The Impact of Dayton and Ohrid Peace Agreements On

CEU eTD Collection

A P In partialIn fulfilment of the GREEMENTS THE ON EOPLE H T ERZEGOVINAAND THE HE Departmen I L MPACTOF IVETHE R t of t EPUBLIC OF Supervisor: Professor Relations and European Studies

International Relations and European Studies Central European University requirements for the degree Masterof Internationalof P Word count: Budapest, Hungary D EACE Nikolina Talijan AYTON AND Submitted to E VERYDAY 2015 By

M P

16 572 F ROCESS IN ACEDONIA Emel Akçali ORMER

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OW DO OW Y B UGOSLAV

OSNIA AND P EACE L

OCAL CEU eTD Collection the co two the of citizens everyday with conducted interviews the on based primarily is research the Additionally, territories. specific in citizens everyday the so the Macedonia and Bosnia in of liberal norm exportation through the liberal international intervention in peace e bythe internalized be to failobviously that norms liberal of institutionalization the by targeted been have countries two the respectively, Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia peace led internationally norms liberal Thi s research will provide the empirical contribution to the ongoing debate on the exportation of exportation the on debate ongoing the to contribution empirical the provide will research s impact androle of - called peace called during - builders in builders

the h peace the - building processes in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia in processes building . Hence it will will it Hence . Dayton Peace andOhrid Agreements peace in

weak

- (Macedonia) building process. It will do so by using the examples of of examples the using by so do will It process. building

states and the actual internalization of these very norms by norms very these of internalization actual the and states veryday people. Moreover, this thesis thesis this Moreover, people. veryday differentiate between the exportation of liberal norms by norms liberal of exportation the betweendifferentiate Abstract . Through Through i

the Dayton untries and their personal opinions on opinions personal their and untries and and Ohrid Peace Agreements,

- (B building activities. building osnia) explores - building projects

and the Former the and the limits limits the

CEU eTD Collection attention. addition In improved my work. greatly have that commentsand ideas forPopovic Diskaya Milos andto Ali mygratitude express this take I Also, writing. my in confidence gain me helped feedback constant Her Furthermore, I woul helpful the for Akçali Emel Professor supervisor comments, my to gratitude my express to like would I Finally, IFinally, am , I would like to thank my thank to like would I , exp lanations

d like to thank very ,

andthe learning engagement through process ofmyMaster’s Thesis.

ateful to my partner who tomyateful supported partner methrough venture. this Ms Acknowledgements Zsuzsanna Toth for guiding me through the writing process. parents

for the unceasing encouragement, inspiration encouragement, unceasing the for ii

opportunity to opportunity

and

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Chapter 3: Evaluating the Success of Norm Exportation through Agreements Peace Chapter 2: Ways whichin Everyday Live People the Peace Process Bosniain and Macedonia Chapter 1: Norm exportation andHumanitarian Governance Liberalin Peace Introduction Table Contentsof Acknowledgements Abstract 3.2 Interpreting Results the on Local Views of Peacethe 3.1 2.3 How doEveryday Live People Peacethe Process in Macedonia? 2.2 2.1 Research Methodology exercise 1.4 International Involvement in Bosnia and Macedonia: Export Liberalof Norms a as ‘Neocolonial’ 1.3 Role Humanitarianof Governance Normin Exportation 1.2 1.1 International Community Norm andthe ‘Life Cycle’ 3.2.3 International Community's Paternalism Conflict in Settlement in Bos 3.2.2 Eurocentrism Conflict in 3.2.1 Local Ownership in Liberal 3.1.2 3.1.1 Dayton Peace Agreement Bosnia in Macedonia 2.3.2 Perceptions of Everyday Albanians on Ohridthe Agreement andits Impact on Life in Life in Macedonia 2.3.1 Perceptions of Everyday Orthodox Macedonians Ohridon the Agreement and its Impact on Bosnia 2.2.3 Perceptions of Everyday Bosniaks onthe Dayton Agreement andits Impact on 2.2.2 Perceptions of Everyday on Serbs Daytonthe Agree 2.2.1 Perceptions of Everyday Peace Agreements and International Involvement as Response a Interto How doEv Democratic Norm Exportation in Liberal Peace

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CEU eTD Collection 1976 Peacekeeping, 3 http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/structuring 2015, 1, 2 http:/ 1 society civil the with work their increased have actors national and multinational other addition, UN the is peacekeeping of charge in agentfrequent most The community. international entire the of stability the for important significantly become has numer in and challenging process. that continues after the fire is ceased, and which ensures concrete benefits to local people, is a long Unfor violence. physical further prevents only itself agreement signed a that demonstrated have decades two last the during signed agreements Peace reappearance. caref require transformation and resolution conflict of process the conflict, a ending after addition, In that resolve note that the t constructively more addressed be may it that so conflict violent a transform significantly or end to “intended post the in conflicts Introduction

ransformation a enable that will constructive conflict Jyoti Khanna, Jyoti Khanna, Ouellet, Julian and Yawanarajah Nita Cold “Post

indeed does bring an end to fighting, but it is only the first step in the process of peace /www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/surge.shtml ul understanding and addressing the root causes of the conflict itself in order to prevent its its prevent to order in itself conflict the of causes root the addressing and understanding ul

I inter to response in tool important increasingly an become have agreements Peace it. Hence, a signed peace agreement is a vit a is agreement peace signed a Hence, it. n the post the n ous newly established sovereign countries. Naturally, the management of these conflicts conflicts these of management the Naturally, countries. sovereign established newly ous - War Surge,” United Nationas Peacekeeping, accessed May 5, 2015, 2015, May5, accessed Nationas Peacekeeping, United Surge,” War

creation and implementation of a peace agreement will Todd Sandler, and Hirofumi Shimizu, Shimizu, Hirofumi and Sandler, Todd . ” 2 -

1996,” In theory, a peace agreement aims to create foundations needed for a conflict a for needed foundations create to aims agreement peace a theory, In

- c old

- cold

- Journal of Conflict Resolution Conflict Journal of war period inter period war

- war

period “ Peace Agreements,” Peace . 1

- pae gemn i gnrly eie a a contract a as defined generally is agreement peace A state ethnic conflicts have been a frequent phenomenon frequent a been have conflicts ethnic state “ Sharing the the Sharing 1

42, no. 2 (1998): 176 (1998): 2 no. 42,

Beyond Intractability, September 2003, accessed May accessed 2003, September Intractability, Beyond - peace al

resolution in the long run. Itresolution thelongrun. in important to is

component within the conflict the within component F 3 - inancial inancial agree. as an ‘internat an as

B urden for UN an UN for urden - 195. settle tunately, providing a peace a providing tunately,

ionally neutral body’. In body’. neutral ionally

the conflict, but will not d NATO NATO d s - e building ttlement - state state .

CEU eTD Collection Reconciliation to Resolution 5 2002). MichiganPress, 4 and designed by the international community, which is predominantly represented by the Western, potentiallywill gro sides divided the between cooperation established once Hopefully, groups. divided the between coordinated approach of the international community needs to also encourage mutual cooperation provis upon build to agreement the for order Inpeace. in withlives continue their to enablecitizens will that environment safe and stable afor pre create should agreementpeace the longThus, the run. in parties divided negotiator (that is hopefully neutral) should strive to transform the hostile relationship party third the of presence The violence. and conflicts stop to aims that intervention of way main in important extremely been have important actors. and politicians, and elites local community, international the peace a Evaluating success. a was effectiveness Macedonia and Bosnia in process building i the that say to not is this Thus, lives. civilian more even taken have would (Macedonia) Macedonia conflicts such as those in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) and the Former Yugoslav Republic of i However, questionable. remains recently areas conflict in

Herbert C. Kelman, C. Herbert Regan, M. Patrick nternational involvement was not needed, but that but needed, not was involvement nternational It is important to note that the peace agreements created since the 1990s have been initiated Even though they are difficult to evaluate, peace agreements and international intervention

is challenging task challenging is Civil Wars and Foreign P Foreign and Wars Civil

“ Reconciliation as Reconciliation w intoacomplete reconciliation

, ed. Y. Bar Y. , ed. . 4

The effectiveness of international involvement in conflict resolution conflict in involvement international of effectiveness The

- as it requires taking in consideration relev consideration in taking requires it as I

Siman dentity dentity ending various ethnic conflict ethnic various ending t is obvious that without strong international pressure some some pressure international strong without that obvious is t owers: Outside Outside owers: - Tov (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 111. 2004), Press, University Oxford (Oxford: Tov C hange: A hange: 2 o o pae o al ie, well a sides, all for peace of ion

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it is difficult to assess whether the peace the whether assess to difficult is it - Psychological Perspective,” Psychological I s ntrastate ntrastate . They are still perceived as the as perceived still are They . everyday people people everyday C onf - ant factors including including factors ant required foundations foundations required lict

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greement draft greement Howard Wolpe and Steve McDonald, Steve and McDonald, Wolpe Howard Mi chael N. Barnett, Barnett, chael N. peace

promotion of promotion It is important to note that the civil participation is visibly encouraged in the state - 521. - building process that precedes the peace agreement. Various international international Various agreement. peace the precedes that process building

97, no. 39 no. 97, everyday people ing and negotiating processes. Of course, it is a challenging task to reach to the the to reach to task challenging a is it course, Of processes. negotiating and ing “ International P International

liberal liberal

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to somehow enable the local citizens to feel involved in the agreement democratic -

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aternali during the war or conflict times. Yet, considering the fact that “ ed, and coordinated by the international community and as such such as communityandinternational coordinatedbythe and ed, Democracy and and Democracy , -

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CEU eTD Collection in Uganda, Change Social and Transformation 9 1995 Press, University 8 parties divided between relationship hostile of transformation fur of peaceful continuation of people’s lives in Bosnia and Macedonia. However, besides the prevention eliminate possible hostilities inthefuture but also through understanding its rationalistic nature to achieve a conflict transfor elimination, conflict only not for vision clear a is, that component, crucial a lack do agreements so the among divisions societies and stopped further violence in Bosnia and Macedonia. Yet, the continuation of the ethnic peace agreements is unquestionable since they created foundations for the creation of multi Europea the of doorsteps the at respectively, Macedonia Bosniaand in made Ohrid, andDayton agreements,peace important two researchfocuseson this perceptio everydaypeople the investigate to order in Thus, unknown. often are itself agreement the during the a of creation the is building involved in the negotiation process of Hence, people

Susanne Buckley Susanne Lederach, Paul John ther conflict escalation, there is no visible social change that would encourage the the encourage would that change social visible no is there escalation, conflict ther Yes, it is true that the two agreements ended ethnic ethnic ended agreements two the that true is it Yes, on opinions theiragreement the writingprocess, engaged in arenot people local the Since – everyday people everyday

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in regards to the negotiation, creation, and implementation of a peace agreement agreement peace ofa creation, and thenegotiation, to implementation in regards local citizens act as passive ‘ passive as act citizens local Preparing for for Preparing ) .

“ Violent , whose lives are the most impacted by the agreement itself agreement the by impacted most the are lives whose , cieties in these two countries demonstrate that these two ‘successful’ ‘successful’ two these that demonstrate countries two these in cieties strong and active ci active and strong Conflicts and Their Termination,” Their and Conflicts

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Christopher “Preventing and and “Preventing C Herbert achieve - agreements each Bosniak, Croatian, and Serbian ethnic groups were interviewed. As interviewed. were groups ethnic Serbian and Croatian, Bosniak, each

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rganization Finnemore and Sikkink and Finnemore Sikkink and Finnemore Martha In order to be able to explain terms such as norm exportation, norm transfer, and norm norm and transfer, norm exportation, norm as such terms explain to able be to order In In order to investigate the limits in internalization of liberal norms by targeted populations, Finnemore - ooil xrie Hne te ia scin eonzs the recognizes section final the Hence, exercise. colonial

52, no. no. 52,

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Kofi eds. Björkdahl, Annika Aggestamand Karin Roberts, David Democratic Norm Exportation in Liberal Peace Liberal in Exportation Norm Democratic ,”

Annan, ht ae ut xeine inter experienced just have that

African Rennaissance African International peace Moreo . -

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a and Macedonia.a and . (London: Routledge .

- 1, no. 3 (2004): 9 3 no. (2004): 1, C - building process is to settle building processes focus on preventing conflicts from recurring within onflict and the and onflict

‘conflict - Rethinking Rethinking P tt cnlcs Te ex The conflicts. state - 42. romotion of romotion , l Governance: Beyond the M the Beyond l Governance:

2012), 85. 2012), settlement, the drafting of a peace agreement can be be can agreement peace a of drafting the settlement, settlement’ through peace agreements, the literature literature the agreements, peace through settlement’ - building’ as “actions undertaken at the end of a of end the at undertaken “actions as building’ 9 P

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Paris Roland as such scholars contemporary the of Some Moreover Molier, Molier, ocieties

Ball Ball Paris, Paris, Ncl Bl wt Tmy Halvey Tammy with Ball Nicole , 27 Barnett and Martha Finnemore, Martha and Barnett

53, no. no. 53, , Oliver Richmond Oliver , Cornell University Press, 2004 Press, CornellUniversity and and .

Cousens, C Cousens, “ P , (Boulder, CO: (Boulder, , “ - International International aradoxes of aradoxes 656. Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility t the Responsibility and Intervention Humanitarian TammyHalevy Regeneration of of Regeneration 1 (2006): 37 (2006): 1 , the literature on the contemporary liberal peace liberal contemporary the on literature the , “ Hu

man Security and Constructivism,” and Security man

hetan Kumar, and Karin Wermester, eds. eds. Wermester, Karin and Kumar, hetan - building is to stabilize sta stabilize to is building L P iberal iberal eacebuilding and the ‘ the and eacebuilding

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CEU eTD Collection 33 487. (2012): 32 31 30 order humanitarian international the that explains Barnett Furthermore, lives. human of preservation and protection the towards order humanitarian “international as labels to possible even is it that argues Barnett Namely, evident. becomes relationship domination power the them, ‘develop’ to order in states weaker transform in Norm Governance Humanitarian 1.3 Roleof so colonialism, neocolonialism. of type contemporary a resembles that action an actually is practices Hence, one may conclude that the democratic norm exportation through the liberal peace g greater the for intervene to impulse and care of ethics an reflecting life, human promote European powers have been replaced by the ‘Western’ powers that strive “to preserve, protect, and liberal their exporting by uncivilized’the ‘civilize to duty of conviction their upon acted powers European where missions civilizing colonial of form softer and modern a mirrors it that conclude may one perspective, the periphery, the to systems global exporting ofcorrect democraticfrom norms conduct market accordance in usually domestically, themselves

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CEU eTD Collection 2011 38 37 36 35 34 of controlas Eurocentris authority such featurescontains it that argues Barnett deeds, and motives altruistic of veil the by itself disguises governance humanitarian the though even However, population. targeted the of interests the clai it as communities, intended the by saluted is intervention humanitarian the actions, its behind reasoning of kind this created Having them. (re)envision they that ways etc. govern communities, transform also to but lives, save to only not order in reasons world the of parts all to impartiali its claiming By intervention. international for apparatus an as deployed easily be can it that obvious is it impartial and pure, norms, highest alleviation thehighest ofsufferingas value human the and of life of preservation the administration sees that principle moral “the higher a of name as the in collectivities government humanitarian the defines Fassin addition, government “humanitarian of presence the declare to possible virtually the that claims Barnett such, is it that governance of features important all As almost contains actually order world humanitarian members. frailest its to commitments has community’ empathy and andinstitutions organizations, laws and treaties,

Michael N. Michael N. L “Becoming Richmond, Didier Governance,” Humanitarian and Paternalism “International Barnett, Governance,” Humanitarian and Paternalism “International Barnett, ) in the na the in .

Perceiving the humanitarian governance as an arrangement that is dedicated towards the the towards dedicated is that arrangement an as governance humanitarian the Perceiving Fassin, Barne . me 34 “ Humanitarianism: a a Humanitarianism:

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ms to be aligned with aligned be to ms at the global level. In level. global the at

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al CEU eTD Collection 2012 ofOxford, University 43 42 Studies Peace 41 40 R International 39 recognized in neocolonial practices led by the liberal core within the ‘uncivilized’ periphery of the internalization the humanitariangovernance. diffused peace international in embedded norms not than often more successful very been not has context local the to transfer norm evidence practical demonstrat theworld, the touched corners of all the transporters of suitable withintheaffairs behavior internal and of weaker developing states. peace contemporary the Hence, other. the to world the of part state of help the with framework liberating a within ‘recipients’ the of permission or agreement an askingfor without actoften certainof apopulation name the in specificdoingactionsbe to claim n of is it So, beneficiaries. the of interest the in be to believed is what doing of name the in act advancement beneficiary’s of kinds other and development,

Sarah Birgitta Kanafani von Billerbeck, Billerbeck, von Kanafani Birgitta Sarah Talentino Andrea Barnett, David

Chandler, Chandler, Besides well this though even Interestingly, beh on work who those Hence,

. Talentino, Talentino, 42 “ , International Paternalism and Humanitarian G Humanitarian and Paternalism International

“ The lack of this norm d

Transgressive Transgressive 17, no. 1 (2012). 47 1 no. (2012). 17, elations and Development Development and elations are “ the lack of local ownership local of lack the The The “

Transgressive Norms and the Labels of Liberal Peacebuilding Liberal Labels of the and Norms Transgressive Eurocentrism S

- builders the norms and models of governing are being transferred from one one from transferred being aregoverning of models and norms the builders ecurity ) . Norms

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evelopment evelopment that legitimizes and upholds its deeds of control of deeds its upholds and legitimizes that and

iffusion can also be related to the limits of norm exportation by 10, no. 4 (2007 4 no. 10, “ Whose Peace?: Local Ownership and UN Peacebuilding UN and Ownership Local Peace?: Whose paternalism N exus and the the and exus - l o peace of alf organized apparatus of humanitarian governance has has governance humanitarian of apparatus organized ,

the most criticized element criticized most the 13 ): 362 ): . overnance, 39 .

s uh h hmntra gvrac works governance humanitarian the such As

- Moreover, these three these Moreover, R 386. ise of ‘ iseof

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o surprise that peace that surprise o builders can be perceived as nor as perceived be can builders 41 - F

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m CEU eTD Collection 46 45 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/t 44 acceptedinternationally to accordance in places conflict in order and peace establish and conflict intervent international in involved countries cases most in above, argued As norms. liberal international the applying effectively by inside the 'advance' and transform to carried out by th involved inpeace addition, thr settlement ownership, building extent g a and/or territory certain a over domination and influence, power, of countrie developed less in exercises exploitation preserve to order multi that power into translated be can control of less exercise as a‘Neocolonial’ Norms of Liberal Export Macedonia: and Bosnia in Involvement 1.4 International liberal peace section next the Hence, community. international

Conflict settlement refers to the state in which the fundamental causes of encounter are addressed and resolved. and addressed are encounter of fundamentalcauses which the the in stateto refers Conflict settlement Chandler, David 2015, 14, May accessed Britannica, Encyclopaedia “Neocolonialism,” - d eveloped countries by developed countries through indirect means indirect through countries developed by countries eveloped

do resemble colonial power exercises. Some would also argue that the process of peace of process the that argue also would Some exercises. power colonial resemble do ic h nentoa itreto n iet omo ec areet i a activity an is agreements peace of form direct a in intervention international the Since of control “the describe to neocolonialism term the uses Britannica Dictionary online The

a as b prevd as perceived be also can 46 Euroc

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s. Hence, neocolonial practices practices neocolonial Hence, s. to neocolonialism. , ( roup of people to certain to people of roup London: . ” 44 ion aim to resolve a a resolve to aim ion

Nowadays, this kind this Nowadays, Routledge, 2010). Routledge, . 45

elements in elements

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- CEU eTD Collection 49 48 Cambodi 47 ex in tensions ethnic unsolved of history long the Again, Croatia). and Bosnia, (Serbia, Croats and Bosniaks, Serbs, were: battle the in involved parties in that after Soon independence. their get to prior crisis economic an to due and Tito, of death all citizens. Yugoslavia enjoyed andhigh steady economicgrowth, stable government, unity, and freedom became (S Peninsula Tito, of IIrule the under War and AfterWorld Yugoslavia.creationof Western stable, a Bathe in livingpeople conflicts, historylongof eyes Western the in Balkans the of image negative usual the demonstrates brilliantly book Inher etc. primitive, savage,uneducated, illiterate, for the Western world. Frequent stereotypes related to the region are that its population i advance the transformation in Bosnia and Macedonia can be considered as a practiceneocolonial that claim to peace reso conflict on norms Eurocentric imposing norms democratic liberal

Mariia Nikolaeva Todorova, NikolaevaTodorova, Mariia Barnett, C aroline Hughes, and Vanessa Pup Vanessa and Hughes, aroline - building process, the involvement of the international community in conflict settlement and However, the country started to fall apart in the last decade of Europe of 'Orient'the asperceivedbeen Balkans noteregionthatthe has to important Itis

a and the and Post a “ ntd no n, rseos scaitc country socialistic prosperous, one, into united International International

post oei, rai, ona n Hreoia Sri, aeoi, n Montenegro) and Macedonia, Serbia, Herzegovina, and Bosnia Croatia, lovenia, - conflict societiesliberal inaccordanceconflict normsandideals to - like, liberal democracy. The greatest attempt to prove the contrary was the the was contrary the prove to attempt greatest The democracy. liberal like, - Yugoslav States,” Yugoslav

P aternalism and aternalismand . 47 Imagining the Balkans Imagining

By designing peace agreements without involving local ownership, local involving without agreements peace designing By

avac, avac,

H Third WorldQuarterly Third “Framing umanitarian umanitarian 1991 a 1991 P ,

ost ( lution, and directly supervising and managing the the managing and supervising directly and lution, Oxford: G 15 lkans are perceived as if they are unable to create to areunable they if as are perceived lkans - overnan conflict conflict

n ethnic war broke out broke war ethnic n the Oxford University Press, 1997). Press, University Oxford

26, no. 6 (2005): 873 (2005): 6 no. 26, ce, S 1990s Slovenia and Croatia requested to requested Croatia and Slovenia 1990s ocieties: International pathologisation of pathologisation International ocieties: Imagining the Balkans the Imagining ” -

485 Yugoslavia led to a conflict that took that conflict a to led Yugoslavia – .

uolva Drn Tt' life, Tito's During Yugoslavia. the the the - 1980s. Namely, after the 889.

majority of the Balkan the majority of in Bosnia. The major The Bosnia. in . 48

, Maria Todorova Todorova Maria ,

. 49 s barbaric,

Due to a to Due

for for CEU eTD Collection http://www.icty.org/sid/322 51 Union?,” 50 norms liberal on based are Agreements Both examples. positive as perceived be can such as and the as successful as considered rightfully are agreements The Macedonia. in Agreement Ohrid the of implementation the of monitoring international actors decided to design, implement, assist, and finance the rebuilding of the Bosnia, and doorstep, its on conflict another prevent to order In Macedonia. in Agreement Ohrid the and Bosnia in Agreement Dayton the of implementation the ensuring alsoa deployed monitoring in as itsimplementation NATO force of Macedonian total of population 20% is the Albanian ethnic than group. Besides ensuring more the power with minority ethnic only the that note to important is population. Macedonian of number total the of 20% than more had that minority ethnic any to creation of the Ohrid Peace Agreement that granted equal rights as Orthodox Macedonian majority majority the ofAlbanianethnic with populated country the of areas the in autonomy demanded (NLA) Army Liberation separation. It did not experience any major conflicts until 2001 when the ethnic Albanian National came to fix the ruined Bosnia and show its people how to live in a civilized and peaceful manner state the signed, was Agreement the Once Agreement. Peace Dayton the signing parties divided three all by 1995 December in ended war the involvement international extensive away many liv

“The Conflicts,” The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), accessed May 17, 2015, 2015, May17, accessed (ICTY), formerYugoslavia the for Tribunal Criminal International The Conflicts,” “The Respon Herzegovina: and ofBosnia Process “Europeanisation Brljavac, Bedrudin - building of Bosnia started immediately in January 1996. Thus, the Western ‘peace Western the Thus, 1996. January immediatelystartedin Bosnia of building As the European Union did not want unstable neighborhood it took the primary role in role primary the took it neighborhood unstable want not did Union European the As independe its got Macedonia Bosnia, Unlike

Balkanologie. Revue d'études pluridiscip d'études Revue Balkanologie. es and has once again 'proven' Balkan's 'barbarity' to the Western audience. With an

group. for conflict a The and lasted months few was stopped withthe

y ensured the conflict settlement between divided sides divided between settlement conflict the ensured y linaires 16

13, no. 1 no. 13,

nce in September 1991 September in nce - 2 (2011). 2

sharing, sharing, the Ohrid Agreement Macedonia. sibility of the European ofthe European sibility

EU together with other other with together EU 51 exte

through a peaceful peaceful a through

nsive peace and and peace nsive - creators’ creators’ .

50 It

CEU eTD Collection future in notthe arise 55 1 2009): The 54 State Macedonian 53 52 take place and ensure that a used to approac process, peace the of sustainability for required theappropriatethe best for specific setting and in offers almost no debate over the kind of state the international community should attempt to create inte two countries. With the lack of local ownership, and local voices present the in design process the these in norms liberal institutionalize and export to aimed that project neocolonial a as perceived groupare protected. each of rights that ensured and conflict the of continuation the prevent did EU the Macedonians and Albanians with negotiations encouraging and in stepping by Similarly, stopped. bloodshe the Agreement the sign to sides three forcing By instances. two the in involvement of the international community in the conflict prevention and settlement was required democratic pre required the set which side each of rights the respecting of nd ‘setting things right’ within and ‘settingwithin givencontext. right’ things

Conflict transformation focuses on the practice of overcoming the dispute in order to ensure that the conflict does does that theensure conflict to in order dispute the ofovercoming the on practice focuses Conflict transformation Rol Jenn Peter in ‘fragile’ or weak states D rnational community acted the way it perceived as best for the ‘recipients’. As the literature literature the As ‘recipients’. the for best as perceived it way the acted community rnational and Paris and Timothy D. Sisk, Sisk, TimothyD. and Paris and ilemmas ilemmas y

Gowan, - Engstrom, Engstrom, Therefore, the presence of these factors further disables the conflict transformation conflict the disables further factors these of presence the Therefore, which in manner the However, 20. 20.

oite i Bosnia in societies of of “ The The S ,” h the andsituation ‘fixing’ it, tatebuilding: tatebuilding: “ JEMIE Multi .

N ew ew

- Ethnicity or Bi or Ethnicity

L (2002): 1. (2002): iberal iberal

the conflict does not C

allows international intervent onfronting the onfronting C

osmopolitanism “Introduction: “Introduction:

- n Macedonia and Nationalism the C ontradictions of of ontradictions U Agreements were designed and implemented can be be can implemented and designed were Agreements ,” ,” nderstanding the the nderstanding and - New Left Review Left New The Framework Agreement and the Future of the ofthe Future the and Agreement Framework The reoccur . 54 17

presence of Eurocentrism in terms of knowledge knowledge of terms in Eurocentrism of presence

paternalism in terms of dealing with the conflict This often results in

53 Teeoe tee s o usin ht the that question no is there Therefore, . . In addition, the fact that lite P ostwar ionists ionists to use the approach they consider C

(2000): 79 (2000): ontradic P eace eace - conditions for the creation of of creation the for conditions tions of Postwar Statebuilding,” in Statebuilding,” Postwar tionsof O -

93. the perations

lack oflocallack ownership

( London: Routledge, London: Routledge, d in Bosnia was Bosnia in d rature does not Orthodox Orthodox 55

CEU eTD Collection 259 (2013): 57 56 and Ohrid Peace Agre the international peace on local get will engaged perceptions withthe countries, research thesethe micro in the two level ‘recipient’ the thesis will explore the reasons behind the lack of liberal norm internalization by not solely blaming ‘f by The liberal international intervention in peace transformation in reality is about the transfer of Western norms, and institutions development and progress that understanding the with engage

Meera Sabaratnam, Sabaratnam, Meera Paris, Roland

thesis will offer an overall critic of the idea of the general approach to liberal peace liberal to approach general the of idea the of critic overall an offer will thesis ixing’ and civilizing weak states in accordance to Eurocentric, Western norms. In addition, In norms. Western Eurocentric, to accordance in states weak civilizing and ixing’

Finally, this thesis aims to investigate the investigate to aims thesis this Finally, - 278. “

Saving Liberal Peacebuilding,” Liberal Saving –

the ordinary citizen. Hence citizen. ordinary the path a state should take forward after the conflict settlement creates a logical logical a creates settlement conflict the after forward take should state a path “Avatars of Eurocentrism in the Critique of the Liberal Peace, Liberal ofthe Critique the in ofEurocentrism “Avatars it

should follow a Western, democratic Western, a follow should ements. ements. - settlement settlement projects through the creation and implementation of . 56

nepeig hs nlg, ofit eteet n is expected its and settlement conflict analogy, this Interpreting -

Review of of Review building building projects in Bosnia , in order to fin to order in , 18 International S International

limits of liberal norm exportation through the the through exportation norm liberal of limits prescription d out the effects norm exportation on exportation norm effects the out d tudies

36, no. 2 (2010): 337 no. (2010): 2 36,

and Macedonia, respectively. ”

Security Dialogue Dialogue Security in order in

to weak contexts to achieve future achieve to - 365. the the 44, no. 3 3 no. 44, - building building

Dayton Dayton . 57

CEU eTD Collection 5. Do you agree or disagree with the following principles of the Dayton/Ohrid Peace Agreement? you asanordinarycitizen thusfar? Day the of impact important most the other been has what opinion your In 4. or friends (family, others, the with communities)? relationships your and life everyday your on Does 3. What2. Peace theDayton/Ohrid represent Agreement you? does for Dayton/Ohrid Peace Agreement? 1. about twenty m were willing to offer more details than asked. Additionally, the average time of each interview was interviewees the of majority the Luckily, short. and planned be to had interviews Macedonia and 2 and Albanian Macedonia. populations in Macedonian Orthodox of answers the present that subsections two in divided is section three with Bosnia, of answers in present that interviews subsections the of results the on focuses section second The process. research the in used methodology the of overview short a provides section first The Macedonia. and theimportance Dayton/Ohrid thelive ofthe in Agreement andMacedonia in Bosnia in which Ways Chapter 2: .1 Research Methodology .1 Research What are your views on the involvement of the international community in the creation of the of creation the in community international the of involvement the on views your are What Since t This

the Dayton/Ohrid Peace Agreement have any type of impact on you as an individual or individual an as you on impact of type any have Agreement Peace Dayton/Ohrid the C hapter presents the findings on the understandings of the conflict settlement process he interviewees were approached randoml

inutes, and containedinutes, and thefollowing maineight questions:

h Cot, eb, n Bsik rsetvl. h second The respectively. Bosniaks and Serbs, Croats, the Everyday Everyday 19

People Live the Peace Process Peace Process the People Live y on the streets in different parts of Bosnia s of everydaypeople

ton/Ohrid Agreement for for Agreement ton/Ohrid

in Bosnia and

CEU eTD Collection Sarajevo, Mostar Bosnia: in visited were towns following interviews the Macedonia and Bosnia Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian sothere group were nolanguage either. barriers ethnic with this interviews. the conducting Serbian/ and Macedonian between towns/municipalities). all in 8:7 or 7:8 usually was ration female vs (male group ethnic each of representation gender equal fairly a with conducted in his/her count democraticallowed processes toparticipateinthe fully is such as and old, years eighteen least at is interviewee the that important was it However, ins solution better a been have would what not, If time? the at Bosnia/Macedonia in conflict the ending for solution available best the Agreement Peace Dayton/Ohrid the was opinion your In 8. Dayton/Ohrid Peace( Agreement? of implementation the in role a have still community international the does you, to According 7. interview? to this prior principles these Article/ this contains Agreement Dayton/Ohrid the that aware you Were 6. Principles Freedoms. and Rights interviewee tead? In order to ensure the equa the ensure to order In socio The Agreement Dayton the of content the with are citizens familiar how out find to order In

of the Ohrid Agreement that are written in the very introduction of the Agreeme s in Bosnia were asked to read to asked were Bosnia in s , Capljina, and Tomislavgrad. In Macedonia, the interviews took place in: Skopje,

- economic background of the interviewees differed, as well as their age. age. their as well as differed, interviewees the of background economic

ieie itriwe i Mcdna ee se t ra the read to asked were Macedonia in interviewees Likewise,

Moreover if the answer is positive, doyou thenwhat role thinkis?) that theansweris if l representation of all the above mentioned ethnic groups in in groups ethnic mentioned above the all of representation l Croatian/Bosnian, there was no language barrier while while barrier language no was there Croatian/Bosnian, te aoiy f lain sek aeoin or Macedonian speak Albanians of majority the , ok lc i svrl towns several in place took Article II Article aj Lk, rjvr Dbj Zvdvc, Kakanj, Zavidovici, Doboj, Prnjavor, Luka, Banja 20

of the Agreement on on Agreement the of Additionally ry. In interviews were addition, ry. , due to a language similarity similarity language a to due , n h to onre. The countries. two the in Fundamental Human Fundamental nt itself.

Basic Basic

CEU eTD Collection and creation, was adopted. Therefore, there is no significant difference in understanding the impact, the role, the Agreement Dayton the after lives their in aspects certain of perception their on opinions shared of majority the that reveal results 2 as defined those and groups, ethnic 'constitutive major three the of representatives the only involved Macedonia in 2001 ethn main the research on solely focused the Therefore, well. as groups these of representatives involve to challenging been have would it field the in research the of execution the for time of amount limited very a to due though the opinions of the 'others' would provide an additional di member of one of the three 'constitutive peoples' in Bosnia were not included in this research. Even Bosn three the on and Macedonia, in groups ethnic Albanian and Macedonian researchgroups. relevant tha check to order in asked was it personal, as interviewees were also asked about their ethnic belonging. Even though this question is considered all age, their about asked being Besides agreements. the preceding events the of remembrance opinion in difference possible a evaluating of purpose the for groups age various Kumanovo. and Struga, Ohrid, .2 How do How ia . Hence, t Hence, . Three subsections below demonstrate the findings of the research conducted in Bosnia Orthodox on only focused research this that note to important is it Furthermore,

peoples' in Bosniapeoples' in the implementation of the Agreement among the representatives of the interviewed the of representatives the among Agreement the of implementation the Everyday hose who belong to other minorities in Macedonia, or are not considered as a as considered not are or Macedonia, in minorities other to belong who hose –

Albanians and Albanians

People Live the Peace Process in Bosnia? Processin thePeace People Live

– In addition, the focus of the interviews was to gather views of of views gather to was interviews the of focus the addition, In ic groups that were considered to be involved in the conflict in in conflict the in involved be to considered were that groups ic

Bosniaks, and Serbs. Croats, everyday Orthodox Orthodox

Croats 2 t there is no unequal observation of any of the the of any of observation unequal no is there t 1 Macedonians. Likewise, in Bosnia the research the Bosnia in Likewise, Macedonians.

Srs ad onas n at xrs many express fact in Bosniaks and Serbs, ,

mension to the research findings,

'constitutive peoples' in peoples' 'constitutive s due to age and and age to due s . The The CEU eTD Collection thesis. this throughout 58 is itself Agreement the opinion her in however, solution, temporary great a was Agreement conflict of stage earlier much a at involved gotten have could they that but community, international the of forces the values she that added conflict. the stop to us forced mediation their agree, to unable are who people peace created community international the end; to war the enabled community as: such answers provided they Namely, needed. Bosnia in the creationof the and Bosniaks. was the most severely affected with the war right the is towns these in party political ruling The group. ethnic Croatian the with populated predominantly are Mostar of exception the Mostar, Capljina, and Tomislavgrad. These places were directly affected during the Bosnia 2 generation fivemore). (twenty and older the as Bosnia, in scene political the in interested and to exposed as not are generations younger the that suggests finding This research. this to related answers provide to unable were the on knowledge and perceptions no have they that stated interviewed ethnic groups. .2.

Researchrelevant 1 Perceptions of 1 Perceptions of

When asked about their perceptions on the involvement of the international community in community in theinternational involvement of perceptions the about on askedWhen their in conducted were Bosnia in group ethnic Croatian the with interviews The Furthermore, youngerthe individuals (ages eighteen to twenty two) who were asked to be

interviewed in interviewed

parts of the interviews were translated by Nikolina Talijan and are presented in the italic letters letters italic presentedin the are and Talijan Nikolina by weretranslated interviews the of parts Dayton Agreement, the majority (twelve out of fifteen) of the of fifteen) of out (twelve majorityAgreement,the Dayton

Everyday

hs research this

Croats on the Dayton Agreement and its Impact on Life in Croats Agreement in itsImpact onthe Dayton and onLife

epne htteitrainl novmn a much was involvement international the that responded - wing, nationalist party. Out of all three of them, Mostar Mostar them, of three all of Out party. nationalist wing, events. events. Nowadays, it is a divided town between Croats . In addition, another person claimed that the Dayton the that claimed person another addition, In . 22

the representatives of the international international the of representatives the

Agreement, and as such such as and Agreement, 58

and since we are are we since and

One intervieweeOne everyday Croats everydayCroats

war, and with towns of of towns CEU eTD Collection of principles the opinion his in that added person One states. Article the what with agree do they and provides for noprotection itscitizens. rights, human basic respect not does that country unstable an created Agreement the settlement, conflict the besides that emphasized interviewee one and response, no had person one addition, In expression. ethnic of freedom and peace in lives their with continue to them for opportunity an as settlement the perceive Interviewees settlement. conflict the is Agreement Dayton the of capabilities jobthan his/her administration in public ‘constitutive’ peoples of Bosnia; and the fact the that ethnic belonging defines an individual more administ public inefficient Agreement present daily issues for them. The major complaints were on the of influences indirect the why on examples provided them of fourteen However, Bosnia. of not have any direct impact on them and their everyday lives n allows legally manipulate themembersof their ethic other groupandpromotehatredgroups towards that document a represents currently it integrations; EU the towards Bosnia of progress other and economical for used be to efficient not is such as and that disables th represents Agreement the that added them of three explanation, that to addition In Bosnia. in conflict ethnic the of end the represents preventingBosnia the future progress of as country. a unified According tothe majority interviewed fifteen all Moreover, The majority of the interviewees (thirteen out After having rea having After e conflict resolution and progress of the country; just a conflict settlement solution, d Article II of the Dayton Agreement, all of the interviewees stated that that stated interviewees the of all Agreement, Dayton the of II Article d ration in Bosnia; unjust status of those who do not belong to the three the to belong not do who those of status unjust Bosnia; in ration interviewees (twelve out offifteen),interviewees out (twelve the significant most impact the dysfunctional governing system of Bosnia, a document document a Bosnia, of system governing dysfunctional the everyday

Croats claimed that the Agreement itself does does itself Agreement the that claimed Croats of fifteen) stated that the Agreement for them .

or on relationships with other citizens

the the large, confusing, and h pltcas to politicians the .

CEU eTD Collection ethnic(who leaders) leaderswar the alsowas best were oneatthe time. thesolution the by represented only were locals the and process negotiation Agreement the during present on addition, In Bosnia. within unit territorial own its have would group ethnic each that so entity Croatian, third, the of of Bosnia. Interestingly, only one person claimed that a better solution would have been a creation a as not but settlement, conflictof terms in only successful was ending inBosnia thewar in1995.Five people agree was added thatit but thebest thatit solution, and community inefficient an are to citizens of due rights but the system implementation, dysfunctional its ensure Bosnia of citizens that natural be it since agreement peace a only politicians local the of work monitor and citizens involvement of the international community the implementation of the Dayton Agreement as still needed and mandator primarilycomes local from the media. e rest the Agreement, the read having on opinion their form did interviewees the of third one Therefore, Agreement. the of content the of stated that they were unaware of this Article before, while five declared that they were well aware addition InBosnia. in institutions the by supported not practice in are II Article Finally, nine interviewees claim that the Dayton Agreement was the best solution for the for solution best the was Agreement Dayton the that claim interviewees nine Finally, in community international the of role the perceive interviewees fifteen the of two but All .

itriwe ttd that stated interviewee e came the Constitution. She believes that as such it would be be would it such as that believes She Constitution. the came

xplained that their understandings of the Agreement Agreement the of understandings their that xplained is needed in order to protect the interests of the local 24 . One person claimed that the Agreement is not not is Agreement the that claimed person One .

ic te ocs f riay iies ee not were citizens ordinary of voices the since ae wt te rsne f h international the of presence the with safer long - term solution to governanceto solution term y. They believe that the , ten interviewees ten ,

CEU eTD Collection dysfunctional administrationtocontinueoperate. andenormous became it since but creation and negotiation as quick and not well Agreement the of process the characterized interviewees Three Bosnia. in conflict the settled and fifteen) of out (ten end it. that was group ethnic to them of expected was it such Serbianas and war, the caused that one the was community international the to belong who interviewees four by only provided thatwas explanation In addition, an question. the on noopinion have thattheytwo persons stated in Bosnia; a Eurocentric self and late too as community international necessary, their explanations often offered additional comments describing the involvement of them of thirteen though Even Bosnia. in conflict ethnic the end to order in necessary and beneficial as characterized is AgreementDayton the creationof the in involvement community’s international the of perception their fifteen), of out (thirteen events. war the with affected Nowadays, townbetween Bosniaks. and is adivided it Serbs severely most the was Doboj them, of three all of Out party. the is towns these in party political ruling The Doboj. and Prnjavor, Luka, Bosnia 2 . 2.2 Perceptions of 2.2 Perceptions of

When When asked to explain what the Agreement represents for them, the general understanding the of majority the to According Bosnia in conducted group were Serbian ethnic in The withthe interviews Moreover, the interviewees explained that the Agreement has no direct impact on them and

among the everyday interviewed Serbs interviewed everyday the among h Cnttto o Bsi, he pros lie ta i ol alw the allows only it that claimed persons three Bosnia, of Constitution the Everyday

approach to conflict resolution that does not work in practice. Serbs on theDayton Serbs on Agreement in itsImpact and onLife

everyday - - living people ‘civilize’ to strive foreign a centered; planned. planned. It is viewed as a good short 25

Serbs in Bosnia in Serbs

is that the Agreement ended the war, war, the ended Agreement the that is

claimed that the involvement was was involvement the that claimed

interviewed in this re this in interviewed right - wing, nationalist wing, towns of - term solution, Moreover, search Banja

the the the

CEU eTD Collection role in the implementation of the Dayton Agreement. Three persons were uncertain, and six stated withfriendsfamily.discussion and the from primarily comes Agreement the on also knowledge six their These that Agreement. explained Dayton the in content the of aware not were they that stated six Agre the interviewed of istheinBosnia. these questionof theimplementation principles Serbs th on Convection EU the adopted have not could Bosnia of people that fact the that stated interviewees Two Article. very Agreement. Namely, four of them further expressed their concern about the implementation of this creationentities which allow ofgreater two territorial freedoms for ethnicgroups. different the was impact significant most the peace, besides that claimed persons three while uncertain, stated person One rights. human basic of provision and settlement, conflict the was the absence ofwar. th that claimedthreepersons that, to additionIn interests. political and personal their achieving for system bureaucratic large the with citizens manipulate to Agreement the use politicians the that issue the of aware are interviewees groups two ‘ of excuse the use who Bosnia in politicians the of work the general. in lives their ement contains the Article II, four of them have heard about some parts of the Article, and Article, the of parts some about heard have them of four II, Article the contains ement The opinions were divided on the question whether the international community still has a Dayton the that aware been have they that stated interviewees five even Surprisingly, o principles the with agree interviewees fifteen All it that stated Dayton eleveninterviewees significantAgreementthe of most impact the As ’ for their own inefficiency. Analyzing the responses it is possibl is it responses the Analyzing inefficiency. own their for ’

However, they claim (thirteen out of fifteen) that indirectly it is reflected in in reflected is it indirectly that fifteen) of out (thirteen claim they However, e basic human rights is devastating. Therefore, the major observation of of observation major the Therefore, devastating. is rights human basic e

e agreement allows them to enjoy their basic human rights inrightshuman basic enjoyto them their agreement eallows 26

f the Article II written in the Dayton the in written II Article the f blaming the politicians of the other the of politicians the blaming e to conclude that conclude to e oa mda and media, local

that he is he that

CEU eTD Collection community international international the of involvement no community. was there if reached been have not would agreement Bosnia in conflict ethnic the end to order in required as community international the of involvement the evaluate them of all that conclude to events. Brcko Nowadays, besides war the with affected severely most the was Sarajevo them, of three all of Out party. nationalist Sarajevo, Bosnia 2 between thecitizens and dialogue a without country one is there Now future. peaceful a guarantee to order in groups opinion his in enough have not information on the do process and stated they were uncer they that stated persons Three Bosnia. in conflict ethnic the ending for impact its ontheand that Agreement int declined claimed that the Bosnia in prosperity economic greater empower to Bosnia; in a of treatment equal ensure to order in rights human basic the on Convection EU the implement to government the force to programs and foundations through Agreement; the of that yes the i .2.3 Perceptions of .2.3 Perceptions of

According tothe in conducted were Bosnia in group ethnic Bosniak the with interviews The time the at solution better no was there opinion their in that answered interviews Twelve

aioii ad aaj Te uig oiia pry n hs tws s h right the is towns these in party political ruling The Kakanj. and Zavidovici, nternational community is required to be involved Interestingly, four interviewees focused their answers on the manner in which the which in manner the on answers their focused interviewees four Interestingly, the country should have been divided equally in territory between three ethnic ethnic three between territory in equally divided been have should country the international international community has no more role in the implementation of the Agreement, Everyday

opinions ofeveryday as suchthere thefuture visionfor of common isno thecountry.

nevnd n nig h cnlc. aey hi ases were: answers their Namely conflict. the ending in intervened Bosniaks on theDayton Bosniaks Agreement in itsImpact and onLife

District , it is the most ethnically isthemost , it dive

in 1995. Three persons further added that added further persons Three 1995. in Bosniak 27

he tenyears. past tain. Additionally, one person explained that s

interviewed

and ensure the fair implementation I adto, i interviewees six addition, In .

in this researchin this rse towninBosnia.rse ll people living people ll , it , it is possible the peace peace the on of towns

wing, wing, the the CEU eTD Collection causeswhich andinsecurity stress inlives ordinary additional people. of rebels) Russian and jihadists of forms in terrorist Srpska, of Republic the of secession of (stories ethnic and nationalism of ideas their spread that added interviewee socio in citizens affects which people, division the allowed legally Agreement the that explained them of five However, lives. their on impact direct no makes Agreement Dayton the that opinions expressed governance needed,no sense isnot country that small fora system like andmakes B complicated a created it system governance federal American the on modeled was Agreement opini their in that added them of nine addition, In structure. Constitutional confusing and complex a represents Agreement the them for that responded persons Two settlement. conflict achieve ans their focused interviewees are many holes init. there as Agreement) the (with satisfied neverbe will sides divided opinion my in and community, was it Agreement; Dayton the of implementation and adoption, mediation, creation, in factor key the was community international the that believe I and Bosnia, post ‘fixing experiencesin community) international previous to (referring their accordanceto in international community had the major role in creating the Dayton Agreement, and it was created - conflict societies; the international community ‘orchestrated’ the Peace Agreement in in Agreement Peace the ‘orchestrated’ community international the societies; conflict n te gemn ws eind o ev ol a a short a as only serve to designed was Agreement the ons When asked about the impact the Agreement has on their everyday lives, all of them them of all lives, everyday their on has Agreement the impact the about asked When thirteen them, for represents Agreement Dayton the what asked when Moreover,

the Agreement created the basis for political and ethnic leaders to further to leadersethnic and political for basis the created Agreement the wers on explaining that they perceive the Agreement as needed to needed as Agreement the perceive they that explaining on wers - political and economic manners. In addition, one one addition, In manners. economic and political hatred. Citizens live in constant fear of the ‘others’ ‘others’ the of fear constant in live Citizens hatred. 28

- moe b te international the by imposed term solution solution term

of the country and its its and country the of n sne the since and osnia. osnia.

’ the the ’ CEU eTD Collection be involved theimple inmonitoring until the three sides create a new Constitution the international community has a responsibility to of the international community declined, but their presence is guaranteed by the Constitution, and create. not did they something of ownership and responsibility created the Dayton with Agreement, ishard it oflocalthe citizens ownership, for totake andlack of form a in is monitoring and d Bosnia in community international the of role eleven the other that The replied Bosnia. interviewees in Agreement Dayton the of implementation the in role more no that requirehave theAgreement/Constitution.positions to a them on knowledge in work or sciences, related and political studies either have agreement the read have they that local media and Inpoliticians. addition, five who s the read never have they that Agreement itself. In addition, their major and source of information regarding the Agreement were II the Article the of aware not were they that stated them of fully implemented in Bosnia, even though the Constitution, the Dayton Agreement con not is rightshuman on Convention the that added them of Two Agreement.Dayton the in written as beneficial topeace anymore. A difficult administratively Bosnia in life makes which country conflict settlement. Moreover, one person stated that for her itrepresents anincentive toleave the greement divided further acountry hasalready that been divided Only four interviewees expla intervieweesOnlyfour fif the of All emph interviewees Eight as the politicians have no incentive to work on the unification and centralizatio irecting irecting the Dayton Agreement. One person teen interviewees stated that they agree with the principles of the Article II Article the of principles the with agree they that stated interviewees teen

asized that the most significant aspect of the Agreement was the the was Agreement the of aspect significant most the that asized mentation theAgreement. of ined that according to them, the international communitythe international has them, thataccording to ined 29

tated that they were aware of the Article II, and . Another interviewee stressed out that the that out stressed interviewee Another . stated Therefore, in Therefore,

, and as such, and he as does see not it that due due to the complex system

her opinion her

n of Bosnia, tains it. Ten

the role the CEU eTD Collection a However, having conflict besides the settlement. involvement in clear theinternational for need th is interviewees the among fifteen) of out (nine consensus general The answers. Agreement, Peace Ohrid the of creation the in nationalist party. Out of all three of them, Tetovo was the most severely affected with the conflict. of towns Macedonia in Impact onLife 2 were impactsany theirlives ornot. toprovide feedback onwhether unable it to beinterviewed(ages eighteennounderst had totwenty two) perceptioncertain their livesthe aspectsin after of Ohrid Agreementadopted. was of majority the interviewees, conducted according Namely,majority theto inMacedonia. interviewees of 2 prosperous andefficient Bosnia. opinion his in that it was a good temporary (two year) so for ending the ethnic Bosnia in conflict in1995.One person wasthree uncertain, emphasized that .3.1 Perceptions of of Perceptions .3.1 .3 How do .3 How Wh the with interviews The approached were who members younger the that mention to important is it Additionally, the of perceptions the in patterns notice to possible is it Bosnia, of case the to Similarly Finally, ten interviewees agreed that the Dayton Agreement was the best available solution

Skopje, Ohrid, and Tetovo. The ruling political party in these towns is the right the is towns these in party political ruling The Tetovo. and Ohrid, Skopje, en asked about his/her perceptions on the involvement of the international community community international the of involvement the on perceptions his/her about asked en everyday Everyday a division on economic regions instead of ethnic ones would create a more a create would ones ethnic of instead regions economic on division a rhdx aeoin ad lain epes sha express Albanians and Macedonians Orthodox Everyday

People Live the Peace Process in Macedonia? Processin thePeace People Live

everyd

Orthodox Macedonians on the Ohrid Agreement and its its and Agreement Ohrid the on Macedonians Orthodox lution, lution, but not a permanent one, while one interviewee stated ay

Orthodox Macedonians Orthodox 30 everyday

rhdx aeoin ofr various offer Macedonians Orthodox anding of the Agreement, and thus Agreement,anding ofthe andthus were conducted in conducted were e oiin o their on opinions red

at there was a a was there at

Macedonian Macedonian - wing,

CEU eTD Collection 59 interviewed the Balkans, the in sector administration public the about stigma common a to due and sector, public the in employment find to Albanians of number higher a require quotas The Agreement. many allows Agreement the that them to due employedget to Albaniansunqualified bothers it that claimed and opinion interesting an on impact represent anything tohim. history of the modern Macedonia. Agreement the that Ohrid the that stated stated also person people one and conflict, the of prevented it as beneficial number was Agreement small a that note to important is It Albanians. the group, legal asperceiveOhrid a documen Agreement the of the Macedonian one nation state. which gave Albanians what they wanted; the moment when the country was ‘sold’; disappearance as: groupethnicsuch Albanian the answerstowards fifteen)negative provided majority the him/her, to represent Agreement internationalgotten haveshould community involvedearlier atconflict. amuch stageinthe the that believes he that answered person one addition, In Union. European the of doorstep the fifteen) of interviewees the of majority the Macedonia, in settlement conflict in interest clear

The role isrole ofquotas The Interestingly, all interviewees stated that the Agreement d Agreement the that stated interviewees all Interestingly, Moreove their everyday lives as ordinary as lives everyday their believe that the international the that believe represe everyday r, r, the answers regardsin to the second interview question on does what the Ohrid nts the cornerstone of the modern Macedonian democratic and multi and democratic Macedonian modern the of cornerstone the nts briefly briefly

Orthodox Macedonians are bothered by the ‘fact’ that these Albanians are Albanians these that ‘fact’ the by bothered are Macedonians Orthodox explained in in explained

There was only one answer stating that the Agreement does not Therefore, there is a trend that the majority of the interviewees Chapter 3 Chapter

community had a self interest in preventing a conflict at conflict a preventing in interest self a had community

Orthodox Macedonians. However, two people offered offered people two However, Macedonians. Orthodox

ofthis thesis

the employmentquotas the

31 f vrdy rhdx Macedonians Orthodox everyday of

t that provides more benefits totheother ethnic thatprovidesbenefits more t .

oes not have any direct type of of type direct any have not oes 59

that were imposed by theby imposed were that confli ( eleven ct settlementct

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CEU eTD Collection majority the 2001 in conflict the ending for solution best the was Agreement Peace Ohrid the membership inthe EU. pre the is it as Agreement Ohrid the of implementation successful one addition In Macedonia. in stability and peace of guarantors main the as case, this in EU the community, international the of representatives the perceive Some implemented. be to continue will Agreement Ohrid the of conditions succession EU the and pressure the only the them, to According Agreement. the of implementation the in role significant a plays Agreement. the imp successful the ensure to Macedonia of people the to up is it now and done, is that stating negatively replied person one only Agreement, Ohrid the of implementation required inorderand tobeimplemented toensuredemocratic a Macedonia. peaceful are principles these that added them of few a and stated, correctly were principles the theory discu through and media, local the by them of all addition, explained that they not have read the Agreement and that their opinion on it was primarily shaped In before. them of aware not were they that stated interviewees the of issue dueeconomicgrowth tothe highand rate low unemployment thecountry. in are more important than the work quality. It is of no surprise that they are focused on this particular of lives the on Agreement the of impact indirect major the that is conclusion general the Therefore, quota. the fulfil to order in only paid being Finally, the opinions were divided about the last question. Namely, when Namely, question. last the about divided were opinions the Finally, The opinions o Principles Basic the with presented being after Furthermore, However, the opinion of the majority was that the international community still still community international the that was majority the of opinion the However, n the question on whether the international community still has a role in the

person stated that stated person ssions with their fellow citizens. All of them agreed that in in that agreed them of All citizens. fellow their with ssions 32 it is in the interest of Macedonia to ensure the the ensure to Macedonia of interest the in is it

everyday

international community can ensure that the the that ensure can community international

Orthodox Macedonians is tha is Macedonians Orthodox of the Ohrid Agreement, all Agreement, Ohrid the of - odto fr Macedonian for condition

asked whether whether asked

lementation of lementation

their job their t quotas t of of CEU eTD Collection In implementation. its of charge in one no is there that believes he as nothing, means Agreement differences other and religion of regardless peaceful the guarantees that document research, altruistic humanitarian reasons self own its to due involved gotten primarily has community international the them to according that and Albanians between mediation internati the of involvement the evaluate They Agreement. Ohrid the achieving in role key a played community international party.them, TetovoOut of allwas threeof right the towns is in these ruling political party The Struga,Tetovo. Skopje, and Macedonia 2 there thatthepoliticians but were solutions, better were them. toconsider unwilling whether the the that but Agreement, the Agreement with itself did not resolve the conflict. In addition, one person replied that he was uncertain settled was conflict the opinion their in that added some mai its that added them Namely,of twelvetime. Macedonians Orthodox everyday .3.2 Perceptions of .3.2 Perceptions of - in terest to prevent a conflict that is close to the European Union, and not solely out of true true of out solely not and Union, European the to close is that conflict a prevent to terest oevr itrrtn te neves of interviews the interpreting Moreover, interviewed of majority the to According the with interviews The

the majority (ten out of fifteen) claims that for him/her the Agreement represents a a represents Agreement the him/her for that claims fifteen) of out (ten majority the

Agreement was the best available solution, while one person stated that in his opinion

Everyday onal community as much needed in order to ensure a successful successful a ensure to order in needed much as community onal – Albanians on Agreement theOhrid Albanians itsImpact and

everyday to help the people ofMacedonia.to helpthepeople stated that it was the best solution for ending the conflict at the the at conflict the ending for solution best the was it that stated Orthodox Orthodox oxsec bten tnc omnte i Macedonia in communities ethnic between coexistence

Albanian the . In addition, one interviewee state interviewee one addition, In . Macedonians. However, three interviewees stressed stressed interviewees three However, Macedonians. most severelymost affectedduring 33 n function was the settle the conflict. Inaddition, conflict. the settle the wasn function

everyday everyday s

in Macedonia were conducted in conducted were Macedonia in Albanians (twelve out of fifteen) the the fifteen) of out (twelve Albanians Albanians who participated in this this in participated who Albanians

the conflict.the d that for him the him for that d - wing, nationalist wing,

on Life in in Life on towns of towns

CEU eTD Collection Inas claimedaddition, before.oneof that significant therespondents isno there change who also change since the Agreement was adopted, and tha significant any see not do they that explained people seven Yet, 2001. since Agreement Ohrid equallyafter the representationalwere minority implementation ofthe quotas withthe introduced the Albanianpopulation. significantmost the change is of the Agreement va asthey believe'safer' voices their aremore represented. in the public se employed be to population Albanian of number greater a enable did Agreement the government, Macedonian the in group ethnic their of representation greater the besides that added also people minority political, more representational manner, without having a an obvi in viewed is community Albanian the of lives the the of on impact Agreement the Therefore, before. case the not was which government the in represented stated was that the Agreement allows the Albanian community to ha impact direct no has Agreement the are not beingimplemented Albanians. between upon agreed been has what to accordance in implemented implemented. exists agreement the opinion, his Interestingly, their responses on the fourth question regarding the most significant impact significant most the regarding question fourth the on responses their Interestingly, Regarding their answers on the third question, all the interviewees stated that they feel that

He further added that added further He

Similarly, another person claimed that claimed person another Similarly, rvice sector. Consequently, the fact that they are more represented makes them feel ried. A common answer that waseight Acommon answerthatprovidedried. the bywas interviewees that They view as this a positive change and thatthey are b .

greater employability in the public sector for therepresentatives inthepublicsectorgreater employability for of even though the Agreement has been adopted, all of its articles its of all adopted, been has Agreement the though even on their everyday lives everyday their on only formally, in theory, and he does not see it being being it see not does he and theory, in formally, only 34 ous direct way. Moreover, in their interviews two t t life in their communities is going the same way

in his opinion his in

. The major impact five interviewees interviewees five impact major The . ve rightsmore and be equally

Orthodox the Agreement is not being not is Agreement the

Macedonians and Macedonians eing treatedmore CEU eTD Collection can community international the of representatives the while implementation, its in role major the has government in Macedonian the him, to According Agreement. Ohrid rolethe of implementation a has still community international the whether unsure was person one addition, A Ohrid the of disagreement ethnic issue”. oncertain “ future: Albanian the in Agreement the of implementation fair the ensure will that body monitoring the as role its perceive and mediator, major the as community international international the communit opinion their in that stated them of twelve implemented, fully being not is from politicians. the media, and their were unknown, principles and they explained that their knowledge on the Ohrid these Agreeme interviewees fourteen other the For Agreement. Ohrid the read has he only multi a considered being from way long a still is Macedonia that and implemented being not are principles stated these opinion his/her in that stated interviewees six them stated that they agree with these princi with the system of quotas. that li that added

one one out of fourteen persons replied that he has been aware ves in it. Yet, one person claimed that the government is sufficient to provide future implementation Even though only five of all Agreement, Ohrid the of Principles Basic the on opinions their about asked When - Orthodox y still has a role in the implementation of the Ohrid Agreement. Namely, they view the the view theyNamely, Agreement. Ohrid the of implementation the in role a has y still he still feels as a minority in his town, even though it has a 70% of Albanian majority majority Albanian of 70% a has it though even town, his in minority a as feels still he

Therefore, there is a general understanding that interviewed Albanians are satisfied reet ad ht h itrainl omnt hs o oe n t nmr. In anymore. it in role no has community international the that and greement, aeoin eain i te onr ad r t itree hn hr i a is there when interfere to try and country the in relations Macedonian

everyday

Albanian interviewees explained that the Ohrid Agreement ples, and these principles do exist in theory. However, 35

of of these principles before and that - ethnic society. In addition, In society. ethnic nt was coming primarily the y still monitor the the monitor still y the the

CEU eTD Collection be theconflict donethat does repeat. inordernot toensure resolved. According to one interviewee even was though the Ohrid Agreement it that think not do they Agreement, the with settled successfully was conflict best solution for en monitoringassist in ofthe implementation. Finally, all fifteen ding ding the ethnic violence at the time. Six of them explained that even though the everyday Albanian

interviewees interviewees agree that the Ohrid Agreement was the 36

saved

many many lives, th ere is a lot to CEU eTD Collection international the ended, war the after years twenty 2015, in today even that note to essential is commun international the of involvement the Hence, Paris. in 1995 December 14 on sides divided all by signed and accepted finally was Agreement the representatives, international the of mediation 3.1.1 Dayton PeaceAgreement Bosnia in everyday, the of as well as community international the of involvement the demonstrates briefly section In respectively. Macedonia, and Bosnia in conflicts ethnic ended that Ohrid, the and Dayton the agreements, peace important two the of overview short a gives section This frequent most Conflicts 3.1 application from the perspect previous the in demonstrated findings research the present their role in ending ethnic Agreements, the on background contextual some provide to order In respectively.Peace Agreements,DaytonOhrid and the of implementation and design throughthe Cha Peace Agreements of Success the Evaluating Chapter 3: pter is to evaluate the success of liberal norms and values exportation to Bosnia and Macedonia Peace Agreements and International Involvement as a Response toInter as aResponse Involvement andInternational Peace Agreements As it has been already discussed in the introduction, peace agreements are perceived as the The Dayton Peace agreement Peace Dayton The This ity was of a great significance in preventing further bloodshed at the moment in 1995. It 1995. in moment the at bloodshed further preventing in significance great a of was ity

local local C hapter theaim ofthis inChapter research analyzes results 2.Namely, presented the intervention of the international community in ending inter ending in community international the of intervention people

in theagreement negotiatingand draftingin processes.

ive of the violence

ended a three years ethnic war in the Balkans. With careful With Balkans. the in war ethnic years three a ended everyday, . Afterwards, the second section will focus on analyzing

37 local people in these two countries. peoplelocal inthese two

Norm Norm C hapter to evaluate the effectiveness their their effectiveness the evaluate to hapter E xportation xportation the first section will briefly will section first the - state, ethnic conflicts. ethnic state,

addition, each sub each addition, through through

- State - CEU eTD Collection 62 61 info/default.asp?content_id=38519 60 woul the divided sides together, on ensuring that a conflict will be transformed and decades long disputes uniting on work to not and content, party each make and conflict the stop to was task primary its f create to than Bosnia in war the ending on yetyearsas twenty complete. Untilafter,has today, completed. been not thistask its for responsibility take to able fully is country the and goal democracyintegration oncoursefor inEuro in with closely works OHR the goal, in turning Bosnia into a truly democratic Western are from the United Stat community, a High Representative is a citizen of the European Union, while his principal deputies Agreement until they evaluate it as completed monitor to order High in of formed Office were the (OHR) and Representative Herzegovina and Bosnia the for of Representative 10 High Annex the the with Agreement, accordance in and reason that to Due community. international coo be will country the in process recovery the that defined socio in involvement community has an still important roleintheimplementation of theA

Richard Holbrooke, Holbrooke, Richard “About OHR.” Representative, ofOfficeHigh May accessed Representative, High of Office “About OHR,” ternational community in order to ensure that the country evolves into a: “peaceful and viable and “peaceful a: into evolves country the that ensure to order in community ternational d finally be resolved. In addition, the D It is important to note that the Dayton Agreement, initiated by the US, was more focused focused more was US, the by initiated Agreement, Dayton the that note to important is It direct its secured legally community international the Agreement, Dayton the signing By How

- political and economic matters in Bosnia. To be exact, the Agreementitself the exact, be Bosnia.To in economicmatterspoliticaland

To End a War a End To es. In such way, major Western powers ensured their continuous presence

( New York City: Modern Library Modern City: New York everyday

ayton Agreement settled “one of the most complicated - oundations needed for a sustainable country sustainable a for needed oundations Atlantic institutions Atlantic . 60 38

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like democratic country. Aiming to achieve that ona citizens Bosnian 5, 2015, http://www.ohr.int/ohr 2015, 5,

h ipeetto o te Dayton the of implementation the

affairs, its work will be considered be will work its affairs, , rdinated by the guidance of the the of guidance the by rdinated 1999 . ” 61 ,

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Thus, CEU eTD Collection 65 for Agency 64 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/10/warcrimes.iantraynor. 2015, 10, 63 upon imposed was Agreement Dayton the ownership, local no almost of the international community, signed by the relevant international and local representatives, representatives the by designed addition, In apparatus. administrative enormous an with country that prove facts mentioned 10 cantons individual have constitution. their the countr system. Furthermore, besides having one central constitution, after signing the Dayton Agreement country has previously proven that it can be centrally governed with a much smaller administrative central local 109 and Sarajevo in situated government one had (Bosnia) country this Yugoslavia Former the in that fact the with illustrated same rights a the enjoy not do such as and ‘others’ as considered are groups ethnic three main the of one with themselves identify not do who Those Croats. and Serbs, Bosniaks, peoples’: ‘constituent three the to According t 2013, municipalities. in census last the of results preliminary local 142 and Herzegovina and Bosnia the of Federation Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, one district Brcko, 10 cantons in the governme Bosnian, central, weak a with country a created it and Constitution devised ever government of systems wasteful and

Ian Traynor, “Revealed: US Plans for Bosnian Constitution.” Bosnianfor Plans US “Revealed: Traynor, Ian Herzegovina” and Bosnia in Dwellings and Households Census ofPopulation, 2013 Of the Results “Preliminary C Bosnianfor Plans US “Revealed: Traynor, Ian Although the Dayton Agreement was successful in ending the war in 1995, all the above above the all 1995, in war the ending in successful was Agreement Dayton the Although well also is war the after Bosnia in system bureaucratic large and complicated The

Statistiscs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, accessed May 7, 2015, http://www.bhas.ba/. 2015, May7, accessed Herzegovina, and Bosnia Statistiscs of y has a total of 13 constitutions: in addition to the state with its two entities, each of the entities, each of two withits tothe state inaddition y13 constitutions: total of a has s the ‘constituent peoples’s the‘constituent do.

h Areet rae a yfntoa ad diitaiey weak administratively and dysfunctional a created Agreement the

onstitution,” onstitution,”

he total population of Bosnia is 3.8 million 3.8 is Bosnia of population total he municipal government structures government municipal 39

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everyday nt, two entities: the entities: two nt,

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with with with CEU eTD Collection 2005/macedonia. 68 67 Ba 66 crisis the therefugeesfromnote that important to Itis rights.greater demand 25.2% minority, naturallytheAlbanian constitution led Ma Orthodox an break the After minorities. Turkish and Albanian with Macedonians Orthodox predominantly of state Macedonia. in minority Agreement Macedonia, onAugust 2001. 13, inOhrid, t and Macedonians sides divided the violence, of months an end with the involvement of the EU and US on behalf of the international community. After six Army the Orthodox Macedonian majority, on the one side, and the armed insurgents (National Liberation Macedonia in 2001 spring in conflict 3.1.2 complete its to application inthe country. obstacles greatest the of one is Agreement the of ownership local empower according toopinion section, next the in discussed be will it As accepted. and implemented be to Herzegovinians

“Macedonia “What Maleska, Maleska,“What Mirjana lkan Politics lkan - Ohrid PeaceOhrid Agreement Macedonia in up of Yugoslavia, in the Macedonian constitution of 1989 the country1989asthe of characterized wasMacedonian constitution the in Yugoslavia,of up – The conflict arose due to the accumulation of tensions caused by the status of the Albanian The Ohrid Peace Agreement was designed in order to stop the escalation

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P Namely, during t during Namely, ind ofa ind olitical olitical

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P S olitical olitical ystem did Macedonia Macedonia ystemdid . 66 S

ystem did Macedonia ystemMacedonia did Namely, the conflict arose between the security forces of forces security the between arose conflict the Namely, he rule of ex of rule he –

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New - CEU eTD Collection 73 72 http://www.seeu.edu.mk/files/research/projects/OFA_EN_Final.pdf 2015, May accessed 14, 12, 2011), University, European East South 71 70 Report Special 69 mono a not is Macedonia multi a as itself present repeat not does conflict the that ensure to order in 2001 in conflict the cause were that Macedonia in issues Mac application its of decade Reka concludes that many articles of the Ohrid Agreement have not been implemented in the first itself, but failed to end the source of population due Kosovo crisis in 1999 diaspora Albanian large of issue unresolved the is that problem general the observing of instead inter constitution the in According passages to Pearson, the Agreement presents the Western understanding of the discriminatory conflict as a mere amend and rights, minority ethnic increase of Macedonia adopt necessary reforms that will, among other requests, “decentralize governmen conflict escalation. internati the imperativeof the was it region,the in violence further any prevent to order In 2001. in forces security Macedonian the with clashed who NLA of members and nationalists Albanian the of number increasing the to contributed

Reka, Reka, Blerim 5 Practice”, into “Putting Peace Pearson, Bren edonian political elite to absorb the values mandated in the Agreement and target the ethnic the target and Agreement the in mandated values the absorb to elite political edonian - tnc ipt bten lain and Albanian between dispute ethnic da Pearson, “Putting Peace into Practice intoPractice Peace “Putting Pearson, da Ten Years from the Ohrid Agreement Ohrid the from Years Ten from Years Ten Therefore, as a solution to the conflict, the Ohrid Agreement requested that the government

Reka, . 73

96 (2002): 4, accessed May 4, 2015, http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr96.pdf. 2015, 4,accessed May(2002): 4, 96 Therefore the Agreement specifically emphasized tha emphasized specifically Agreement the Therefore Ten Years from the Ohrid Agreement Agreement Ohrid the from Years Ten

the Ohrid Agreement Ohrid the

- . - ethnic country was expected to encourage the creation of a civic state civic a of creation the encourage to expected was country ethnic 72 tnc onr wt svrl tnc ioiis Te mhss that emphasis The minorities. ethnic several with country ethnic

ea ons u ta te U a epcig rm h Orthodox the from expecting was EU the that out points Reka

the conflict - 8. . 70

, 15. , 14. ,

- As such, the Agreement did succeed in ending the conflict

Can Macedonia’s New Government Meet the Challenge?” Challenge?” the Meet Government New CanMacedonia’s

– Ortodox

Is Macedonia Functioning as as multi a Functioning Macedonia Is . 41 71 onal community to get involved in preventing the preventingthe in getinvolved to communityonal

Therefore, it is of no surprise that in his research

aeoin ethni Macedonian

t from 2001 Macedonia must Macedonia 2001 from t gop i Macedonia, in groups c - ethnic state? ethnic

(Tetovo: USIP USIP . ” 69 t,

CEU eTD Collection 78 C 77 76 world 75 States WesternBalkan 74 the of implementation Agreement 2001. since the with unhappy been have Albanians and Macedonians Orthodox to allethnicgroups Macedonia in were successful insettling mainly theconflict also providin and multi a becoming for reforms en in successful was EU the Akcali, to According EU. the by represented community international Albaniangr ethnic was given the 20% representational rights for non 2.2% other and (1.8%) Serb (2.7%), Roma m following the and 64.2%, of Macedonian majority the Orthodox suggest 2002 from estimates the while million, 2 over bit a be to estimated agencies introduced also military,polic asservice suchsector civil in employmentminorityquotas It 20%. than greater is minority ethnic the of population the where districts enjoywhere citizens all its treatmenequal

yprus’,” Akcali, “The European Union’s Union’s European “The Akcali, Union’s European “TheAkcali, Emel Reka, Factbo World The CIA “Macedonia,” in Macedonia,” Communities Minority and Agreement “Ohrid Skaric, Svetomir ding the conflict by apromising better status towards the EU membership if the country creates - factbook/geos/mk.html Ten Years from the Ohrid Agreement Ohrid the from Years Ten the by pressures hard the to due Agreement Ohrid the adopted Macedonia Therefore, utemr, h Ord gemn rqet o Mcdna o rmt blnuls in bilingualism promote to Macedonia of requests Agreement Ohrid the Furthermore, . Cyprus: A Conflict at the Crossroads the at Conflict A Cyprus: 74

According to the CIA World Factbook the total population of Macedonia in 2014 is 2014 in Macedonia of population total the Factbook World CIA the to According oup which does give does themoup which adifferent toother minorities relation statusin

(2004): 94 (2004):

- 110. C

- ompetency in in ompetency ethnic society ethnic

ok, accessed May 13, 2015, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the 2015, May accessed ok, 13, . C 78 ompetency in ompetency

Yet, be will section, discussed asit both inthe next , 15. ,

(2009): 180 (2009):

t. C . onflict onflict 75

77 Therefore, one notes that the only ethnic group thatgroup ethnic only the that notes one Therefore, C

42 According to her, the EU conditionality policies conditionality EU the her, to According onflict onflict - Resolution,”

- majority citizens by the Ohrid Agreement is the 197. inorities: Albanian (25.2%), Turkish (3.9%), (3.9%), Turkish (25.2%), Albanian inorities: Resolution: The C Resolution: The

182. g from benefits structural reforms

Prospects of Multiculturality in in Multiculturality of Prospects ases of Bosnia, Macedonia and and Macedonia ofBosnia, ases e and other state related state other and e

everyday . 76 -

CEU eTD Collection 81 5. (2006): 80 79 co the that surprising not is it achieved be to is it how on steps precise as well as concept the of meaningconcrete to cri scholars many that note to important is it However, actors. external the of financing and involvement constant the on depend not will such as and operations, peace ensurin population local the by absorbed and accepted better be to believed are actors external peacein advocating for the promotion of local ownership is building, state further inthe explained following onand elaborated threesubsections. conflict and Ohrid Agreements lack are: oflocal ownership that the major obstacles towards the complete internalization of the Na themselves. internalization 3.2 Interpret 3.2.1 Local Ownership 3.2.1 Local Ownership in

Reich, “Local Ownership “Local Reich, “ HannahReich, Liberalism,” Unbecoming “Becomingliberal, Richmond, o

vaguely used. Reich claims that there is not enough debate dedicated towards the creation of a g the strong presence of local ownership will ensure the long the ensure will ownership local of presence strong the g The term The successful towards issues key the analyze will section This - settlement, and paternalism of the international community. All of these issues will be will issues these of All community. international the of paternalism and settlement, building actions building -

ing the Results on Local Views of thePeace Views Local on Results ing the building, developmentbuilding, aid,and conflict mely, interpreting the interviews conducted in the two countries, one concludes concludes one countries, two the in conducted interviews the interpreting mely, in Bosnian and Macedonian societies identified by the the by identified societies Macedonian and Bosnian in Local Ownership,” local ownership local

,”

7 . 79 .

Liberal With the effective use of local ownership, activities conductedbythe activities ownership, local effectiveof the use With ncept is often too ambiguous to be successfully applied, but yet too yet but applied, successfully be to ambiguous too often is ncept

Conflict Transformation P Transformation Conflict is almost a mandatory buzz mandatory a almost is

Conflict SettlementProcesses B in 43

to acquire better effectiveness and sustainability 3

32 byeveryday citizens .

rojects: Partnership, Participation or Patronage or Participation Partnership, rojects:

settlement. Namely, behind themotivation - word in debates related to peace to related debates in word - Living Process Living norms liberal norm exportation and exportation norm liberal -

tique the concept as being being as concept the tique term sustainability of the the of sustainability term , E osnia and Macedonia and osnia

everyday, ‘prescribed’ by Dayton uroce ntric to approach

. 81 local people people local

. Therefore, 80

Ideally,

- CEU eTD Collection 947. (2004): 82 local, the of dissatisfaction the were also war leaders) the solution was the bes (who leaders ethnic the by represented only were locals the and process negotiation Agreement interviewee stated expressed by the local elites who were the major conflict initiators in the first place demands and requirements the ‘satisfying’ on focused Agreements the Hence, process. this in groups. It is obvious that ethnic Croat and Serb, Bosniak, of leaders time same the at and war the were representatives the case, Bosnian the in Similarly, NLA. the by represented nationalists Albanian and Macedonians, el political the were those Macedonia, of case the In sides. divided the of representatives and leaders the were instances both in present representatives local that were b adopted ontheir local population in Bosnia and Macedonia feel that they as citizens 'possess' the Peace Agreements the which to extent the describe to used is ownership local concept the analysis this of purpose M and Bosnia in the agreements towards two the obstacle of major application the successful as identified been has ownership local of issue the that out everyday related ones. peace especially operations, external of kind any of sustainability internal the ensuring in vital

Simon Chesterman, “Imposed C “Imposed Chesterman, Simon Namely, it is important to note that during the Agreement negotiating process, the only the process, negotiating Agreement the during that note to important is it Namely, in ways the on groups ethnic five all from coming answers the Interpreting

people people perceive the implementation of the Dayton and Ohrid Agreements, one may find

that sincethat thevoices ordinary of

the local voices representing ordinary ehalf. onstitutions, onstitutions,

everyday

I mposed

citizens whose opinions and wishes were not taken into taken not were wishes and opinions whose citizens t one at the time. C 44 onstitutionalism, and and onstitutionalism,

, everyday ite, representatives of the Orthodox the of representatives ite,

citizens were notpresentcitizens the were during , everyday His answer precisely demonstrates acedonia, respectively. For the the For respectively. acedonia, O wnership,” wnership,”

people Conn. L. Rev L. Conn.

were not involved . 82

One Croatian

which the the which . 37 . 37 CEU eTD Collection conflict, and who a have the in involved also were who elites, local the of support the gaining primarily in succeeded hatred. ethnic and nationalism of ideas their spread further to leaders that interviewees Bosniak the of one of institutionalization ownership local of lack the Thus, negotiation. Agreements the issu local the solving towards approach international the with dissatisfaction of in ending ethnic conflicts in two countries. However, it is also possible to recognize a high degree answers it is possible to agreements in the conflict settlement in Bosnia and Macedonia. On the contrary, according to their the that imply not does this that note to Day the of content the of aware fully not are they that stated As a matter of fact, the vast majority of the and interviewed ownership no feels population local re the such, As societies. two these in importance the through multi as such that are contrary, twoAgreements. liberaland byOnthe the prescribed the norms Macedonia did not come up with these considerationpeace during thenegotiation processes. sponsibility towards the implementation of the articles written in the Agreements themselves. themselves. Agreements the in written articles the of implementation the towards sponsibility hrfr, n cnlds ht h lcl majority, local the that concludes one Therefore, liberal norm exportation norm liberal - ethnic soc ethnic

in the Agreement implementation since 1995 can be summed up by the claim the by up summed be can 1995 since implementation Agreement the in

iety, good governance, democratic society, etc. etc. society, democratic governance, good iety, conclude conclude that citizens do value and evaluate the Agreements as necessary ccepted the Agreement in order to implement their own, personal, hidden

liberal norms of in the design of peace agreements that are being of vital of being are that agreements peace of design the in the Agreeme the everyday people everyday 45

nt created the basis for political and ethnic and political for basis the created nt

multi everyday

do not see the importance of the two the of importance the see not do the - ton/Ohrid Agreement. It is important important Itis Agreement. ton/Ohrid ethnic understandings of their society everyday citizens citizens in Bosnia and Macedonia n consequen and were imposed upon them them upon imposed were

iies f ona and Bosnia of citizens hs te Agreement the Thus, es at the times of of times the at es tly liberal norm norm liberal tly understandings understandings

CEU eTD Collection JEMIE 84 Processes,” 83 to required ownership local of lack the is Agreements Ohrid limit primary Macedonia in state' nation of loss a towards 'threat a and case, Bosnian in administration dysfunctional and huge a with constitution country's a be to out turned have ethni settle to order in created Agreements, The countries. two in implemented being are they which in and negotiated were Agreements the which in manner the with discontent their Howe written. and led towards implementation ofthe theAgreement. unsuccessful Agreement. the demonstra by mandated values not is imposed majority ethnic the the implementing that feel such as and Agreement, Ohrid the by prescribed is that Albanian the of representatives the of responses the contrary, the On citizens. its of majority the one a being from away moving is Macedonia that feel they Nat time. the at majority their by desired not was Macedonia multi a Macedonians, Orthodox the of answers the through demonstrated is it as Namely, required was Albanians and Macedonians Orthodox among rights equal of provision the that through their answers have agendas

Ulf Brunnbauer, “ UlfBrunnbauer, Di Imposition? or “Empowerment TimothyDonais, (2002): 1. (2002): Finally, one may conclude that in theory, the two Agreements have been perfectly planned of representatives interviewed the Macedonia, of case the in Similarly, . 83 s in Macedonia in s Peace & Peace Change

ted that the lack of norm internalization related to multi to related internalization norm of lack the that ted s

to The The exportation of liberal norms liberal of exportation ver, in reality, interviewed reality, in ver, Implementation of the Ohrid Agreement: Ethn Agreement: the Ohrid of Implementation

34, no. 1 (2009): 3 1 no. (2009): 34, de described monstrate that they do not feel that they are being treated in a manner manner a in treated being are they that feel not do they that monstrate

that the people themselves did not come to the un - 26.

lemmas of Local Ownership in Post ofLocal Ownership lemmas everyday people everyday to Bo to 46

snia and Macedonia through the Dayton and Dayton the through Macedonia and snia ic Macedonian Resentments,” Macedonian ic - nation state, which is not desired by desired not is which state, nation urally, their answers show that now that show answers their urally, internalize, internalize,

of Bosnia and Macedonia express Macedonia and Bosnia of

- ethnic society in Macedonia, Macedonia, in society ethnic

Hence, the interviewees interviewees the Hence, . 84 absorb, sustain, and sustain, absorb, ‐

Conflict Peacebuilding Conflict Peacebuilding Therefore, one of the of one Therefore, everyday people everyday

derstanding c conflicts c everyday - ethnic act .

CEU eTD Collection 85 Bosnia and Macedonia, the conflict a of causes root the not but symptoms, the only addressing up end often very actors international the approach, Eurocentric a having by their to accordance in Agreements the created and designed have such as and models development the as themselves perceive democracies liberal Western which be will subsection. discussed inthe next community international the of operations peace in present paternalism of issue the to related practices and norms liberal work will theybelieve solution a findingand issue, the of understandingown their on rely actors external the elites, local the besides representatives, local any consulting without ‘c to inability the of aware post the ‘fixing’ in experiences previous community) international to (referring their to accordance in created crea in role major the had community international the they believe would be the best in the given situation. One of the Bosniak interviewees claimed that the apply usually actors intervening the exist, not do operations building Chapter in argued was it as Namely, Agreements. the of design and negotiation the in ownership local of lack of issue the to related 3.2.2 Eurocentrism Conflict in upon

Wendy Lambourne, “Post Lambourne, Wendy

these E E of issue The urocentrism is primarily present in the design of the two Peace Agreements, where the the where Agreements, Peace two the of design the in present primarily is urocentrism norm - . conflict societies conflict

urocen - Conflict Peacebuilding,” Peacebuilding,” Conflict opy e . It is impossible not to note that the issue of Euroecentrism is also also is Euroecentrism of issue the that note to not impossible is It . veryday people rc prah o conflict to approach tric

- paste’ paste’ Settlement Agreements in Bosnia and and SettlementMacedonia Agreements Bosnia in . This acknowledgment demonstrates that that demonstrates acknowledgment This .

1 , since precise directions for conflict for directions precise since , norms and norms

believe tha Security Dialogue Security

. 47 85

solutions from one state to another. Therefore, another. to state one from solutions Interpreting the answers of of answers the Interpreting t the each Peace Agreement was successful eteet n peace and settlement ting the Dayton Agreement, and it was it and Agreement, Dayton the ting

liberal 3 1 (2000): 357. (2000): 1 norms and norms

norms and norms

settlement and settlement everyday - ulig s closely is building everyday id eas

bas . In addition, In .

approaches ed on their on ed people are are people

people peace

in -

CEU eTD Collection 89 88 87 86 multi truly a create to order in power(s) current their up give to willing conflict the population of the ethnic minority is greater than 20%. One cannot but no the Ohrid Agreement requests that Macedonia has to encourage bilingualism in districts where the engaged in fully be to elite Macedonian Orthodox predominantly political the accession, EU its from away multi truea create will Agreement Ohrid the mandating by Macedonian Orthodox the leadership better EU accession promising status and rights, more minority Albanian the providing by between Orthodox Macedonians and Albanians conflict of Chapter, this of section first the in mentioned issue, core the address not did builders the conflictethnic groups Bosnia among in three to solution sustainable unique an design to order in practices and relationships, historic customs, coming from the outside, Western liberal peace practice in work not does that resolution conflict to approach inte the of involvement n were tensions precisely due to the Eurocentrism in approaching the conflict. As such, the already existing ethnic in only

Reka, Union’s European “The Akcali, Reka, Sisk, and Paris Ten Years from from Years Ten Agreement Ohrid the from Years Ten iial, n aeoi, y h ceto o te hi Areet te etr peace Western the Agreement, Ohrid the of creation the by Macedonia, in Similarly, the conflict the the the field of democracy and multi settlement in Macedonia with an idealistic expectation that the political elites will be will elites political the that expectation idealistic an with Macedonia in settlement “Introduction: Understanding the Contradictions of Postwar Statebuilding,” ofPostwar Contradictions the Understanding “Introduction: ot solved, but only frozen. Namely, one Serbian interviewee characterized the the characterized interviewee Serbian one Namely, frozen. only but solved, ot normative prescription in prescription normative the Ohrid Agreement Ohrid the transformation conflict not but settlement,

rnational community in conflict conflict in community rnational C

ompetency in in ompetency . 88 , 17. , 16. ,

It was naive of the EU representatives to expect that simply - still is country the As country. the within societyethnic C onflict onflict - ethnicity promotion among the citizens regards to the to regards - . builders have not taken into consideration the local 48 87 . 86 R

Instead they solved th esolution

eteet n ona s a as Bosnia in settlement , ” 188. ” multi

and liberal norm internalization norm liberal and Hs nwr demonstrat answer His . - ethnicity of Macedonia by the the by Macedonia of ethnicity e current obvious problem - tice tice th ethnic state. ethnic

15 at the EU preceded .

. 89

Eurocentric Eurocentric Namely, by by Namely, In addition, es that that es - , CEU eTD Collection 92 91 H 90 rigorous more imposed pa the Thus, paternalism.colonial obvious and violent the replaced have experts and knowledge, and information institutions, as community in the cases of Bosnia and Macedonia. According to Barnett, contemporary tools such self obvious the presenting without other, the for benefit the as justified is other the with interference the that is paternalism g control Macedonia 3.2.3 International Community's process successfully the of involvement constant and active an without Unfortunately, po and standards Western to conductive is that subjectivity of manner a encourage to promote to strove US the and EU the by led interventionists, political theinterestofOrthodox which in isnot elites inMacedonia. society would potential be able to internalize them and make Macedonia a truly multi institutionaliz the adapting round claiming to represent the interest of the targeted communities targeted the of interest the represent to claiming round

umanitarian umanitarian Barnett, “Humanitarian Governance,” 488. Governance,” “Humanitarian Barnett, 487. Governance,” “Humanitarian Barnett, Juha Käpylä and Denis Kennedy Denis and Käpylä ,

Paternalism is very easy to slip in the conflict on Therefore, 91 faced its limit. faced limit. its

paternalism functions in the name of humanity and as such defends its legitimacy on the

I maginary internalize the Western the internalize ,”

e concludes that by that concludes e

International Theory International norms, norms,

d iea nrs n codne o oa csos n taiin the traditions and customs local to accordance in norms liberal ed , “ , -

neet f h ptrait rep paternalist, the of interest Cruel to C Cruel to procedures ternalism has not disappeared, but has changed its methods andmethods its changed hasdisappeared, but not has ternalism

Paternalism Conflict in liberal

are? Investigating the Investigating are?

6, no.

being involved in the conflict the in involved being ,

and institutional limitations upon international actors international upon limitations institutional and norms 2 (2014): 255 (2014): 2 49

, the ,

settlement settlement process. Being a blend of care and norm exportation through peace through exportation norm - 292. G overnance of overnance

Settlement and Bosnia in

liberal norms and practices and norms liberal eettvs f h international the of resentatives everyday people everyday C . 92 ompassion in the the in ompassion

settlement the Western the settlement An obvious issue with issue obvious An , who would who , - ethnic state, -

building building in order order in licies . 90

CEU eTD Collection theR 98 97 96 95 94 Life Global 93 periphery 'liber the of norms to rights exclusive give that risks that require immediate international response as constructed are conflicts, ethnic by created states 'weak' as such democracies, liberal Western international entire the of security the to community 'threat' a as viewed are that states and societies of kind democracy perceives that rationality the enhances Eurocentrism of presence the Namely, escalation. it is of no surprise that the Western liberal democracies strive in andreact inter the thus and solving, problem of methods own their to left order to prevent various transnational threats (fragile markets prevent and peacefully antagonisms resolve to tools developmental using governance, global the within order the secure to order in thus and dangerous, as reinterpreted been has South global the years that plantointrude thelivesof good. their others own for

William post “Framing Pupavac, Hughes and relations,” international in “Risk WilliamClapton, 264. Peace,” Liberal ofthe Critique in the ofEurocentrism “Avatars Sabaratnam, “Framing post Pupavac, Hughes,and Duffield Mark econsti As the conflict states are believed to represent a risk for the international security globally, Furthermore, the merging d fragile states from failing from states fragile lsiiain f classification Clapton and Shahar Hameiri, Shahar and Clapton . - 98 tution of International Society,” ofInternational tution Chance Divide,” Chance

. as the model of progressive and advanced in relation to other governing systems

96 by exporting its liberal its by normsandpracticesexporting As such, Western democracies feel responsible towards securing the international the securing towards responsible feel democracies Western such, As

, Therefore, thesecurity tothe leaders issue relevant of theinternational comm

“ The Liberal Way of Development and the Development the and Development Way of Liberal The

orms

Security Dialogue Security

goa odrn ta bodn the broadens that ordering global a

- - conflict societ conflict

confl . “ 93 The Domestic Politics of International Hierarchy: Risk Management and and RiskManagement Hierarchy: ofInternational Politics Domestic The iscourse

Hence, the international community, the West, holds that in that holds West, the community, international the Hence, International Politics International ict societies ict

41, no. 1 (2010): 53 1 no. (2010): 41, s s of security and development especially in the past 20 International Relations International ies,” 886. ies,” al' core in order to protect itself from the illiberal the from itself protect to order in core al' 50 ,”

. 97 4

This type of labeling creates power structures

. 49, no. 1 (2012): 59 (2012): 1 no. 49, 94 -

76.

and countries to intervene and prevent its possible — national community needs to step to communityneedsnational

25, no. 3 (2011): 286. no. (2011): 3 25, Security Impasse: Explorin Impasse: Security iea democracy liberal

- 77. ) these states cannot be

g the rjc to project . 95 liberal liberal unity,

This CEU eTD Collection Routledge, (Londong: 99 internalization by the local people in Bosnia and Macedonia. Interpreting the peace the through multi modern, in living to relation a in values and norms creatingWestern liberal the of internalization of domestic terms in successful was Agreements the of neither Hence, governments. local the by accepted international and internalized been has community the of behavior parternalistic This Agreements. the of implementation just the still believe that it is majority of vast Therefore, the Agreement.Dayton/Ohrid the of implementation ten only country andtries community international Macedo Orthodox one as So, affairs. domestic in intervention and presence international constant requires usually conflict settled the Hence, states. governing regimes create often Robinson to According Macedonia. peace the in community international the of involvement community, inapproaching which thepresence paternalism enhances therestofworld.

Neil Robinson, Robinson, Neil - ethnic societies. Consequently of forty theFurthermore, total outof the in Moreover,

vrdy people everyday State

to interfere when thereissues. isadisagreement ethnic oncertain

- 2007 - ulig rcse d rpeet eiu osals oad te iea norm liberal the towards obstacles serious represent do processes building building and and building the role of the international community to still be actively involved and ensure

, one may conclude may one , that are dependent on the outside powers, instead of creating strong self strong creating of instead powers, outside the on dependent are that

ir responses, interviewees recognized the presence of paternalism in the in paternalism of presence the recognized interviewees responses, ir 1

- 28. tl mntr te Albanian the monitors still

ttd ht h itrainl omnt hs o ute rl i the in role further no has community international the that stated

I nter national national 99 te nentoa itreto in intervention international the , that P olitics: the olitics: - five inter identified components of liberal norm exportation norm liberal of components identified 51

E viewees in Bosnia and thirty inMacedonia, Bosniaand thirty viewees in mergence of a a ‘ of mergence everyday people everyday - Orthodox - settlement process in Bosnia and and Bosnia in process settlement nian interviewee notices, the the notices, interviewee nian Macedonian N ew’ P

who have no tr no have who roblem and and roblem weak answers provided by cnlc context conflict , eain i the in relations everyday people everyday A

genda ust in the in ust ,

s -

CEU eTD Collection behind the lackinternaliza ofnorm building process with a unique Hence, this research dis a provide exportation norm the by targeted are who people everyday the conclusions the exportation, norm of manner their and entrepreneurs th Since the presence ofEurocentrism processes are the for reasons major the Macedonia and Thus, 2. Chapter in presented the ‘uncivilized’ without his ‘civilizing’ towards attitude neocolonial the demonstrates behavior paternalistic and Eurocentric voices,upon the and was imposed Therefore, the liberal norm exportation process in Bosnia and M adaptation to the local traditions and customs and as such its final internalization within the society. the interv Finally e majority of the existing research on norm exportation focuses on analyzing the norm the analyzing on focuses exportation norm on research existing the of majority e iewees the Eurocentric and paternalistic approach to norm exportation prevents the norm :

the the lack of local ownership during the agreement drafting , this this Chapter aimed to provide an analytical interpretation of the empirical findings contributes contributes to the existing literature on the norm exportation during the peace /her active involvement. ,

one may conclude that according to the everyday people in Bosnia in people everyday the to according that conclude may one and paternalism theapproach in community. ofthe international perspective everyday people tion inpost tion –

ak f om nenlzto truh peace through internalization norm of lack

the perceptions of the everyday people on the reasons - conflict 52

to beaccepted of andThiskind implemented.

societies acedonia did not involve the local .

based on the perceptions of of perceptions the on based

and negotiation tinctive perception. tinctive

processes - building building

- ,

CEU eTD Collection internalized by group thetargeted conflict successful exportation do not feel responsible for the implementation of the through the interviews, treatment all citizens. for feel not do who people of interviews with the everyday Orthodox Macedonians and Albanians, there ais significant number multi a as Macedonia defines Agreement Ohrid the that of process the implemented, since but values, and research the everyday people case the exportation Macedonia norms liberal peace in people Conclusion - building processe building As it has it has been Therefore,a investigate to aimed thesis This s

of Bosnia and Macedonia. By exploring the limits of liberal norm exportation during the during exportation norm liberal of limits the exploring By Macedonia. and Bosnia

through the Daytonand respectively. Ohridthrough Agreements, the

seems in the form of peace of form the in Bosnia and Macedonia. and Bosnia ha

ve unsuccessful

been successfully internalized successfully been

s it s sett

has been demonstrated in this this demonstratedin been has in in the peace hs ies n nrs ee moe uo te t b acpe and accepted be to them upon imposed were norms and ideas these s lement lement

in post in that Macedonian society is a truly multi truly a is society Macedonian that revealed

internalization in Bosnia and Macedonia

in - in the two countries countries two the in - building conflict states conflict – instances -

settlement settlement process,

the Namely, Namely, in Chapter 3, due to the lack of local ownership everyday peopleeveryday the

faces its limits, as the as limits, its faces

impact of impact that lack local ownership is it is important to note that note to important is it ineffec 53 , the thesis intention intention thesis the ,

by the individuals the by Peace Agreements. As such, the tive. tive. research peace agreement peace do not seem to be everyda .

r nt opeey implemented completely not are - ethnic country. However, based on the on based However, country. ethnic An obvious example would be the fact fact the be would example obvious An , the application of the of application the y people well -

ethnic society with an equal an with society ethnic - in the context of Bosnia and Bosnia of context the in

of those very ideals was to to was designed designed s

of of Bosnia and Macedonia

based o based on against the the lives the identify whether the whether identify ‘prescriptions’ for for ‘prescriptions’ n findings of this this of findings n

demonstrated liberal

liberal norm liberal liberal norm of everyday everyday

such

norms

and are

CEU eTD Collection to order in created Agreements the Instead, completely. it resolving not but conflict, the settling demonstrated not does structures social of interaction this by created circumstances molded newly that imperative and the internalization beneficial conflict. to peace the access community international the of representatives paternalism and as such the liberal norm exportation them, internalize to fail they prescriptions, international the to themselves relate cannot society local of members the as Naturally, understandings. and traditions, customs, local to accordance ‘recipients’ the transformed. not but settled, been only have groups ethnic between Interpreting Ohrid is resolution conflict towards lead would that implementation communities local the by internalization

conflict -

build Agreement Therefore Furthermore, i

Hence,

settlement is well is settlement liberal liberal ing. are which ,

t he interviewees

i . n the cases of Bosnia and Macedonia, this interaction was successful in terms of of terms in successful was interaction this Macedonia, and Bosnia of cases the n

, fail to internalize liberal democratic norms as they have no have they as norms democratic liberal internalize to fail , As the representatives of the international community believe that their that believe community international the of representatives the As

, this thesis aimed to investigate the relationship between the the between relationship the investigate to aimed thesis this , one may recognize a mismatch between the the between mismatch a recognize may one s everyday,

norms and the local conditions conditions local the and norms ald o nue h cnlc tasomto bten h divided the between transformation conflict the ensure to failed t is possible to observe several major obstacles to the successful liberal norm lsl rltd o ah other, each to related closely

ed oad cnlc transformation conflict towards lead -

conducted in Bosnia and Macedonia local rationales as t established and superior superior and established reaches its limits. in Bosnia and Macedonia. and Bosnia in 54 he he result of that very push.

they often stay blind to the root causes of a a of causes root the to blind stay often they n h ground the on om h mne i wih h Western the which in manner the form Secondly, process of peace of process due to the fact that the the that fact the to due target o target liberal , one may conclude that . On the contrary, as it was was it as contrary, the On .

the Hence, the Hence, Firstly, the lack of lack the Firstly,

f the the f rationalities with the local the with rationalities

Eurocentirc approach and ht rvn te norm the prevent that The research concludes supposedly good and and good supposedly - settlement and thus thus and settlement t been designed in designed been t everyday people, people, everyday iea norm liberal Dayton Dayton approach conflicts fruitful sides. sides. and

CEU eTD Collection everyday conflict and inall stages peace people of settlement agreemen peacefuture prescriptions that are believed to benefit them as a society. implementation of the peace process itself. As such, these people ‘fail’ to internalized all the ‘good’ group designed and implemented on their behalf. people everyday wi exportation norm liberal longer. with states these in interest international decreased susta the ensure

agtd y the by targeted Finally,

inability of peace intervention peace of inability this research this it was possible to learn about learn to possible was it t s should be designed in a manner a in designedbe should s

peace hn the thin offers a unique perspective to the already existing literature on the the on literature existing already the to perspective unique a offers

- ulig rcs otn ty uhad uig h dsg and design the during unheard stays often process building peace Research - ulig process building

seem to be causing more causing be to seem 55 their perception their

results demonstrate that

h conflict the

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