DOCSLIB.ORG

Trading with the Enemy in Mitrovica, Kosovo. the Kantian Peace Paradigm Extended to Ethnic Groups

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trading with the Enemy in Mitrovica, Kosovo. the Kantian Peace Paradigm Extended to Ethnic Groups Nijmegen School of Management, Radboud University Nijmegen. MSc Human Geography, specialisation: Conflicts, Territories and Identities. Supervised by Dr. O.T. Kramsch. Trading with the enemy in Mitrovica, Kosovo. The Kantian Peace Paradigm extended to ethnic groups. (Mitrovica, from the main bridge over the river Ibar) Dieter Schalk (0159468) [email protected] Nijmegen, 5th November 2009 0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis and fieldwork would not have been possible without the help and support of many people. First, thanks go to my supervisor, dr. Olivier T. Kramsch for his guidance through each of the phases of this thesis and research. Second, a huge thanks are in order for the NGO Spark, as their support and facilitation were a great help. Working at Spark as an intern was an unforgettable experience and provided me with invaluable learning opportunities. Even after my internship ended I was provided with space in their Pristina and Mitrovica offices as well as guidance on my research topic and help with acquiring contacts. A special thanks go to Yannick du Pont, Olivera Markovic, Milos Subotic and Elizabeth Heath for their continued help and assistance. I would also like to thank Klemen Miklavic for our lengthy discussions on my research topic which always led to interesting new insights. Many thanks go to all the people that made time to talk to me or were interviewed by me for this research. All their contributions offered a deeper understanding of my research topic and helped shape my thesis into its final form. I especially thank the traders who agreed to talk to me despite their difficult position. Finally, a huge thanks goes to my family and close friends for their continued support during this long process. NOTES Albanian and Serbian are both official languages in Kosovo and they both have their own spelling for most names, including cities. For example, the city known in English as Mitrovica is generally called "Mitrovicë" in Albanian and "Kosovska Mitrovica" in Serbian. Because of practical reasons and because this thesis is written in English I will use the names which are most commonly used in English. If an English version of the name does not exist I will name both the Albanian as well as the Serbian name. This thesis is about trade between ethnic Albanians and ethnic Serbs in Mitrovica, Kosovo. These will simply be referred to as Albanians and Serbs during most of this thesis. When referring to Albanians and Serbs outside of Kosovo this will be explicitly noted. In some occasions it will be stressed that the Albanians or Serbs I'm referring to are from Kosovo in order to avoid confusion. The political institutions of the Albanian majority in Kosovo declared Kosovo to be independent from Serbia on the 17th of February 2008. This thesis is neutral on the subject of independence, and therefore it will be left open to anyone's interpretation if "Kosovo" is referring to an independent state or a province of Serbia. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................. 1 NOTES................................................................................................................................................ 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Research Purpose - Topic / thesis question.................................................................................. 6 1.2. Problem Formation....................................................................................................................... 7 1.3. Research Relevance...................................................................................................................... 7 1.4. Thesis organisation - Short outline of research............................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 2: METHODS.......................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Used methods – the Extended Case Method ............................................................................... 9 2.2. How the research was conducted and data analysis................................................................... 11 2.3. Practical limitations and considerations..................................................................................... 14 2.4. Ethical considerations................................................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.................................................................. 18 3.1. The Kantian Peace...................................................................................................................... 18 3.2. The war economy. ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.3. Fitting Mitrovica into this theoretical framework. .................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 4: CONTEXT......................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Recent history of Kosovo's inter-ethnic conflict. ....................................................................... 25 4.2 Current economical and geopolitical situation. .......................................................................... 37 4.3 Mitrovica..................................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS, part 1. ............................................................................................ 52 The context in which inter-ethnic relations and trade are happening in Mitrovica. 5.1 Current inter-ethnic relations in Kosovo and Mitrovica............................................................. 52 5.2 Foreign intervention and a wish for reconciliation by the international community.................. 56 5.3 A failing economy makes peace more difficult. ......................................................................... 58 5.4 Opposite politics striving for either integration or disintegration. ............................................. 59 5.5 The rules of the inter-ethnic game. ............................................................................................. 65 5.6. How this context shapes and limits inter-ethnic trade. .............................................................. 66 CHAPTER 6: RESULTS, part 2. ............................................................................................ 68 Views on the effects of inter-ethnic trade by experts in Kosovo. 6.1. Money and self-interest.............................................................................................................. 68 6.2 The traders. ................................................................................................................................. 70 6.3 .Opinions of people not directly involved in trade...................................................................... 73 6.4. What the international community can do. ................................................................................ 74 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION.................................................................................................. 77 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................ 84 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The topic of this thesis and its research is trade between ethnic Albanians and ethnic Serbs in Mitrovica, Kosovo. This thesis researches if the trade aspect of the Kantian Peace Paradigm - which holds that higher levels of trade between states lower the chances of (armed) conflict - can also be applied to ethnic groups. During the 1990's tensions between Albanians and Serbs living in the (then) Serbian province of Kosovo grew and eventually escalated into an armed conflict. The conflict was ended in 1999 but tensions between Albanians and Serbs remain high. There is still an almost complete lack of contact between the two ethnic groups, despite the International Community's best efforts to improve relations during the past 10 years. In Mitrovica, a city located in the north of Kosovo inter-ethnic relations are the worst as it's the only place in Kosovo where ethnically motivated violent incidents are still common. The city is divided by a river, with the Albanian population living to the south of this river and the Serbian population living north of it. In this divided city there is virtually only one sector in which inter-ethnic contact takes place: trade. This thesis examines if this inter-ethnic trade can contribute to better relations between Albanians and Serbs living in Kosovo. The philosophy behind this thesis is very similar to that of the Kantian Peace Paradigm, which holds that trade creates connections and interdependence and this in turn reduces the chances of conflict. Although plenty of evidence has been gathered the past decades in favour of the Kantian Peace, the theory has always and only been applied to states. I will argue in this thesis that - as interstate conflicts are decreasing and intrastate conflicts are on the rise - it is time to move the Kantian Peace theory out of its
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Diplomatic History of the 1998–99 Kosovo Conflict
    FROM DAYTON TO ALLIED FORCE: A DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE 1998–99 KOSOVO CONFLICT by Christian Novak A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Sydney 2017 ii I declare that the research presented here is my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of a degree iii Abstract This thesis reconstructs the diplomatic response of the international community to the Kosovo conflict of 1998–99. It outlines the process which resulted in the failure of negotiations involving outside agencies and individuals as well as the recourse to air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Using primary sourced material from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, personal interviews and other carefully selected primary sources, this thesis explores why international attempts to find a negotiated solution failed. iv Acknowledgements Numerous people have assisted in the completion of this thesis. I would firstly like to acknowledge my research supervisor, Professor Glenda Sluga, for her guidance over the years. My gratitude is also extended to John Drewienkiewicz, Josef Janning, Richard Miles, Klaus Naumann, and Lord David Owen, all of whom took out time from their busy schedules to answer my questions. In particular, I wish to thank Wolfgang Petritsch. His accessibility and willingness to explain the events of 1998–99 considerably enhanced my own understanding of the crisis. Special thanks is reserved for my parents, Anne and David, who have gone above and beyond to support me.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kosovo Report
    THE KOSOVO REPORT CONFLICT v INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE v LESSONS LEARNED v THE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON KOSOVO 1 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford Executive Summary • 1 It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, Address by former President Nelson Mandela • 14 and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Map of Kosovo • 18 Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Introduction • 19 Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw PART I: WHAT HAPPENED? with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Preface • 29 Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the uk and in certain other countries 1. The Origins of the Kosovo Crisis • 33 Published in the United States 2. Internal Armed Conflict: February 1998–March 1999 •67 by Oxford University Press Inc., New York 3. International War Supervenes: March 1999–June 1999 • 85 © Oxford University Press 2000 4. Kosovo under United Nations Rule • 99 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) PART II: ANALYSIS First published 2000 5. The Diplomatic Dimension • 131 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, 6. International Law and Humanitarian Intervention • 163 without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, 7. Humanitarian Organizations and the Role of Media • 201 or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Kosovo Summary
    Kosovo - winning its independence but losing its people? Recent evidence on emigration intentions and preparedness to migrate Artjoms Ivļevs, University of Nottingham1 Roswitha M. King, Østfold University College2 and University of Latvia Please do not quote without authors’ permission! December 2009 Abstract: Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in February 2008, but substantial proportions of its population are expressing their lack of confidence by preparing to emigrate. In this paper we present evidence from a customized post-independence survey (1367 face-to face interviews) on emigration intentions in Kosovo, carried out in June 2008. 30 % of the Albanian-speaking-majority respondents have taken concrete steps to move abroad, and emigration intentions have again risen to their pre-independence peak. Strikingly, it is the better educated and those with higher incomes that are more likely to exit. Ethnic Serbs (the largest minority group) are less likely to emigrate than Kosovo‟s ethnic majority. Keywords: South-East Europe, Kosovo, emigration intentions, brain-drain, determinants of emigration decision, ethnic minorities. 1 Corresponding author. School of Economics, University Park, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Tel: +44 115 84 68417, Fax:+44 115 95 14159, E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Economics, Østfold University College, N-1757 Halden, Norway. Tel: +47 69 21 52 64, Fax: +47 69 21 52 02, E-mail: [email protected] 1 1. Introduction. Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in February 2008. In a region, where outmigration was often synonymous with escape from a war zone, the motivations of current emigration intentions in calmer political circumstances are of special interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Brain Drain – a Future Threat in Kosovo? a Minor Field Study in Prishtina
    STOCKHOLM SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS Department of Economics 659 Degree project in economics Spring 2014 Brain Drain – A Future Threat in Kosovo? A Minor Field Study in Prishtina Aleksandra Dennier * Sara Harmenberg ** ABSTRACT: This thesis primarily examines the risk for brain drain in the future in Kosovo through survey data collected during March-April 2014 at the Public University of Prishtina. Differences in current emigration intentions between university students and a control group from a practical school are investigated. Also differences between fields of study are assessed in order to determine whether Kosovo risks future labor shortages in any specific sector. Further, the emigrations intentions under the hypothetical but plausible future scenario of European Union entrance is introduced and examined. Lastly, it is assessed whether Kosovo might benefit from future emigration through potential brain gain effects. No indications of potential brain have been found, but the generally high level of emigration intentions across all investigated groups is notable. The most important push factor for emigration from Kosovo today is unemployment, why development of functioning labor markets is of most importance for creating a sustainable society in the future. However, the results from investigating potential brain gain support that future emigration might not be solely harmful, but also benefit Kosovo in the future. Keywords: international migration, human capital, demographic trends JEL Classification: F22, J11, J24, O15 Student id. no: 22214* 22292** Supervisor: Anders Olofsgård Date submitted: May 14th, 2014 Date examined: June 11th, 2014 Discussant: Melinda Nordvall and Adrian Rydén Examiner: Örjan Sjöberg ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the course of this field study, we have had the pleasure to meet many inspiring people and received help to extents for which we cannot express enough gratitude.
    [Show full text]
  • Roots of the Insurgency in Kosovo
    No.82 June 1999 Roots of the Insurgency in Kosovo Introduction For Serbians and Albanians alike, Kosovo has deep historical significance. For the Serbs, Kosovo holds the most important treasures of Serbia's medieval religious and political heritage. The defeat of the Serbians by the Ottomans at the Battle ofKosovo Polje in 1389 marked the end of an independent Serbian kingdom and the beginning of four centuries of Ottoman rule, with subsequent privation of Serbians under Islamic rule and the exodus of Serbians fromKosovo. All of these events, within the overarching clash between Christianity and Islam, became powerful themes in Serbian history and sustained a potent ideology to justify Serbian control over Kosovo as a central aspect of Serbian national identity. As Serbs were displaced under Ottoman rule, Kosovo's population became predominantly Albanian. Fighting against foreign intrusion in Albanian life, the Albanians ofKosovo sought to preserve their traditional clan and family organizations and customs. Since the late 19111 century, Albanians inKosovo have sought self-administration, full autonomy and independence, first from Ottoman rule and later from resurgent Serbian dominance. Many of the salient political and military events related to Albania's struggle for national independence occurred inKosovo, whose history therefore has a particular importance for all Albanians. Kosovo's military-politico history and its most recent crisis underscore the tenacious hold of the past on Serbia and Kosovo's Albanians. This brief history ofKosovo highlights recurring themes in the conflict between Serbs and Albanians since the nineteenth century that contribute to the dynamics of the present insurgency in Kosovo.
    [Show full text]
  • The End of Demographic Transition in Kosovo: Does the Meaning of the Population Factor Change?*
    UDC 314.158(497.115) THE END OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN KOSOVO: DOES THE MEANING OF THE POPULATION FACTOR CHANGE?* Vladimir Nikitović 1 Abstract : Political issues in Kosovo were strongly related to its population dynamics during the twentieth century, above all due to the “demographic explosion” induced by the huge lag in fertility transition if compared to the rest of Europe. However, soon after the turn of the century, the total fertility rate in Kosovo has dropped to about the replacement level (2.1 children per woman), which, along with permanent migration outflows since the 1990s, indicates a new demographic era in sight. Using the recent evidence on demographic and migration trends supported by the updated theoretical considerations in the framework of demographic transition and the migration cycle concept, we examine the key demographic implications that could be expected in light of assumed population dynamics in Kosovo over the next decades. The effects of the demographic momentum (population increase purely on account of the young age structure) reduced by the negative impact of emigration could expire up to 2035-40. As a result, the decreasing and ageing population could become a highly probable future of Kosovo in just 20-25 years, indicating the tremendous reversal could happen in the perception of the population factor in this territory from the viewpoint of political and security issues in the region. Keywords: fertility transition, migration cycle concept, population projection, Kosovo, demographic change Introduction Countries throughout the world nowadays face the total fertility rate (TFR) that is below the theoretical level needed for replacement of generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Which Is Based on the Principle of National Self-Determination, on Equal Terms with the Other Peoples of Yugoslavia." 199
    46 which is based on the principle of national self-determination, on equal terms with the other peoples of Yugoslavia." 199 In retrospect, the 1970s appear above all as wasted years. Responding to the national mobilizations and social discontent which had threatened its stability in the 1960s, the regime reimposed socialist orthodoxy at the same time that it confirmed and extended decentralization (justified on a national basis, though implemented on a territorial basis). It thus strengthened the idea that only nationally-based political cleavages were legitimate. It is tempting to wonder what would have happened in the extremely unlikely event that Tito had used the last decade of his life to carry out a controlled democratization of Yugoslav politics. It is at least possible that some alternate forms of political competition could have emerged, prepared to challenge nationally-defined politics after Tito and after Communism. Instead, of course, the national model entrenched itself more firmly, ideologically and institutionally. V Crisis and Col/apse, 1980-91 V A. After Tito. Crisis It is hard to say whether the beginning of Yugoslavia's protracted "crisis" should be dated to 1979, when the economy began its eventually catastrophic decline; to ] 980, when Tito died; or 10 1981, when Albanians seeking republican status demonstrated in Kosovo. All of these events were crucial. Taken together, they ushered in an era of economic hardship and political instability, when Yugoslavia's political leaders fought increasingly acrimonious battles over the spoils of a foundering economy.200 In early 1982, Yugoslav sociologists meeting in Ljubljana became the first to assert publicly that the country's difficulties amounted to a "crisis."20 I Yugoslav politicians at first repudiated the term, referring instead to the temporary "difficulties" of a fundamentally sound system.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Yugoslavia and Its Successors Mark Baskin and Paula Pickering in Sharon Wolchik and Jane Curry, Eds., Democracy, the Market and Back to Europe
    Chapter 13: Former Yugoslavia and Its Successors Mark Baskin and Paula Pickering in Sharon Wolchik and Jane Curry, eds., Democracy, the Market and Back to Europe It is impossible to compress the story of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia [SFRY] and its successor states into a neat and simple story of transition. Its succession twists and turns through pathways of war, reconstruction and reconstitution into national states – a process not yet completed. In this contentious tale, observers sharply differ on the sources of dissolution, the causes of war, and the current state and future prospects of the post-Yugoslav governments. 1 The tragedies that occurred are all the more painful since it seemed, in 1990, that the SFRY was on the verge of joining the European Community. It had long ago done away with many of the overtly repressive trappings of Central and East European socialism. Since the 1950s, Yugoslav leaders had been experimenting with liberalizing economic and political reforms, and Yugoslavia had been broadly integrated into international economic, political and cultural developments. Yugoslavia’s socialist regime was more open, transparent, and accepting of non-Marxist ideologies than any in Central and Eastern Europe. And since the 1960s, its citizens had massively enjoyed the opportunities to travel, study and work abroad. 2 Literature and culture forbidden in the east, from George Orwell’s 1984 to punk rock and neo-liberal economics, were long prominent in Yugoslav stores. By 1989, Yugoslav efforts to find a “third way” between western capitalism and Soviet socialism had clearly run into a dead end.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Report No. 114618-XK Public Disclosure Authorized DOCUMENT OF THE WORLD BANK GROUP FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Republic of Kosovo Systematic Country Diagnostic Public Disclosure Authorized (P151814) Public Disclosure Authorized January 2017 Public Disclosure Authorized Europe and Central Asia Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY AND EQUIVALENT UNITS Currency Unit = Euro €1.00 = US$1.13 (As of May 15, 2015) FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metric System ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BEEPS Business Environment and Enterprise MFI microfinance institution Performance Survey CIT corporate income tax NSDI National Spatial Data Infrastructure CPF Country Partnership Framework OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation (World Bank Group) and Development EU European Union PIT personal income tax FDI foreign direct investment RAE Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian GDP gross domestic product SAA Stabilization and Association Agreement (EU) HBS household budget survey SCD Systematic Country Diagnostic ICT information and communication SEE Southeastern Europe technology IT information technology SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia KRPP Kosova e Re Power Project SMEs small and medium enterprises LFS labor force survey UN United Nations VAT value added tax Regional Vice President: Cyril Muller International Finance Corporation Vice President: Karin Finkelston Country Directors: Ellen Goldstein Senior Directors: Felipe Jaramillo and Ana Revenga Practice Managers: Ivailo Izvorski and Carolina Sánchez-Páramo Task Team Leaders: Stefano Curto and Kenneth Simler TEAM MEMBERS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report has been prepared by a World Bank team led by Stefano Curto and Kenneth Simler.
    [Show full text]
  • DEM2018-0084.Pdf
    ATINER CONFERENCE PRESENTATION SERIES No: DEM2018-0084 ATINER’s Conference Paper Proceedings Series DEM2018-0084 Athens, 11 September 2018 Demographic Window of Opportunity/Kosovo Avni Kastrati Athens Institute for Education and Research 8 Valaoritou Street, Kolonaki, 10683 Athens, Greece ATINER‟s conference paper proceedings series are circulated to promote dialogue among academic scholars. All papers of this series have been blind reviewed and accepted for presentation at one of ATINER‟s annual conferences according to its acceptance policies (http://www.atiner.gr/acceptance). © All rights reserved by authors. 1 ATINER CONFERENCE PRESENTATION SERIES No: DEM2018-0084 ATINER’s Conference Paper Proceedings Series DEM2018-0084 Athens, 11 September 2018 ISSN: 2529-167X Avni Kastrati, Director of Population and Social Department, Kosovo Agency of Statistics, Kosovo. Demographic Window of Opportunity/Kosovo ABSTRACT In Kosovo, the birth rate continued to decline and fertility rate shows that in 1980 from 4.2 it has fallen to 1.9 in 2016. In 1981, children under the age five (U5) were close to 18% and in Census 2011, children under the age five were only 11%. Also, the younger generation (10-24) has declined from 69 (1981) to 25% (2016). The large number of "baby boom" births in the 1970s and 1990s remained stable, with 50-55% of the total population working age. Today, Kosovo has reached WINDOWS OPURTINITY (less than 50% of total population is dependent population), 10-20 years later than other states in the region. The 1981 census shows that only 2.8% were more than 65 years old while, in Census 2011 were 5.8% and in 2016 the population estimates indicate that were 8.1% old people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regional Environmental Reconstruction Program For
    T he Regional Environmental Reconstruction Program for South Eastern Europe (REReP) for South Eastern Europe Reconstruction Program he Regional Environmental The Regional Environmental Reconstruction Program for South Eastern Europe (REReP) The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC) is a non-partisan, non-advocacy, not-for-profit organisation with a mission Building a Better Environment for the Future to assist in solving environmental problems in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The Center fulfils this mission by encouraging cooperation among non-governmental organisations, governments, businesses and other envi- ronmental stakeholders, by supporting the free exchange of information and by promoting public participation in environmental decision-making. The REC was established in 1990 by the United States, the European Com- mission and Hungary. Today, the REC is legally based on a Charter signed by the governments of 25 countries and the European Commission, and on an International Agreement with the Government of Hungary. The REC has its headquarters in Szentendre, Hungary, and local offices in each of its 15 beneficiary CEE countries which are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, FYR Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Yugoslavia. Recent donors are the European Commission and the governments of the United States, Japan, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands,
    [Show full text]
  • Serbs in Kosovo After Declaration of Independence Ekaterina Yazykova Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 5-2012 Exit, voice, and human security: Serbs in Kosovo after declaration of independence Ekaterina Yazykova Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Part of the Race and Ethnicity Commons Recommended Citation Yazykova, Ekaterina, "Exit, voice, and human security: Serbs in Kosovo after declaration of independence" (2012). All Dissertations. 881. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/881 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXIT, VOICE, AND HUMAN SECURITY: SERBS IN KOSOVO AFTER DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy International Family and Community Studies by Ekaterina Yazykova May 2012 Accepted by: Gary Melton, Ph.D., Committee Chair Susan Limber, Ph.D. Chitra Raghavan, Ph.D. Robin Kimbrough-Melton, J.D. ABSTRACT This study examines emigration and political action as related phenomena in the context of the ethnic Serbian community in post-independence Kosovo. Albert O. Hirschman’s (1970, 1993) work on exit and voice as two primary responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states provided the theoretical framework for the study. An attempt was made to integrate the individual context, assessed through the lens of human security, into the exit-voice framework. The study’s hypotheses regarded relations between emigration as exit and political action as voice at different levels of human security.
    [Show full text]