Perennial Grasses for Bioenergy and Bioproducts This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Perennial Grasses for Bioenergy and Bioproducts This page intentionally left blank Perennial Grasses for Bioenergy and Bioproducts Production, Uses, Sustainability and Markets for Giant Reed, Miscanthus, Switchgrass, Reed Canary Grass and Bamboo Edited by Efthymia Alexopoulou CRES, Center for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, Pikermi, Attikis, Greece Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-812900-5 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Joe Hayton Acquisition Editor: Raquel Zanol Editorial Project Manager: Ana Claudia Garcia Production Project Manager: Swapna Srinivasan Designer: Victoria Pearson Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Contents List of Contributors ix Introduction xi 1 The Importance of Perennial Grasses as a Feedstock for Bioenergy and Bioproducts 1 Salvatore L. Cosentino, Danilo Scordia, Giorgio Testa, Andrea Monti, Efthymia Alexopoulou and Myrsini Christou 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Increasing Interest for Perennial Grasses as a Biomass Source 2 1.3 Perennial Grasses: An Ideotype of Biomass Crops 12 1.4 Perennial Grasses in a Biobased Economy 17 1.5 Sustainability of Perennial Grasses 20 1.6 Research Perspectives 23 References 27 Further Reading 33 2 Miscanthus 35 Iris Lewandowski, John Clifton-Brown, Andreas Kiesel, Astley Hastings and Yasir Iqbal 2.1 Miscanthus Taxonomy 35 2.2 Miscanthus Breeding 36 2.3 Physiological Characteristics 39 2.4 Global Miscanthus Production and Use 40 2.5 Productivity of Miscanthus Across Europe 48 2.6 Agronomy 50 2.7 Biomass Production Costs 52 2.8 Ecological Performance 52 References 55 3 Switchgrass: From Production to End Use 61 Efthymia Alexopoulou, Andrea Monti, H. Wolter Elbersen, Walter Zegada-Lizarazu, Dimitra Millioni, Danilo Scordia, Federica Zanetti, Eleni G. Papazoglou and Myrsini Christou 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Origin and Distribution 62 3.3 Breeding 63 3.4 Plant Physiology 66 vi Contents 3.5 Plant Agronomy 69 3.6 Harvesting 81 3.7 Biomass Productivity 86 3.8 Biomass Characterization and Uses 90 References 93 Further Reading 104 4 Giant Reed: From Production to End Use 107 Myrsini Christou, Efthymia Alexopoulou, Salvatore L. Cosentino, Venera Copani, Salvador Nogues, Elena Sanchez, Andrea Monti, Walter Zegada-Lizarazu, Luigi Pari and Antonio Scarfone 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Giant Reed Origin and Taxonomy 109 4.3 Plant Physiology 111 4.4 Agronomy 119 4.5 Harvesting and Logistics of Arundo donax L. 127 4.6 Biomass Productivity and Uses 137 References 142 Further Reading 150 5 Reed Canary Grass: From Production to End Use 153 Elaine F. Jensen, Michael D. Casler, Kerrie Farrar, John M. Finnan, Richard Lord, Cecilia Palmborg, John Valentine and Iain S. Donnison 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Genetics and Breeding 154 5.3 Production, Harvesting, and Economics 156 5.4 Biomass Characterization 160 5.5 Phytoremediation 164 Acknowledgments 166 References 166 6 Bamboo Production for Industrial Utilization 175 Jan E.G. van Dam, H. Wolter Elbersen and Claudia M. Daza Montaño 6.1 Introduction 175 6.2 Current Uses and Status as Fibrous Biomass Crop 180 6.3 Primary Production Methods for Bamboo 189 6.4 Bamboo Processing for the Different Markets 192 6.5 Energy and Fuels 200 6.6 Bamboo Market Diversification 209 References 211 Further Reading 216 Contents vii 7 Suitability of Perennial Grasses for Energy and Nonenergy Products 217 Danilo Scordia, Giorgio Testa, Jan E.G. van Dam and Douwe van den Berg 7.1 Introduction 217 7.2 Chemical Composition of Perennial Grasses 219 7.3 Bioconversion Processes 224 References 239 8 Sustainability of Perennial Crops Production for Bioenergy and Bioproducts 245 Ana L. Fernando, Nils Rettenmaier, Peter Soldatos and Calliope Panoutsou 8.1 Introduction 245 8.2 Methodological Aspects 246 8.3 Environmental Aspects of Perennial Crops Production and Use 255 8.4 Economic and Socioeconomic Aspects of Perennial Crops Production and Use 260 8.5 Case Study: Optima Project 263 8.6 Conclusive Remarks 277 Acknowledgments 277 References 277 Index 285 This page intentionally left blank List of Contributors Efthymia Alexopoulou CRES, Center for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, Pikermi, Attikis, Greece Michael D. Casler USDA-ARS, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI, United States Myrsini Christou CRES, Center for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, Pikermi, Attikis, Greece John Clifton-Brown Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom Venera Copani University of Catania, Catania, Italy Salvatore L. Cosentino University of Catania, Catania, Italy; CNR-IVALSA – Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la valorizzazione del legno e delle specie arboree (CNR-IVALSA), Catania, Italy Claudia M. Daza Montaño Consultant Biomass and Sustainability, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Iain S. Donnison Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom H. Wolter Elbersen Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands Kerrie Farrar Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom Ana L. Fernando Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal John M. Finnan TEAGASC, Crops Research Department, Carlow, Ireland Astley Hastings University of Aberdeen IBES, Aberdeen, United Kingdom Yasir Iqbal University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Elaine F. Jensen Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom Andreas Kiesel University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany x List of Contributors Iris Lewandowski University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Richard Lord University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland Dimitra Millioni Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece Andrea Monti University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Salvador Nogues Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Cecilia Palmborg Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden Calliope Panoutsou Imperial College, London, United Kingdom Eleni G. Papazoglou Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands Luigi Pari Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per l’Ingegneria e le Trasformazioni agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Rome, Italy Nils Rettenmaier IFEU, Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung, Heidelberg, Germany Elena Sanchez Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Antonio Scarfone Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per l’Ingegneria e le Trasformazioni agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Rome, Italy Danilo Scordia University of Catania, Catania, Italy Peter Soldatos Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece Giorgio Testa University of Catania, Catania, Italy John Valentine Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom Jan E.G. van Dam Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands Douwe van den Berg Biomass Technology Group BV, Enschede, The Netherlands Federica Zanetti University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Walter Zegada-Lizarazu University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Introduction Perennial grasses are considered as an ideal feedstock for bioenergy and bioproducts. In general, perennial grasses are drought-resistant crops and recently have been attracting growing interest due to their extensive environmental benefits at both global- and agricultural community scales. Compared to traditional row crops, perennial grasses in general require lower energy inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.), can be grown on marginal

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