DOCSLIB.ORG

The Impact of Dayton and Ohrid Peace Agreements On

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Impact of Dayton and Ohrid Peace Agreements On THE IMPACT OF DAYTON AND OHRID PEACE AGREEMENTS ON THE EVERYDAY: HOW DO LOCAL PEOPLE LIVE THE PEACE PROCESS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA By Nikolina Talijan Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations and European Studies In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Relations and European Studies Supervisor: Professor Emel Akçali Word count: 16 572 CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2015 Abstract This research will provide the empirical contribution to the ongoing debate on the exportation of liberal norms during the peace-building process. It will do so by using the examples of internationally led peace-building processes in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Macedonia). Through the Dayton and Ohrid Peace Agreements, respectively, the two countries have been targeted by the institutionalization of liberal norms that obviously fail to be internalized by the everyday people. Moreover, this thesis explores the limits of liberal norm exportation through the liberal international intervention in peace-building projects in Bosnia and Macedonia. Hence it will differentiate between the exportation of liberal norms by the so-called peace-builders in weak states and the actual internalization of these very norms by the everyday citizens in specific territories. Additionally, the research is primarily based on the interviews conducted with everyday citizens of the two countries and their personal opinions on the impact and role of the Dayton and Ohrid Peace Agreements in peace-building activities. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Emel Akçali for the helpful comments, explanations, and engagement through the learning process of my Master’s Thesis. Furthermore, I would like to thank Ms Zsuzsanna Toth for guiding me through the writing process. Her constant feedback helped me gain confidence in my writing. Also, I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Ali Diskaya and Milos Popovic for ideas and comments that have greatly improved my work. In addition, I would like to thank my parents for the unceasing encouragement, inspiration, and attention. Finally, I am very grateful to my partner who supported me through this venture. CEU eTD Collection ii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Norm exportation and Humanitarian Governance in Liberal Peace-building Processes ............ 7 1.1 International Community and the Norm ‘Life Cycle’......................................................................... 7 1.2 Democratic Norm Exportation in Liberal Peace-building .................................................................. 9 1.3 Role of Humanitarian Governance in Norm Exportation ................................................................. 11 1.4 International Involvement in Bosnia and Macedonia: Export of Liberal Norms as a ‘Neocolonial’ exercise ................................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2: Ways in which Everyday People Live the Peace Process in Bosnia and Macedonia ............... 19 2.1 Research Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 How do Everyday People Live the Peace Process in Bosnia? .......................................................... 21 2.2.1 Perceptions of Everyday Croats on the Dayton Agreement and its Impact on Life in Bosnia .. 22 2.2.2 Perceptions of Everyday Serbs on the Dayton Agreement and its Impact on Life in Bosnia .... 25 2.2.3 Perceptions of Everyday Bosniaks on the Dayton Agreement and its Impact on Life in Bosnia ................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.3 How do Everyday People Live the Peace Process in Macedonia? ................................................... 30 2.3.1 Perceptions of Everyday Orthodox Macedonians on the Ohrid Agreement and its Impact on Life in Macedonia ............................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.2 Perceptions of Everyday Albanians on the Ohrid Agreement and its Impact on Life in Macedonia ........................................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 3: Evaluating the Success of Norm Exportation through Peace Agreements ................................ 37 3.1 Peace Agreements and International Involvement as a Response to Inter-State Conflicts ............... 37 3.1.1 Dayton Peace Agreement in Bosnia ........................................................................................... 37 3.1.2 Ohrid Peace Agreement in Macedonia ...................................................................................... 40 3.2 Interpreting the Results on Local Views of the Peace-Living Process ............................................. 43 3.2.1 Local Ownership in Liberal Conflict Settlement Processes in Bosnia and Macedonia ............. 43 3.2.2 Eurocentrism in Conflict Settlement Agreements in Bosnia and Macedonia ............................ 47 CEU eTD Collection 3.2.3 International Community's Paternalism in Conflict Settlement in Bosnia and Macedonia ....... 49 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 53 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 56 iii Introduction Peace agreements have become an increasingly important tool in response to inter-state conflicts in the post-cold-war period.1 A peace agreement is generally defined as a contract “intended to end or significantly transform a violent conflict so that it may be addressed more constructively.”2 In theory, a peace agreement aims to create foundations needed for a conflict transformation that will enable a constructive conflict resolution in the long run. It is important to note that the creation and implementation of a peace agreement will settle the conflict, but will not resolve it. Hence, a signed peace agreement is a vital component within the conflict settlement that indeed does bring an end to fighting, but it is only the first step in the process of peace-building. In addition, after ending a conflict, the process of conflict resolution and transformation require careful understanding and addressing the root causes of the conflict itself in order to prevent its reappearance. Peace agreements signed during the last two decades have demonstrated that a signed agreement itself only prevents further physical violence. Unfortunately, providing a peace that continues after the fire is ceased, and which ensures concrete benefits to local people, is a long and challenging process. In the post-cold-war period inter-state ethnic conflicts have been a frequent phenomenon in numerous newly established sovereign countries. Naturally, the management of these conflicts has become significantly important for the stability of the entire international community. The most frequent agent in charge of peacekeeping is the UN3 as an ‘internationally neutral body’. In addition, other multinational and national actors have increased their work with the civil society CEU eTD Collection 1 “Post Cold-War Surge,” United Nationas Peacekeeping, accessed May 5, 2015, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/surge.shtml 2 Nita Yawanarajah and Julian Ouellet, “Peace Agreements,” Beyond Intractability, September 2003, accessed May 1, 2015, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/structuring-peace-agree. 3 Jyoti Khanna, Todd Sandler, and Hirofumi Shimizu, “Sharing the Financial Burden for UN and NATO Peacekeeping, 1976-1996,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 42, no. 2 (1998): 176-195. 1 in conflict areas recently.4 The effectiveness of international involvement in conflict resolution remains questionable. However, it is obvious that without strong international pressure some conflicts such as those in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Macedonia) would have taken even more civilian lives. Thus, this is not to say that the international involvement was not needed, but that it is difficult to assess whether the peace- building process in Bosnia and Macedonia was a success. Evaluating a peace-building effectiveness is challenging task as it requires taking in consideration relevant factors including the international community, local elites and politicians, and everyday people as the most important actors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ohrid the City Where the Cultural Embraces the Natural Heritage
    OHRID THE CITY WHERE THE CULTURAL EMBRACES THE NATURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF OHRID FOR WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY: NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE OHRID REGION (within the territory of the Municipality of Ohrid) 2014-2020 1 2 MANAGEMENT PLAN OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF OHRID FOR WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY: NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE OHRID REGION (within the territory of the Municipality of Ohrid) 2014-2020 3 4 MANAGEMENT PLAN OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF OHRID FOR WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY: NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE OHRID REGION (within the territory of the Municipality of Ohrid) 2014-2020 5 6 The Management Plan 2014-2020 has been funded by EU funds of the Project SUSTCULT: “Achieving SUSTainability through an integrated approach to the management of CULTural heritage” – South-East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme. 7 8 Contents 1 Introduction 11 2 Planning Methodology 15 3 The World Heritage property: Natural and cultural heritage of the Ohrid region 19 3.1 Basic Data 20 3.2 Criteria for inscription on the world heritage list 20 3.3 The territory of the Municipality of Ohrid within the boundaries of the WHP Ohrid region 22 3.3.1 Buffer zone 23 3.4 Outstanding Universal Value 23 3.4.1 Statement of Significance 23 4 Management Plan of the Municipality of Ohrid for WHP: Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region (within the territory of the Municipality of Ohrid) 27 4.1 The Management plan for the World Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region 28 4.2 The Main Aim and Need for Management
    [Show full text]
  • Energy and Water Services Regulatory Commission of the Republic of North Macedonia in 2018
    ENERGY AND WATER SERVICES REGULATORY COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA APRIL 2019 ANNUAL REPORT 201 8 Annual Report of the Energy and Water Services Regulatory Commission of the Republic of North Macedonia in 2018 ENERGY AND WATER SERVICES REGULATORY COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA ___________________________________________________________________ The Annual Report of the Energy and Water Services Regulatory Commission of the Republic of North Macedonia for 2018 has been prepared in accordance with Article 36 from the Energy Law, which establishes the obligation of the Energy and Water Services Regulatory Commission to submit the Annual Report for its operation during the previous year to the Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia, not later than 30th of April of the current year. The Annual Report of the Energy and Water Services Regulatory Commission for 2018 contains detailed information on the performance of the competences according to the Energy Law and the Law on Setting Prices of Water Services, as well as information on the material-financial operation. The Energy Law also determines that the Annual Report of the Energy and Water Services Regulatory Commission needs to be submitted to the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia and the Ministry competent for the performance of the assignments within the energy area, so that they could be informed, as well as to the Energy Community Secretariat. The Report contains overview of the activities performed by the Energy and Water Services Regulatory Commission during 2018, with special review of: − State of the energy markets, − State of the prices and tariffs regulation, − Preparing regulatory acts, − International activities and − Financial Statement of the Energy and Water Services Regulatory Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    E2120 EMP Checklist for Construction and Rehabilitation Activities General Guidelines for use of EMP checklist: For low-risk topologies, such as school and hospital rehabilitation activities, the ECA Public Disclosure Authorized safeguards team developed an alternative to the current EMP format to provide an opportunity for a more streamlined approach to preparing EMPs for minor rehabilitation or small-scale works in building construction, in the health, education and public services sectors. The checklist-type format has been developed to provide “example good practices” and designed to be user friendly and compatible with safeguard requirements. The EMP checklist-type format attempts to cover typical core mitigation approaches to civil works contracts with small, localized impacts. It is accepted that this format provides the key elements of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental Management Framework (EMF) to meet World Bank Environmental Assessment requirements under OP 4.01. The intention of this checklist is that it would be applicable as guidelines for the small works contractors and constitute an Public Disclosure Authorized integral part of bidding documents for contractors carrying out small civil works under Bank-financed projects. The checklist has three sections: Part 1 includes a descriptive part that characterizes the project and specifies in terms the institutional and legislative aspects, the technical project content, the potential need for capacity building program and description of the public consultation process. This section could be up to two pages long. Attachments for additional information can be supplemented when needed. Part 2 includes an environmental and social screening checklist, where activities and potential environmental issues can be checked in a simple Yes/No format.
    [Show full text]
  • MCEC IIEP Quarterly Report #8 Oct Dec 2013
    Interethnic Integration in Education Project QUARTERLY PROGRAM PERFORMANCE REPORT No. 8 October 1, 2013 – December 31, 2013 Joint student activities Submitted by: Macedonian Civic Education Center (MCEC) under Cooperative Agreement No. AID-165-A-12-00002 USAID Interethnic Integration in Education Project QUARTERLY REPORT #8, October 2013 – December 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. Background 3 2. Progress Towards Objectives 4 3. Crosscutting Activities 6 4. Project Activities 10 4.1. Community Outreach 10 4.2. Capacity Building of School Management and Teachers 12 4.3. Demonstration Schools 20 4.4. Providing Incentives to Schools and Communities 25 5. Lessons learned 31 6. Activities to Increase Participation of People with Disabilities (PWDs) 33 7. Activities in the next reporting period 34 8. List of appendices 36 2 USAID Interethnic Integration in Education Project QUARTERLY REPORT #8, October 2013 – December 2013 MACEDONIAN CIVIC EDUCATION CENTER (MCEC) USAID INTERETHNIC INTEGRATION IN EDUCATION PROJECT (IIEP) QUARTERLY PROGRAM PERFORMANCE REPORT No. 8 Cooperative Agreement No: AID-165-A-12-00002 Progress Report No: 8 Reporting Period: October 1, 2013 – December 31, 2013 1. BACKGROUND On December 2, 2011, the Macedonian Civic Education Center (MCEC) signed the Cooperative Agreement with USAID agreeing to provide support to USAID’s Interethnic Integration in Education Project (IIEP). IIEP is a four-year, USD 5.2 million initiative targeting all primary and secondary schools in Macedonia. The main objective of IIEP is to build awareness and provide diversity training, technical assistance, and incentives to school boards, principals, teachers, and administration officials in support of interethnic integration in education. It will build broad public understanding on the benefits for all citizens as a result from integrating Macedonia’s education system.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Table of Contents 2 Welcome to Ohrid-Prepsa 3-4 Things to do 5-6 Ohrid 7-14 Villages 15-16 Galicia National Park and Hiking 17-18 Ohrid Beaches 19-20 Tourist Association of Ohrid Biljana 21 Transportation 22 About Macedonia The Ohrid Prespa Region of Macedonia Welcome to Ohrid J faljjfas lkasvlj oqi fajkh oiruvw coiuqnrovc hqopvucoqw ho[uvqcop Galicia National Park and Hiking [uno[iu coi[nqu[coiubcqo vq[o2iu b[opcnux[ vhtiocqwg piucry[oi2quncrx[o hv[oiuqwbcio[p quboi[ fuqweoiuc fxoqwey cfiupxqh p yoiqwncroixqwe- nucrunxip2cf oip ycqnoxohcribfxnqo pifu[ibncq[io x J faljjfas lkasvlj oqi fajkh oiruvw coiuqnrovc hqopvucoqw ho[uvqcop [uno[iu coi[nqu[coiubcqo vq[o2iu b[opcnux[ vhtiocqwg piucry[oi2quncrx[o hv[oiuqwbcio[p quboi[ fuqweoiuc fxoqwey cfiupxqh p yoiqwncroixqwenucrunxip2cf oip ycqnoxo- hcribfxnqo pifu[ibncq[io x jfas lkasvlj oqi fajkh oiruvw coiuqnrovc hqopvucoqw ho[uvqcop [uno[iu coi[nqu[coiubcqo vq[o2iu b[opcnux[ vhtiocqwg piucry[oi2quncrx[o hv[oiuqwbcio[p quboi[ fuqweoiuc fxoqwey cfiupxqh p yoiqwncroixqwenu- crunxip2cf oip ycqnoxohcribfxnqo pifu[ibncq[io xJ faljjfas lkasvlj oqi fajkh oiruvw coiuqnrovc hqopvucoqw ho[uvqcop [uno[iu coi[nqu[coiubcqo vq[o2iu b[opcnux[ vhtiocqwg piucry[oi2quncrx[o hv[oiuqwbcio[p quboi[ fuqweoiuc fxoqwey cfiupxqh p yoiqwncroixqwenucrunxip2cf oip ycqnoxo- hcribfxnqo pifu[ibncq[io x J faljjfas lkasvlj oqi fajkh oiruvw coiuqnrovc hqopvucoqw ho[uvqcop [uno[iu coi[nqu[coiubcqo vq[o2iu b[opcnux[ vhtiocqwg piucry[oi2quncrx[o hv[oiuqwbcio[p quboi[ fuqweoiuc fxoqwey cfiupxqh p yoiqwncroixqwenu- crunxip2cf oip ycqnoxohcribfxnqo
    [Show full text]
  • Ohrid Lake - Important Resource for Cooperation of Local Government Between Macedonia and Albania
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 1, January-2016 111 ISSN 2229-5518 OHRID LAKE - IMPORTANT RESOURCE FOR COOPERATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT BETWEEN MACEDONIA AND ALBANIA Agni Aliu1 , Selvije Aliu2, Xhevat Bejta3 1South East Europian University Tetovo - Macedonia 2ETH - Zurich – Sweederland 3State University of Tetovo - Macedonia ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is cooperation of local government between Macedonia and Albania. There are three cities on the lake's shores: Ohrid and Struga on the Macedonian side; Pogradec in Albania. There are also several fishing villages, although tourism is now a more significant part of their income. Lake Ohrid is the deepest lake of the Balkans, with a maximum depth of 288 m and a mean depth of 155 m. It covers an area of 358 km² containing an estimated 55.4 km³ of water. The water at the surface of Lake Ohrid moves predominantly in a counter-clockwise direction along the shore, as a result of wind forcing and earth rotation - phenomenon known from oceans. In terms of vertical water exchange, convective mixing during winter cooling is the dominant process. However in an average winter only the top 150-200 meters of the lake are mixed, whereas the water below is stably stratified by salinity. The stability due to this salinity gradient allows complete convective mixing events only roughly once every 7 years.1 Key Words: Lake Ohrid, water, protection, cooperation. IJSER 1H. Ivanova; Vlijanieto na voveduvanjeto na rekata Sateska na Ohridskoto Ezero i izgradbata na privremen regulacionen objekt vo Struga vrz oscilaciite na Ohridskoto Ezero.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohrid and Lake Ohrid Are UNESCO Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites.  Alexander the Great Was Born in 356 BC in Pella, the Capital of Ancient Macedonia
    Ohrid and Lake Ohrid are UNESCO natural and cultural heritage sites. Alexander the Great was born in 356 BC in Pella, the capital of ancient Macedonia. Mother Theresa of Calcutta was born in Skopje, the capital of Macedonia. There are four national parks in Macedonia: Galichica, Mavrovo, Pelister and Jasen, which cover an area of approximately 110,000 hectares. Approximately half the population of Macedonia is under 30 years of age. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia became an official member of the United Nations Organization on April 8th, 1993. The vote was unanimous and it became the 184th member. Macedonia is known for its vineyards that cover approximately 74,000 acres. Approximately 700,000 tourists visit Macedonian lakes and mountains every year. More than 400,000 people visit the 22 or more Macedonian museums every year. The Macedonian documentary film ‘Dae’ directed by Stole Popov was nominated in the 1980 Academy Awards. The film ‘Before the Rain’ from Milcho Manchevski , obtained the Golden Lion of the Venice Film Festival, and was also nominated in the 1995 Academy Awards. The first Macedonian opera took place in 1926. One of the most renowned operas is 'Goce', by Kiril Makedonski, which performed on May 24th, 1954. Gligor Smokvarski’s ballet ‘A Macedonian Story’ first performed in 1953. Macedonia is known for its cultural and artistic scene, and has over 99 cultural, artistic, and educational associations presenting performances in Albanian, Turkish and Roman. There are over 99 amateur cultural, artistic and educational associations presenting concerts, music, theatre and art exhibitions. Macedonia is known for its antique churches, monasteries and frescoes.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Integration of Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and Minority Groups
    Transition Assistance and Institutional Building (IPA Component I) National Programme 2011 Local Integration of Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and Minority Groups Contract No.: 12-8715/1 REPORT ON STATE OF SERVICE DELIVERY WITHIN LOCAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION INSTITUTIONS Final – 15 September 2016 Date 15/09/2016 This project is funded by The project is implemented the European Union in a consortium led by This project is funded by the European Union LOCAL INTEGRATION OF REFUGEES, INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND MINORITY GROUPS REPORT ON STATE OF SERVICE DELIVERY WITHIN LOCAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION INSTITUTIONS Final – 15 September 2016 Report on state of service delivery within local public administration institutions This project is funded by the European Union LOCAL INTEGRATION OF REFUGEES, INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND MINORITY GROUPS The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of EPTISA and its consortium partners and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Report on state of service delivery within local public administration institutions This project is funded by the European Union LOCAL INTEGRATION OF REFUGEES, INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND MINORITY GROUPS DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET Project Name: Local Integration of Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and Minority Groups Reference No: EuropeAid/136616/IH/SER/MK Contracting Central Financing and Contracting Department, Ministry of Finance, Republic of Macedonia Authority: Beneficiaries: Ministry of Labour and Social Policy (MLSP); Cabinet of the Minister without Portfolio; Secretariat for European Affairs (SEA) Roma Information Centres (RICs); National Coordinative Body for Implementation of Strategy and Decade for Roma; Local self-government units; Employment Service Agency; Civil society organizations active in the field of Roma issues, refugees and internally displaced persons.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Socioeconomic Parameters for Promoting Tourism in The
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UGD Academic Repository Vol 23, No. 2;Feb 2016 Basic socioeconomic parameters for promoting tourism in the municipality of Dojran in the Republic of Macedonia Zlatko Jakovlev, Cane Koteski1, Nikola V. Dimitrov, Dusko Josheski, Mimoza Serafimova, Aleksandra Zezova “Goce Delcev” University, Faculty of Tourism and Business Logistics, Str., K. Misirkov 10 – A, 2000 - Stip, R. Macedonia Abstract The Municipality of Dojran has been labeled as a tourism destination for decades. The socioeconomic parameters are one of the essential prerequisites for promoting tourism. However, in the last years, some of these parameters have continuously been accompanied by adverse processes that have affected the development of tourism negatively. We will discuss, as far as we can, some of the socioeconomic parameters that are worth dwelling on regarding the promotion of tourism in the Municipality of Dojran. Keywords: The Municipality of Dojran, socioeconomic parameters, tourism, population, economic growth, development. JEL classification: J100, J190, O150 Introduction The Municipality of Dojran, as a lake tourism destination, mostly attracts tourists’ attention to stay and visit during the summer season. However, this approach is partially conditioned upon the limited socioeconomic opportunities for accepting and accommodating a greater number of tourists throughout the whole year. A few tables on the basic socioeconomic parameters of eight more cities-municipalities, where the tourism has a great influence on their economic growth, will follow regarding this. Thus, the cities mentioned in the analytical sample are as follows: Skopje – the capital, and an important tourist destination in the Republic of Macedonia, Tetovo – the second municipality based on the 523 [email protected] Vol 23, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Residents' Perception on Tourism Impact Factors: a Study of Ohrid
    DOI 10.20544/HORIZONS.A.26.3.20.P05 UDC 338.481.1-054.4:303.725.3(497.771) RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON TOURISM IMPACT FACTORS: A STUDY OF OHRID, NORTH MACEDONIA Biljana Petrevska Faculty of Tourism and Business Logistics, Goce Delčev University – Štip, North Macedonia, [email protected] Tanja Mihalič Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, [email protected] Cvetko Andreeski Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality – Ohrid, St. KlimentOhridski University – Bitola, North Macedonia, [email protected] ABSTRACT Rapid tourism growth may negatively affect the sustainability of the destination and disrupt the life of local residents. This paper explores the direct and indirect connections among tourism impact factors in the area of sustainability. Exploratory factor analysis is conducted in order to assess the underlying dimension of residents’ satisfaction with given impacts of tourism development. The authors use the three-pillar sustainability concept (socio-cultural, environmental and economic) and suggest a model that measures residents’ attitudes on tourism impacts. The model is empirically tested by elaborating the case of Ohrid (North Macedonia). The study informs tourism policy makers how to manage tourism impacts and to improve sustainability perspective. The proposed model can be adopted and applied to any tourism destination facing unsustainable development. KEY WORDS: Residents’ attitudes; Tourism impacts; Factors. 53 INTRODUCTION Rapid tourism growth cause negative effects on the quality of life of locals, whomight harshly interrupt to enjoy the uniqueness of their destination. On the other hand, the evergrowing number of tourists brings forth rising income from tourism, thus benefiting local economy.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Basic Data for Municipalities Debar , Kicevo , Ohrid and Struga
    0 Title of the publication Analysis of the economy of the Southwest planning region and possibilities for employment Publisher Economic Chamber of North – West Macedonia (ECNWM) Foundation for sustainable economic development PREDA Plus (PREDA Plus foundation) Editor Filip Sekuloski, PREDA Plus foundation Gramoz Shabani, ECNWM Editing Gordana Aceska Design & print preparation Aleksandar Desoski Print Acetoni Copies 400 Prilep, November, 2013 Youth Empowerment and Employment Generation project is financially supported by European Union. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of the project partners, Economic Chamber of North-West Macedonia and PREDA Plus Foundation, and in no way reflect the views of the European Union. 1 Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Basic data for the Southwest planning Region ............................................................................... 6 1. 1. Southwest planned Region ..................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1 History .................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.2 Geography .............................................................................................................................. 8 1.1.3 Administrative division .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable and (Ir)Responsible Tourism in Ohrid: Residents' Perception
    Biljana Petrevska, and Tanja Mihalič. 2020. (UN)Sustainable and (IR)Responsible Tourism in Ohrid: Resident’s Perception. UTMS Journal of Economics 11(2): 202–212. Original scientific paper (accepted November 17, 2020) (UN)SUSTAINABLE AND (IR)RESPONSIBLE TOURISM IN OHRID: RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTION Biljana Petrevska1 Tanja Mihalič Abstract The aim of the paper is to identify the main factors that affect tourism development of Ohrid (North Macedonia) from the three-pillar sustainability dimension (socio-cultural, environmental and economic). Based on 630 questionnaires collected from residents in January 2020, exploratory factor analysis is conducted to assess residents’ satisfaction with given impacts of tourism. The research revealed positive socio-cultural and economic factors and negative environmental impacts, indicating that Ohrid is practicing neither sustainable, nor responsible tourism development. Despite having legislation and an institutional framework to safeguard Ohrid’s World Heritage property, many serious concerns were noted with regards to the sustainability values. The findings may assist policy makers in establishing tourism planning process and developing sustainable development strategies. Keywords: sustainability, tourism development, locals, UNESCO JEL classification: L83, Z32, Z38 INTRODUCTION Tourism destinations that are World Heritage (WH) sites often provoke large interest and attract many tourists. Large number of visitors increase tourism expenditure, thereby local economy benefits. Yet, the risk is on endangering socio-cultural, and environmental resources that represent a base for gaining the WH label. So, being guided only by economic impacts of tourism, provokes severe changes to the destination and local community in terms of other dimensions of sustainability, i.e. socio-cultural and natural. As such, residents perceive differently tourism impacts in the line of the broad concept of the three sustainability domains as separate factors.
    [Show full text]