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Northumbria Research Link Northumbria Research Link Citation: Selim, Mohamed S., El-Safty, Sherif A., Shenashen, Mohamed A., Higazy, Shimaa A. and Elmarakbi, Ahmed (2020) Progress in biomimetic leverages for marine antifouling using nanocomposite coatings. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 8 (17). pp. 3701-3732. ISSN 2050-750X Published by: Royal Society of Chemistry URL: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TB02119A <https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TB02119A> This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/43870/ Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University’s research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher’s website (a subscription may be required.) Please do not adjust margins Journal Name ARTICLE Progress in biomimetic leverages for marine antifouling by nanocomposite coatings a,b a∗ a b c -Received 00th January 20xx, M. S. Selim , S. A. El-Safty , M. A. Shenashen , S. A. Higazy , A. Elmarakbi Accepted 00th January 20xx Because of the environmental and economic casualties of biofouling on the maritime navigation, modern researches have DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x been devoted to module advanced nanoscale composites in controlled development of effective marine antifouling self- www.rsc.org/ cleaning surfaces. Natural biomimetic surface merits of micro/nano-roughness and minimized free-energy characteristics would motivate the dynamic fabrication of superhydrophobic antifouling surfaces. This review provides an architectural panorama of the biomimetic antifouling designs and their key leverages to broaden horizons in the controlled fabrication of nanocomposite building-blocks as force-driven marine antifouling models. As primary antifouling designs, understanding the key function of surface geometry, heterogeneity, superhydrophobicity, and complexity of polymer/nanofiller composite building blocks on fouling resistance systems is crucial. This review also discussed a wide-range of fouling-release coating systems that satisfy the growing demand in sustainable future environment. For instance, the integration of block, segmented copolymer-based coatings, and inorganic-organic hybrid nanofillers enhanced antifouling model properties with mechanical, superhydrophobic, chemically-inert and robust surfaces. These nano-scale antifouling systems offered surfaces with minimized free-energy, micro/nano-roughness, anisotropic heterogeneity superior hydrophobicity, tunable non- wettability, antibacterial efficiency, and mechanical robustness. The confined fabrication of nanoscale orientation, configuration, arrangement, and direction along architectural composite building-blocks would enable an excellent air- entrapping along interfacial surface grooves, and interfaces, which optimized the antifouling coating surfaces for long-term durability. This review provided dexterous evidence of the effect of the structurally folded nanocomposites, nano-filler tectonics, and building-blocks on creation of outstanding superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning surfaces, and potential antifouling coatings. Development of modern research gateways is a candidate for sustainable future of antifouling coatings. Keywords: Marine antifouling, biomimetic surface, superhydrophobicity, hybrid nanofillers, quaternary nanocomposites, long-term durability. 1. Introduction surfaces with high mobility and fouling anti-adhesion mechanism. The FR resins, including polysiloxane and fluoro-based polymers, showed effective functions as easy-cleaning systems through physical hindering behaviour of For maritime navigation, biofouling is a terrifying nightmare and dynamic 4 problems in adverse environmental effects, industrial impacts, and capital the settled biofouling. Polysiloxanes have prominent matrix for FR coating 4 costs.1 Shipping accounts are represented about 90% of the worldwide trade. functions compared with fluoropolymers. The strong binding of fluorine The friction drags and fuel consumption increase by fouling layers, which atoms inherits high stiffness in the fluoropolymer structures, making the reduce the hydrodynamic performance and then the overall velocity of the structural rotation along the its matrix backbone more difficult, and thus 5 ship.1 Several negative economic and ecological impacts such as increase prevents the easy-release of biofouling attachments. shipping costs and environmental hazards are produced by fouling adhesion.2 Nanomaterials play essential functions in wide-spread applications from The fouling adhesion to the hull plays a key role to enhance the vessel's drag environmental remediation and sustainable healthcare future to green 6, 7 resistance and then decrease its velocity.3 This mechanistic formation of energy, affording eco-friendly and comfortable life. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based coatings offered non-toxicity, water and biofouling repellency biofouling contributes to an emission of harmful gases (CO2, SOx. and NOx) and increasing of fuel consumption.2,3 The latter leads to enhance the cost- and thermal resistance polymers. These PDMS building blocks featured effective of shipping industry approximately ~ $1 billion (dollar)/annually.1,2 flexible structure, hydrophobic surface, reduced surface tension, and easy FR systems.8 PDMS's fouling-prevention can be enhanced by well-defined Intensive efforts and innovative strategies to improve the fouling 9 prevention of ship hulls have a particular interest.2 The international distribution of nano-scale filler architectures along PDMS matrices. prohibition followed the use of biocidal antifouling AF paints has directed Superhydrophobic FR surfaces are cost-saving trends for marine durable recent researches toward environmental-friendly coatings, particularly the coatings. Because of their outstanding fouling-prevention features, natural fouling-release (FR) coatings.4 These FR coatings are non-stick, non-toxic superhydrophobic surfaces have driven the innovation research for fabrication of advanced self-cleaning nanocomposites.10 Butterflies wings, cabbage leaves, and Indian cress plants are good examples of natural superhydrophobic surfaces.11 Lotus plant leaves (Nelumbo nucifera) are the a National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki- most famous hydrophobic self-cleaning examples due to the formation of ken 305-0047, Japan. "Lotus Effect" ultrahydrophobicity.12 Surface micro-roughness of epicuticular E-mail: [email protected] wax is formed with 20-40 μm protruding ganglion.13 Superhydrophobic https://samurai.nims.go.jp/profiles/sherif_elsafty surfaces exhibited an ultrahigh contact angle ˃ 150° with reduced contact b Petroleum Application Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr angle hysteresis of <5°. These features were formed due to the low free City 11727, Cairo (Egypt). 14 c Department of Mechanical & Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and energy and micro-/nano-binary rough topology of the surfaces. Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK. To engineer advanced antifouling and self-cleaning coatings, selection of nanomaterials-based ultrahydrophobic surfaces and tectonic architectures This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 1 Please do not adjust margins Please do not adjust margins ARTICLE Journal Name that have outstanding physical, chemical, and biological properties is crucial.15 with the unwanted settlements of biotic and abiotic compounds, micro Nano-scale structures featured high surface area to volume ratio, cost- and/or macro-organisms, plants and animals. 1, 37, 38 Biofouling strains are effectiveness, compatibility with the polymeric segments lead to improved classified into (i) biofilm labelled as conditioned film, (ii) microfouling, and (iii) bonding strength of the resultant composite building blocks.16-20 The macrofouling, as illustrated in Figure 2A.39 These fouling organisms can be fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces was successfully achieved through attached through three main adhesion stages as follows: well-dispersion, and excellent compatibility, and stability of the matrix- The first fouling organism is the biofilm, which is termed as conditioned film nanomaterial/polymer interaction. Surface rough-topology and and formed from the collected microbes on natural polymers. These polymers superhydrophobicity can be enhanced by dominating the structures of are secreted by micro-organisms expressed by extracellular polymeric polymer and nanofillers.21 The high solid–liquid interface properties can substances (EPS).40-42
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