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The George T. Hunting Complex, Deep Springs Valley, California

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The George T. Hunting Complex, Deep Springs Valley, California UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Title The George T. Hunting Complex, Deep Springs Valley, California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8f096091 Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 7(2) ISSN 0191-3557 Author Delacorte, Michael G. Publication Date 1985-07-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 225-239 (1985) The George T. Hunting Complex, Deep Springs Valley, California MICHAEL G. DELACORTE THNOGRAPHIC studies have estab­ ically (Muh 1901: 320-321; Steward 1933: Elished that hunting tactics often reflect 253, 1938: 54, 66), the presence of hunting aspects of group cooperation and social organ­ features is not de facto evidence of coopera­ ization (e.g.. Steward 1938; 231; Turnbuh tive group activity. By considering local en­ 1962: 107; Balikci 1970: 57-58; Smith 1981: vironment, topography, and ethology, one 38). Unfortunately, archaeologists frequently can suggest hunting tactics for individual sites employ ethnographic descriptions of hunting and complexes. This localized approach tactics in an uncritical fashion when inter­ avoids the pitfalls encountered when one preting patterns of cooperation and social applies direct ethnographic parahels (e.g.. organization. Evidence of prehistoric hunting Brook 1980). commonly consists of non-perishable stone The George T. Hunting Complex,' lo­ tools used in procuring and processing game cated in Deep Springs Valley, Inyo County, and, less often, the remains of the animals Cahfornia, includes the remains of at least 27 exploited. Such evidence is useful in under­ circular and sub-circular rock features be­ standing aspects of settlement patterns, sea­ heved to the aboriginal hunting blinds. The son of occupation, and dietary regimes but is complex was first identified in 1984 during generahy of marginal utihty in reconstructing the course of a two-year program of probabi­ specific procurement tactics and hence pat­ listic surface survey aimed at recovering infor­ terns of cooperation and social organization mation on aboriginal subsistence and settle­ (cf. Flannery 1967). Nevertheless, when hunt­ ment patterns in the vahey. Similar features ing tactics can be identified, they provide occur throughout the alpine highlands of the evidence for the size of hunting parties, and White Mountains immediately to the north thus the minimal size of the supporting social (Robert Bettinger, personal communication group. 1984), as weh as in nearby vaheys (Wallace Stone blinds, wahs, and cairns, all of 1976; Brook 1980); however, those in Deep which occur throughout the Great Basin, Springs Vahey suggest evidence of prehistoric afford direct evidence of prehistoric hunting hunting tactics largely unreported in ethno­ tactics (Wallace 1976; Brook 1980; Pendelton graphic literature (see Pippin [1977] for a and Thomas 1983). Previous interpretations review of this material). have often assumed their use by cooperative NATURAL SETTING groups, emphasizing the driving of large game animals, rather than by individuals. Although Deep Springs Valley is an elongate block- this interpretation is supported ethnograph- faulted graben (Blanc 1958; Jones 1965) bounded to the north and west by the White Michael G. Delacorte, Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616. Mountains and to the south and east by the [225: 226 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY Inyo Mountains. Precipitation in the vahey is the springs, forming a continuous wall along limited, averaging only 14 cm. (5.5 in.) per the eastern margin of the springs. At the base annum. Most of this occurs during the winter of the scarp is a pronounced fault trough months, although torrential summer thunder­ which contains two perennial spring-fed sag storms are not uncommon. Located on the ponds (Jones 1965). Elsewhere along the fault valley floor adjacent to Deep Springs Lake, an trough, discontinuous ridges running parallel ephemeral playa, the George T. Hunting to the scarp form narrow steep-sided aheys Complex lies at an elevation of 1,510 m. leading to the spring-fed ponds. East of the (4,960 ft.). The site is characterized by two fault an alluvial fan, furrowed by several distinct plant communities. The first, an deeply incised drainages, rises gently for 300 alkaline meadow along the western margin of m. at which point the terrain ascends precipi­ the site encompasses several springs and two tously, gaining 610 m. (2,000 ft.) in 1.3 km. spring-fed ponds. Plants in this mesic environ­ To the west of the site, the terrain is level, ment include big sagebrush (Artemisia triden­ broken only by a low dune ridge, beyond tata), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nause- which hes the extant playa of Deep Springs osus), greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), Lake, 600 m. west of the fault scarp (Fig. 1). tule (Scirpus nevadensis), and a variety of The topography of the site, particularly halophytes such as saltgrass (Distichlis spi- the near-vertical fault scarp, and an abun­ cata). The second, a shadscale community dance of water and forage, combine to pro­ (Bhhngs 1951; Cronquist et al. 1972), occurs vide an area ideahy suited to ambushing large east of the springs on an alluvial fan which game animals. Of great advantage to the terminates abruptly along the Deep Springs prehistoric hunters would have been the fault scarp. This community consists primar­ ability to position themselves along the fault ily of saltbush (Atriplex sp.), spiny hopsage scarp and deep channels in the alluvial fan, (Grayia spinosa), Nevada ephedra (Ephedra weh above animals making their way to the nevadensis), and a variety of native grasses. springs and ponds. Thus it appears that local Among the fauna known to frequent the terrain, as at many hunting and kih sites, was site area are a number of indigenous repthes a critical factor in site location and probably and birds as well as migratory waterfowl. in hunting strategy (Heizer and Baumhoff Mammalian species include black-tailed hare 1962;Frison 1978). O'ackrabbit) (Lepus californicus) cottontah HUNTING BLINDS AND rabbit (Sylvilagus auduboni), coyote (Canis ASSOCIATED FEATURES latrans), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), and The features at the George T. Complex numerous rodents from the famhies Sciuridae, are located either on the rocky alluvial fan Heteromyidae, and Cricetidae. Although above the scarp or on the adjacent paraUel pronghorn (Antilocarpa americana), known to ridges (Fig. 2). The structures were con­ have occurred in Deep Springs Vahey historic- structed of granitic rubble, and are virtually ahy, may also have been present, their former impossible to recognize from great distances. distribution within the valley is uncertain. Thus, it was necessary to carefuhy survey the As indicated, the site is bisected from entire area surrounding the springs. This was northeast to southwest by the Deep Springs accomplished by walking east/west transects fault (Miher 1928; Blanc 1958). The scarp spaced at 10-m. intervals across the alluvial along this fault, primarily unconsolidated fan and adjacent ridges. A total of 100 ahuvium, rises abruptly 15 m. (50 ft.) above transects was surveyed by the author, result- THE GEORGE T. HUNTING COMPLEX 227 GEORGE T. HUNTING COMPLEX Section through northern pond Pinyon/ 100 0 500 m. ^v/<\\\\ Juniper Alluvial Fan Fault Scarp Pond/Fault Trough Parallel Ridge Deep Springs Playa Fig. 1. Profile of the George T. Complex, showing local topography. ing in the discovery of 33 features, most have provided excehent vantage points and identified as aboriginal hunting blinds. wide fields of fire while at the same time The features were constructed of angular reducing the probabhity of being seen or rock stacked from two to seven courses, scented. The walls of these features are always forming lunate walls or circular rock rings. In positioned along the edge of the fault trough eight cases the central portion of the feature or drainage, thereby providing maximum con­ was dug into the alluvium, the excavated cealment from below. Six of the 33 features material having been piled along the edge of appear to be of different function than the 27 the resulting pit. The features range in size blinds, judging from their size, location, and from 6.8 to 1.05 m. in maximum diameter (x associated artifacts. Two of the six, features 2.73 m., SD 1.19 m.) with depths of from 20 and 31, are tentatively identified as domes­ 1.10 to 0.4 m. (x 0.71 m., SD 0.2 m.) (Figs. 3 tic structures. Both are large, measuring 6.8 and 5). and 4.5 m. in diameter respectively, and Of the 33 features, the location and neither is weh situated for intercepting game. orientation of 27 identify them as hunting In addition. Feature 20 contained a diverse blinds (Figs. 3 and 4). These blinds are assemblage of artifacts and ecofacts including located either: (1) immediately along the edge cans, a steel axe-head, biface fragments, pro- of the fault scarp; (2) along parallel ridges jecthe points, a steatite shaft-straightener, a bordering the fault trough; or (3) along one of milling stone, bones, and charcoal, suggesting several deeply incised channels in the alluvial use of the feature as a domestic structure. fan. All of these are locations that would have Feature 31 (Fig. 5) included a more limited ahowed concealed hunters to wait at a point assemblage, but again with artifact classes above any animals that moved toward the indicating use as a domestic structure. In­ springs and spring-fed ponds. These would cluded in the assemblage were two cans, a 228 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY DEEP 50 0 100 Contour Interval SPRINGS:[0 LAKE-rM Fig. 2. Map of the George T. Complex, showing relationship of features to local terrain and spring-fed ponds. mihing stone, six Owens Vahey Brown Ware Similar duck blinds occur at Mono Lake both ceramic sherds (Riddeh 1951), and a single above and below the historic 1940 highstand obsidian flake.
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