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The Keeping and Milking of Sheep in the Old Subsistence Economy of Scandinavia, Iceland and Northern Europe
THE KEEPING AND MILKING OF SHEEP IN THE OLD SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY OF SCANDINAVIA, ICELAND AND NORTHERN EUROPE Jon Bergsftker SHEEP IN EARLY SOCIETIES Archaeologists believe that sheep are associated with the pioneer cultivators in Northern European hunting cultures, and·that as domestic animals they may be considered part of the Northern European farm from earliest times (Brondsted 195 7. I. 262). At Neolithic dwelling sites in Western Norway, sheep bones are identified with refuse from meals (Hagen 1962. 35; Myhre 1967. 33-34), whilst the use of wool for clothes is confirmed from Bronze Age finds in Scandinavia (Brondsted 1958. II. 119-120). There is also reason to believe that the milk-giving qualities of domestic animals have been known from early times. Perforated pottery vessels from both Bronze Age and Iron Age Scandinavia are thought to have been used in the production of cheese (Rank 1966. 44-47). But there is no real evidence to suggest a development from general sheep keeping to selective sheep-breeding in prehistoric times in Northern Europe - whether for wool or for meat. The prehistoric sheep - descendants of which, in historic times, were found in e.g. Iceland and the Farnes, in the Norwegian spael.sau or short-tailed sheep, and in the Swedish tantras (country breed)-were kept equally for their milk, wool and mutton. Non-specialised use of the sheep belongs primarily to a subsistence economy where sheep-keeping is based on an individual's personal needs rather than on a concept of produce for sale. Only gradually, as a community becomes more stratified and sections of the population find themselves without sheep, does a more deliberate policy of sheep-keeping appear, linked to commerical and economic factors. -
Oil and Gas Cluster in Norway
Microeconomics of Competitiveness May 2012 Olivia Leskinen | Paul Klouman Bekken | Haja Razafinjatovo | Manuel García Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 2 1. Overview of Norway ..................................................................................................................... 3 2. Norway’s economic performance ............................................................................................ 4 Why has Norway done so well over the last twenty years? .............................................................. 5 3. Competitiveness Analysis of Norway ..................................................................................... 6 Endowments ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Competitiveness Profile and the National Diamond ........................................................................... 6 Factor Conditions: Education ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Factor Conditions: Research & Development .................................................................................................. 10 Context for Firm Strategy and Rivalry: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ........................................... 12 Company Operations and Strategy: The Role of -
Finnish Business Review Vol
Finnish Business Review Vol. 6 (2019), pp. 28-40 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Finnish Business Review . Journal homepage: www.fbr.fi . ___________________________________________________________________ Case The competitiveness of Norway and its challenges Nazar Kokaurov, corresponding author, international business student, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, School of Business, Rajakatu 35, 40200, Jyväskylä, Finland, kokaurovn99 (at) gmail.com Murat Akpinar, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, School of Business, Rajakatu 35, 40200, Jyväskylä, Finland, murat.akpinar (at) jamk.fi _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract This case addresses the competitiveness of Norway and its challenges. Thanks to the discovery of oil & gas on the Norwegian continental shelf in 1969, Norway’s economy prospered to become the sixth richest in the world in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Different than other oil & gas rich countries in the world, Norway achieved to improve the societal welfare of its citizens and led the world in social progress. Despite the prosperity and the high level of social welfare, dependence on the oil & gas industry, the climate crisis, and poor transport infrastructure continued to challenge Norway, and the country lagged behind its Scandinavian neighbours in competitiveness. Keywords: competitiveness, Norway _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Norway was a developing economy at the beginning of the 20th century, but the discovery of oil & gas in the Norwegian continental shelf in 1969 changed the country’s fate, making it the sixth richest in the world in 2018 with a purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusted gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of USD 65,6031. Different than other oil & gas rich countries, but similar to other Scandinavian countries, Norway was also a leading nation in social progress with an index of 90.952 out of 100. -
The Nordic Model and the Oil Nation Roberto Iacono
The Nordic Model and the Oil Nation Roberto Iacono To cite this version: Roberto Iacono. The Nordic Model and the Oil Nation. 2016. hal-01402143 HAL Id: hal-01402143 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01402143 Preprint submitted on 24 Nov 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Nordic Model and the Oil Nation Roberto Iaconoy September 1, 2016 This paper investigates the long-run economic effects of large natural resource endowments, through a comparative quantitative case study. Focusing on three economic features of the so-called Nordic model, namely low income inequality, high labour productivity growth, and high welfare spending, this study estimates the shocks to these key features in Norway after the country became one of the world’slargest oil exporters. A synthetic control unit constructed by weighting Nordic countries that resemble the economy of Norway without being oil producers provides the most reliable comparison unit to estimate the causal effects constituting the paper’s threefold contribution. First, results show that the resource windfall contributed to relatively higher top income shares, adding natural resources to the set of drivers of income inequality in Norway. -
The Role of Institutions and Policy in Knowledge Sector Development: an Assessment of the Danish and Norwegian Information Communication Technology Sectors
University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2015 The Role of Institutions and Policy in Knowledge Sector Development: An Assessment of the Danish and Norwegian Information Communication Technology Sectors Keith M. Gehring University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Gehring, Keith M., "The Role of Institutions and Policy in Knowledge Sector Development: An Assessment of the Danish and Norwegian Information Communication Technology Sectors" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1086. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1086 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS AND POLICY IN KNOWLEDGE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DANISH AND NORWEGIAN INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SECTORS __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Keith M. Gehring November 2015 Advisor: Professor Martin Rhodes Author: Keith M. Gehring Title: THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS AND POLICY IN KNOWLEDGE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DANISH AND NORWEGIAN INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SECTORS Advisor: Professor Martin Rhodes Degree Date: November 2015 ABSTRACT The Nordic economies of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden outperform on average nearly ever OECD country in the share of value added stemming from the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. -
Internationalization of Innovative Activities in Norway US Patents Involving Norwegian Inventors and Assignees
ARBEIDSNOTAT 01/18 WORKING PAPER In this working paper we aim to investigate the international pattern of innovation in Norway as it is revealed in patent data from the United States Patent and Trademark Internationalization of innovative Office (USPTO). The empirical section consists of four parts. We start by considering innovative activities in Norway in an international perspective, and continue by focusing activities in Norway on the growth in patents and their international connectedness as far as US patents involving actors residing in Norway are concerned. Then we investigate the development US patents involving Norwegian concerning the international dispersion of co-inventors in these patents and the distri- bution of co-inventors across countries. Finally, focus is on the top patenting firms in inventors and assignees Norway and the international dispersion of co-inventors in their US patents. Xinlu Qiu Per Heum Xiaomei Cheng Samfunns- og næringslivsforskning AS Centre for Applied Research at NHH Helleveien 30 NO-5045 Bergen Norway P +47 55 95 95 00 E [email protected] W snf.no Samfunns- og næringslivsforskning AS Centre for Applied Research at NHH Trykk: Allkopi Bergen SNF SAMFUNNS- OG NÆRINGSLIVSFORSKNING AS - er et selskap i NHH-miljøet med oppgave å initiere, organisere og utføre ekstern- finansiert forskning. Norges Handelshøyskole og Stiftelsen SNF er aksjonærer. Virksomheten drives med basis i egen stab og fagmiljøene ved NHH. SNF er ett av Norges ledende forskningsmiljø innen anvendt økonomisk-administrativ forskning, og har gode samarbeidsrelasjoner til andre forskningsmiljøer i Norge og utlandet. SNF utfører forskning og forsknings baserte utredninger for sentrale beslutningstakere i privat og offentlig sektor. -
The Role of Welfare State in Norway
ساعت: امضاء صفحه آرا: ساعت: امضاء مسئول صفحه: ساعت: امضاء ادیتور:ADVERTISEMENTS ساعت: امضاء سردبیر: I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y APRILAPRIL 28, 2019 ANALYSISADVERTISEMENT & INTERVIEW 7 The role of welfare state in Norway sixth largest import partner and its total imports References By Hanif Ghaffari to Norway in 2015 amounted to $ 4.4 billion or 5.7 1)Carlgren, Fredrik. (28 September 2012). TEHRAN — Norway is located in Northern Europe percent of Norway’s total imports. South Korea “Snabba fakta om svensk export”, available at: and is one of the Nordic countries and a member of was seventh import partner for Norway in 2015, http: //www. ekonomifakta.se/Artiklar/2012/ NATO. The country has long borders with Sweden which accounted for 4.2% of Europe’s imports. September/Snabba-fakta-om-svensk-export/ and in other sides with Finland.30% of the work- After South Korea, the Netherlands is the eighth (Retrieved on 2015-01- 29) forces in Norway are working in the public sector, import partner and 3.6 percent of the country’s 2)Carlgren, Fredrik. (30 May 2016). “BNP per which rate is highest among the Organization for imports are made from Netherlands. capita”, Available at: http://www. ekonomifak- Economic Cooperation and Development (Statis- France and Poland are the ninth and tenth ta. se/Fakta/Ekonomi/Tillvaxt/BNP-per-capita/ tics Norway, 2014: 24). The Norwegian govern- import partners of Norway, accounting for 3.3 (Retrieved at: 27 July 2016). ment is large owners in key industries such as the and 3 percent of total imports in 2015 respective- 3)Ipsen, Erik. -
1 the Innovative Opportunity Matrices in The
The innovative opportunity matrices in the structure of the economy of Spain and Norway: valiant conquistadors vs. thoughtful polar explorers T.I. Vorobets, V.V. Oberemok INTRODUCTION When studying economic processes, scientists often pay attention to the results of these processes, which are the consequences, but not the cause. In the history of economic thought, there exist formulas and models that describe a specific situation, but leave many variables outside the scope, thereby failing to provide answers to key problematic questions posed by industries, sectors, clusters and the economy in general. Thanks to technology, the world has become not only global, but also infinitely intertwined. Economics is not separate from the other sciences. National economies are heavily and inextricably dependent on the history, climate, and geographic location of a country, its general mentality, and its gene pool. For example, in many nations, there is held to exist a traditional difference between the characteristics of southerners and northerners. Northerners are more conscientious, restrained, careful, practical, persistent, hardworking, and introverted, while southerners are hot, wasteful, impulsive, and extroverted (McCrae et al., 2009). The character and emotions of people who live in a certain country depend on climatic conditions and are associated with the geographical breadth of this country (Linssen and Hagendoorn, 1994; Pennebaker, 1996). For example, southern Italy differs economically from northern Italy, where the annual average family income in the north is 1.35 times greater than in the south of the country (McCrae et al., 2009). Temperate nations are usually richer than nations located in the tropics, and there is a negative correlation between GDP and average temperature (Linssen and Hagendoorn, 1994). -
A Chronology of Financial Crises for Norway
INSTITUTT FOR SAMFUNNSØKONOMI DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS SAM 13 2010 ISSN: 0804-6824 MAY 2010 Discussion paper A Chronology of Financial Crises for Norway BY OLA HONNINGDAL GRYTTEN AND ARNGRIM HUNNES This series consists of papers with limited circulation, intended to stimulate discussion. A Chronology of Financial Crises for Norway Ola Honningdal Grytten Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration Norges Bank [email protected] Arngrim Hunnes University of Agder [email protected] Abstract The paper offers a chronology of financial crises in Norway from her independence in 1814 till present times. Firstly, business cycles, covering almost two hundred years of economic history are mapped. These reveal years of crises in the real economy. These seem to coincide with most of the major financial crises. Secondly, the paper the financial crises are described chronologically. Thirdly, the paper investigates key patterns in credit and money volumes. It concludes that major financial crises typically took place after substantial money and credit expansion causing financial instability, loss of long term equilibriums, overheating and bubbles followed by severe meltdowns in the economy. 1 Introduction During the summer 2007 the world economy faced severe financial difficulties, mirrored in turn of peaked business cycles, falling real estate markets, and lack of confidence in the credit sector, which seemed to have over expanded due to high gearing of the economy. Thereafter, the world economy went into a global recession accompanied by real estate market and stock market crashes. The speed of the global meltdown during the summer and the autumn of 2008, was higher than during the Great Depression in the early 1930s.1 Some of the most important banks in the US and Europe failed and the markets panicked. -
Bibliography, Literature in English on Norwegian History C
Bibliography of English language literature on Norwegian history, c. 1800-2000 Revised edition Ellen Skjold Kvåle Historisk institutt Universtietet i Oslo This bibliography is the result of two months‟ work, initiated by the department of history at the University of Oslo. I have based my work on the bibliography compiled by Siri Aanstad in 2000, and this bibliography is an extended, revised and updated version of her work. Ellen Skjold Kvåle, Blindern, March 2004 1 Bibliography, literature in English on Norwegian history c. 1800-2000 Historical bibliographies Grönland, Erling, Norway in English. Books on Norway and by Norwegians in English 1936 – 1959, Oslo, 1961 (UHS) Henriksen, Ingrid, Jaakko, Autio, Hagberg, Anne, Skårfors, Rikard, „Select bibliography 1999‟, in Scandinavian Economic History Review, vol 48 no. 3, 2000 Sather, Leland B., Norway, Oxford, 1986 (UHS) Historiography Blom, I., „Women‟s history‟, in Hubbard, William H. et al (eds.), Making a Historical Culture: Historiography in Norway, Oslo, 1995 (UHS) Førland, Tor Egil, „Far Out: International History in Norway‟, in Scandinavian Journal of History, Vol 20, No 3, 1995 (UHS) Førland, Tor Egil, „International History‟, in Hubbard, William H. et al (eds.), Making a Historical Culture: Historiography in Norway, Oslo, 1995 (UHS) Gemzell, Carl-Axel, „Scandinavian history in international research: Some observations on Britain, France, West Germany and East Germany‟, in Scandinavian Journal of History, Vol 5, No 4, 1980 (UHS) A detailed account of the research work done by historians as well as by some social scientists from these countries on Scandinavian topics. Hubbard, William H., „Historical demography‟, in Hubbard, William H. et al (eds.), Making a Historical Culture: Historiography in Norway, Oslo, 1995 (UHS) Hubbard, W.H., Myhre, J.E., Nordby, T. -
“Ethics, Resource Rent, Environment and Petroleum Policy: the Case of a Small Open Economy”
“Ethics, resource rent, environment and petroleum policy: the case of a small open economy” Ola Honningdal Grytten AUTHORS John Arngrim Hunnes Ola Honningdal Grytten and John Arngrim Hunnes (2021). Ethics, resource rent, ARTICLE INFO environment and petroleum policy: the case of a small open economy. Environmental Economics, 12(1), 76-89. doi:10.21511/ee.12(1).2021.07 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.12(1).2021.07 RELEASED ON Thursday, 01 July 2021 RECEIVED ON Wednesday, 19 May 2021 ACCEPTED ON Friday, 25 June 2021 LICENSE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License JOURNAL "Environmental Economics" ISSN PRINT 1998-6041 ISSN ONLINE 1998-605X PUBLISHER LLC “Consulting Publishing Company “Business Perspectives” FOUNDER LLC “Consulting Publishing Company “Business Perspectives” NUMBER OF REFERENCES NUMBER OF FIGURES NUMBER OF TABLES 40 4 3 © The author(s) 2021. This publication is an open access article. businessperspectives.org Environmental Economics, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2021 Ola Honningdal Grytten (Norway), John Arngrim Hunnes (Norway) Ethics, resource rent, BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES environment and LLC “СPС “Business Perspectives” Hryhorii Skovoroda lane, 10, petroleum policy: the case Sumy, 40022, Ukraine www.businessperspectives.org of a small open economy Abstract This paper contributes to the understanding of how the environment, ethics, values, and historical contingencies shape public policy. It explains the accomplishment of petroleum resource management in the small open economy of Norway. The study is conducted by mapping policy decisions and the arguments behind them regarding environmental and ethical issues. This is done by studying available governmental and parliamentary papers along with statements from politicians and central governmen- Received on: 19th of May, 2021 tal officials. -
World Bank Document
V 7/ P-66 FILE COPY RESTRICTED Public Disclosure Authorized This report is restricted to use within the Bank. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS Public Disclosure Authorized ON A LOAN TO THE KINGDOM OF NORWAY March 31, 1954 Public Disclosure Authorized REPORT AND RECON4ENDATIONS OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A LOAN TO THE KINGDOM OF NORWAY 1. I submit the following report and recommendations on the application of the Kingdom of Norway for a loan of $25 million. PART I - HISTCRICAL 2. After some preliminary discussions in April 1953, the Norwegian Government approached the Bank in Yhy with a request for a loan for develop- ment and invited the Bank to send a mission to study the Norwegian econor and to discuss the basis for a loan. A Bank mission went to Norway in October 1953. 3. After considering the mission's findings, the Bank informed the Norwegian Government on January 15, 1954 that it was prepared to enter into negotiations for a loan. 4. The Norwegian Government nominated a delegation.headed by Mr. Christian Brinch of the MInistry of Commerce to negotiate on its behalf. Negotiations began on February 18 in Washington. PART II - DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED LOAN The Borrower 5. The Borrower would be the Kingdom of Norway, a member of the Bank. Purpose - 6. The general purpose of the loan would be to assist Norway in maintain- ing productive investment in 1954. Specifically, it would provide foreign exchange to enable Norway to pay for ships ordered in foreign shipyards.