UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON Department of History Spring 1988

COURSE NO. COU:tSE TITLE INSTRUCTOR 432 History of Scandinavia since 1809 Mr. Hamalainen

COUP.SE D':SCRIPTI0~1 History 432 explores major social, political, economic and cultural trends in the Scandinavian countries (Norden) in the 19th and 20th centuries starting with the political realignmen ts at the beginning of the era -- the break-up of the Swedo-Finnish and the Dano-~on-Jegian states and the emergence of Finland aud Norway as autonomous political entities in association respectively with Russia and Sweden.

TheLe will be an effort to discuss the historical institutions, structures, and developments in the Nordic countries within a comparative framework. This approach should clarify those features which are common to Nordic history as a whole as well as serve the purpose of emphasizing the more unique aspects of the evolution of the different northern societies. The relationship of significant characteristics of the Nordic experience to general European history will also be explored.

LECTURES Lectures three times per week

WRITTEN ASSI~T:SNTS and EXA."'TNATIO~iS The undergraduates are expected to write two book reviews and the graduate student · five booK reviews based on supplementary reading. Both the mid-term and final examinations ~•ill consist of essay questions--the mid-term examination is optional but if a student ch~oses to take it, the examination counts toward the course grade.

GRADING SYSTEM

The course grade is largely decided by the results of the examinations -- if the student chooses to take the mid-term examination it will count for about 30% of the course grade. The book reviews can swing the course grade in borderline cases.

REQUIRED r_?. ADI~:G5 Appropriate sections of the works mentioned below will be required reading for all students in the cl:1ss. In addition there will be supplementary reading, which the students can choose from a book list furnished by the instructor. T.K. Derry, A History of Scandinavia, 1979. P.K. Hamalainen, In Time of Storm: Revolution, Civil War and the Ethnolinguistic Issue in Finland,_ 1978. Steven Koblik, Sweden's Development from Poverty to Affluence, 1975. Henrik S. Nissen, ed., Scandinavia during the Second World War, 1983. •/ ~ . / ">

•-'/ I' / Course No. 432 -2- Instructor Hamalarnen

Following topics will be discussed in the lectures:

Introductory comments Failing security arrangements

Political and territorial realignments and the eve of the Second

Old and new political institutions World War

Problems of nationalism The Finno-Russian Winter War

Romanticism and nationalism German occupation of Denmark and

Cultural nationalism in Finland Norway

Cultural nationalism in Norway The Finno-Russian Winter

The Schleswig- Holstein probl em War

Pan-Scandinavianism Postwar reconstruction and search

Agrarian and demographic problems for security

Emigration Political realignments

The process of industrialization Norway and Denmark in NATO

Rise of liberalism Swedish neutrality

Rise of the Social Democratic movements The Finno-Soviet relationship

Cultural national romanticism Nordic cooperation

The democratic breakthrough Scandinavia, EFTA and EEC

_Independence struggles and social conflict

The Finnish Revolution and Civil i-iar and its heritage

Territorial disputes

Ethnic conflict in Finland

The depression

Evolution of welfare states Spr 1988 432 Scandinavian History Mr. Hama1ainen

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

General Histories

Andersson, Ingvar. A History of Sweden. New York: Praeger, 1956.

Birch, John. Denmark in History. London: Murray, 1938.

Danstrup, John. A History of Denmark. Copenhagen, 1949.

Gjerset, K. History of Iceland. New York, 1964.

Hovde, Brynjo1f. The Scandinavian Countries, 1720-1865: The Rise of the Middle Classes, I - II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1948.

Jones, W. Glyn. Denmark. New York: Praeger, 1970.

Jutikkala, Eino, with Kauko Pirinen. A History of Finland. New York: Praeger, 1962.

Larsen, Karen. A History of Norway. Princeton: Princeton University Press for The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1958.

Mazour, Anatole G. Finland Between East and West. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1956.

Mead, W. R. Finland. New York: Praeger, 1968.

Midgaard, John. A Brief History of Norway. Oslo: Johan Grundt Tanum, 1964.

Samuelsson, K. From Great Power to Welfare State. London: Allen and Unwin, 1968.

General Works

Abrahamsen, Samuel. Sweden's Foreign Policy. Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1957.

Ander, Oscar F. The Building of Modern Sweden: The Reign of Gustav V, 1907-1950. Rock Island: Augustana Library Publications No. 28, 1958.

Andren, Nils. Government and Politics in the Nordic Countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1961.

Modern Swedish Government. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1961.

Barton, H. Arnold. Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era, 1760-1815. 1986. 432 Scandinavian History 2

General Works (continued)

Board, J. The Government and Politics of Sweden. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1970.

Castberg, Frede. Norway and the Western Powers: A Study of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1957.

Goodrich, Austin. Study in Sisu: Finland's Fight for Independence. New York: Ballantine Books, 1960.

Rallo, Wendy. The Finns and Their Country. London: Parrish, 1967.

Hastad, Elis W. The Parliament of Sweden. London: Hansard Society for Parliamentary Governments, 1957.

Heckscher, Eli F. An Economic History of Sweden, trans. by Goran Ohlin, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954.

Herlitz, Nils. Sweden: A Modern Democracy on Ancient Foundations. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1939.

Hinshaw, David. Sweden: Champion of Peace. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1949.

Hodgson, John. Communism in Finland. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967.

Hovde, Brynjolf J. Diplomatic Relations of the United States with Sweden and Norway, 1814-1905. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1920.

Jackson, J. Hampden. Finland. New York: Macmillan, 1940.

Jensen, Amy E. Iceland: Old-New Republic. New York: Exposition Press, 1954.

Knoellinger, Carl Erik. Labor in Finland. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.

Koht, Halvdan, and Sigmund Skard. The Voice of Norway. New York: Columbia University Press, 1944.

Lauwerys, J. A., ed. Scandinavian Democracy: Development of Democratic Thought and Institutions in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Copenhagen: J. A. Schultz for The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1958.

Miller, Kenneth E. Government and Politics in Denmark. Boston: Houghton­ Mifflin, 1968.

Molland, Einar. Church Life in Norway, 1800-1950, trans. by Harris Kaasa. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1957.

Montgomery, Arthur. The Rise of Modern Industry in Sweden. London: P. S. King and Son, 1939. 432 Scandinavian History 3

General Works (continued)

Mortensen, Sverre, and Per Vogt, eds. One Hundred Norwegians: An Introduction to Norwegian Culture and Achievement. Oslo: Johan Grundt Tanum, 1955.

Neuchterlein, Donald E. Iceland: Reluctant Ally. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1961.

Nousiainen, Jaakko. The Finnish Political System. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961.

Puntila, L. A. The Political History of Finland, 1809-1966. London: Heinemann, 1975.

Rothery, Agnes E. Iceland: New World Outpost. New York: Viking Press, 1948.

Rustow, Dankwart. Sweden: The Politics of Compromise. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955.

Scandinavia Past and Present, I - III, ed. by J~rgen Bukdahl et al. Odense: Arnkrone, 1959.

Scott, Franklin D. The United States and Scandinavia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950.

Scott, Franklin D. Scandinavia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.

Scott, Franklin D. Sweden: The Nation's History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977.

Shearman, Hugh. Finland: The Adventures of a Small Power. London: Stevens, 1950.

Shirer, William L. The Challenge of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland of Our Time. Boston: Little, Brown, 1955.

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Iceland: The First American Republic. New York: Doubleday and Doran, 1939.

Storing, James A. Norwegian Democracy. Boston: Mifflin, 1963.

Toyne, Stanley M. The Scandinavians in History. New York: Longmans, Green, 1948.

Upton, A. F. Communism in Scandinavia and Finland. Garden City: Anchor Press/ Doubleday, 1973.

Wilson, William A. Folklore and Nationalism in Modern Finland. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976.

Wuorinen, John H. Scandinavia. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1965. Spectrum Book S-614. 432 Scandinavian History 4

Nineteenth Century and Up to the First World War

Blegen, Theodore C. Norwegian Migration to America, 1825-1860. Northfield, Minnesota: The Norwegian-American Historical Association, 1931.

Carr, W. Schleswig-Holstein, 1815-48: A Study in National Conflict. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1963.

Copeland, William R. ~T~h~e~U~n~e~a~s~yL-~A=l=l~i=a~n~c~e~·~-C~o~l=l=a~b=o~r~a_t_~_·o~n__ B~e~t_w~e~e~n __ t_h~e __ F__ i7 n_n~i_s__ h Opposition and the Russian Underground, 1899-1904. Helsinki: Suomalainen ~~=-~~-=~--~~----~------~~--~~~~--~~ Tiedeakatemia, 1973.

Falnes, Oscar J. National Romanticism in Norway. New York: Columbia University Press, 1933.

Fisher, Joseph R. Finland and the Tsars, 1809-1899. London: E. Arnold, 1901.

Fogdall, Soren. Danish-American Diplomacy, 1776-1920. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1922.

Hamalainen, Pekka Kalevi. In Time of Storm: Revolution, Civil War and the Ethnolinguistic Issue in Finland. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1978.

Hill, Charles E. The Danish Sound Dues and the Command of the Baltic: A Study of International Relations. Durham: Duke University Press, 1926.

Hjelholt, Holger. British Mediation in the Danish-German Conflict, 1848-50, Parti, From the March Revolution to the November Government. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1965. Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser udgivet af det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, XLI:l.

Hvidt, Kristian. The Flight to America: The Social Background of 300,000 Danish Emigrants. New York: Academic Press Inc., 1975.

Jorbert, Lennart. The Industrial Revolution in Scandinavia, 1850-1914. Fontana Economic Hisotry of Europe. London: Collins, 1970.

Jorgensen, Theodore. Norway's Relation to Scandinavian Unionism, 1815-1871. Northfield: St. Olaf College Press, 1935.

Kero, Reino. Migration from Finland to North America in the Years between the United States Civil War and the First World War. Turku: University of Turku, 1974.

Kirby, D. G., ed. Finland and Russia, 1808-1920. From Autonomy to Independence. A Selection of Documents. London: MacMillan Press, 1975.

Knaplund, Paul. British Views on Norwegian-Swedish Problems, 1880-1895: Selections from Diplomatic Correspondence. Oslo: J. Dybwad, 1952. 432 Scandinavian History 5

Nineteenth Century and Up to the First World War (continued)

Kolehmainen, John I. The Epic of the North: Finland's Kalevala. New York Mills: Northwestern Pub. Co., 1973.

Larson, Harold. Bj~rnstjerne Bj4rnson: A Study in Norwegian Nationalism. New York: King's Crown Press, 1945.

Lieberman, Sima. The Industrialization of Norway, 1800-1920. Oslo: Universitets-forlaget, 1970.

Lindberg, Folke. Scandinavia in Great Power Politics, 1905-1908. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1958.

Lindgren, Raymond E. Norway-Sweden: Union, Disunion, and Scandinavian Integration. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959.

Munch, Peter A. The Strange American Way: Letters of Caja Munch from Wiota, Wisconsin, 1855-1859. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1970.

Paasivirta, Juhani. Finland and Europe: International Crises in the Period of Autonomy 1808-1914. 1981.

Rundblom, Harald, and Hans Norman, eds. From Sweden to America: A History of the Migration. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1976.

Scott, Franklin. Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1935.

Skardal, Dorothy Burton. The Divided Heart: Scandinavian Immigrant Experience through Literary Sources. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974.

Steefel, Lawrence. The Schleswig-Holstein Question. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1932.

Verney, Douglas V. Parliamentary Reform in Sweden, 1866-1921. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.

Wuorinen, John. Nationalism in Modern Finland. New York: Columbia University Press, 1931.

The First World War Period

Halter, Heinz. Finland Breaks the Russian Chains. London, 1940.

Hannula, Joose. Finland's War of Independence. Toronto, 1939.

Harmaja, Leo. Effects of the War on Economic and Social Life in Finland. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1933. 432 Scandinavian History 6

The First World War Period (continued)

Heckscher, Eli F., and others. Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland in the World War. New Haven: Yale University Press for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1930.

Riste, Olav. The Neutral Ally: Norway's Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1965.

Smith, C. Jay, Jr. Finland and the Russian Revolution, 1917-1922. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1958.

Soderhjelm, Henning. The Red Insurrection in Finland in 1918. London: Harrison and Sons, n.d.

Vigness, Paul G. The Neutrality of Norway in the World War. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1932.

Between the World Wars

Barros, James. The Aland Islands Question. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.

Bellquist, Eric C. Some Aspects of the Recent Foreign Policy of Sweden. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1929.

Childs, Marquis W. Sweden: The Middle Way. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947.

Falnes, Oscar J. Norway and the Nobel Peace Prize. New York: Columbia University Press, 1938.

Fox, Frank. Finland Today. London, 1926.

Graham, Malbone W. The Diplomatic Recognition of the Border States, Part I, Finland. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1936. Publications of The University of California at Los Angeles in Social Sciences, III:2, 81-230.

Hinshaw, David. Heroic Finland, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1952.

Joesten, Joachim. Rats in the Larder: The Story of Nazi Influence in Denmark. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1939.

Jones, Shepard. The Scandinavian States and the League of Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press for the American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1939.

Olson, Alma L. Scandinavia: The Background for Neutrality. New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1940.

Orvik, Nils. The Decline of Neutrality, 1914-1941. Oslo: Johan Grundt Tanum, 1953. 432 Scandinavian History 7

Between the World Wars (continued)

Passivirta, Juhani. The Victors in World War I and Finland: Finland's Relations with the British, French and United States Governments in 1918-1919, trans. by Paul Sj~blom. Helsinki: The Finnish Historical Society, 1965. Studia Historica No. 7.

Rintala, Marvin. Three Generations. The Extreme Right Wing in Finnish Politics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1962.

Rogvall, Toivo. Finland: Land of Heroes. New York, 1940.

Simon, Sir Ernest D. The Smaller Democracies. London: V. Gollanz, 1940.

Skeie, Jon. Greenland: The Dispute between Norway and Denmark. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

Tingsten, Herbert. The Debate on the Foreign Policy of Sweden, 1918-1939. London: Oxford University Press.

The Second World War

Anderess, Johs, Olav Riste and Magne Skodvin. Norway and the Second World War. Oslo: Johan Grundt Tanum, 1966.

Ash, Bernard. Norway 1940. London: Cassell, 1964.

Bennett, Jeremy. British Broadcasting and the Danish Resistance Movement, 1940-1945: A Study of the Wartime Broadcasts of the B.B.C. Danish Service. Cambridge: The University Press, 1966.

Boveri, Margret. Treason in the Twentieth Century, trans. by Jonathan Steinberg. London: MacDonald, 1961. Chapter 8. "The Quisling Riddle," pp. 82-96.

Chew, Allen. The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet Finnish Winter War. E. Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1971.

Clark, Douglas. Three Days to Catastrophe. London: Hammond, 1966.

Davies, L. Invasion in the Snow. Boston: Mifflin, 1941.

Derry, Thomas K. The Campaign in Norway. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1952.

Donnison, F.S.V. Civil Affairs and Military Government. North-West Europe, 1944-1946. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1961. Chapter 9: "Denmark and Norway" pp. 153-70.

Elliston, H. B. Finland Fights. Boston: Little and Brown, 1940. 432 Scandinavian History 8

The Second World War (continued)

Fox, Annette Baker. The Power of Small States: Diplomacy in World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959.

Gripenberg, G. A. Finland and the Great Powers. Memoirs of a Diplomat. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965.

Gudme, Sten. Denmark: Hitler's 'Model Protectorate'. London: V. Gollanz, 1942.

Hayes, Paul M. The Career and Political Ideas of Vidkun Quisling, 1887-1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Hewins, Ralph. Quisling: Prophet without Honour. London: W. H. Allen, 1965.

H~ye, Bjarne, and Trygve M. Ager. The Fight of the Norwegian Church Against Nazism. New York: Macmillan, 1943.

Jaakkola, J. The Finnish Eastern Question. Poorvoo, WSOY, 1942.

Jagerskiold, Stig. Mannerheim Marshall of Finland. 1986.

Joesten, J. Denmark's Day of Doom. London: Gallanz, 1939.

Johnson, Amanda. Norway: Her Invasion and Occupation. Decatur: Bowen Press, 1948.

Krosby, H. Peter. Finland, Germany and the Soviet Union, 1940-1941: The Petsamo Dispute. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.

Lampe, David. The Savage Canary: The Story of Resistance in Denmark. London: Cassell, 1957.

Lundin, C. Leonard. Finland in the Second World War. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957.

Mannerheim, C.G.E. Memoirs of Marshal Mannerheim. London: Cassell, 1953.

Milward, A. S. The Fascist Economy of Norway. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.

Moulton, J. L. The Norwegian Campaign of 1940: A Study of Warfare in Three Dimensions. London: Eyre and Spottiswoods, 1966.

Myklebost, Tor. They Came as Friends. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran, 1943.

Nevakivi, Jukka. The Appeal That Was Never Made. The Allies, Scandinavia and the Finnish Winter War, 1939-1940. London: C. Hurst & Co., 1976.

Norway: A Fighting Ally! Washington: Royal Norwegian Information Service, 1944. 432 Scandinavian History 9

The Second World War (continued)

Outze, B~rge. Denmark During the German Occupation. Copenhagen: Scandinavian Publishing Co., 1946.

Polvinen, Tuomo. Between East and West: Finland in International Politics, 1944-1947. 1986.

Strode, Atkinson. Finland Forever. New York, 1941-1952.

Upton, Anthony F. Finland 1939-1940. London: Davis-Poynter, 1974.

Upton, Anthony F. Finland in Crisis, 1940-1941: A Study in Small-Power Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1965.

Wuorinen, John H., trans. and ed. Finland and World War II, 1939-1944. New York: Ronald Press, 1948 (anonymous Finnish manuscript).

Ziemke, Earl F. The German Northern Theater of Operations, 1940-1945. Washington: Department of the Army Pamphlet No. 20-271, 1960.

Postwar Scandinavia and Scandinavia Today

Anderson, Stanley V. The Nordic Council: A Study of Scandinavian Regionalism. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1967.

Andr~n, Nils. Power-Balance and Non-Alignment: A Perspective on Swedish Foreign Policy. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1967.

Austin, Paul. On Being Swedish. London: Seches, 1968.

Bjerve, Petter Jakob. Planning in Norway, 1947-1956. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1959.

Bourneuf, Alice. Norway: The Planned Revival. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958.

Bradley, David. Lion among Roses.

Connery, Harald S. The Scandinavians. London: Eyre, 1966.

Fleisher, Frederic. The New Sweden: The Challenge of a Disciplined Democracy. New York: David McKay Co., 1967.

Friis, Henning K., ed. Scandinavia Between East and West. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950.

Hancock, M. Donald. Sweden: The Politics of Postindustrial Change. Hinsdale, Illinois: Dryden Press, 1972. 432 Scandinavian History 10

Postwar Scandinavia and Scandinavia Today (continued)

Hofgaard, Conrad, ed. Norway: Survey of Exports and Economic Developments. Oslo: Norwegian Export Council, 1948.

Huntford, Roland. The New Totalitarians. London: Penguin Press, 1971.

Jakobson, Max. Finnish Neutrality: A Study of Finnish Foreign Policy since the Second World War. New York: Praeger, 1969.

Kenny, Rowland. The Northern Tangle: Scandinavia and the Post-War World. London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1946.

Kvavik, Robert B. Interest Groups in Norwegian Politics. Oslo: Universitets-forlaget, 1976.

Maude, George. The Finnish Dilemma. Neutrality in the Shadow of Power. London: for the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford University Press, 1976.

Orvik, Nils. Europe's Northern Cap and the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Harvard University, Center for International Affairs, 1963. Occasional Papers in International Affairs, No. 6.

Royal Institute of International Affairs. The Scandinavian States and Finland: A Political and Economic Survey. London: Oxford University Press, 1951.

S~rensen, Max, and Niels J. Haagerup. Denmark and the United Nations. New York: Manhattan Publishing Co., 1956.

Suviranta, Bruno. Finland's War Indemnity. Stockholm: Svenska Handelsbanken, 1947.

Swedish Institute of International Affairs. Sweden and the United Nations. New York: Manhattan Publishing Co., 1956.

Vloyantes, John P. Silk Glove Hegenomy. Finnish-Soviet Relations 1944-1974: A Case Study of the Theory of the Soft Sphere of Influence. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1975.

Wendt, Frantz. The Nordic Council and Co-operation 1n Scandinavia. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1959.

Biographies and Memoirs

Borenius, T. Fieldmarshall Mannerheim. London: Hutchinson, 1940.

Hambro, Carl. I Saw It Happen in Norway.

Hayes, Paul. Quisling. London: David, 1971. 432 Scandinavian History 11

Biographies and Memoirs (continued)

Hewins, Ralph. Quisling -- Prophet without Honour. London: Allen, 1965.

Knudsen, H. Franklin. I Was Quisling's Secretary. London: Briton, 1967.

Koht, Halvdan. Education of a Historian. New York: Speller, 1957.

Michael, Maurice. Haakon, King of Norway. London, 1958.

Raikkonen, E. Svinhufvud the Builder of Finland. London, 1938.

Rintala, M. Four Finns, Political Profiles. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968.

Screen, J. E. Mannerheim, the Years of Preparation. London: Hurst, 1970.

Tanner, Vaino. The Winter War: Finland against Russia, 1939-1940. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957.

Tokoi, Oskari. Sisu - Even through a Stone Wall. The Autobiography of Oskari Tokoi. New York: Speller, 1957.

Warner, Oliver. Marshall Mannerheim and the Finns. Helsinki-London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1967.

General Books of Travel and Description

Ashcroft, Diana. Journey to Finland. London: Muller, 1952.

Bradley, David. Lion among Roses.

Bremner, Robert. Excursions in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, I - II. London: Colburn, 1840.

Cooper, Sidney. Rambles in Sweden. Gothenburg, 1884.

Heywood, Terence. Background to Sweden. Gothenburg, 1884.

Nott, Kathleen. A Clean Well-Lighted Place. London: Heinemann, 1961.

Renwick, George. Finland To-Day. London: Fisher and Unwin, 1911.

Rothery, Agnes. Finland, The New Nation. New York: Viking Press, 1936.

Sansam, William. The Icicle and the Sun. London: Hogarth, 1958.

Sitwell, Sacheverell. Denmark. London: Batsford, 1956. 432 Scandinavian History 12

General Books of Travel and Description (contined)

Strode, Denmark is a Lovely Land. New York: Hartcourt, 1951.

Sweden, Model for the World. New York: Hartcourt, 1949.

Sykes, John. Direction North: A View for Finland. New York: Chilton, 1967.