Colonel Steven M. Kleinman
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Trends Toward Real-Time Network Data Steganography
TRENDS TOWARD REAL-TIME NETWORK DATA STEGANOGRAPHY James Collins, Sos Agaian Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Network steganography has been a well-known covert data channeling method for over three decades. The basic set of techniques and implementation tools have not changed significantly since their introduction in the early 1980’s. In this paper, we review the predominant methods of classical network steganography, describing the detailed operations and resultant challenges involved in embedding data in the network transport domain. We also consider the various cyber threat vectors of network steganography and point out the major differences between classical network steganography and the widely known end-point multimedia embedding techniques, which focus exclusively on static data modification for data hiding. We then challenge the security community by introducing an entirely new network data hiding methodology, which we refer to as real-time network data steganography. Finally, we provide the groundwork for this fundamental change of covert network data embedding by introducing a system-level implementation for real-time network data operations that will open the path for even further advances in computer network security. KEYWORDS Network Steganography, Real-time Networking, TCP/IP Communications, Network Protocols 1. INTRODUCTION Even though the origins of steganography reach back to the time of ancient Greece, to Herodotus in 440 BC, the art of steganography continues to evolve. This is especially true in the technical methods of digital embedding [1][2]. Digital steganography has been used since the early 1980’s and network steganography techniques quickly evolved with the advent of the Internet and standardized multimedia formats used for data exchange [3]. -
SPYCATCHER by PETER WRIGHT with Paul Greengrass WILLIAM
SPYCATCHER by PETER WRIGHT with Paul Greengrass WILLIAM HEINEMANN: AUSTRALIA First published in 1987 by HEINEMANN PUBLISHERS AUSTRALIA (A division of Octopus Publishing Group/Australia Pty Ltd) 85 Abinger Street, Richmond, Victoria, 3121. Copyright (c) 1987 by Peter Wright ISBN 0-85561-166-9 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. TO MY WIFE LOIS Prologue For years I had wondered what the last day would be like. In January 1976 after two decades in the top echelons of the British Security Service, MI5, it was time to rejoin the real world. I emerged for the final time from Euston Road tube station. The winter sun shone brightly as I made my way down Gower Street toward Trafalgar Square. Fifty yards on I turned into the unmarked entrance to an anonymous office block. Tucked between an art college and a hospital stood the unlikely headquarters of British Counterespionage. I showed my pass to the policeman standing discreetly in the reception alcove and took one of the specially programmed lifts which carry senior officers to the sixth-floor inner sanctum. I walked silently down the corridor to my room next to the Director-General's suite. The offices were quiet. Far below I could hear the rumble of tube trains carrying commuters to the West End. I unlocked my door. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer’s trade - a desk, two telephones, one scrambled for outside calls, and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front. -
The Pragmatics of Powerlessness in Police Interrogation
Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons Faculty Scholarship 1-1-1993 In a Different Register: The Pragmatics of Powerlessness in Police Interrogation Janet Ainsworth Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/faculty Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Janet Ainsworth, In a Different Register: The Pragmatics of Powerlessness in Police Interrogation, 103 YALE L.J. 259 (1993). https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/faculty/287 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Articles In a Different Register: The Pragmatics of Powerlessness in Police Interrogation Janet E. Ainswortht CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 260 II. How WE Do THINGS WITH WORDS .............................. 264 A. Performative Speech Acts ................................. 264 B. Indirect Speech Acts as Performatives ......................... 267 C. ConversationalImplicature Modifying Literal Meaning ............. 268 H. GENDER AND LANGUAGE USAGE: A DIFFERENT REGISTER .............. 271 A. Characteristicsof the Female Register ........................ 275 1. Hedges ........................................... 276 2. Tag Questions ...................................... 277 t Associate Professor of Law, University of Puget Sound School of Law. B.A. Brandeis University, M.A. Yale University, J.D. Harvard Law School. My appreciative thanks go to Harriet Capron and Blain Johnson for their able research assistance. I am also indebted to Melinda Branscomb, Jacqueline Charlesworth, Annette Clark, Sid DeLong, Carol Eastman, Joel Handler, Robin Lakoff, Debbie Maranville, Chris Rideout, Kellye Testy, Austin Sarat, and David Skover for their helpful comments and suggestions. -
Interrogation Nation: Refugees and Spies in Cold War Germany Douglas Selvage / Office of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records
Interrogation Nation: Refugees and Spies in Cold War Germany Douglas Selvage / Office of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records In Interrogation Nation: Refugees and Spies in Cold War Germany, historian Keith R. Allen analyzes the “overlooked story of refugee screening in West Germany” (p. xv). Building upon his previous German-language study focused on such screening at the Marienfelde Refugee Center in West Berlin (Befragung - Überprüfung - Kontrolle: die Aufnahme von DDR- Flüchtlingen in West-Berlin bis 1961, Berlin: Ch. Links, 2013), Allen examines the places, personalities, and practices of refugee screening by the three Western Powers, as well as the German federal government, in West Berlin and throughout West Germany. The topic is particularly timely since, as Allen notes, many of “the screening programs established during the darkest days of the Cold War” (p. xv) continue today, although their targets have shifted. The current political debates about foreign and domestic intelligence activities in Germany, including the issue of refugee screening, echo earlier disputes from the years of the Bonn Republic. The central questions remain: To what extent have citizenship rights and the Federal Republic’s sovereignty been compromised by foreign and domestic intelligence agencies – largely with the consent of the German government – in the name of security? BERLINER KOLLEG KALTER KRIEG | BERLIN CENTER FOR COLD WAR STUDIES 2017 Douglas Selvage Interrogation Nation Allen divides his study into three parts. In Part I, he focuses on “places” – the various sites in occupied West Berlin and western Germany where refugees were interrogated. He sifts through the alphabet soup of acronyms of US, British, French, and eventually West German civilian and military intelligence services and deciphers the cover names of the institutions and locations at which they engaged in screening activities during the Cold War and beyond. -
Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001
Technical Report 02-5 July 2002 Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001 Katherine L. Herbig Martin F. Wiskoff TRW Systems Released by James A. Riedel Director Defense Personnel Security Research Center 99 Pacific Street, Building 455-E Monterey, CA 93940-2497 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704- 0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DDMMYYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From – To) July 2002 Technical 1947 - 2001 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Katherine L. Herbig, Ph.D. Martin F. Wiskoff, Ph.D. 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. -
Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center Conveys MITRE’S Expertise on Accumulated Expertise on Enterprise-Grade Computer Network Defense
Bleed rule--remove from file Bleed rule--remove from file MITRE’s accumulated Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center conveys MITRE’s expertise on accumulated expertise on enterprise-grade computer network defense. It covers ten key qualities enterprise- grade of leading Cybersecurity Operations Centers (CSOCs), ranging from their structure and organization, computer MITRE network to processes that best enable effective and efficient operations, to approaches that extract maximum defense Ten Strategies of a World-Class value from CSOC technology investments. This book offers perspective and context for key decision Cybersecurity Operations Center points in structuring a CSOC and shows how to: • Find the right size and structure for the CSOC team Cybersecurity Operations Center a World-Class of Strategies Ten The MITRE Corporation is • Achieve effective placement within a larger organization that a not-for-profit organization enables CSOC operations that operates federally funded • Attract, retain, and grow the right staff and skills research and development • Prepare the CSOC team, technologies, and processes for agile, centers (FFRDCs). FFRDCs threat-based response are unique organizations that • Architect for large-scale data collection and analysis with a assist the U.S. government with limited budget scientific research and analysis, • Prioritize sensor placement and data feed choices across development and acquisition, enteprise systems, enclaves, networks, and perimeters and systems engineering and integration. We’re proud to have If you manage, work in, or are standing up a CSOC, this book is for you. served the public interest for It is also available on MITRE’s website, www.mitre.org. more than 50 years. -
Tradecraft Primer: a Framework for Aspiring Interrogators
Journal of Strategic Security Volume 9 Number 4 Volume 9, No. 4, Special Issue Winter 2016: Understanding and Article 11 Resolving Complex Strategic Security Issues Tradecraft Primer: A Framework for Aspiring Interrogators. By Paul Charles Topalian. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2016. Mark J. Roberts Subject Matter Expert Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss pp. 139-141 Recommended Citation Roberts, Mark J.. "Tradecraft Primer: A Framework for Aspiring Interrogators. By Paul Charles Topalian. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2016.." Journal of Strategic Security 9, no. 4 (2016) : 139-141. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.9.4.1576 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol9/iss4/11 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Strategic Security by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tradecraft Primer: A Framework for Aspiring Interrogators. By Paul Charles Topalian. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2016. This book review is available in Journal of Strategic Security: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/ vol9/iss4/11 Roberts: Tradecraft Primer: A Framework for Aspiring Interrogators. By Pau Tradecraft Primer: A Framework for Aspiring Interrogators. By Paul Charles Topalian. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1-4987-5114-8. Photographs. Figures. Sources cited. Index. Pp. xv, 140. $59.95. Interrogation is a word fraught with many inferences and implications. Revelations of waterboarding, incidents in Abu Graib and Guantanamo, and allegations of police impropriety in obtaining confessions have all cast the topic in a negative light in recent years. -
Tradecraff in ANCIENT GREECE
DECLASSIFIED Authority NND 947003 Strategemata I I TRADECRAFf IN ANCIENT GREECE Rose Mary Sheldon 1 The ancient Greeks knew a great deal about the ins and outs of spying, but they did not make our modern terminology distinctions among intelligence collection, security, counterintelligence, and covert operations. If the Greeks did h~ve a word for it, it was strategemata, the single heading under which they gtouped all such activities. We are able to study these "strategems of war" today, t~anks to the survival of several Greek military handbooks, called strategika biblia. Their chapters on intelligence gathering instruct a commander in what w~uld today be called tradecraft: the finer arts of running agents, sending secret rriessages, using codes. ciphers, disguises, and surveillance. We can also glean information from the works of Greek historians and other ancient writers who, even if they are not primarily concerned with military matters, do refer occa sibnally to techniques of secret operations. Here is a look at what these sources h~ve to say about the " how to do it" of ancient spying. Of all the surviving military treatises, by far the best is the one written about ~7 B.C. by Aeneas the Tactician-another name, it is thought, for Aeneas of Stymphalos, general of the Arcadian Confederacy. As a fourth-century com mlmder, he very likely served most of his time as a mercenary soldier. The Arcadians had been the first Greeks to turn to soldiering as a profession and were mhre in demand than any other mercenaries. They were said to have been the first practical instructors in the art of war. -
ICD 203: Analytic Standards
Analytic Standards A. AUTHORITY: The National Security Act of 1947, as amended; the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of2004; Executive Order 12333, as amended; Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-28; and other applicable provisions of law. B. PURPOSE 1. This Intelligence Community Directive (lCD) establishes the Intelligence Community (IC) Analytic Standards that govern the production and evaluation of analytic products; articulates the responsibility of intelligence analysts to strive for excellence, integrity, and rigor in their analytic thinking and work practices; and delineates the role of the Office of the Director ofNational Intelligence (ODNI) Analytic Om buds. 2. This Directive supersedes lCD 203, Analytic Standards, dated 21 June 2007, and rescinds ICPM 2006-200-2, Role ofthe Office of the Director ofNational Intelligence Analytic Ombudsman. C. APPLICABILITY 1. This lCD applies to the IC, as defined by the National Security Act of 194 7, as amended; and to such elements of any other department or agency as may be designated an element of the IC by the President, or jointly by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the head of the department or agency concerned. 2. This Directive does not apply to purely law enforcement information. When law enforcement information also contains intelligence or intelligence-re lated information, this Directive shall apply only to the intelligence or intelligence-related information and analysis contained therein. D. POLICY I. The IC Analytic Standards are the core principles of intelligence analysis and are to be applied across the IC. IC Analytic Standards shall be applied in each analytic product in a manner appropriate to its purpose, the type and scope of its underlying source information, its production timeline, and its customers. -
Spy Lingo — a Secret Eye
A Secret Eye SpyLingo A Compendium Of Terms Used In The Intelligence Trade — July 2019 — A Secret Eye . blog PUBLISHER'S NOTICE: Although the authors and publisher have made every eort to ensure that the information in this book was correct at press time, the authors and publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, TEXTUAL CONTENT: Textual Content can be reproduced for all non-commercial accident, or any other cause. purposes as long as you provide attribution to the author / and original source where available. CONSUMER NOTICE: You should assume that the author of this document has an aliate relationship and/or another material connection to the providers of goods and services mentioned in this report THIRD PARTY COPYRIGHT: and may be compensated when you purchase from a To the extent that copyright subsists in a third party it provider. remains with the original owner. Content compiled and adapted by: Vincent Hardy & J-F Bouchard © Copyright 9218-0082 Qc Inc July 2019 — Spy Lingo — A Secret Eye Table Of Contents INTRODUCTION 4 ALPHA 5 Ab - Ai 5 Al - As 6 Au - Av 7 Bravo 8 Ba - Bl 8 Bl - Bre 9 Bri - Bu 10 CHARLIE 11 C3 - Can 11 Car - Chi 12 Cho - Cl 13 Cn - Com 14 Comp - Cou 15 Cov 16 Cu 17 DELTA 18 Da - De 18 De - Di 19 Di - Dru 20 Dry - Dz 21 Echo 22 Ea - Ex 22 Ey 23 FOXTROT 24 Fa - Fi 24 Fl - For 25 Fou - Fu 26 GOLF 27 Ga - Go 27 Gr - Gu 28 HOTEL 29 Ha - Hoo 29 Hou - Hv 30 INDIA 31 Ia -
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Assessment
Improving Outcomes Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Assessment Brig Gen Timothy D. Haugh, USAF Lt Col Douglas W. Leonard, USAF Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed or implied in the Journal are those of the authors and should not be con- strued as carrying the official sanction of the Department of Defense, Air Force, Air Education and Training Command, Air University, or other agencies or departments of the US government. This article may be reproduced in whole or in part without permission. If it is reproduced, the Air and Space Power Journal requests a courtesy line. he seemingly insatiable appetite of US DOD combatant commands (CCMD) for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) has driven the growth of a massive theater ISR enterprise. Despite this tremendous invest- Tment, one that has seen DOD expenditures rise six-fold from 2001 to 2012, the then Air Force deputy chief of staff (DCS) for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnais- sance (DCS-ISR), Lt Gen Robert Otto, remarked that the department satisfies fewer CCMD intelligence needs today than at the height of the Iraq surge.1 How did the DOD get in this remarkable position? The department, it appears, has been a victim of its success. The now retired chairman of the joint chiefs, Gen Martin Dempsey, 4 | Air & Space Power Journal Senior Leader Perspective wrote: “The current joint force of ISR personnel, sensors, platforms, and networks is so vast, diverse, and distributed that managing their effective employment repre- sents a large and growing -
Perspectives on Enhanced Interrogation Techniques
Perspectives on Enhanced Interrogation Techniques Anne Daugherty Miles Analyst in Intelligence and National Security Policy July 9, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43906 Perspectives on Enhanced Interrogation Techniques Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Perspectives on EITs and Torture..................................................................................................... 7 Perspectives on EITs and Values .................................................................................................... 10 Perspectives on EITs and Effectiveness ......................................................................................... 11 Additional Steps ............................................................................................................................. 14 Appendixes Appendix A. CIA Standard Interrogation Techniques (SITs) ........................................................ 15 Appendix B. CIA Enhanced Interrogation Techniques (EITs) ....................................................... 17 Contacts Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 18 Congressional Research Service Perspectives on Enhanced Interrogation