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Agent Orange/Dioxin Contamination at Three Hotspots: Bien Hoa, Da Nang and Phu Cat Airbases

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Agent Orange/Dioxin Contamination at Three Hotspots: Bien Hoa, Da Nang and Phu Cat Airbases MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT OFFICE OF NATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE (OFFICE 33) Project “Environmental Remediation of Dioxin Contaminated Hotspots in Vietnam” COMPREHENSIVE REPORT AGENT ORANGE/DIOXIN CONTAMINATION AT THREE HOTSPOTS: BIEN HOA, DA NANG AND PHU CAT AIRBASES Updated in November, 2013 Dioxin Remediation in Da Nang Airbase Z1 Lake in Bien Hoa Airbase Photo by Dioxin Project, 2013 Photo by Dioxin Project, 2013 Photo by Dioxin Project, 2012 HANOI, 2013 !""#$%&!"&'()#!'(*&+)%%,#'-&$!..#))%%&// .0102345&67&'83948:&,;2694<;2&81=&%1>0461?;13 !"#$%&#$'()#$'*+,)-#.(#/%0-#10,)#/(2 $,345(67#89:;:;<==<><?> @2(037#3,A%&B2%&C,DE%FDF& %=0364@01@$A0;7B&GAA%D#HC%ID#J,KD#LC (93A642B# LCD#/E*+,&#M*(&#/,) LCD#H'(2#/E%N#O(&' LCD#/E*+,&#1(&#J0&' LCD#J0)A*E*#P(0)% LCD#/E*+,&#J+#.(&E LCD#$*#Q0&'#J0&' JAND#$C(&#J+#.(&' JAND#L(&E#$'0#/E%N#O'(* MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT OFFICE OF NATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE (OFFICE 33) Project “Environmental Remediation of Dioxin Contaminated Hotspots in Vietnam” COMPREHENSIVE REPORT AGENT ORANGE/DIOXIN CONTAMINATION AT THREE HOTSPOTS: BIEN HOA, DA NANG AND PHU CAT AIRBASES Updated in November, 2013 HANOI, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface PART A. AMERICAN WAR IN VIETNAM ..................................................................................................... 07 1. Goal and scale of the chemical Operations ............................................................................................ 08 1.1. Strategy ...................................................................................................................................................................................08 1.2. Tactics ......................................................................................................................................................................................08 2. The Use of dioxin containing herbicides in Vietnam during US – Vietnam War ...................................10 2.1. The amount of herbicides used .....................................................................................................................................10 2.2. Estimation of dioxin residual in southern Vietnam environment by the US-Vietnam War .....................10 2.3. The general overview of the efects of the herbicides used in the war to the environment and people of Vietnam ...........................................................................................................................11 3. References ................................................................................................................................................. 12 PART B. CONTAMINATION BY AGENT ORANGE/DIOXIN AT THREE HOTSPOTS: BIEN HOA, DA NANG AND PHU CAT AIRBASES ....................................................................................... 15 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................16 2. Bien Hoa Airbase ............................................................................................................................... 17 2.1. Historical Records of the contaminated areas and geographical, hydrometeorological and soil characteristics ............................................................................................................18 2.2.Results of surveys on soil parameters ....................................................................................................................19 2.3. Agent Orange/dioxin contamination in Bien Hoa Airbase and the vicinities .............................................20 2.3.1. Results from Project Z1 (1995-96) and Program 33 (2000) ...........................................................................22 2.3.2. Results of surveys by Committee 10-80/Hatfeld (2004-2005) .....................................................................26 2.3.3. Results of survey by Ofce 33/UNDP (2008) .....................................................................................................28 2.3.4 . Result of survey by Ofce 33/Hatfeld (2010) ..................................................................................................37 2.3.5. Result of environmental monitoring by Dong Nai People’s Council (2011) ............................................48 2.3.6. Result of surveys by Ofce 33/UNDP (2011) .....................................................................................................53 2.3.7. Result of investigation Z9 by Ministry of Defense (2012) ..............................................................................57 3. Da Nang Airbase ................................................................................................................................. 63 3.1. Historical Record of the contaminated areas and geographical, hydrometeorological and pedologic characteristics of the airbase ............................................................................................................64 3.2. Results of survey on soil parameters in Da Nang Airbase ............................................................................68 3.3. Status of dioxin contamination in Da Nang Airbase ......................................................................................71 3.3.1. Results from Project Z2 by Ministry of Natural Defense (1997-1998) ........................................................71 3.3.2. Results from Program 33 (2002-2004) ..............................................................................................................73 3.3.3. Results of surveys by Committee10-80 /Hatfeld (2004-2005) .....................................................................78 3.3.4. Results of surveys by Ofce 33/Hatfeld (2007)................................................................................................79 3.3.5. Results of surveys by Ofce 33/Hatfeld (2009 .................................................................................................86 3.3.6. Results of investigation by CDM and Hatfeld Consultant (2010)...............................................................94 3.3.7. Results from Z9 study by Ministry of National Defense (2012) ..................................................................100 4. Phu Cat Airbase .......................................................................................................................................103 4.1. Historical Records of the contaminated areas and geographical, hydrometeorological and soil characteristics of the airbase ................................................................................................................................104 4.1.1. Geographical features, hydro-meteorological conditions of the Phu Cat Airbase ...................................105 4.1.2. Previous and current status of the land use .......................................................................................................106 4.1.3. Results of some soil parameters ............................................................................................................................109 4.2. Dioxin contamination in Phu Cat Airbase and the vicinities of Phu Cat Airbase .......................................110 4.2.1. Results of Project Z3 by Ministry of Natural Defense (1999-2002) ................................................................110 4.2.2. Results of survey by Committee 10-80/Hatfeld (2004 – 2005) ......................................................................114 4.2.3. Results of survey by Ofce 33/Hatfeld (2008) ...................................................................................................117 4.2.4. Results of investigation by Ofce 33/UNDP (2011) ..........................................................................................125 4.2.5. Results from Z9 study by MOD (2012) .................................................................................................................134 5. General evaluation ................................................................................................................................. 136 5.1.Bien Hoa Airbase ................................................................................................................................................................136 5.2. Da Nang Airbase ...............................................................................................................................................................136 5.3. Phu Cat Airbase ..................................................................................................................................................................137 6. References ............................................................................................................................................... 138 PART C. HUMAN EXPOSURE TO DIOXIN AT THE CONTAMINATED HOTSPOTS ....................................141 1. Summary of data on dioxin contamination in human blood from contaminated hotspots ........................ 142 2. Results of investigations on human exposure at Da Nang Airbase and the vicinities in 2009 ...................... 143 2.1. Assessment of Dioxin contamination in Environment and Human Population in the Vicinity of Da Nang Airbase, April 2007 ...........................................................................................................................143 2.2. Comprehensive Assessment
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