Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

chapter 1 Introduction Chronological and Historical Framework Prior to the Great Revolt (66–70CE), Jerusalem was a large, thriving Jewish city in the eastern part of the Roman Empire (Fig. 1). It encompassed a considerable area estimated to have been approximately 180–200 hectares in total, with the colossal ritual precinct—the Herodian Temple Mount surmounted by the Jew- ish Temple—overlooking the city. The origins of the Herodian city lay in the ancient historical nucleus of the southeast hill, near the Gihon Spring. From there, the city expanded northward to include the Temple Mount and west- ward across the southwest hill. The First Wall, built in the Hasmonean period (second century BCE) extended around the southwest hill (the Upper City), the Temple Mount, and the southeast hill (Lower City). After its construction, the city continued to expand northward and two lines of wall were constructed even further north (the Second Wall and the Third Wall), enlarging the urban area.1 The archaeological remains of many buildings have been discovered within the Old City of Jerusalem.2 The colossal Temple Mount compound from the Herodian period is still recognizable today. Its walls tower above the modern surface level. At its foot, to the west and the south, wide streets were lined with shops. Close to the walls of the Temple Mount, public ritual baths for the use of pilgrims have been discovered. The Tower of David, preserved to a considerable height in the Citadel, south of Jaffa Gate, is identified as the tower of Phasael or Hippicus that originally lay to the north of Herod’s palace (Jos. BJ, 5:161–175). Palaces, including the Hasmonean palace,3 Herod’s palace,4 and the palace of Queen Helena5 adorned the cityscape. A few remains associated with Herod’s palace have been discovered at the Qishle (the Turkish police station inside Jaffa Gate), south of the Citadel.6 Jerusalem also had munici- 1 The history of Jerusalem during the Second Temple period has been dealt with in detail in several publications. For a comprehensive summary and discussion see Levine 2002 and ref- erences there and below. 2 For a detailed description of the archaeological remains see NEAEHL 2, 5. 3 Josephus, Jewish War 2:426. 4 Josephus, Jewish War 5:176–181. 5 Josephus, Jewish War 5:253, 6:355. 6 Reʾem 2018. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004417076_002 2 chapter 1 figure 1 Map of Jerusalem at the end of the Second Temple Period NEAEHL 2:718, courtesy of the Israel Exploration Society.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Israel and Judah: 18. Temple Interior and Dedication
Associates for Scriptural Knowledge • P.O. Box 25000, Portland, OR 97298-0990 USA © ASK, March 2019 • All rights reserved • Number 3/19 Telephone: 503 292 4352 • Internet: www.askelm.com • E-Mail: [email protected] How the Siege of Titus Locates the Temple Mount in the City of David by Marilyn Sams, July 2016 Formatted and annotated by David Sielaff, March 2019 This detailed research paper by independent author Marilyn Sams is one of several to follow her 2015 book, The Jerusalem Temple Mount Myth. Her book was inspired by a desire to prove (or disprove) Dr. Ernest Martin’s research in The Temples That Jerusalem Forgot. Ms. Sams wrote a second book in 2017, The Jerusalem Temple Mount: A Compendium of Ancient Descriptions expanding the argument in her first book, itemizing and analyzing 375 ancient descriptions of the Temple, Fort Antonia, and environs, all confirming a Gihon location for God’s Temples.1 Her books and articles greatly advance Dr. Martin’s arguments. David Sielaff, ASK Editor Marilyn Sams: The siege of Titus has been the subject of many books and papers, but always from the false perspective of the Jerusalem Temple Mount’s misidentification.2 The purpose of this paper is to illuminate additional aspects of the siege, in order to show how they cannot reasonably be applied to the current models of the temple and Fort Antonia, but can when the “Temple Mount” is identified as Fort Antonia. Conflicts Between the Rebellious Leaders Prior to the Siege of Titus A clarification of the definition of “Acra” is crucial to understanding the conflicts between John of Gischala and Simon of Giora, two of the rebellious [Jewish] faction leaders, who divided parts of Jerusalem 1 Her second book shows the impossibility of the so-called “Temple Mount” and demonstrate the necessity of a Gihon site of the Temples.
[Show full text]
Jerusalem: City of Dreams, City of Sorrows
1 JERUSALEM: CITY OF DREAMS, CITY OF SORROWS More than ever before, urban historians tell us that global cities tend to look very much alike. For U.S. students. the“ look alike” perspective makes it more difficult to empathize with and to understand cultures and societies other than their own. The admittedly superficial similarities of global cities with U.S. ones leads to misunderstandings and confusion. The multiplicity of cybercafés, high-rise buildings, bars and discothèques, international hotels, restaurants, and boutique retailers in shopping malls and multiplex cinemas gives these global cities the appearances of familiarity. The ubiquity of schools, university campuses, signs, streetlights, and urban transportation systems can only add to an outsider’s “cultural and social blindness.” Prevailing U.S. learning goals that underscore American values of individualism, self-confidence, and material comfort are, more often than not, obstacles for any quick study or understanding of world cultures and societies by visiting U.S. student and faculty.1 Therefore, international educators need to look for and find ways in which their students are able to look beyond the veneer of the modern global city through careful program planning and learning strategies that seek to affect the students in their “reading and learning” about these fertile centers of liberal learning. As the students become acquainted with the streets, neighborhoods, and urban centers of their global city, their understanding of its ways and habits is embellished and enriched by the walls, neighborhoods, institutions, and archaeological sites that might otherwise cause them their “cultural and social blindness.” Jerusalem is more than an intriguing global historical city.
[Show full text]
Jerusalem by Night…
Jerusalem by Night… www.feelJerusalem.com [email protected] Photo & edit: Ron Peled 2008 The roof of the Holy Sepulchre (Christ Tomb - the Golgotha) King David Citadel (The Tower of David ) The entrance to the Jaffa Gate Jerusalem's citadel, known as the ''Tower of David'', is a historical and archaeological site of world importance. Over the generations it has become both a landmark and a symbol of the city Inside the guardrooms of the citadel, the exhibition presents Jerusalem's history through a series of specially-designed models, illustrations, moving and static, and multi-media displays that relate the history in a chronological manner, focusing on the main events of each period This is essentially a medieval fortress, with later additions. Its towers and ramparts offer splendid views of that part of Jerusalem where Old and New merge. The site of the citadel has always been the weak point in the city's defenses, compelling its rulers throughout history to fortify the site Important Royal Discovery at the Museum. During the archaeological excavations of the Kishle in the grounds of the Tower of David Museum, remains from King Herod's palace were found World-breaking record of visitors to exhibition - Over 1.3 million visitors came to the Tower of David Museum in 2000 to see Chihuly's Glass exhibition making it the most popular temporary exhibition for the millennium year Mishkenot Sheananim - the first Jewish neighborhood outside the Old City walls Mishkenot Sheananim The Basilica of the Agony at Gethsemane (Church of All Nations) – Mount of Olives The Temple Mount – Mosque of El Aqza (left) and the Dome of the Rock Mosque of Al - Aqsa - according to Islamic tradition, Mohammad arrived on the back of a winged horse named “el-Buraq” (“The Lightning”).
[Show full text]
Day 7 Thursday March 10, 2022 Temple Mount Western Wall (Wailing Wall) Temple Institute Jewish Quarter Quarter Café Wohl Museu
Day 7 Thursday March 10, 2022 Temple Mount Western Wall (Wailing Wall) Temple Institute Jewish Quarter Quarter Café Wohl Museum Tower of David Herod’s Palace Temple Mount The Temple Mount, in Hebrew: Har HaBáyit, "Mount of the House of God", known to Muslims as the Haram esh-Sharif, "the Noble Sanctuary and the Al Aqsa Compound, is a hill located in the Old City of Jerusalem that for thousands of years has been venerated as a holy site in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam alike. The present site is a flat plaza surrounded by retaining walls (including the Western Wall) which was built during the reign of Herod the Great for an expansion of the temple. The plaza is dominated by three monumental structures from the early Umayyad period: the al-Aqsa Mosque, the Dome of the Rock and the Dome of the Chain, as well as four minarets. Herodian walls and gates, with additions from the late Byzantine and early Islamic periods, cut through the flanks of the Mount. Currently it can be reached through eleven gates, ten reserved for Muslims and one for non-Muslims, with guard posts of Israeli police in the vicinity of each. According to Jewish tradition and scripture, the First Temple was built by King Solomon the son of King David in 957 BCE and destroyed by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE – however no substantial archaeological evidence has verified this. The Second Temple was constructed under the auspices of Zerubbabel in 516 BCE and destroyed by the Roman Empire in 70 CE.
[Show full text]
Archaeological Activity in the Old City of Jerusalem and Its Environs Update 2010
Archaeological Activity in the Old City of Jerusalem and Its Environs Update 2010 The map of the Historic Basin (aka Holy Basin) 1 Introduction The Old City and the historic basin surrounding it (known also as the "Holy Basin") conceal a wealth of archaeological strata from 5,000 years ago up to today. The Old City itself has been built in layers covering almost 3,000 years. The religious and historic importance of Jerusalem has for centuries kindled the curiosity of numerous explorers from all over the world. The first archeological excavations took place in the 19th century; since 1967, archeological research has intensified significantly, especially in the Jewish Quarter and the South Temple Mount area. The Israeli Antiquities Authority was established twenty years ago and has been responsible for most of the excavations in the historic basin during this period. Conflicting Israeli and Palestinian national sentiments, intensified by Jerusalem's historic and religious sites, make the Holy Basin a highly charged political space. In such a place, every archeological activity not only influences our understanding of the past, but has also political and social implications for the present. Thus, the archaeological excavations and antiquities preservation in the Old City and its environs have become part of the conflict, but also could be part of its solution. The first part of this report is a preliminary survey of the major excavations and preservation projects in the Old City and the historic basin which have been carried out in the last decade. The second part offers an analysis of their impact on the social and political situation in the Old City and its environs.
[Show full text]
Castle Studies Group Journal Location Index of 1 45
Castle Studies Group Journal Location Index Castle Studies Group Journal Index: Site Locations. Locations are castles unless otherwise stated. Site are listed alphabetically by alphabetised country. In practice it may be easier to use your browser/reader find facility (normally command F). Please be flexible with spelling (particularly try spelling without accents). Volume numbers are underlined and hyperlinked to a volume contents page. S# refers to Summer/September Bulletins. This revision dated March 2016. Name County/District Country Volume; first page reference, other article first page reference: Volume; first page reference etc. Bala Hissar, Kabul Afganistan 23; 240 Araberg Austria 21; 232 Aalst West Flanders Belgium 20; 222 Binche Hainaut Belgium 15; 9 Bouillon Luxembourg Belgium 15; 7 Buzenol-Montaubon Luxembourg Belgium 15; 7 Corroy-le-Chateau Namur Belgium 15; 10 Erpe East Flanders Belgium 15; 9 Falnuée Namur Belgium 15; 11 Gravensteen East Flanders Belgium 15; 8 Lavaux Namur Belgium 20; 126 Montaigle Namur Belgium 15; 11: 20; 125 Namur Namur Belgium 15; 12 Poilvache Namur Belgium 15; 11 Sugny Namur Belgium 15; 7 Tchesté de la Rotche Namur Belgium 20; 125 Villeret Namur Belgium 15; 11 Kaleto (Belogradchik Fortress) Vidin Bulgaria S21; 6 Diocletian's Palace, Spalato (Split) Croatia 25; 144 Vrboska Croatia 23; 206 Buffavento Cyprus 16; 22: 28; 288 Famagusta Cyprus S18; 14 Kantara Cyprus 16; 22: 28; 285: 29; 308 Kyrenia Cyprus 16; 22: 28; 296, 297: 29; 308 St Hilarion Cyprus 16; 22: 28; 288, 290 Sigouri Cyprus 28; 292 Toprak Cyprus
[Show full text]
Standing in Front of Jaffa Gate, I Could Strongly Feel the Power of the City, and Even the Country
Standing in front of Jaffa Gate, I could strongly feel the power of the city, and even the country. Israel, the country I love the most, was founded in 1968, and has a very vital position in the Middle- East. When I arrived in Tel Aviv, the capital city of Israel, I could easily feel the mysterious atmosphere of this secret place, a promise land of God. What impressed me the most must be Jerusalem, which is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is regarded as holy to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Masada is an ancient fortress built by King Herod of Judea, and was designated as the World Heritage Site in 2001. I still remember it was a tough uphill path, and it took me about two hours to climb to the top. I was so sweat then, feeling regretful to wake up at four that day. However, when seeing the amazing sunrise and capturing this fabulous photo, I suddenly realize the magic power of this place. Though there was once a tragedy happening here, causing more than 960 Jewish dead, I could feel the miraculous atmosphere happening around. No wonder it is said that “Masada shall not fall again.” When it comes to “the navel of the world”, I think almost everyone knows it is the Dead Sea. I felt so uncertain and afraid before I walked to the sea. Surprisingly, it was such an easy thing to float. Floating in the Dead Sea is awesome though I got severe sunburn afterward. After this unforgettable trip to Israel, it is not hard to imagine why such country, even having wars with Islam world, could still stand its position throughout the world.
[Show full text]
Al-Quds Book
JERUSALEMJERUSALEM The issue of Jerusalem have constituted, both in the far and near past, a basic pivot in determining the future and realities of the surrounding region. The POPULATION & URBANIZATION special importance of conducting a study on the Jerusalem issue rises from the current attempts to define the future of the region in the context of the ongoing political process and the accompanying conflicts, which are in some cases bloody and in other cases peaceful. Because of the importance of Jerusalem for both the Arab Palestinian side and the Zionist Jewish side, the From 1850 - 2000 determination of the future of the region, whether in terms of war or peace, depends on the method in which the issue is dealt with. The Zionist Movement has attempted from the start of its emigration to Palestine to impose new realities in order to decide the issue of Jerusalem for its benefit. The attempts were not restricted to physical realities, but included the creation of an impression and conviction through media and lots of books and publications that worked on forging the past and present history of the city, thus concealing the reality and truth behind a curtain of false propaganda and history forging. Thus, this contribution from the Jerusalem Media and Communications Center came to highlight the events that took place during the historical epoch between 1850 and 2000. We do hope that we can succeed in raising discussion over this issue and highlight the facts and truth and encourage others inside Palestine and abroad to contribute in this discussion and enrich this attempt towards reinforcing a conviction that any solution that does not guarantee the historical, political, national and religious rights of the Arab Palestinian people in Jerusalem will never be a just, comprehensive and permanent solution.
[Show full text]
The Armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod
Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum herausgegeben von Martin Hengel und Peter Schäfer 25 The Armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod From Hellenistic to Roman Frameworks by Israel Shatzman J.C.B. Möhr (Paul Siebeck) Tübingen Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Shatzman, Israel: The armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod : from Hellenistic to Roman frameworks / by Israel Shatzman. - Tübingen : Mohr, 1991 (Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum ; 25) ISBN 3-16-145617-3 NE: GT © 1991 J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck) P.O. Box 2040, D-7400 Tübingen. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly to re- productions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was typeset by Sam Boyd Enterprise in Singapore, printed by Guide-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper by Gebr. Buhl in Ettlingen and bound by Heinr. Koch in Tübingen. ISSN 0721-8753 MENAHEM STERN IN MEMORIAM Preface I became intrigued by the subject of this book in the course of my work on the military confrontation between the Jews and the Romans from the death of Herod to the War of Bar-Kokhva, which I was asked to contribute to Vol. VIII of the series The World History of the Jewish People: U. Rappaport (ed.), Judea and Rome (Masada Publishing Press, 1983, in Hebrew). While working on those chapters, I realized that no com- prehensive account had ever been written of the army of Herod, and as for the Hasmonaeans, there existed then only B.
[Show full text]
Jerusalem in the Ottoman Rule (1516-1917 AD)
International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2019, PP 43-51 ISSN 2349-0373 (Print) & ISSN 2349-0381 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0601005 www.arcjournals.org Jerusalem in the Ottoman Rule (1516-1917 AD) Dr Zakaria Ibrahim Al-Sinwar* Professor of Modern and Contemporary History, the Islamic University of Gaza *Corresponding Author: Dr Zakaria Ibrahim Al-Sinwar, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History, the Islamic University of Gaza Abstract: Jerusalem enjoyed a special status during the period of Islamic rule, because of its religious status in Islam, it was ruled by the Ottomans 400 years (1516-1917), It passed through three stages, the foreign ambitions of Europe and Zionism emerged. This study deals with the situation of Jerusalem under the Ottoman rule in its first era and then its conditions under Egyptian rule and then in the late Ottoman period until 1917 as you study European ambitions in the city and excavations and excavations in Jerusalem, Jerusalem in the late Ottoman era and the goals of those excavations and then dealt with the Zionist settlement in Jerusalem and how it was beginning individual efforts by taking a dimension of "charity" in favour of the poor Jews and then became a settlement directed by the Zionist movement and the extent of settlement. Keywords: Jerusalem, Ottoman Rule, Egyptian Rule in Palestine, European Ambitions, Zionist Settlement 1. INTRODUCTION The city of Jerusalem has a special religious status. It is the first Muslim qibla to Muslims in their prayers before the Kaaba in Makkah, and to Prophet’s isra to and mi’raj at night from Mecca and after his arrival prayed at Al Aqsa Mosque.
[Show full text]
The Last Gate
April 2021 The Last Gate The Struggle Over Damascus Gate in the Old City of Jerusalem After two weeks of violence in Jerusalem, the Israeli police finally backed down and removed the barricades and restrictions at Damascus Gate plaza that arguably triggered the violence we witnessed since the start of Ramadan this year. It is not surprising that the locus of the latest tensions and clashes was Damascus Gate, the main gate, and some would argue, the last entrance to the Old City which is still very Palestinian in character. Arguably, the tensions at Damascus Gate are a result of many small steps taken by Israel in the past few years to engineer changes to the character of the area. In 2015, Jerusalem experienced violence including a series of nationalistically motivated murders, known as the 'Lone Wolf’ Intifada. Most of the incidents in the city took place around Damascus Gate and Hagai/Al Wad Street in the Old City, the route leading from the gate to the Temple Mount/Haram a-Sharif.1 This year, the beginning of Ramadan coincided with the full reopening of the economy following months of shut-downs during the coronavirus pandemic. From the start, the police erected barriers around the stone steps in the plaza in front of the gate to prevent people from gathering and sitting there as they have done for years. 2 In parallel, and some may claim in response, incidents of stone-throwing at ultra-Orthodox people 1 Y. Mizrachi, "There Reason Behind Multiple Attacks at Haggai Street,” (Heb) Local Call, October 8, 2015.
[Show full text]
Old City Map M H NR BEN Shadadterminal KO in a E Tomb Museum Gate H M
S H E Zurim Valley K Birgham H S EL National Park Young M A -A H E EL A-ZA A I E S H R M A I S A L IBN RA RI University A S E AR A H A D OM D E N R Q ’ S A A I U R NUR A-DIN H AYA E M D I HAHOMA HASHELISHIT - A M N T L E L L B V E E I IS E U H I K M SH H M D E EM O I H UEL S A’ S BE N H N ADAYA EL ASFAHANI S A N S R A L JERUSALEM L E S A H H N E E Bus D U C ICK HANEVI’I AD SH The Garden -D R Rockefeller IBN SINA The Old City Map M H NR BEN SHADADTerminal KO IN A E Tomb Museum Gate H M ( LEIMAN N TAN SU The Via Dolorosa - A SUL Storks L B Tower E HELENI HAMALKA L Herod’s Gate A U N S IMA Sha’ar HaPerahim R ULE The Stations of the Cross ) N S S HANEVI’IM TA I L A U S J E S E HA’AYIN HET T A R V D I I Zedekiah’s C N H H A Cave O S D H R A D N L . E M I E H T. H Damascus Gate R A L O MISHMAROT - F H E ANT DANIEL O Sha’ar Shechem A L QADISIYE (SHA T S I EL V ONIA I ’DIYA R D E Sha’ar MA IBN EL ES SA O Orson Heid S A Y T Shechem OMAR R ’THANA U A Sq.
[Show full text]