COVID-19 in the Rwenzori Region
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ACCELERATING FRAGILITIES: COVID- 19 IN THE RWENZORI REGION RWENZORI FORUM FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE (RFPJ) APRIL, 2020 1 ` EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Rwenzori Forum for Peace and Justice (RFPJ) conducted this survey in March and April 2020 at the height of the covid-19 pandemic national lockdown in the Rwenzori region. The survey involved conducting phone interviews with 55 respondents identified using purposive and snowball sampling procedures. Respondents were drawn from stakeholders involved in the implementation of covid-19 prevention guidelines issued by the Government of Uganda. These stakeholders included political and technical leaders, district covid-19 task force members and representatives from security agencies. Other respondents included citizens who in various ways, got affected by the implementation of the covid-19 prevention guidelines. The survey sought to analyze the nexus between covid-19 and notions of peace, access to justice, governance and respect for human rights. RFPJ limited the survey to seventeen conflict prone sub counties selected from five districts of Kasese, Bundibugyo, Kabarole, Ntoroko and Bunyangabu out of nine districts that currently make up the Rwenzori region. On the subject of peaceful coexistence, the survey revealed an unprecedented increase in Gender Based Violence (GBV) during the lockdown. GBV cases skyrocketed from 9 in the pre-covid month of February 2020 to 70 during the covid lockdown months of March and April 2020, representing an increase in cases by 87 percent. Further, while the threat of covid-19 unified ethnic groups in the Rwenzori region to address a common health threat, the region experienced incidents of ethnic tensions connected to implementation of covid-19 prevention guidelines. Lastly, covid-19 lockdown and associated prevention guidelines, especially the suspension of businesses that employed most young people exacerbated social and economic vulnerabilities among the youth. These vulnerabilities have a great potential to reduce young persons’ opportunity cost to violence as the country prepares for 2020/2021 national elections. Connected to human rights, security agencies masterminded brutality and torture of citizens in the implementation of covid-19 prevention guidelines. Further, limitations on freedom of movement grossly constrained health workers’ ability to report to work and also, citizens’ access to health services. On the other hand, minority ethnic groups, especially the Banyabindi in Kasese district and fishing communities near Lake Albert in Ntoroko district experienced insurmountable difficulties in accessing food and other essential needs. These difficulties mainly hinged on the ineffective implementation of a national affirmative action to remedy the negative effect of covid- 19 on minority and other vulnerable groups. Even in face of these human rights violations, access to justice remained constrained due to suspension of court operations. Lastly, covid-19 pandemic exposed governance fragilities in forms of citizens’ lack of appreciation of mandate of leaders and the diminished culture of accountability. Brutality by security agencies and reported corruption in the office of the Prime Minister were specific incidents that served to erode public trust in government. To address the negative effects of covid- 19, this survey proposes the strengthening of civil-military relations and structures mandated to address GBV. Further, the survey proposes the empowerment of victims of GBV, the youth, women and citizens to address GBV and also, demand for accountability and good governance from their leaders. i ` ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RFPJ appreciates her technical staff, especially Mr. Tuhaise Francis, Mr. Hyeroba Geofrey, Mr. Opio Francis and Mr. Muhindo Francis Happy for planning and conducting this survey. Further, RFPJ extends her appreciation to all the respondents who in their home confinement, provided valuable information during this survey and to the Democratic Governance Facility (DGF) for supporting the conduct of this survey. Photo Credit: RFPJ April, 2020 Front Page: A woman washing hands at the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Uganda Border in Mpondwe-Lhubiriha Town Council in Kasese District as a covid-19 prevention measure. Back Page: Cross country truck drivers, a highly covid-19 risk group, lineup their trucks for clearance at the DRC-Uganda Border in Mpondwe-Lhubiriha Town Council in Kasese District as residents go on with their businesses. ii ` ACRONYMS ADF: Allied Democratic Forces CDO Community Development Officer CJ: Chief Justice CSOs: Civil Society Organizations DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo EOC: Equal Opportunities Commission GBV: Gender Based Violence LC: Local Council MP: Member of Parliament NALU: National Army for the Liberation of Uganda OBB: Obudhingiya Bwa Bwamba OBR: Obusinga Bwa Rwenzururu RFPJ: Rwenzori Forum for Peace and Justice S/C Sub County T/C Town Council UN: United Nations WHO: World Health organization iii ` TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................... i ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... v CHAPTER ONE - BACKGROUND TO THE RAPID SURVEY ...................................... - 1 - 1.0. Introduction ............................................................................................................. - 1 - 1.1. Contextualizing covid-19 response in the Rwenzori region ................................... - 2 - 1.2. The aim and objectives of the survey ...................................................................... - 3 - 1.3. Scope of this survey ................................................................................................ - 3 - CHAPTER TWO - SURVEY DESIGN AND METHODS ................................................. - 4 - 2.0. The design ............................................................................................................... - 4 - 2.1. Methods of data collection and the instruments ...................................................... - 4 - 2.2. Respondents ............................................................................................................. - 4 - 2.3. Sample size .............................................................................................................. - 4 - 2.4. Sampling procedure ................................................................................................. - 5 - 2.5. Data analysis ............................................................................................................ - 5 - CHAPTER THREE - FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................... - 6 - 3.0. Introduction ............................................................................................................. - 6 - 3.1. Effects of Covid-19 and its associated national lockdown on the peace and conflict terrain in the Rwenzori region. .......................................................................................... - 6 - 3.1.1. Interplay between Covid-19 and inter-ethnic relations in the region ................. - 6 - 3.1.2. Nexus between covid-19 and gender relations ................................................... - 9 - 3.1.3. Covid-19 and the youth question ...................................................................... - 13 - 3.2. Effects of Covid-19 and its associated national lockdown on the respect for human rights in the Rwenzori region .......................................................................................... - 14 - 3.2.1. Brutality of security agencies in enforcing covid-19 prevention guidelines .... - 15 - 3.2.2. Other human rights violations during covid-19 lockdown ............................... - 17 - 3.2.3. Constrained access to justice ............................................................................ - 20 - 3.3. The nexus between covid-19 and the governance question in the Rwenzori region- 21 - 3.3.1. Leadership mandate mix-up .............................................................................. - 21 - 3.3.2. Accountability ................................................................................................... - 22 - CHAPTER 4 - RECOMMENDATIONS ON HOW BEST TO ADDRESS EFFECTS OF COVID-19 AND ITS ASSOCIATED NATIONAL LOCKDOWN IN THE RWENZORI REGION ............................................................................................................................. - 23 - iv ` LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Number of respondents by District ............................................................................. - 4 - Table 2: Categories of Respondents Interviewed ..................................................................... - 5 - Table 3: Number of reported GBV cases by district between February and April 2020 ........ - 10 - Table 4: Categorization of the reported GBV cases in March and April 2020