Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric

Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art

Naturetrek Tour Report 12 - 19 July 2016

Report compiled by Philip Thompson

Naturetrek Mingledown Barn Wolf's Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ UK T: +44 (0)1962 733051 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk

Tour Report Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art

Tour participants: Philip Thompson and Fernando Romao (leaders) with 15 Naturetrek clients

Day 1 Tuesday 12th July

With the group assembled after our flight, we picked up our tour minibus. Once this was finally achieved, we then headed out for the transfer to the Coa valley and our first hotel in the historic hilltop town of Castilo Rodrigo with its ruined castle, set on a small hilltop, surveying the distant terrain surrounding it. We had a short refreshment stop at the halfway point where, among Common Swifts and martins, a couple of Crag Martins were also seen. Several Black Kites were also seen during our transfer. Upon arrival, the group were soon allocated their rooms among the various buildings making up the hotel, and this was followed shortly by a pleasant and tasty dinner.

Day 2 Wednesday 13th July

Today was spent visiting the reserve of Faia Brava. We began with a short drive to an area of arable fields where we stopped to scan in the hope of finding a Little Bustard, with no luck. A few common species of birds and flowers were looked at before we moved on to the village of Algodres, where we parked and walked along the rough and narrow farm tracks lined with stone walls into the reserve. Our progress was slow as we examined the many species of flowers and butterflies seen along the way, and kept an eye out for birds in the orchards alongside.

We entered the reserve and could see the change in vegetation and habitat with the area having a more wild and uncultivated look. The reserve holds numerous mature Cork Oaks (Quercus suber) that were being harvested as we arrived, allowing the group to see this age-old practice still being carried out. Our destination was a shady viewpoint looking across the Coa River valley towards the reserve’s vulture feeding-station that had been provisioned just prior to our arrival. It did not take long before the first Griffon Vultures began to assemble, as they rode the up draughts cautiously checking out the delicacies laid out for them. A couple of pairs of threatened Egyptian Vultures were also flying past. As we waited patiently, we obtained several excellent flight views of these birds as they passed overhead, whilst in the scrubby woodland a pair of Subalpine Warblers and Woodchat Shrikes fed young and hunted. The vultures remained unwilling to drop down so we chose to walk back to view a small herd of the introduced Garrano Horses that roam free in the reserve, before continuing towards our lunch spot nearby. With our departure, the vultures then gained confidence and proceeded to drop to the feast. We were then able to view this spectacle from a different viewpoint as a scrum of 40+ Griffons fought over the carcasses.

Moving on we then enjoyed a rather more civilised lunch in the shade alongside the reserve visitor centre. Whilst there, we continued to spot a number of interesting amphibian, reptilian and insect species. The group was then ferried by 4x4 vehicles back to our minibuses where we then drove to the southern end of the reserve. Here we undertook another walk, culminating in viewing one of the only surviving Palaeolithic rock paintings in the Coa valley. The sun was getting hot now and the group were beginning to find it tough going, but most made it to the rock overhang where the small area of painting could be seen. For those less interested in rock art the resident pair of Golden Eagles put in a well-timed appearance over the valley. Most chose to walk back with a few being picked up by 4x4 to regroup back at our vehicles for the drive back to the hotel.

Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

Day 3 Thursday 14th July

We travelled north towards the River Douro, with a short stop en route to check an area of cliffs where a small colony of Griffon Vultures breeds. Several birds were seen resting on the cliffs with a few individuals taking to the still cool morning air.

We continued on, crossing the Douro at Barca d’Alva to then follow the river before turning off and taking a narrow road leading up a gorge. We parked near the top where we undertook a walk down to the small river, and then climbed for some distance before resting at a shady ridge. Once we had caught our breath and cooled down a little, we retraced our steps back to the vehicles.

We next drove on back to the Douro from where we took a very steeply ascending road to the top of the cliffs that overlook the river valley. We took our lunch here, from where we could enjoy the sight of the Griffon and Egyptian Vultures cruising past below us. Overhead a small number of Alpine Swifts joined a few Common Swifts. We then returned in good time to the hotel for a rest in the afternoon heat followed by an earlier dinner.

With dinner over, our next excursion was a dusk trip to see one of the many sites of Palaeolithic rock engravings in the UNESCO World Heritage Park. On arrival we were led by torchlight to have an explanation and interpretation of these important artworks.

Day 4 Friday 15th July

Today we left the hot lowlands to transfer into the Serra de Estrella. We began with a visit to the historic fortified town of Almeida where we spent some time exploring before we continued on our way.

We stopped for lunch at a pleasant riverside picnic area near Aldeia da Ponte. The weirs and ponds here held an interesting selection of dragonflies, reptiles and amphibians with several new birds within the surrounding trees and open fields. After a relaxing time spent idly peering into the clear waters we drove on to complete the journey. We arrived in good time at our pleasant hotel perched high in the mountains.

Day 5 Saturday 16th July

Our first exploration of this new area took us to the lower deciduous forests and a walk along a quiet road ending at the waterfall of Poco do Inferno. The route led along a gently climbing route within the mixed forest of mainly Beech and Elm. Several forest birds were heard and briefly seen within the high canopy of the trees. Attention was focussed at times on the flora and insects to be found at the road edge. A number of notable plants were found, such as Linaria triornithophora, Malva tournefortiana, Cistus psilosepalus and Galium rotundifolium. With the group beginning to fade a little, the picnic spot came just in time, with a few being picked up by the minibus to complete the route.

With lunch completed, we then drove up on to the summit plateau to take in the fine scenery and views. A short walk was taken with a view towards the southern highest section of the range. We were fortunate in finding

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Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

several flowering examples of the endemic Viola langeana. The temperature was now hot and further walking was deemed unrewarding so we then returned to the hotel.

Day 6 Sunday 17th July

The morning was spent in a walk from the hotel area through a mix of habitats culminating in a picnic at a nearby lake. A different selection of birds was seen at this higher altitude where there were numerous open meadows and low scrub. Sightings were tricky as most birds were keeping within the cover of the bushes, to the frustration of many. The flora held several interesting, attractive and localised species. Arriving at the lake provided an opportunity for some to have a paddle and cool down. During the final leg of the walk a very unexpected Purple Emperor landed among the group long enough to be identified before flying off!

The picnic spot by the lake at the weekend was very busy with local holidaymakers enjoying the pleasant waters and hot sun. We managed to find an available spot among the throng where we could find enough seating space.

For the afternoon we undertook another walk alongside the Lagoa Comprida. A couple of ephemeral pools still held a good amount of water and hence a mix of dragonflies and damselflies to hold our attention. The pools also held a good population of Menyanthes trifoliata in its only location in Portugal! Birds were notably absent in the hot afternoon.

Day 7 Monday 18th July

Our final day was spent with a number of short walks in the high summit region of the Estrella. The first walk led over the open expanse of granite boulders and gravelly soil to a pair of pools. Several endemic plants were seen in this area joined by numerous Iberian Water Frogs and solitary Common Tree Frog. A second walk was taken from another area a short distance further up the road. This led through similar habitat with a rich mix of endemic plants to be seen, which included Campanula herminii, Armeria sampaioi, Jasione crispa, Teucrium salviastrum and Sedum brevifolium. Several Tawny Pipits and Northern Wheatears were picked out among the boulder-strewn habitat. The hoped-for Rufous-tailed Rock Thrushes proved elusive with only distant and unsatisfactory views obtained by some. Once we had returned to the vehicles and were on the point of driving on, a distant large raptor was spotted and identified as a Cinereous (Black) Vulture. This drifted past us and away to be joined by a single Griffon Vulture.

We then visited the rather commercial summit region of Torre, the highest point of mainland Portugal, for a coffee stop and short wander.

For lunch we drove on the short distance to the Statue of Our Lady of Good Star carved into the granite rock. Resting on the statue were a couple of Crag Martins. Several notable plants were found here, many of which occur nowhere else in Portugal. Most of the group took a walk by the stream and beneath the statue. Once again, as we were about to leave, a Rufous-tailed Rock Thrush that dropped into the shelter of the statue caught our attention. This bird moved rapidly enabling only a few of the group a good view.

Our next stop was a rather unprepossessing lay-by. Here on the steep rock faces above us and on the ground below were several of the notable plants of the area all within a comparatively tiny area. After a short period of

Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

exploration and identification we drove on to our final walk into a flat meadow area. Our target bird was Ortolan Bunting but we only succeeded in finding Stonechat and Rock Bunting.

We then drove on down the striking glaciated Zezere River valley into Manteigas. Here we paid a visit to the Burel woollen factory and a guided tour.

Day 8 Tuesday 19th July

We drove directly to the airport in time to catch our return flight.

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Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

Species Lists

Birds (=recorded but not counted; H = heard only) July Common name Scientific name 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa 2 8 2 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix H 3 White Stork Ciconia ciconia 1 1 4 Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus 5 2 1 5 European Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus 1 6 Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus 40 20 12 1 7 Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus 1 8 Short-toed Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus 1 2 9 Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus 2 1 1 1 1 10 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos 2 11 Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus 1 12 Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus 1 1 13 Red Kite Milvus milvus 1 14 Black Kite Milvus migrans 6 1 6 15 Common Buzzard Buteo buteo 2 1 16 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus 2 1 17 Feral Pigeon Columba livia  18 Common Wood Pigeon Columba palumbus 4 2 2  19 European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur H 20 Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto  21 Tawny Owl Strix aluco H H H 22 European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus 2 23 Red-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus ruficollis 2 24 Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba 8 25 Common Swift Apus apus       26 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster 4 12 6 4 27 Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops 2 2 28 Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major 2 1 29 Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Dryobates minor H 30 Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator 10 8 6 4 31 Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus 1 H 32 Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius    33 Iberian Magpie Cyanopica cooki 12 10  34 Carrion Crow Corvus corone 1 1 35 Northern Raven Corvus corax 1 36 Coal Tit Periparus ater  37 European Crested Tit Lophophanes cristatus   38 Eurasian Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus  39 Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus   40 Woodlark Lullula arborea 2 H 41 Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis 3 42 Thekla Lark Galerida theklae 6 43 Crested Lark Galerida cristata 4 4 2 44 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica     45 Eurasian Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris 2 4 20 8 2 6 46 Common House Martin Delichon urbicum     

Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

July Common name Scientific name 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 47 Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica 8 25 48 Western Bonelli's Warbler Phylloscopus bonelli 2 49 Melodious Warbler Hippolais polyglotta 1 50 Eurasian Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla 1 H H 51 Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis 4 52 Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata H 53 Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans 2 1 54 Sardinian Warbler Sylvia melanocephala 10 6 55 Common Firecrest Regulus ignicapilla 1 56 Eurasian Nuthatch Sitta europaea 2 57 Short-toed Treecreeper Certhia brachydactyla H H 58 Spotless Starling Sturnus unicolor 25  59 Common Blackbird Turdus merula 8 2 6   60 Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus 8 61 European Robin Erithacus rubecula H H H 62 Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros 4 2 1  63 Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus 1 64 Common Rock Thrush Monticola saxatilis 2 65 Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius 3 1 2 66 European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola 4 2 67 Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe 1 6 68 House Sparrow Passer domesticus    69 Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis  70 Tree Sparrow Passer montanus  71 Rock Sparrow Petronia petronia 1 72 Dunnock Prunella modularis H 1 2 4 73 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea H 1 1 74 White Wagtail Motacilla alba 3 8   75 Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris H 1 10 76 Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs   77 Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes 1 78 European Greenfinch Chloris chloris 2 79 Common Linnet Linaria cannabina 12     80 Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra   6 81 European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis   82 European Serin Serinus serinus 4      83 Rock Bunting Emberiza cia 1  4 84 Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana 3 85 Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus H

Mammals

Red Fox , Vulpes vulpes Garrano Horse , Equus ferus caballus Iberian Hare , Lepus granatensis Rabbit , Oryctolagus cuniculis

Reptiles and Amphibians

Bosca's Newt , Triturus boscai Common Tree Frog , Hyla arborea Iberian Frog , Rana iberica Iberian Water Frog , Rana perezi Moorish Gecko , Tarentola mauritanica Spiny-footed Lizard , Acanthodactylus erythrurus Large Psammadromus , Psammodromus algirus Ocellated Lizard , Lacerta lepida

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Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

Schreiber's Green Lizard , Lacerta schreiberi Iberian Rock Lizard , Lacerta monticola Iberian Wall Lizard , Podarcis hispanica Viperine Water Snake , Natrix maura Grass Snake , Natrix natrix

Butterflies

Red-underwing Skipper , Spialia sertorius Small Skipper , Thymelicus sylvestris Silver-spotted Skipper , Hesperia comma Swallowtail , Papilio machaon Spanish Swallowtail , Iphiclides feisthamelii Brimstone , Gonepteryx rhamni Cleopatra , Gonepteryx cleopatra Clouded Yellow , Colias crocea f. helice Clouded Yellow , Colias crocea Large White , Pieris brassicae Small White , Pieris rapae Bath White , Pontia daplidice Wood White , Leptidea sinapis Spanish Purple Hairstreak , Laeosopis roboris Ilex Hairstreak , Satyrium ilicis Small Copper , Lycaena phlaeas Purple-shot Copper , Lycaena alciphron gordius Long-tailed Blue , Lampides boeticus Lang's Short-tailed Blue , Leptotes pirithous Green-underside Blue , Glaucopsyche alexis Alcon Blue , Maculinea alcon Southern Brown Argus , Aricia cramera Holly Blue , Celastrina argiolus Silver-studded Blue , Plebejus argus Mazarine Blue , Cyaniris semiargus Common Blue , Polyommatus icarus Purple Emperor , Apatura iris Camberwell Beauty , Nymphalis antiopa Red Admiral , Vanessa atalanta Painted Lady , Vanessa cardui Large Tortoiseshell , Nymphalis polychloros Comma Butterfly , Polygonia c-album Cardinal Fritillary , Argynnis pandora Silver-washed Fritillary , Argynnis paphia Queen of Spain Fritillary , Issoria lathonia High Brown Fritillary , Argynnis adippe Spotted Fritillary , Melitaea didyma Provencal Fritillary , Mellicta deione Iberian Marbled White , Melanargia lachesis Rock Grayling , Hipparchia alcyone Grayling , Hipparchia semele Great Banded Grayling , Kanetsia circe Meadow Brown , Maniola jurtina Dusky Meadow Brown , Maniola lycaon Gatekeeper , Pyronia tithonus Spanish Gatekeeper , Pyronia bathseba Southern Gatekeeper , Pyronia cecilia Small Heath , Coenonympha pamphilus f. lyllus Spanish Heath , Ceononympha iphioides Speckled Wood , Pararge aegeria Wall Brown , Lasiommata megera

Dragonflies & Damsels

Beautiful Demoiselle , Calopteryx virgo Copper Demoiselle , Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis Robust Spreadwing , Lestes dryas Migrant Spreadwing , Lestes barbarus Iberian Bluetail , Ischnura graellsii Small Redeye , Erythromma viridulum Large Red Damsel , Pyrrhosoma nymphula White Featherleg , Platycnemis latipes Migrant Hawker , Aeshna mixta Blue Emperor , Anax imperator Western Spectre , Boyeria irene Large Pincertail , Onychogomphus uncatus Lined Hooktail , Paragomphus lineatus Common Goldenring , Cordulegaster boltonii Four-spotted Chaser , Libellula quadrimaculata Broad-bodied Chaser , Libellula depressa Black-tailed Skimmer , Orthetrum cancellatum Ruddy Darter , Sympetrum sanguineum Yellow-winged Darter , Sympetrum flaveolum Red-veined Darter , Sympetrum fonscolombii Broad Scarlet , Crocothemis erythraea

Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

Plants (* = Iberian Endemic, ** = Portuguese Endemic) Scientific Name Common Name

Class Gymnosperms Pinaceae Pine Family Pinus pinaster Pinus sylvestris Scot's Pine

Cupressaceae Cypress Family Juniperus communis var. saxatilis Common Juniper (Alpine) Juniperus oxycedrus Prickly Juniper

Class Angiosperms Order Dicotyledons

Anacardiaceae Pistacio Family Pistacia terebinthus Turpentine Tree

Apiaceae Carrot Family Angelica major * Apium nodiflorum Fool's Water-Cress Conopodium majus ssp. marizianum * Daucus carota Wild Carrot Eryngium campestre Field Eryngo Eryngium tenue Ferula communis Giant Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed Oenanthe crocata Hemlock Water Dropwort Physospermum cornubiense Thapsia villosa

Aristolochiaceae Birthwort Family Aristolochia paucinervis

Boraginaceae Borage Family Echium lusitanicum Echium plantagineum Purple Viper's Bugloss Echium rosulatum Heliotropium europaeum Heliotrope Myosotis secunda Myosotis stolonifera *

Brassicaceae Cress Family Barbarea intermedia Erysimum merxmuelleri * Murbeckiella boryi

Campanulaceae Bellflower Family Campanula herminii * Campanula lusitanica Campanula rapunculus Rampion Bellflower Jasione crispa ** Dwarf Sheepsbit

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Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

Scientific Name Common Name

Jasione montana Mountain Sheepsbit Jasione sessiliflora * Wahlenbergia hederacea Ivy-leaved Bellflower

Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family Lonicera periclymenum Woodbine Sambucus nigra Common Elder

Caryophyllaceae Pink Family Arenaria montana Arenaria querioides subsp. querioides * Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear Cerastium ramosissimum Corrigiola litoralis subsp. telephiifolia Strapwort Dianthus laricifolius subsp. laricifolius * Dianthus lusitanus Herniaria scabrida Minuartia recurva Sickle-leaved Sandwort Paronychia argentea Paronychia polygonifolia Petrorhagia nantuellii Sagina procumbens Procumbent Pearlwort Sagina saginoides Alpine Pearlwort Saponaria officinalis Soapwort Scleranthus polycarpos Silene acutifolia Silene ciliata Silene foetida subsp. foetida ** Silene latifolia White Campion Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion Spergularia purpurea Spergularia rubra Stellaria holostea Greater Stitchwort

Cistaceae Rockrose Family Cistus ladanifer Gum Cistus Cistus psilosepalus Cistus salvifolius Sage-leaved Cistus Halimium alyssoides Tuberaria guttata Spotted Rock Rose

Convolvulaceae Bindweed Family Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed

Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family Crassula tillaea Sedum album White Stonecrop Sedum arenarium * Sedum brevifolium Sedum forsterianum Sedum hirsutum Sedum pedicellatum subsp. lusitanicum* Sedum sediforme

Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

Scientific Name Common Name

Umbilicus rupestris Navelwort Cucurbitaceae Cucumber Family Bryonia dioica White Bryony

Ericaceae Heath Family Calluna vulgaris Ling Erica arborea Tree Heath Erica lusitanica Lusitanian Heath Erica umbellata Vacinium myrtilis Bilberry

Fagaceae Oak Family Castinea sativa Sweet Chestnut Quercus faginea Quercus pyrenaica Pyrenean Oak Quercus robur Pedunculate Oak Quercus rotundifolia Quercus suber Cork Oak

Fabaceae Pea Family Adenocarpus complicatus Cytisus multiflorus * White Broom Cytisus striatus Yellow Broom Cytisus oromediterraneus Echinospartum ibericum * Genista anglica Petty Whin Genista cinerascens * Genista florida Lotus glareosus (corniculatus ssp. carpetanus) * a Bird's-foot Trefoil Lotus pedunculatus Lupinus gredensis * Ononis spinosa Spiny Restharrow Pterospartum tridentatum Retama sphaerocarpa Trifolium pratense Red Clover Trifolium repens White Clover Ulex minor Dwarf Gorse

Gentianaceae Gentian Family Centaurium erythraea subsp. grandiflorum Common Centaury Gentiana lutea subsp. lutea Great Yellow Gentian Gentiana pneumonanthe Marsh Gentian

Geraniaceae Geranium Family Erodium botrys Geranium lucidum Shiny Cranesbill Geranium pyrenaicum Geranium robertianum Herb Robert

Hypericaceae St. John's-wort Family Hypericum humifusum Trailing St. John's-wort Hypericum linariifolium Hypericum perforatum Perforate St. John's-wort

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Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

Scientific Name Common Name

Lamiaceae Mint Family Calamintha nepeta Lesser Calamint Clinopodium vulgare Wild Basil Lamium maculatum Spotted Deadnettle Lavandula pedunculata Mentha suaveolens Apple Mint Prunella grandiflora Large Self-heal Prunella vulgaris Self-heal Sideritis hyssopifolia Teucrium salviastrum ** Teucrium scorodonia Wood Sage Thymus mastichina

Lythraceae Loosestrife Family Lythrum portula Water Purslane Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife

Malvaceae Mallow Family Malva neglecta Malva sylvestris Common Mallow Malva tournefortiana

Menyanthaceae Menyanthes trifoliata Bogbean

Oleaceae Olive Family Fraxinus angustifolia Olea europaea Olive

Orobanchaceae Broomrape Family Orobanche rapum-genistae Greater Broomrape Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. lusitanica Common Lousewort

Plantaginaceae Plantain Family Anarrhinum bellidifolium Antirrhinum graniticum * Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Digitalis thapsi * Linaria elegans * Linaria saxatilis * Linaria spartea Linaria triornithophora * Misopates orontium Plantago alpina Alpine Plantain Plantago coronopus Buck's-horn Plantain Plantago holosteum Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Veronica arvensis Veronica nevadensis *

Plumbaginaceae Thrift Family Armeria beirana *

Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

Scientific Name Common Name

Armeria sampaioi ** Armeria transmontana *

Polygonaceae Dock Family Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel Rumex acetosella Sheep's Sorrel Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock

Portulaceae Purslane Family Montia fontana Blinks Portulaca oleracea Purslane

Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family Delphinium halteratum subsp. verdunense Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous Buttercup Ranunculus ololeucos

Resedaceae Mignonette Family Reseda media Sesamoides purpurascens

Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Family Frangula alnus Alder Buckthorn

Rosaceae Rose Family Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry Potentilla erecta Common Tormentil Rosa canina Dog Rose Rosa pouzinii Rubus ulmifolius

Rubiaceae Bedstraw Family Galium lucidum subsp. lucidum Galium rotundifolium Broad-leaved Bedstraw Galium saxatile Heath Bedstraw Galium verum Lady's Bedstraw

Santalaceae Sandalwood Family Osyris alba Thesium humifusum

Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family Chrysosplenium oppositifolium Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage Saxifraga fragosoi Saxifraga spathularis Saxifraga stellaris Starry Saxifrage

Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family Scrophularia auriculata Water Figwort Scrophularia herminii * Verbascum pulverulentum Hoary Mullein Verbascum simplex

Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

Scientific Name Common Name

Verbascum thapsus Aaron's Rod Solanaceae Nightshade Family Solanum dulcamera Bittersweet Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade

Thymelaeaceae Daphne Family Daphne gnidium Mediterranean Mezereon

Asteraceae Daisy Family Achillea millefolium Yarrow Andryala integrifolia Anthemis arvensis Corn Chamomile Bellis perennis Daisy Bellis sylvestris Southern Daisy Carduus tenuiflorus Carthamus lanatus Centaurea ornata Centaurea rothmalerana * Chamaemelum nobile Chamomile Chamaemelum mixtum Cichorium intybus Cirsium palustre Marsh Thistle Crepis capilliaris Smooth Hawksbeard Crepis lampsanoides Crupina vulgaris Erigeron karvinskianus Helichrysum stoechas Hispidella hispanica * Lactuca viminea Pliant Lettuce Leontodon taraxacoides Hairy Hawkbit Logfia minima Small Cudweed Phalacrocarpum oppositifolium * Picris hieracioides Hawkweed Ox-tongue Pilosella castellana Scolymus hispanicus Spanish Oyster Plant Sonchus oleraceus Common Sowthistle Senecio pyrenaicus subsp. caespitosus ** Senecio sylvaticus Wood Groundsel Solidago virgaurea Tolpis barbata Tolpis

Ulmaceae Elm Family Ulmus minor

Urticaceae Nettle Family Parietaria judaica Pellitory-of-the-wall Urtica dioica Common Nettle

Verbenaceae Verbena Family Verbena officinalis Vervain

Violaceae Violet Family Viola langeana *

Wild Portugal: Birds, Alpine Flora & Prehistoric Art Tour Report

Scientific Name Common Name

Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris Maltese Cross

Order Monocotyledons Amaryllidaceae Daffodil Family Allium oleraceum Allium paniculatum Allium sphaerocephalon Round-headed Leek

Alismataceae Water-plantain Family Alisma lanceolatum Narrow-leaved Water-plantain

Juncaceae Rush Family Luzula lactea

Liliaceae Lily Family Fritillaria nervosa subsp. nervosa

Orchidaceae Orchid Family Dactylorhiza maculata Heath Spotted Orchid