liquirizia in modo da farli crescere in assoluto, però, Eva fu smascherata: furono trovati maniera sana e naturale,mentre si dice che nella sua stanza diversi generi alimentari e, in Napoleone tenesse sempre a portata di mano seguito a tali eventi, fu arrestata e condannata alla pasticche di liquirizia per combattere i suoi famosi flagellazione. bruciori di stomaco sul campo di battaglia. Sono esposte in dettaglio le due storie, dalle quali L' Autore illustra l'excursus storico dell'uso emergono tipologie psicologiche di particolare terapeutico della liquirizia interesse.
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