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URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE in KIGALI CITY RWANDA (Challenges and Opportunities for Modernised Decentralised Sanitation Systems in Poor Neighbourhoods)

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URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE in KIGALI CITY RWANDA (Challenges and Opportunities for Modernised Decentralised Sanitation Systems in Poor Neighbourhoods) URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN KIGALI CITY RWANDA (Challenges and Opportunities for Modernised Decentralised Sanitation Systems in Poor Neighbourhoods) James Cleophace Sano MSc Thesis Environmental Sciences August 2007 Supervised by: Dr. Peter Oosterveer Environmental Policy Group TITLE URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN KIGALI CITY RWANDA (Challenges and Opportunities for Modernised Decentralised Sanitation Systems in Poor Neighbourhoods) Thesis is Submitted to the Wageningen University and Research Centre in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Master of Science Degree in Environmental Science (MES) By James Cleophace Sano MSc. Environmental Sciences Supervisor: Examiners: Dr. Peter Oosterveer Dr. Peter Oosterveer (Environmental Policy group) (Environmental Policy Group) Drs. Judith van Leeuwen (Environmental Policy group) Prof.,Dr. Gert Spaargaren (Environmental Policy group) No part of this thesis may be copied or reproduced without the authority of the author and the Environmental Policy group of Wageningen University and Research Centre ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The journey to the completion of this thesis (MSc. in Environmental Sciences) started way back in the year 2001, when I decided to leave my family which was then comprised of my beloved wife Lina and first born Chelsea, and go to The Cape Peninsula University of Technology in Cape Town, South Africa, where I complemented my previous education to attain a Batchelor of Technology degree in Chemistry, with a specialisation in Analytical Chemistry. Joining an academic life in a foreign country can be challenging, but the challenge becomes even daunting when you part with a young family you love and care so much. After coming from South Africa in 2003, I worked for my current employer, The National University of Rwanda until September 2005, when I had to full fill my academic obligation as a university employee and leave my family again which had become even bigger after my wife and I had been blessed with the arrival of Rita and Lambert Butera. My new destination was The Wageningen University and Research Centre in the Netherlands where I am graduating this next month, with a MSc. Environmental Sciences, after two years of hard working and sleepless nights. Going through this entire journey and succeed can never happen without the wish of Almighty God as well as the support, encouragement and contributions from various individuals and organisations which can not tally on this peace of space. Therefore I will ask those who offered valuable contribution to this success, and who I will not be able to mention their names here to understand and bear with me. First and foremost, I thank almighty God for lighting me with the light of hope every time I found myself in difficult situations. My life here wouldn’t have been comfortable without prayers, love, braveness and sacrifice from my children Lambert Butera, Rita, Chelsea and my beloved wife who I am proud to be a husband, Lina. Worth mentioning after my family is my parents and the entire Gahamanyi family, as well as my parents in-law and entire Rwamuhinda family. I am blessed to be part of your family and together with my wife and children; we owe you a lot, for you have been a strong pillars for us to accomplish our goals. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Dr., (Ir) Peter Oosterveer for your dedication and patience when helping me to accomplish this thesis. I remain challenged by the invaluable guidance and support that I received from you. May I reserve my special thanks to my lectures at Wageningen University; Dr. Bas van Vliet, Prof. Gert Spaargaren and Prof. Arthur Mol from Environmental Policy Group (ENP) as well as Ir. Karen Fortune, Prof Leemans, Dr. Dolf de Groot, Dr. Andre van Amstel and Ass. Prof. Carolien Kroeze from Environmental Systems Analysis (ESA) group, and all other lectures and staff, who contributed to the rich knowledge I have gain in the past two years, all of whom I can not mention here. To my class mates and friends, Olalekan Adekola, Tassi Chick Yunga, Romana, Aafke, Anda, and all my country mates studying at WUR. Thank you all for making my life in Wageningen easier, and to Olalekan, please accept my special appreciation for being a peer reviewer of this work. This acknowledgement cannot draw to a close, without expressing my heart felt gratitude to special people in my life who have helped me in different ways. These are the family of Rutikanga Bernard, Virginia Kainamula, Dr. Butera Jean Bosco and John Gatebera. May almighty God keep us well, I am hopeful of a better future ahead of us all, with God’s grace. I am very grateful to the Government of the Netherlands through NPT/RWA/061 project and staff, Director, Prof. Mohren, F.; The coordinator (NL), Ir. Neeltje van Hutlen; Coordinator (RW), Ir. Innocent Nzeyimana, and Dean of Faculty of Agriculture Dr. Rukazambuga, D., for assistance and financing my study. Last but not least, I am thankful to my employer, the National University of Rwanda, and the Faculty of Agriculture in particular for agreeing grant me with a study leave to undertake this task. iii SUMMARY The work presented in this thesis, makes this study one of its kind in that, unlike other studies; it bases its research on poor neighbourhoods of Kigali city. The study is mainly descriptive on the characteristics of existing municipal, industrial and domestic sanitation systems; their physical infrastructure as well as social-economic and technical management practises. Challenges and opportunities for modern decentralised sanitation systems with Modernised Mixture Approach are discussed. In order to achieve these goals, a combination of literature and relevant documents review, interview administration for key informants in Nyarugenge district, the Kigali City Council, Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines (MINITERE) as well as Public and Private institutions was performed. In addition to that, a survey was conducted in 237 households in four selected sectors of Nyarugenge district, one of three districts of Kigali City. The data obtained through key informants was treated as qualitative and was analysed during data collection period. Each day after field work, all the data collected in a note book were edited, matched to the questions, and story lines were drawn and organised basing on responses. Qualitative data collected in a survey were transformed into quantitative data, with the help of a computer based Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-version 12.0) and Excel. The data were entered into a developed SPPS sheet for analysis. The outputs were descriptive statistical data, such as frequencies, percentiles and correlation, and cross tabulation tables. These were copied to an Excel sheet for production of graphs and tables used to present the results of the findings. Results obtained from a survey were aggregated over the entire number of households in Kigali and a statistical generalization was made. The following are some of the important findings: • Water and Sanitation Unit in MINITERE which is responsible for water and sanitation in the country is overstretched by responsibilities. Together with water and sanitation provision and to ensure equitable accessibility to Rwandan population, the unit is also responsible for water availability for agriculture, transportation, energy and all other economic water uses. A lot of responsibilities placed on the sector, holds back its capacity to solve water and sanitation problems. • Government’s established institutional frameworks for water and sanitation, as well as environmental protection, such as Water and Sanitation Unit in MINITERE, RURA and REMA lacks qualified human resources to provide technical back-up to guide or help potential polluters like industries, hotels, and farmers, e.t.c. Inexistence of national guidelines and standards for discharging industrial and institutional wastewater undermines compliance to the organic law for protection of the environmental. This manifests to continued discharge of untreated wastewater to ecologically sensitive environments like wetlands by industries and other businesses. • The existing policies and legal frameworks are silent on which sanitation technologies and approaches (forms of management) should be exercised in the iv country. On the other hand both policy and legal documents do not hinder development of DESAR or Modernised Mixture systems. This provides flexibility, a good environment for development and institutionalisation of modern decentralised systems • The financing of water and sanitation at the national level is not sustainable because, significant amount (58% in 2005) of development budget for their projects is disbursed by external donors. At district level, beside that the ownership of water and sanitation infrastructure was decentralised, districts in Kigali are yet to have capacity to mobilise enough funds from internal sources as stipulated by law, to finance planned projects, including water and sanitation, therefore they are still dependent on funds from central government and international NGOs • More than 70% of Kigali city is occupied by informal settlements, most of which are found in poor neighbourhoods. In these areas there is poor and inadequate water supply and municipal sanitation infrastructures. Portable water connection is not accessed by 49.8% of the households, and 93% of these, buy water from ELECTROGAZ water kiosks and vendors, while 6.1 % fetch water
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