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Amphiphobic nanocellulose-modified paper: fabrication and evaluation† Cite this: RSC Adv.,2016,6,13328 Patchiya Phanthong,a Guoqing Guan,*ab Surachai Karnjanakom,a Xiaogang Hao,c Zhongde Wang,c Katsuki Kusakabed and Abuliti Abudulaab
Amphiphobic nanocellulose-modified paper with high durability is successfully fabricated using a facile two-step method. Firstly, nanocellulose-modified paper is prepared through dipping filter paper, i.e., glass microfiber (GM) filter paper and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter paper in a dilute nanocellulose dispersed solution. Subsequently, the nanocellulose-coated paper is treated with trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H- tridecafluoro-n-octyl)silane (FOTS) via chemical vapor deposition. The obtained paper is found to have superhydrophobicity and oleophobicity, repelling both polar and non-polar liquids, on which the drops of water and non-polar liquids with high molecular weight become marble shaped, and the contact angles of water and n-hexadecane reach 156 and 144 , respectively. Furthermore, such amphiphobic nanocellulose-modified papers exhibit excellent surface durability in several environments including at various temperatures, and in acid and alkaline solutions, salt solutions and seawater. In addition, such Received 25th November 2015 amphiphobic nanocellulose-modified papers show good repellant properties for several kinds of liquids Accepted 20th January 2016 from our daily life. With outstanding protection to a diverse range of liquids, the amphiphobic DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24986d nanocellulose-modified paper can be applied in the fields of self-cleaning, anti-bacterial, and anti- www.rsc.org/advances corrosion materials.
1 Introduction On the contrary, a solid surface with oil repellent properties is named an oleophobic surface. It is expected that materials can In nature, lotus leaves show self-cleaning properties, on which be developed with an amphiphobic surface, on which both water drops can be removed quickly. This phenomenon water and oil can be repelled quickly. In other words, an inspired us to fabricate similar materials with water repellent amphiphobic surface combines hydrophobicity and oleopho- properties. A simple and quantitative indicator to evaluate the bicity, resulting in a surface with super anti-wetting properties.
Published on 25 January 2016. Downloaded by Taiyuan University of Technology 08/08/2016 04:39:29. tendency of the repelling or wetting properties of a liquid is the This anti-wetting property relates to various advantages such as contact angle of the liquid on the solid surface. A hydrophilic being self-cleaning, anti-bacterial, anti-reective, corrosion solid surface is a surface wetted from water spreading without resistant and so on.8,9 However, the development of such kinds the formation of any droplets or the surface with a water contact of materials is full of more challenges since the lower surface angle of less than 90 ; in contrast, a hydrophobic solid surface tension of oil generally leads to a higher solid surface attraction – repels the spreading of water generally and has a water contact and as a result oil can easily wet a superhydrophobic surface.8 12 angle higher than 90 . Recently, it has been most popular to To fabricate articial superhydrophobic surfaces, two impor- develop a solid surface with superhydrophobicity, on which tant factors, i.e., roughness and surface energy, need to be water apparently forms a droplet, easily slides off, and the considered. For the surface roughness, Cassie et al.13 addressed formed water droplet has a contact angle of larger than 150 .1–7 the wetting theory modelling the wettability of a rough surface. At the small protrusions of a rough surface, it cannot be lled by liquid but can be lled by air, thus only the top areas of a rough aGraduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 1-Bunkyocho, surface are wetted by liquid.1,5,6 For the surface energy, liquids Hirosaki 036-8560, Japan with lower surface tension than the critical surface tension of bNorth Japan Research Institute for Sustainable Energy (NJRISE), Hirosaki University, the substrate will wet the surface.2 Generally, superhydrophobic 2-1-3, Matsubara, Aomori 030-0813, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +81- surfaces are extremely low surface energy materials, especially 17-735-5411; Tel: +81-17-762-7756 1 14 cDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan lower than the surface tension of water (72.1 mN m ), thus it 030024, China will not be wetted by water. However, to fabricate super- dDepartment of Nanoscience, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860- oleophobic surfaces, other factors which can protect from oil 0082, Japan penetrating the texture should be considered.8,10–12 In addition, † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: the lower surface tension of oil, i.e., n-hexadecane (27.47 mN 10.1039/c5ra24986d
13328 | RSC Adv.,2016,6, 13328–13334 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 View Article Online Paper RSC Advances