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Guideline on the Prevention, Detection and Remediation of Mould in Buildings

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Guideline on the Prevention, Detection and Remediation of Mould in Buildings guideline On the prevention, detection and remediation of mould in buildings German Environment Agency Imprint Publisher: Photo credits: German Environment Agency Title: Szewzyk; P. 7: Moriske, German Environment Agency; Indoor Air Hygiene Commission of the P. 12, 22, 25: Szewzyk, German Environment Agency; German ­Environment Agency P. 34 + 60: Trautmann, Environmental Mycology Ltd., Berlin; PO Box 14 06 P. 36, 46, 68, 75, 76, 87, 88: shutterstock; P. 40, 122, D-06813 Dessau-Roßlau 131, 140, 142, 145: Betz, Expert office for building and Tel: +49 340-2103-0 interior analysis, Hellertshausen; P. 61: Valtanen, German [email protected] Environ ment Agency; P. 100: Schmidt, German Environment www.umweltbundesamt.de Agency; P. 103 + 105: Larisch, RAUM analytik; P. 112 + 117: Szewzyk, German Environment Agency /umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt As at: July 2019 Editorial staff: ISSN 2363-8311 Dr. Heinz-Jörn Moriske Dr. Regine Szewzyk DI Peter Tappler Dr. Kerttu Valtanen English by: Nigel Pye, [email protected] Design: Atelier Hauer + Dörfler GmbH, Berlin Print: printed on 100 % recycled paper Order brochures: German Environment Agency c/o GVP P. O. Box 30 03 61 | D-53183 Bonn Customer service line: +49 340 2103-6688 Customer service fax: +49 340 2104-6688 Email: [email protected] www.umweltbundesamt.de This publication can be obtained free of charge from the Federal Environment Agency. It may not be resold. A fee of EUR 15 will be charged for every copy resold in breach of this prohibition. Publications as a pdf: www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen guideline On the prevention, detection and remediation of mould in buildings COMPILED BY THE INDOOR Andrea Bonner, BG Bau – Berufsgenossenschaft der Bauwirtschaft AIR HYGIENE COMMISSION Prävention DGUV, Karlsruhe OF THE GERMAN Dr. Klaus Breuer, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, Valley ENVIRONMENT AGENCYS Dr. Katleen de Brouwere, Unit Environmental Risk and Health VITO NV, Mol (Belgium) (corresponding member) Dr. Rolf Buschmann, Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Berlin Dipl. Chem. Reto Coutalides, Coutalides Consulting, Zürich (Switzerland) Dr. Kerstin Etzenbach-Effers, North Rhine-Westphalia Consumer Association, Duesseldorf Prof. Dr. Thomas Eikmann, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Gießen University Prof. Dr. Steffen Engelhart, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Bonn University Prof. Dr. David Groneberg, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main Dr. Lothar Grün, c/o Luftqualität und Raumklima, Koeln Prof. Dr. Barbara Hoffmann, Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf Prof. Dr. Caroline Herr, Bavarian Epidemiology, Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich Dr. Oliver Jann, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin PD Dr. Rudolf Jörres, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig- Maximilian-University, Munich Dr. Wolfgang Lorenz, Institute for Indoor Diagnosis, Duesseldorf Prof. Dr. Volker Mersch-Sundermann, retd., Institute for Infection Preven- tion and Hospital Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg/Breisgau Dipl.-Chem. Wolfgang Misch, retd., Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (DIBT), Berlin Prof. Dr. Birgit Müller, University of Technology and Economy, Berlin Dr. Frederike Neisel, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin Prof. Dr. Tunga Salthammer, Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research, WilhelmKlauditzInstitute WKI, Braunschweig Dr. Helmut Sagunski †, formerly Hamburg State Office for Social and Health Affairs, Hamburg Dr. Hans Schleibinger, Indoor Environment Research Programme, Ottawa (Canada) DI Peter Tappler, Federal Ministry Republic of Austria Sustainability and Tourism, Vienna (Austria) Dr. Jörg Thumulla, Company for Building Diagnostics, Environmental Analysis and Environmental Communication, Fuerth FURTHER CONTRIBUTING Stefan Betz, Experts Office for Building and Interior Analysis, EXPERTS Hellertshausen Dr. Thomas Gabrio, retd. formerly Baden-Wuerttemberg State Health guideline Office, Stuttgart Dr. Andrea Groß, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital On the prevention, Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Freiburg/Breisgau Dr. Bernd Hoffmann, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Berlin detection andDr. remediation Heinz-Jörn Moriske, German Environment Agency, Berlin (IRK management) of mould in buildingsUwe Münzenberg, German Association of Professional Building Biologists, Jesteburg Dr. Wolfgang Plehn, German Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau Dr. Regine Szewzyk, German Environment Agency, Berlin Dipl.-Ing. Heidemarie Schütz, Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development within the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning, Berlin Dipl.-Ing. Silke Sous, Aachener Institut für Bauschadensforschung und angewandte Bauphysik gGmbH – AIBau, Aachen Dr. Christoph Trautmann, Environmental Mycology GmbH, Berlin Dr. Kerttu Valtanen, German Environment Agency, Berlin Dr. Birgit Wolz, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, Bonn Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Zöller, Aachener Institut für Bauschadens- forschung und angewandte Bauphysik gGmbH – AIBau, Aachen Contents Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................7 1 Mould, mould infestation and mould fungi ................................................................... 12 1.1 Mould infestation ..................................................................................................... 15 1.2 Mould fungi ............................................................................................................ 18 1.2.1 Properties of mould fungi ...................................................................................... 19 1.2.2 Indoor mould fungi ............................................................................................. 21 1.2.3 Factors influencing growth of mould fungi .................................................................. 23 1.3 Yeasts ................................................................................................................... 31 1.4 Bacteria and actinobacteria ......................................................................................... 32 1.4.1. Properties of actinobacteria .................................................................................. 32 1.4.2 Detection and identification of actinomycetes .............................................................. 35 2 Effects of indoor mould on human health ...................................................................... 36 2.1 Allergic reaction ....................................................................................................... 41 2.2 Irritating, toxic and odorous effects ................................................................................ 43 2.3 Infections ............................................................................................................... 45 3 Causes of mould infestation in buildings ...................................................................... 46 3.1 Construction, usage and other influencing factors .............................................................. 47 3.1.1 Inadequate thermal insulation ................................................................................ 49 3.1.2 Thermal bridges ................................................................................................. 50 3.1.3 Increased resistance to heat transfer ........................................................................ 51 3.1.4 Inadequate or improper heating .............................................................................. 53 3.1.5 Increased indoor moisture production ....................................................................... 54 3.1.6 Inadequate or improper ventilation .......................................................................... 56 3.1.7 Moisture buffering of building materials .................................................................... 58 3.1.8 Moisture in the building structure due to leaks and rising damp ........................................ 60 3.1.9 Trapped moisture ............................................................................................... 61 3.1.10 Flood damage .................................................................................................. 61 3.2 Moisture damage due to improper energy modernisation ...................................................... 62 3.2.1 Installation of tight-fitting windows in poorly insulated old buildings .................................. 64 3.2.2 Incorrectly installed internal insulation ..................................................................... 64 3.2.3 Improperly executed seals on energy-efficient buildings ................................................. 67 3.3 Determining the causes of infestation ............................................................................. 67 4 Contents 4 Preventative measures against mould infestation ......................................................... 68 4.1 Preventative construction measures ............................................................................... 69 4.1.1 Prevention of mould infestation caused by trapped moisture
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