Madurella Mycetomatis
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Revision of Agents of Black-Grain Eumycetoma in the Order Pleosporales
Persoonia 33, 2014: 141–154 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158514X684744 Revision of agents of black-grain eumycetoma in the order Pleosporales S.A. Ahmed1,2,3, W.W.J. van de Sande 4, D.A. Stevens 5, A. Fahal 6, A.D. van Diepeningen 2, S.B.J. Menken 3, G.S. de Hoog 2,3,7 Key words Abstract Eumycetoma is a chronic fungal infection characterised by large subcutaneous masses and the pres- ence of sinuses discharging coloured grains. The causative agents of black-grain eumycetoma mostly belong to the Madurella orders Sordariales and Pleosporales. The aim of the present study was to clarify the phylogeny and taxonomy of mycetoma pleosporalean agents, viz. Madurella grisea, Medicopsis romeroi (syn.: Pyrenochaeta romeroi), Nigrograna mackin Pleosporales nonii (syn. Pyrenochaeta mackinnonii), Leptosphaeria senegalensis, L. tompkinsii, and Pseudochaetosphaeronema taxonomy larense. A phylogenetic analysis based on five loci was performed: the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), large Trematosphaeriaceae (LSU) and small (SSU) subunit ribosomal RNA, the second largest RNA polymerase subunit (RPB2), and transla- tion elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) gene. In addition, the morphological and physiological characteristics were determined. Three species were well-resolved at the family and genus level. Madurella grisea, L. senegalensis, and L. tompkinsii were found to belong to the family Trematospheriaceae and are reclassified as Trematosphaeria grisea comb. nov., Falciformispora senegalensis comb. nov., and F. tompkinsii comb. nov. Medicopsis romeroi and Pseu dochaetosphaeronema larense were phylogenetically distant and both names are accepted. The genus Nigrograna is reduced to synonymy of Biatriospora and therefore N. -
Superficial Fungal Infection
Infeksi jamur superfisial (mikosis superfisialis) R. Wahyuningsih Dep. Parasitologi FK UKI 31 Maret 2020 Klasifikasi mikosis superfisialis berdasarkan penyebab • Dermatofitosis • kandidiasis superfisialis • Infeksi Malassezia/panu M. Raquel Vieira, ESCMID Dermatofitosis • Infeksi jaringan keratin (kulit, kuku & rambut) oleh jamur filamen gol. dermatofita • genus dermatofita – Tricophyton, – Microsporum – Epidermophyton, • ± 10 spesies menyebabkan dermatofitosis pada manusia Asian incidence of the most common mycoses identified All values are percentages In Asia, T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes are the most commonly isolated pathogens, causing tinea pedis and unguium, as is the case in Europe. Havlickova et al, Mycoses Dermatophytosis di Indonesia • Geofilik: M . gypseum • Zoofilik: M. canis • Antropofilik: – T. rubrum – T. concentricum – E. floccosum Patologi & organ terinfeksi Kuku kulit rambut Trichophyton + + + Microsporum + + + Epidermophyton + + - http://www.njmoldinspection.com/mycoses/moldinfections.html Dermatophytoses...... • Gejala klinik tergantung pada: • Lokalisasi infeksi • Respons imun pejamu • Spesies jamur • Lesi: karakteristik (ring worm) tetapi dalam kondisi imuno supresi menjadi tidak khas perlu pemeriksaan laboratorium Dermatofita & dermatofitosis T. rubrum: biakan. kapang, pigmen merah, mikrokonidia lonjong, tetesan air mata/anggur, makrokonidia seperti pinsil/cerutu . antropofilik, . kelainan kronik mis. • tinea kruris, onikomiksosis De Berker, N Engl J Med 2009;360:2108-16 Dermatofita & dermatofitosis M. canis -
A Comparative Study of in Vitro Susceptibility of Madurella
Original Article A comparative Study of In vitro Susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis to Anogeissus leiocarpous Leaves, Roots and Stem Barks Extracts Ikram Mohamed Eltayeb*1, Abdel Khalig Muddathir2, Hiba Abdel Rahman Ali3 and Saad Mohamed Hussein Ayoub1 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, P. O. Box 12810, Khartoum, Sudan 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 3Commission of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan ABSTRACT Objective: Anogeissus leiocarpus leaves, roots and stem bark are broadly utilized as a part of African traditional medicine against numerous pathogenic microorganisms for treating skin diseases and infections. Mycetoma disease is a fungal and/ or bacterial skin infection, mainly caused by filamentous Madurella mycetomatis fungus. The objective of this study is to investigate and compare the antifungal activity of A. leiocarpus leaves, roots and stem bark against the isolated mycetoma pathogen, M. mycetomatis fungus. Methods: The alcoholic crude extracts, and their petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of A. leiocarpus leaves, roots and stem bark were prepared and their antifungal activity against the isolated M. mycetomatis fungus were assayed according to the Address for NCCLS antifungal modified method and MTT assay compared to the Correspondence Ketoconazole, standard antifungal drug. The most bioactive fractions were subjected to chemical analysis using LC-MS/MS Department of chromatographic analytical method. Pharmacognosy, Results: The results demonstrated the potent antifungal activity of A. Faculty of Pharmacy, leiocarpus extracts against the isolated pathogenic M. mycetomatis University of Medical compared to the negative and positive controls. The chloroform Sciences and fractions showed higher antifungal activity among the other extracts, Technology, P. -
Fusarium Subglutinans a New Eumycetoma Agent
Medical Mycology Case Reports 2 (2013) 128–131 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Medical Mycology Case Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mmcr Fusarium subglutinans: A new eumycetoma agent$ Pablo Campos-Macías a, Roberto Arenas-Guzmán b, Francisca Hernández-Hernández c,n a Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato 37320, México b Sección de Micología, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, México D.F. 14080, México c Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México article info abstract Article history: Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis mainly caused by Madurella spp. Fusarium opportunistic Received 31 May 2013 infections in humans are often caused by Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. We report a case of Received in revised form eumycetoma by F. subglutinans, diagnosed by clinical aspect and culture, and confirmed by PCR 20 June 2013 sequencing. The patient was successfully treated with oral itraconazole. To our knowledge, this is the Accepted 26 June 2013 second report of human infection and the first case of mycetoma by Fusarium subglutinans. & 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V on behalf of International Society for Human and Animal Keywords: Mycology All rights reserved. Eumycetoma Mycetoma Fusarium subglutinans Itraconazole 1. Introduction eye infections [7,8], and infections of immunosuppressed patients [9]. To our knowledge, there had been only 1 case of Fusarium Mycetoma is an infectious, inflammatory and chronic disease subglutinans infection documented in the literature, a hyalohypho- that affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Regardless of the mycosis case in a 72-year-old seemingly immunocompetent patient aetiologic agent (bacteria or fungi), the clinical disease is essen- [10]. -
Fungal Infections (Mycoses): Dermatophytoses (Tinea, Ringworm)
Editorial | Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal Fungal Infections (Mycoses): Dermatophytoses (Tinea, Ringworm) Reddy KR Professor & Head Microbiology Department Gandaki Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal Medical Mycology, a study of fungal epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment in human beings, is a newly recognized discipline of biomedical sciences, advancing rapidly. Earlier, the fungi were believed to be mere contaminants, commensals or nonpathogenic agents but now these are commonly recognized as medically relevant organisms causing potentially fatal diseases. The discipline of medical mycology attained recognition as an independent medical speciality in the world sciences in 1910 when French dermatologist Journal of Raymond Jacques Adrien Sabouraud (1864 - 1936) published his seminal treatise Les Teignes. This monumental work was a comprehensive account of most of then GANDAKI known dermatophytes, which is still being referred by the mycologists. Thus he MEDICAL referred as the “Father of Medical Mycology”. COLLEGE- has laid down the foundation of the field of Medical Mycology. He has been aptly There are significant developments in treatment modalities of fungal infections NEPAL antifungal agent available. Nystatin was discovered in 1951 and subsequently and we have achieved new prospects. However, till 1950s there was no specific (J-GMC-N) amphotericin B was introduced in 1957 and was sanctioned for treatment of human beings. In the 1970s, the field was dominated by the azole derivatives. J-GMC-N | Volume 10 | Issue 01 developed to treat fungal infections. By the end of the 20th century, the fungi have Now this is the most active field of interest, where potential drugs are being January-June 2017 been reported to be developing drug resistance, especially among yeasts. -
Jamaica UHSM ¤ 1,2* University Hospital Harish Gugnani , David W Denning of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust ¤Professor of Microbiology & Epidemiology, St
Burden of serious fungal infections in Jamaica UHSM ¤ 1,2* University Hospital Harish Gugnani , David W Denning of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust ¤Professor of Microbiology & Epidemiology, St. James School of Medicine, Kralendjik, Bonaire (Dutch Caribbean). 1 LEADING WI The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K. INTERNATIONAL 2 FUNGAL The University Hospital of South Manchester, (*Corresponding Author) National Aspergillosis Centre (NAC) Manchester, U.K. EDUCATION Background and Rationale The incidence and prevalence of fungal infections in Jamaica is unknown. The first human case of Conidiobolus coronatus infection was discovered in Jamaica (Bras et al. 1965). Cases of histoplasmosis and eumycetoma are reported (Fincharn & DeCeulaer 1980, Nicholson et al., 2004; Fletcher et al, 2001). Tinea capitis is very frequent in children Chronic pulmonary (East-Innis et al., 2006), because of the population being aspergillosis with aspergilloma (in the left upper lobe) in a 53- predominantly of African ancestry. In a one year study of 665 HIV yr-old, HIV-negative Jamaican male, developing after one infected patients, 46% of whom had CD4 cell counts <200/uL, 23 had year of antitubercular treatment; his baseline IgG pneumocystis pneumonia and 3 had cryptococcal meningitis (Barrow titer was 741 mg/L (0-40). As a smoker, he also had moderate et al. 2010). We estimated the burden of fungal infections in Jamaica emphysema. from published literature and modelling. Table 1. Estimated burden of fungal disease in Jamaica Fungal None HIV Respiratory Cancer ICU Total Rate Methods condition /AIDS /Tx burden 100k We also extracted data from published papers on epidemiology and Oesophageal ? 2,100 - ? - 2,100 77 from the WHO STOP TB program and UNAIDS. -
Fungal Infections
FUNGAL INFECTIONS SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES DEEP MYCOSES MIXED MYCOSES • Subcutaneous mycoses : important infections • Mycologists and clinicians • Common tropical subcutaneous mycoses • Signs, symptoms, diagnostic methods, therapy • Identify the causative agent • Adequate treatment Clinical classification of Mycoses CUTANEOUS SUBCUTANEOUS OPPORTUNISTIC SYSTEMIC Superficial Chromoblastomycosis Aspergillosis Aspergillosis mycoses Sporotrichosis Candidosis Blastomycosis Tinea Mycetoma Cryptococcosis Candidosis Piedra (eumycotic) Geotrichosis Coccidioidomycosis Candidosis Phaeohyphomycosis Dermatophytosis Zygomycosis Histoplasmosis Fusariosis Cryptococcosis Trichosporonosis Geotrichosis Paracoccidioidomyc osis Zygomycosis Fusariosis Trichosporonosis Sporotrichosis • Deep / subcutaneous mycosis • Sporothrix schenckii • Saprophytic , I.P. : 8-30 days • Geographical distribution Clinical varieties (Sporotrichosis) Cutaneous • Lymphangitic or Pulmonary lymphocutaneous Renal Systemic • Fixed or endemic Bone • Mycetoma like Joint • Cellulitic Meninges Lymphangitic form (Sporotrichosis) • Commonest • Exposed sites • Dermal nodule pustule ulcer sporotrichotic chancre) (Sporotrichosis) (Sporotrichosis) • Draining lymphatic inflamed & swollen • Multiple nodules along lymphatics • New nodules - every few (Sporotrichosis) days • Thin purulent discharge • Chronic - regional lymph nodes swollen - break down • Primary lesion may heal spontaneously • General health - may not be affected (Sporotrichosis) (Sporotrichosis) Fixed/Endemic variety (Sporotrichosis) • -
Mycetoma: New Hope for Neglected Patients?
MYCETOMA: NEW HOPE FOR NEGLECTED PATIENTS? Developing effective treatments for a truly neglected disease DNDi MYCETOMA: NEW HOPE FOR NEGLECTED PATIENTS? Among the most neglected of neglected tropical diseases, the fungal form of mycetoma, eumycetoma, has no effective treatment. Currently, eumycetoma is managed with sub-optimal drugs and surgery, including amputation of affected limbs. An effective, affordable, and easy-to-administer treatment is urgently needed. Mycetoma is a slow-growing Photo: Abraham Ali/Imageworks/DNDi. bacterial or fungal infection, most often of the foot, that may spread to other parts of the body and can cause severe deformity. It is a debilitating disease that most often affects poor people in rural areas with limited access to health care. Due to the lack of effectiveness of available treatment, most lesions do not heal and instead recur on other parts of the body, leading to amputation and sometimes repeated amputations. In rare cases, when it affects the lungs or the brain, it can be fatal. In all instances patients are unable to work and often face severe social stigma. Mycetoma is so neglected that until 2016, it was not even listed in the World Health Organization’s list of neglected tropical diseases. Despite the impact of mycetoma, there has been little or no I got mycetoma 19 years ago after I was pricked funding or research attention to the disease until very recently. by a thorn. Even after numerous treatments, eight surgeries, and finally an amputation of my Mycetoma is so neglected that leg, I don’t think I am healed. I dropped out of until 2016, it was not even listed in the World Health Organization’s school after my first surgery and I had to stop list of neglected tropical diseases. -
Utilization of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions As Molecular Targets
Medical Mycology 2002, 40, 87±109 Accepted 9July 2001 Review article Utilizationof the internaltranscribed spacer regions as molecular targets to detect andidentify human fungal pathogens P.C.IWEN*, S.H.HINRICHS* & M.E.RUPP Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mmy/article/40/1/87/961355 by guest on 29 September 2021 y *Department ofPathology and Microbiology,University ofNebraska MedicalCenter, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Internal Medicine, y University ofNebraska MedicalCenter, Omaha, Nebraska, USA Advancesin molecular technology show greatpotential for the rapiddetection and identication of fungifor medical,scienti c andcommercial purposes. Numerous targetswithin the fungalgenome have been evaluated, with much of the current work usingsequence areas within the ribosomalDNA (rDNA) gene complex. This sectionof the genomeincludes the 18S,5 8Sand28S genes which codefor ribosomal ¢ RNA(rRNA) andwhich havea relativelyconserved nucleotide sequence among fungi.It alsoincludes the variableDNA sequence areas of the interveninginternal transcribedspacer (ITS) regionscalled ITS1 and ITS2. Although not translatedinto proteins,the ITScoding regions have a criticalrole in the developmentof functional rRNA,with sequencevariations among species showing promiseas signature regionsfor molecularassays. This review of the current literaturewas conducted to evaluateclinical approaches for usingthe fungalITS regions as molecular targets. Multipleapplications using the fungalITS sequences are summarized here including those for cultureidenti cation, phylogenetic -
Actinomycetoma: an Update on Diagnosis and Treatment
Actinomycetoma: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment Roberto Arenas, MD; Ramón Felipe Fernandez Martinez, MD; Edoardo Torres-Guerrero, MD; Carlos Garcia, MD PRACTICE POINTS • Diagnosis of actinomycetoma is based on clinical manifestations including increased swelling and deformity of affected areas, presence of granulation tissue, scars, abscesses, sinus tracts, and a purulent exudate containing microorganisms. • The feet are the most commonly affected location, followed by the trunk (back and chest), arms, forearms, legs, knees, and thighs. • Specific diagnosis of actinomycetoma requires clinical examination ascopy well as direct examination of culture and biopsy results. • Overall, the cure rate for actinomycetoma ranges from 60% to 90%. not Mycetoma is a chronic infection that develops ycetoma is a subcutaneous disease that can after traumatic inoculation of the skin with eitherDo be caused by aerobic bacteria (actinomy- true fungi or aerobic actinomycetes. The resultant Mcetoma) or fungi (eumycetoma). Diagnosis infections are known as eumycetoma or actinomy- is based on clinical manifestations, including swell- cetoma, respectively. Although actinomycetoma is ing and deformity of affected areas, as well as rare in developed countries, migration of patients the presence of granulation tissue, scars, abscesses, from endemic areas makes knowledge of this con- sinus tracts, and a purulent exudate that contains dition crucial for dermatologists worldwide. We the microorganisms. present a review of the current concepts in the The worldwide proportion of mycetomas is epidemiology, clinical presentation,CUTIS diagnosis, 60% actinomycetomas and 40% eumycetomas.1 The and treatment of actinomycetoma. disease is endemic in tropical, subtropical, and tem- Cutis. 2017;99:E11-E15. perate regions, predominating between latitudes 30°N and 15°S. -
Mycetoma: a Clinical Dilemma in Resource Limited Settings Pembi Emmanuel1,2,3, Shyam Prakash Dumre1, Stephen John4, Juntra Karbwang5* and Kenji Hirayama1
Emmanuel et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob (2018) 17:35 Annals of Clinical Microbiology https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-018-0287-4 and Antimicrobials REVIEW Open Access Mycetoma: a clinical dilemma in resource limited settings Pembi Emmanuel1,2,3, Shyam Prakash Dumre1, Stephen John4, Juntra Karbwang5* and Kenji Hirayama1 Abstract Background: Mycetoma is a chronic mutilating disease of the skin and the underlying tissues caused by fungi or bacteria. Although recently included in the list of neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization, strategic control and preventive measures are yet to be outlined. Thus, it continues to pose huge public health threat in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. If not detected and managed early, it results into gruesome deformity of the limbs. Its low report and lack of familiarity may predispose patients to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment initia- tion. More so in situation where diagnostic tools are limited or unavailable, little or no option is left but to clinically diagnose these patients. Therefore, an overview of clinical course of mycetoma, a suggested diagnostic algorithm and proposed use of materials that cover the exposed susceptible parts of the body during labour may assist in the prevention and improvement of its management. Furthermore, early reporting which should be encouraged through formal and informal education and sensitization is strongly suggested. Main text: An overview of the clinical presentation of mycetoma in the early and late phases, clues to distinguish eumycetoma from actinomycetoma in the feld and the laboratory, diferential diagnosis and a suggested diagnostic algorithm that may be useful in making diagnosis amidst the diferential diagnosis of mycetoma is given. -
10 Mycetoma Revisited.Pdf
Review Articles / Prace Poglądowe MYCETOMA REVISITED NOWE SPOJRZENIE NA MYCETOMA Hassan Iffat, Keen Abid Postgraduate Department of Dermatology, STD & Leprosy Govt. Medical College & Associated SMHS Hospital, Srinagar-Kashmir, India, [email protected] N Dermatol Online. 2011; 2(3): 147-150 Date of submission: 25.02.2011 / acceptance: 06.03.2011 Conflicts of interest: None Abstract Mycetoma or ‘Madura foot’ is a chronic infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues, fascia and bone. It may be caused by true fungi (eumycetoma) or by filamentous bacteria (actinomycetoma). The lesions are composed of suppurating abscesses and draining sinuses with the presence of grains which are characteristic of the etiologic agents. The introduction of new broad spectrum antimicrobials and antifungals offers the hope of improved drug efficacy. This article discusses the historical aspects, epidemiology, clinical findings, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of mycetoma. Streszczenie Mycetoma lub ‘stopa madurska’ to przewlekłe zakaŜenie skóry i tkanki podskórnej, powięzi i kości. MoŜe być spowodowane przez grzyby prawdziwe (eumycetoma) lub bakterie nitkowate (actinomycetoma). Zmiany przedstawiają się jako ropiejące wrzody i zatoki z obecnością ziaren, które są charakterystyczne dla tych czynników etiologicznych. Wprowadzenie nowych o szerokim spektrum antybiotyków i leków przeciwgrzybiczych daje nadzieję na poprawę skuteczności leczenia. W tym artykule omówiono aspekty historyczne, epidemiologię, objawy kliniczne, diagnostykę laboratoryjną i leczeniu mycetoma.